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Luthringer R, Raphalen M, Guerra C, Colin S, Martinho C, Zheng M, Hoshino M, Badis Y, Lipinska AP, Haas FB, Barrera-Redondo J, Alva V, Coelho SM. Repeated co-option of HMG-box genes for sex determination in brown algae and animals. Science 2024; 383:eadk5466. [PMID: 38513029 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk5466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In many eukaryotes, genetic sex determination is not governed by XX/XY or ZW/ZZ systems but by a specialized region on the poorly studied U (female) or V (male) sex chromosomes. Previous studies have hinted at the existence of a dominant male-sex factor on the V chromosome in brown algae, a group of multicellular eukaryotes distantly related to animals and plants. The nature of this factor has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that an HMG-box gene acts as the male-determining factor in brown algae, mirroring the role HMG-box genes play in sex determination in animals. Over a billion-year evolutionary timeline, these lineages have independently co-opted the HMG box for male determination, representing a paradigm for evolution's ability to recurrently use the same genetic "toolkit" to accomplish similar tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Luthringer
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Morgane Raphalen
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carla Guerra
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Colin
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Martinho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Masakazu Hoshino
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| | - Yacine Badis
- Roscoff Biological Station, CNRS-Sorbonne University, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Agnieszka P Lipinska
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Josué Barrera-Redondo
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vikram Alva
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Schrott S, Osman C. Two mitochondrial HMG-box proteins, Cim1 and Abf2, antagonistically regulate mtDNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:11813-11835. [PMID: 37850632 PMCID: PMC10681731 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome, mtDNA, is present in multiple copies in cells and encodes essential subunits of oxidative phosphorylation complexes. mtDNA levels have to change in response to metabolic demands and copy number alterations are implicated in various diseases. The mitochondrial HMG-box proteins Abf2 in yeast and TFAM in mammals are critical for mtDNA maintenance and packaging and have been linked to mtDNA copy number control. Here, we discover the previously unrecognized mitochondrial HMG-box protein Cim1 (copy number influence on mtDNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which exhibits metabolic state dependent mtDNA association. Surprisingly, in contrast to Abf2's supportive role in mtDNA maintenance, Cim1 negatively regulates mtDNA copy number. Cells lacking Cim1 display increased mtDNA levels and enhanced mitochondrial function, while Cim1 overexpression results in mtDNA loss. Intriguingly, Cim1 deletion alleviates mtDNA maintenance defects associated with loss of Abf2, while defects caused by Cim1 overexpression are mitigated by simultaneous overexpression of Abf2. Moreover, we find that the conserved LON protease Pim1 is essential to maintain low Cim1 levels, thereby preventing its accumulation and concomitant repressive effects on mtDNA. We propose a model in which the protein ratio of antagonistically acting Cim1 and Abf2 determines mtDNA copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schrott
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Christof Osman
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
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Hamilton DJ, Hein AE, Wuttke DS, Batey RT. The DNA binding high mobility group box protein family functionally binds RNA. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2023; 14:e1778. [PMID: 36646476 PMCID: PMC10349909 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid binding proteins regulate transcription, splicing, RNA stability, RNA localization, and translation, together tailoring gene expression in response to stimuli. Upon discovery, these proteins are typically classified as either DNA or RNA binding as defined by their in vivo functions; however, recent evidence suggests dual DNA and RNA binding by many of these proteins. High mobility group box (HMGB) proteins have a DNA binding HMGB domain, act as transcription factors and chromatin remodeling proteins, and are increasingly understood to interact with RNA as means to regulate gene expression. Herein, multiple layers of evidence that the HMGB family are dual DNA and RNA binding proteins is comprehensively reviewed. For example, HMGB proteins directly interact with RNA in vitro and in vivo, are localized to RNP granules involved in RNA processing, and their protein interactors are enriched in RNA binding proteins involved in RNA metabolism. Importantly, in cell-based systems, HMGB-RNA interactions facilitate protein-protein interactions, impact splicing outcomes, and modify HMGB protein genomic or cellular localization. Misregulation of these HMGB-RNA interactions are also likely involved in human disease. This review brings to light that as a family, HMGB proteins are likely to bind RNA which is essential to HMGB protein biology. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Recognition RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Trinh LT, Osipovich AB, Liu B, Shrestha S, Cartailler JP, Wright CVE, Magnuson MA. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Sox17-Expressing Lineages Reveals Distinct Gene Regulatory Networks and Dynamic Developmental Trajectories. Stem Cells 2023; 41:643-657. [PMID: 37085274 PMCID: PMC10465087 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
During early embryogenesis, the transcription factor SOX17 contributes to hepato-pancreato-biliary system formation and vascular-hematopoietic emergence. To better understand Sox17 function in the developing endoderm and endothelium, we developed a dual-color temporal lineage-tracing strategy in mice combined with single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze 6934 cells from Sox17-expressing lineages at embryonic days 9.0-9.5. Our analyses showed 19 distinct cellular clusters combined from all 3 germ layers. Differential gene expression, trajectory and RNA-velocity analyses of endothelial cells revealed a heterogenous population of uncommitted and specialized endothelial subtypes, including 2 hemogenic populations that arise from different origins. Similarly, analyses of posterior foregut endoderm revealed subsets of hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary progenitors with overlapping developmental potency. Calculated gene-regulatory networks predict gene regulons that are dominated by cell type-specific transcription factors unique to each lineage. Vastly different Sox17 regulons found in endoderm versus endothelial cells support the differential interactions of SOX17 with other regulatory factors thereby enabling lineage-specific regulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh T Trinh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna B Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bryan Liu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shristi Shrestha
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Christopher V E Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Walters R, Vasilaki E, Aman J, Chen CN, Wu Y, Liang OD, Ashek A, Dubois O, Zhao L, Sabrin F, Cebola I, Ferrer J, Morrell NW, Klinger JR, Wilkins MR, Zhao L, Rhodes CJ. SOX17 Enhancer Variants Disrupt Transcription Factor Binding And Enhancer Inactivity Drives Pulmonary Hypertension. Circulation 2023; 147:1606-1621. [PMID: 37066790 PMCID: PMC7614572 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary arteries, increased vascular resistance, and right-sided heart failure. Genome-wide association studies of idiopathic/heritable PAH established novel genetic risk variants, including conserved enhancers upstream of transcription factor (TF) SOX17 containing 2 independent signals. SOX17 is an important TF in embryonic development and in the homeostasis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (hPAEC) in the adult. Rare pathogenic mutations in SOX17 cause heritable PAH. We hypothesized that PAH risk alleles in an enhancer region impair TF-binding upstream of SOX17, which in turn reduces SOX17 expression and contributes to disturbed endothelial cell function and PAH development. METHODS CRISPR manipulation and siRNA were used to modulate SOX17 expression. Electromobility shift assays were used to confirm in silico-predicted TF differential binding to the SOX17 variants. Functional assays in hPAECs were used to establish the biological consequences of SOX17 loss. In silico analysis with the connectivity map was used to predict compounds that rescue disturbed SOX17 signaling. Mice with deletion of the SOX17-signal 1 enhancer region (SOX17-4593/enhKO) were phenotyped in response to chronic hypoxia and SU5416/hypoxia. RESULTS CRISPR inhibition of SOX17-signal 2 and deletion of SOX17-signal 1 specifically decreased SOX17 expression. Electromobility shift assays demonstrated differential binding of hPAEC nuclear proteins to the risk and nonrisk alleles from both SOX17 signals. Candidate TFs HOXA5 and ROR-α were identified through in silico analysis and antibody electromobility shift assays. Analysis of the hPAEC transcriptomes revealed alteration of PAH-relevant pathways on SOX17 silencing, including extracellular matrix regulation. SOX17 silencing in hPAECs resulted in increased apoptosis, proliferation, and disturbance of barrier function. With the use of the connectivity map, compounds were identified that reversed the SOX17-dysfunction transcriptomic signatures in hPAECs. SOX17 enhancer knockout in mice reduced lung SOX17 expression, resulting in more severe pulmonary vascular leak and hypoxia or SU5416/hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Common PAH risk variants upstream of the SOX17 promoter reduce endothelial SOX17 expression, at least in part, through differential binding of HOXA5 and ROR-α. Reduced SOX17 expression results in disturbed hPAEC function and PAH. Existing drug compounds can reverse the disturbed SOX17 pulmonary endothelial transcriptomic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Walters
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Eleni Vasilaki
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Jurjan Aman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.A.)
| | - Chien-Nien Chen
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Yukyee Wu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Olin D Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine (O.D.L.), Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Ali Ashek
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Olivier Dubois
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Farah Sabrin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Inês Cebola
- Section of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (I.C., J.F.)
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Section of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (I.C., J.F.)
- Computational Biology and Health Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain (J.F.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (J.F.)
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
- On Behalf of the British Heart Foundation/Medical Research Council UK PAH Cohort Consortium (N.W.M., M.R.W., C.J.R.)
| | - James R Klinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.R.K.), Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
- On Behalf of the British Heart Foundation/Medical Research Council UK PAH Cohort Consortium (N.W.M., M.R.W., C.J.R.)
| | - Lan Zhao
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (R.W., E.V., J.A., C.-N.C., Y.W., A.A., O.D., L.Z., F.S., M.R.W., L.Z., C.J.R.)
- On Behalf of the British Heart Foundation/Medical Research Council UK PAH Cohort Consortium (N.W.M., M.R.W., C.J.R.)
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Zou X, Liu T, Huang Z, Zhou W, Yuan M, Zhao H, Pan Z, Chen P, Shao Y, Hu X, Zhang S, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Huang P. SOX17 is a Critical Factor in Maintaining Endothelial Function in Pulmonary Hypertension by an Exosome-Mediated Autocrine Manner. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206139. [PMID: 36919784 PMCID: PMC10190640 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is considered a predominant driver for pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). SOX17, a key regulator of vascular homoeostasis, has been found to harbor mutations in PH patients, which are associated with PH susceptibility. Here, this study explores whether SOX17 mediates the autocrine activity of pulmonary artery ECs to maintain endothelial function and vascular homeostasis in PH and its underlying mechanism. It is found that SOX17 expression is downregulated in the endothelium of remodeled pulmonary arteries in IPH patients and SU5416/hypoxia (Su/hypo)-induced PH mice as well as dysfunctional HPAECs. Endothelial knockdown of SOX17 accelerates the progression of Su/hypo-induced PH in mice. SOX17 overexpression in the pulmonary endothelium of mice attenuates Su/hypo-induced PH. SOX17-associated exosomes block the proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation of HPAECs, preventing pulmonary arterial remodeling and Su/hypo-induced PH. Mechanistic analyses demonstrates that overexpressing SOX17 promotes the exosome-mediated release of miR-224-5p and miR-361-3p, which are internalized by injured HPAECs in an autocrine manner, ultimately repressing the upregulation of NR4A3 and PCSK9 genes and improving endothelial function. These results suggest that SOX17 is a key gene in maintaining endothelial function and vascular homeostasis in PH through regulating exosomal miRNAs in an autocrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zou
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of PharmacyAffiliated Hangzhou First People's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310006P. R. China
- Department of Clinical PharmacyKey Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang ProvinceAffiliated Hangzhou First People's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityInstitute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan UniversityTransplant Center of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on TransplantationWuhan430000P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Yuan
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Zongfu Pan
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Shao
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Su Zhang
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Shuilian Zheng
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical PharmacyCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310014P. R. China
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Hoppe JE, Wagner BD, Kirk Harris J, Rowe SM, Heltshe SL, DeBoer EM, Sagel SD. Effects of ivacaftor on systemic inflammation and the plasma proteome in people with CF and G551D. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21:950-958. [PMID: 35440409 PMCID: PMC9569394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivacaftor is a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator for people with CF and the G551D mutation. We aimed to investigate the biology of CFTR modulation and systemic effects of CFTR restoration by examining changes in circulating measurements of inflammation and growth and novel proteins with ivacaftor treatment. METHODS Blood samples from 64 CF subjects with G551D-CFTR were analyzed for inflammatory and growth-related proteins at baseline, 1 and 6 months after ivacaftor initiation. In 30 subjects, plasma was assayed for 1,322 proteins using the SomaScan proteomic platform at baseline and 6 months post-ivacaftor. Correlations with clinical outcomes were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Significant reductions in high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1), calprotectin, serum amyloid A, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and an increase in insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) occurred 1 month after ivacaftor. This treatment effect was sustained at 6 months for HMGB-1 and calprotectin. Correcting for multiple comparisons in the proteomic analysis, 9 proteins (albumin, afamin, leptin, trypsin, pancreatic stone protein [PSP], pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38, repulsive guidance molecule A [RGMA], calreticulin, GTPase KRas) changed significantly with ivacaftor. Proteins changing with treatment are involved in lipid digestion and transport and extracellular matrix organization biological processes. Reductions in calprotectin and G-CSF and increases in calreticulin, and RGMA correlated with improved lung function, while increasing IGF-1, leptin and afamin and decreasing PSP correlated with increased weight. CONCLUSIONS Ivacaftor led to changes in inflammatory, lipid digestion, and extracellular matrix proteins, lending insights into the extrapulmonary effects of CFTR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana E Hoppe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J Kirk Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, Pediatrics and Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, England
| | - Sonya L Heltshe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Network Coordinating Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emily M DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Scott D Sagel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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8
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Malinina DK, Sivkina AL, Korovina AN, McCullough LL, Formosa T, Kirpichnikov MP, Studitsky VM, Feofanov AV. Hmo1 Protein Affects the Nucleosome Structure and Supports the Nucleosome Reorganization Activity of Yeast FACT. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192931. [PMID: 36230893 PMCID: PMC9564320 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast Hmo1 is a high mobility group B (HMGB) protein that participates in the transcription of ribosomal protein genes and rDNA, and also stimulates the activities of some ATP-dependent remodelers. Hmo1 binds both DNA and nucleosomes and has been proposed to be a functional yeast analog of mammalian linker histones. We used EMSA and single particle Förster resonance energy transfer (spFRET) microscopy to characterize the effects of Hmo1 on nucleosomes alone and with the histone chaperone FACT. Hmo1 induced a significant increase in the distance between the DNA gyres across the nucleosomal core, and also caused the separation of linker segments. This was opposite to the effect of the linker histone H1, which enhanced the proximity of linkers. Similar to Nhp6, another HMGB factor, Hmo1, was able to support large-scale, ATP-independent, reversible unfolding of nucleosomes by FACT in the spFRET assay and partially support FACT function in vivo. However, unlike Hmo1, Nhp6 alone does not affect nucleosome structure. These results suggest physiological roles for Hmo1 that are distinct from Nhp6 and possibly from other HMGB factors and linker histones, such as H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria K. Malinina
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna N. Korovina
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Laura L. McCullough
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Tim Formosa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily M. Studitsky
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Correspondence: (V.M.S.); (A.V.F.)
| | - Alexey V. Feofanov
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.M.S.); (A.V.F.)
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9
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Ahmed AR, Kamran MA, Suleman G, Sharif RA, Abouzeid HL, Udeabor SE. Association of HMGBP1 expression with clinical periimplant parameters among smokers and never-smokers with and without peri-implantitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26:6169-6175. [PMID: 36111916 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202209_29633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With our study we aimed at investigating the levels of high mobility group box chromosomal protein-1 (HMGB-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β in periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) of smokers and never-smokers, with and without periimplantitis, and correlate these levels with the clinical and radiographic periimplant parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Sixty participants (n=15/group) were recruited and divided into 4 groups: cigarette smokers with periimplantitis (CSPI); cigarette smokers without periimplantitis (CSNPI); never-smokers with periimplantitis (NSPI); and never-smokers without periimplantitis (NSNPI). Clinical and radiographic periimplant parameters, including plaque scores (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone level (CBL), were assessed. Crevicular levels of HMGB-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β were quantified using human enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. p-values were generated using Kruskal-Wallis' test for comparison between the study groups, while correlations between HMGB-1, TNF-α, IL-1β levels and clinical variables were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis. RESULTS Bleeding on probing was least in NSNPI and CSNPI followed by CSPI and NSPI (p<0.05). The highest PD and CBL was recorded for CSPI and NSPI groups, while the least PD and CBL were recorded among non-periimplantitis groups. HMGB-1 and IL-1β were found to be significantly highest in CSPI groups followed by NSPI and CSNPI groups with no statistically significant difference between CSPI and NSPI groups (p<0.05). CSPI groups reported the highest TNF-α levels in the PICF in comparison to other groups (p<0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between plaque scores (p=0.0187) and CBL (p=0.0049) in NSNPI and CSPI groups with HMGB-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was seen for HMGB-1 in groups CSPI (p=0.0023) and NSPI (p=0.0018) for BOP. In CSPI group, a significant positive correlation was observed between TNF-α and PD (p=0.0443). On correlating IL-1β, a significant positive correlation was observed for CBL in CSPI (p=0.0006) and NSPI (p=0.0275) groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HMGB-1 could play a significant role in periimplant inflammatory response and inflammation. Higher crevicular fluid HMGB-1 levels are indicative of a possible surrogate biomarker for peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ahmed
- Department of Prosthodontics, Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontic Sciences, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Sato M, Irie K, Suda Y, Mizuno T, Irie K. The RNA-binding protein Puf5 and the HMGB protein Ixr1 contribute to cell cycle progression through the regulation of cell cycle-specific expression of CLB1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010340. [PMID: 35905103 PMCID: PMC9365169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Puf5, a Puf-family RNA-binding protein, binds to 3´ untranslated region of target mRNAs and negatively regulates their expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The puf5Δ mutant shows pleiotropic phenotypes including a weakened cell wall, a temperature-sensitive growth, and a shorter lifespan. To further analyze a role of Puf5 in cell growth, we searched for a multicopy suppressor of the temperature-sensitive growth of the puf5Δ mutant in this study. We found that overexpression of CLB2 encoding B-type cyclin suppressed the temperature-sensitive growth of the puf5Δ mutant. The puf5Δ clb2Δ double mutant displayed a severe growth defect, suggesting that Puf5 positively regulates the expression of a redundant factor with Clb2 in cell cycle progression. We found that expression of CLB1 encoding a redundant B-type cyclin was decreased in the puf5Δ mutant, and that this decrease of the CLB1 expression contributed to the growth defect of the puf5Δ clb2Δ double mutant. Since Puf5 is a negative regulator of the gene expression, we hypothesized that Puf5 negatively regulates the expression of a factor that represses CLB1 expression. We found such a repressor, Ixr1, which is an HMGB (High Mobility Group box B) protein. Deletion of IXR1 restored the decreased expression of CLB1 caused by the puf5Δ mutation and suppressed the growth defect of the puf5Δ clb2Δ double mutant. The expression of IXR1 was negatively regulated by Puf5 in an IXR1 3´ UTR-dependent manner. Our results suggest that IXR1 mRNA is a physiologically important target of Puf5, and that Puf5 and Ixr1 contribute to the cell cycle progression through the regulation of the cell cycle-specific expression of CLB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sato
- Colledge of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Irie
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Live Cell Super-resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Irie
- Colledge of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Xu PF, Borges RM, Fillatre J, de Oliveira-Melo M, Cheng T, Thisse B, Thisse C. Construction of a mammalian embryo model from stem cells organized by a morphogen signalling centre. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3277. [PMID: 34078907 PMCID: PMC8172561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating properly differentiated embryonic structures in vitro from pluripotent stem cells remains a challenge. Here we show that instruction of aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells with an experimentally engineered morphogen signalling centre, that functions as an organizer, results in the development of embryo-like entities (embryoids). In situ hybridization, immunolabelling, cell tracking and transcriptomic analyses show that these embryoids form the three germ layers through a gastrulation process and that they exhibit a wide range of developmental structures, highly similar to neurula-stage mouse embryos. Embryoids are organized around an axial chordamesoderm, with a dorsal neural plate that displays histological properties similar to the murine embryo neuroepithelium and that folds into a neural tube patterned antero-posteriorly from the posterior midbrain to the tip of the tail. Lateral to the chordamesoderm, embryoids display somitic and intermediate mesoderm, with beating cardiac tissue anteriorly and formation of a vasculature network. Ventrally, embryoids differentiate a primitive gut tube, which is patterned both antero-posteriorly and dorso-ventrally. Altogether, embryoids provide an in vitro model of mammalian embryo that displays extensive development of germ layer derivatives and that promises to be a powerful tool for in vitro studies and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jonathan Fillatre
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maraysa de Oliveira-Melo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bernard Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christine Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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12
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Abstract
RATIONALE The molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of coronary arteries during development and during cardiac neovascularization after injury are poorly understood. However, a detailed description of the relevant signaling pathways and functional TFs (transcription factors) regulating these processes is still incomplete. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to identify novel cardiac transcriptional mechanisms of coronary angiogenesis and vessel remodeling by defining the molecular signatures of coronary vascular endothelial cells during these complex processes. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that Nes-gfp and Nes-CreERT2 transgenic mouse lines are novel tools for studying the emergence of coronary endothelium and targeting sprouting coronary vessels (but not ventricular endocardium) during development. Furthermore, we identify Sox17 as a critical TF upregulated during the sprouting and remodeling of coronary vessels, visualized by a specific neural enhancer from the Nestin gene that is strongly induced in developing arterioles. Functionally, genetic-inducible endothelial deletion of Sox17 causes deficient cardiac remodeling of coronary vessels, resulting in improper coronary artery formation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that Sox17 TF regulates the transcriptional activation of Nestin's enhancer in developing coronary vessels while its genetic deletion leads to inadequate coronary artery formation. These findings identify Sox17 as a critical regulator for the remodeling of coronary vessels in the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
| | - Manuel J Gómez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Bioinformatics Unit, CNIC, Madrid, Spain (M.J.G., F.S.-C.)
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Bioinformatics Unit, CNIC, Madrid, Spain (M.J.G., F.S.-C.)
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and NHS-Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.M.-F.)
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (P.M.-C., J.I.)
| | - Joan Isern
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (S.G.-H., M.J.G., F.S.-C., P.M.-C., J.I.)
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (P.M.-C., J.I.)
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13
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Jiang L, Yang H, Chen T, Zhu X, Ye J, Lv K. Identification of HMG-box family establishes the significance of SOX6 in the malignant progression of glioblastoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8084-8106. [PMID: 32388501 PMCID: PMC7244032 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant neuroepithelial primary brain tumor and its mean survival time is 15 months after diagnosis. This study undertook to investigate the genome-wide and transcriptome-wide analyses of human high mobility group box (HMG-box) TF (transcript factor) families / HOX, TOX, FOX, HMG and SOX gene families, and their relationships to GBM. According to the TCGA-GBM profile analysis, differentially expressed HOX, FOX, HMG and SOX gene families (62 DEmRNA) were found in this study. We also analyzed DEmRNA (HMG-box related genes) co-expressed eight DElncRNA in GBM, and constructed a ceRNA network analysis as well. We constructed 50 DElncRNA-DEmiRNA-DEmRNA (HMG-box related genes) pairs between GBM and normal tissues. Then, risk genes SOX6 and SOX21 expression were correlated with immune infiltration levels in GBM. SOX6 also had a strong association with MAPT, GSK3B, FYN and DPYSL4, suggesting that they might be functional members in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Tianbing Chen
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Kun Lv
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
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14
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Chew LJ, Ming X, McEllin B, Dupree J, Hong E, Catron M, Fauveau M, Nait-Oumesmar B, Gallo V. Sox17 Regulates a Program of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Expansion and Differentiation during Development and Repair. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3173-3186.e7. [PMID: 31801081 PMCID: PMC7191642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox17, a SoxF family member transiently upregulated during postnatal oligodendrocyte (OL) development, promotes OL cell differentiation, but its function in white matter development and pathology in vivo is unknown. Our analysis of oligodendroglial- and OL-progenitor-cell-targeted ablation in vivo using a floxed Sox17 mouse establishes a dependence of postnatal oligodendrogenesis on Sox17 and reveals Notch signaling as a mediator of Sox17 function. Following Sox17 ablation, reduced numbers of Olig2-expressing cells and mature OLs led to developmental hypomyelination and motor dysfunction. After demyelination, Sox17 deficiency inhibited OL regeneration. OL decline was unexpectedly preceded by transiently increased differentiation and a reduction of OL progenitor cells. Evidence of a dual role for Sox17 in progenitor cell expansion by Notch and differentiation involving TCF7L2 expression were found. A program of progenitor expansion and differentiation promoted by Sox17 through Notch thus contributes to OL production and determines the outcome of white matter repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Xiaotian Ming
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Brian McEllin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jeffrey Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Elim Hong
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Mackenzie Catron
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Melissa Fauveau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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15
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Wang X, Li X, Wang T, Wu SP, Jeong JW, Kim TH, Young SL, Lessey BA, Lanz RB, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ. SOX17 regulates uterine epithelial-stromal cross-talk acting via a distal enhancer upstream of Ihh. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4421. [PMID: 30356064 PMCID: PMC6200785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian pregnancy depends on the ability of the uterus to support embryo implantation. Previous studies reveal the Sox17 gene as a downstream target of the Pgr-Gata2-dependent transcription network that directs genomic actions in the uterine endometrium receptive for embryo implantation. Here, we report that ablating Sox17 in the uterine epithelium impairs leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Indian hedgehog homolog (IHH) signaling, leading to failure of embryo implantation. In vivo deletion of the SOX17-binding region 19 kb upstream of the Ihh locus by CRISPR-Cas technology reduces Ihh expression specifically in the uterus and alters proper endometrial epithelial-stromal interactions, thereby impairing pregnancy. This SOX17-binding interval is also bound by GATA2, FOXA2, and PGR. This cluster of transcription factor binding is common in 737 uterine genes and may represent a key regulatory element essential for uterine epithelial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Wang
- Reproductive and Development Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xilong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - San-Pin Wu
- Reproductive and Development Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Steven L Young
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bruce A Lessey
- Deptartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Rainer B Lanz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Reproductive and Development Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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16
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Pan D, Kobayashi A, Jiang P, Ferrari de Andrade L, Tay RE, Luoma AM, Tsoucas D, Qiu X, Lim K, Rao P, Long HW, Yuan GC, Doench J, Brown M, Liu XS, Wucherpfennig KW. A major chromatin regulator determines resistance of tumor cells to T cell-mediated killing. Science 2018; 359:770-775. [PMID: 29301958 PMCID: PMC5953516 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many human cancers are resistant to immunotherapy, for reasons that are poorly understood. We used a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screen to identify mechanisms of tumor cell resistance to killing by cytotoxic T cells, the central effectors of antitumor immunity. Inactivation of >100 genes-including Pbrm1, Arid2, and Brd7, which encode components of the PBAF form of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex-sensitized mouse B16F10 melanoma cells to killing by T cells. Loss of PBAF function increased tumor cell sensitivity to interferon-γ, resulting in enhanced secretion of chemokines that recruit effector T cells. Treatment-resistant tumors became responsive to immunotherapy when Pbrm1 was inactivated. In many human cancers, expression of PBRM1 and ARID2 inversely correlated with expression of T cell cytotoxicity genes, and Pbrm1-deficient murine melanomas were more strongly infiltrated by cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aya Kobayashi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Astellas Pharma, Tokyo 103-8411, Japan
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rong En Tay
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adrienne M Luoma
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daphne Tsoucas
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Prakash Rao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Forés M, Simón-Carrasco L, Ajuria L, Samper N, González-Crespo S, Drosten M, Barbacid M, Jiménez G. A new mode of DNA binding distinguishes Capicua from other HMG-box factors and explains its mutation patterns in cancer. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006622. [PMID: 28278156 PMCID: PMC5344332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-box proteins, including Sox/SRY (Sox) and TCF/LEF1 (TCF) family members, bind DNA via their HMG-box. This binding, however, is relatively weak and both Sox and TCF factors employ distinct mechanisms for enhancing their affinity and specificity for DNA. Here we report that Capicua (CIC), an HMG-box transcriptional repressor involved in Ras/MAPK signaling and cancer progression, employs an additional distinct mode of DNA binding that enables selective recognition of its targets. We find that, contrary to previous assumptions, the HMG-box of CIC does not bind DNA alone but instead requires a distant motif (referred to as C1) present at the C-terminus of all CIC proteins. The HMG-box and C1 domains are both necessary for binding specific TGAATGAA-like sites, do not function via dimerization, and are active in the absence of cofactors, suggesting that they form a bipartite structure for sequence-specific binding to DNA. We demonstrate that this binding mechanism operates throughout Drosophila development and in human cells, ensuring specific regulation of multiple CIC targets. It thus appears that HMG-box proteins generally depend on auxiliary DNA binding mechanisms for regulating their appropriate genomic targets, but that each sub-family has evolved unique strategies for this purpose. Finally, the key role of C1 in DNA binding also explains the fact that this domain is a hotspot for inactivating mutations in oligodendroglioma and other tumors, while being preserved in oncogenic CIC-DUX4 fusion chimeras associated to Ewing-like sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Forés
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Simón-Carrasco
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leiore Ajuria
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Samper
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Matthias Drosten
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Jiménez
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yang L, Paul S, Trieu KG, Dent LG, Froldi F, Forés M, Webster K, Siegfried KR, Kondo S, Harvey K, Cheng L, Jiménez G, Shvartsman SY, Veraksa A. Minibrain and Wings apart control organ growth and tissue patterning through down-regulation of Capicua. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10583-8. [PMID: 27601662 PMCID: PMC5035877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609417113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Capicua (Cic) controls tissue patterning and restricts organ growth, and has been recently implicated in several cancers. Cic has emerged as a primary sensor of signaling downstream of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, but how Cic activity is regulated in different cellular contexts remains poorly understood. We found that the kinase Minibrain (Mnb, ortholog of mammalian DYRK1A), acting through the adaptor protein Wings apart (Wap), physically interacts with and phosphorylates the Cic protein. Mnb and Wap inhibit Cic function by limiting its transcriptional repressor activity. Down-regulation of Cic by Mnb/Wap is necessary for promoting the growth of multiple organs, including the wings, eyes, and the brain, and for proper tissue patterning in the wing. We have thus uncovered a previously unknown mechanism of down-regulation of Cic activity by Mnb and Wap, which operates independently from the ERK-mediated control of Cic. Therefore, Cic functions as an integrator of upstream signals that are essential for tissue patterning and organ growth. Finally, because DYRK1A and CIC exhibit, respectively, prooncogenic vs. tumor suppressor activities in human oligodendroglioma, our results raise the possibility that DYRK1A may also down-regulate CIC in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Sayantanee Paul
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Kenneth G Trieu
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Lucas G Dent
- Cell Growth and Proliferation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Francesca Froldi
- Cell Growth and Proliferation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Marta Forés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaitlyn Webster
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125
| | | | - Shu Kondo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kieran Harvey
- Cell Growth and Proliferation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Louise Cheng
- Cell Growth and Proliferation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Gerardo Jiménez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125;
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19
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Jin Y, Ha N, Forés M, Xiang J, Gläßer C, Maldera J, Jiménez G, Edgar BA. EGFR/Ras Signaling Controls Drosophila Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation via Capicua-Regulated Genes. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005634. [PMID: 26683696 PMCID: PMC4684324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial renewal in the Drosophila intestine is orchestrated by Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs). Following damage or stress the intestinal epithelium produces ligands that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in ISCs. This promotes their growth and division and, thereby, epithelial regeneration. Here we demonstrate that the HMG-box transcriptional repressor, Capicua (Cic), mediates these functions of EGFR signaling. Depleting Cic in ISCs activated them for division, whereas overexpressed Cic inhibited ISC proliferation and midgut regeneration. Epistasis tests showed that Cic acted as an essential downstream effector of EGFR/Ras signaling, and immunofluorescence showed that Cic's nuclear localization was regulated by EGFR signaling. ISC-specific mRNA expression profiling and DNA binding mapping using DamID indicated that Cic represses cell proliferation via direct targets including string (Cdc25), Cyclin E, and the ETS domain transcription factors Ets21C and Pointed (pnt). pnt was required for ISC over-proliferation following Cic depletion, and ectopic pnt restored ISC proliferation even in the presence of overexpressed dominant-active Cic. These studies identify Cic, Pnt, and Ets21C as critical downstream effectors of EGFR signaling in Drosophila ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Jin
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) - Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nati Ha
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta Forés
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jinyi Xiang
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) - Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Gläßer
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) - Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julieta Maldera
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) - Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerardo Jiménez
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruce A. Edgar
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) - Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Zhou Y, Williams J, Smallwood PM, Nathans J. Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 Cooperatively Regulate Vascular Development in the Mouse Retina. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143650. [PMID: 26630461 PMCID: PMC4667919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular development and maintenance are controlled by a complex transcriptional program, which integrates both extracellular and intracellular signals in endothelial cells. Here we study the roles of three closely related SoxF family transcription factors–Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 –in the developing and mature mouse vasculature using targeted gene deletion on a mixed C57/129/CD1 genetic background. In the retinal vasculature, each SoxF gene exhibits a distinctive pattern of expression in different classes of blood vessels. On a mixed genetic background, vascular endothelial-specific deletion of individual SoxF genes has little or no effect on vascular architecture or differentiation, a result that can be explained by overlapping function and by reciprocal regulation of gene expression between Sox7 and Sox17. By contrast, combined deletion of Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 at the onset of retinal angiogenesis leads to a dense capillary plexus with a nearly complete loss of radial arteries and veins, whereas the presence of a single Sox17 allele largely restores arterial identity, as determined by vascular smooth muscle cell coverage. In the developing retina, expression of all three SoxF genes is reduced in the absence of Norrin/Frizzled4-mediated canonical Wnt signaling, but SoxF gene expression is unaffected by reduced VEGF signaling in response to deletion of Neuropilin1 (Npn1). In adulthood, Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18 act in a largely redundant manner to maintain blood vessel function, as adult onset vascular endothelial-specific deletion of all three SoxF genes leads to massive edema despite nearly normal vascular architecture. These data reveal critical and partially redundant roles for Sox7, Sox17 and Sox18 in vascular growth, differentiation, and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Zhou
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - John Williams
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Smallwood
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abboud N, Morris TM, Hiriart E, Yang H, Bezerra H, Gualazzi MG, Stefanovic S, Guénantin AC, Evans SM, Pucéat M. A cohesin-OCT4 complex mediates Sox enhancers to prime an early embryonic lineage. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6749. [PMID: 25851587 PMCID: PMC5531045 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Short- and long-scales intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions are linked to gene transcription, but the molecular events underlying these structures and how they affect cell fate decision during embryonic development are poorly understood. One of the first embryonic cell fate decisions (that is, mesendoderm determination) is driven by the POU factor OCT4, acting in concert with the high-mobility group genes Sox-2 and Sox-17. Here we report a chromatin-remodelling mechanism and enhancer function that mediate cell fate switching. OCT4 alters the higher-order chromatin structure at both Sox-2 and Sox-17 loci. OCT4 titrates out cohesin and switches the Sox-17 enhancer from a locked (within an inter-chromosomal Sox-2 enhancer/CCCTC-binding factor CTCF/cohesin loop) to an active (within an intra-chromosomal Sox-17 promoter/enhancer/cohesin loop) state. SALL4 concomitantly mobilizes the polycomb complexes at the Soxs loci. Thus, OCT4/SALL4-driven cohesin- and polycombs-mediated changes in higher-order chromatin structure mediate instruction of early cell fate in embryonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Abboud
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
| | | | - Emilye Hiriart
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 910, GMGF, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Hudson Bezerra
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
| | | | - Sonia Stefanovic
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 910, GMGF, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Claire Guénantin
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medecine and Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, La Jolla, California 92093, California, USA
| | - Michel Pucéat
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 910, GMGF, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
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22
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Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a low-grade lymphoma characterized by clonal expansion of atypical CD4+ skin-homing T lymphocytes. Herein, we examined the role of thymocytes selection associated HMG-box (TOX), a gene previously found to be unregulated in MF skin biopsies, in MF pathogenesis. TOX encodes a high-mobility group family (HMG) domain DNA binding nuclear protein, which regulates the differentiation of developing T-cells. First, we confirmed that TOX expression levels in MF were increased compared with those in benign inflammatory dermatitis (BID) and normal skin. In addition, TOX level increased with the progression MF from patch stage to tumor stage. Overexpression of TOX accelerated the proliferation and migration of MF cell lines in vitro, which were blocked by AKT inhibitors. In conclusion, our study confirmed that TOX was highly expressed in MF lesions and accelerates the proliferation and migration of MF. TOX is a diagnostic marker for MF and may play a pathogenic role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qiuning Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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23
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Jonatan D, Spence JR, Method AM, Kofron M, Sinagoga K, Haataja L, Arvan P, Deutsch GH, Wells JM. Sox17 regulates insulin secretion in the normal and pathologic mouse β cell. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104675. [PMID: 25144761 PMCID: PMC4140688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX17 is a key transcriptional regulator that can act by regulating other transcription factors including HNF1β and FOXA2, which are known to regulate postnatal β cell function. Given this, we investigated the role of SOX17 in the developing and postnatal pancreas and found a novel role for SOX17 in regulating insulin secretion. Deletion of the Sox17 gene in the pancreas (Sox17-paLOF) had no observable impact on pancreas development. However, Sox17-paLOF mice had higher islet proinsulin protein content, abnormal trafficking of proinsulin, and dilated secretory organelles suggesting that Sox17-paLOF adult mice are prediabetic. Consistant with this, Sox17-paLOF mice were more susceptible to aged-related and high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes. Overexpression of Sox17 in mature β cells using Ins2-rtTA driver mice resulted in precocious secretion of proinsulin. Transcriptionally, SOX17 appears to broadly regulate secretory networks since a 24-hour pulse of SOX17 expression resulted in global transcriptional changes in factors that regulate hormone transport and secretion. Lastly, transient SOX17 overexpression was able to reverse the insulin secretory defects observed in MODY4 animals and restored euglycemia. Together, these data demonstrate a critical new role for SOX17 in regulating insulin trafficking and secretion and that modulation of Sox17-regulated pathways might be used therapeutically to improve cell function in the context of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diva Jonatan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Method
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Matthew Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Katie Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Gail H. Deutsch
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Hamdane N, Stefanovsky VY, Tremblay MG, Németh A, Paquet E, Lessard F, Sanij E, Hannan R, Moss T. Conditional inactivation of Upstream Binding Factor reveals its epigenetic functions and the existence of a somatic nucleolar precursor body. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004505. [PMID: 25121932 PMCID: PMC4133168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) is a unique multi-HMGB-box protein first identified as a co-factor in RNA polymerase I (RPI/PolI) transcription. However, its poor DNA sequence selectivity and its ability to generate nucleosome-like nucleoprotein complexes suggest a more generalized role in chromatin structure. We previously showed that extensive depletion of UBF reduced the number of actively transcribed ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, but had little effect on rRNA synthesis rates or cell proliferation, leaving open the question of its requirement for RPI transcription. Using gene deletion in mouse, we now show that UBF is essential for embryo development beyond morula. Conditional deletion in cell cultures reveals that UBF is also essential for transcription of the rRNA genes and that it defines the active chromatin conformation of both gene and enhancer sequences. Loss of UBF prevents formation of the SL1/TIF1B pre-initiation complex and recruitment of the RPI-Rrn3/TIF1A complex. It is also accompanied by recruitment of H3K9me3, canonical histone H1 and HP1α, but not by de novo DNA methylation. Further, genes retain penta-acetyl H4 and H2A.Z, suggesting that even in the absence of UBF the rRNA genes can maintain a potentially active state. In contrast to canonical histone H1, binding of H1.4 is dependent on UBF, strongly suggesting that it plays a positive role in gene activity. Unexpectedly, arrest of rRNA synthesis does not suppress transcription of the 5S, tRNA or snRNA genes, nor expression of the several hundred mRNA genes implicated in ribosome biogenesis. Thus, rRNA gene activity does not coordinate global gene expression for ribosome biogenesis. Loss of UBF also unexpectedly induced the formation in cells of a large sub-nuclear structure resembling the nucleolar precursor body (NPB) of oocytes and early embryos. These somatic NPBs contain rRNA synthesis and processing factors but do not associate with the rRNA gene loci (NORs). Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) is multi-HMGB-box protein found in all vertebrates. Although this protein has been implicated in transcription of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene in vitro, little is known of its function in vivo. We previously found that UBF creates a nucleosome-like structure on DNA, and that this structure is remodeled by MAP-kinase phosphorylation. Using conditional gene deletion in mouse and mouse cells we show that UBF defines the active chromatin domains of the rRNA genes and is essential for transcription of these genes. Using this system we show that, contrary to expectation, rRNA gene activity does not coordinate ribosome production. We further show that in the complete absence of rRNA synthesis a somatic nucleolar precursor body is formed. Our data show that UBF determines a dynamic transition between the active and inactive rRNA gene states that is independent of changes in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourdine Hamdane
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Edifice St Patrick, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Victor Y. Stefanovsky
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Edifice St Patrick, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel G. Tremblay
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Edifice St Patrick, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Attila Németh
- Department of Biochemistry III, Biochemistry Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eric Paquet
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Edifice St Patrick, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lessard
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Edifice St Patrick, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Elaine Sanij
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Hannan
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom Moss
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Edifice St Patrick, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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Brownlee PM, Chambers AL, Cloney R, Bianchi A, Downs JA. BAF180 promotes cohesion and prevents genome instability and aneuploidy. Cell Rep 2014; 6:973-981. [PMID: 24613357 PMCID: PMC3988838 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BAF180, a subunit of the PBAF chromatin remodeling complex, is frequently mutated in cancer. Although PBAF regulates transcription, it remains unclear whether this is what drives tumorigenesis in cells lacking BAF180. Based on data from yeast, we hypothesized that BAF180 may prevent tumorigenesis by promoting cohesion. Here, we show BAF180 is required for centromeric cohesion in mouse and human cells. Mutations identified in tumor samples are unable to support this activity, and also compromise cohesion-dependent functions in yeast. We provide evidence of genome instability in line with loss of cohesion, and importantly, we find dynamic chromosome instability following DNA damage in cells lacking BAF180. These data demonstrate a function for BAF180 in promoting genome stability that is distinct from its well-characterized role in transcriptional regulation, uncovering a potent mechanism for its tumor-suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Brownlee
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Anna L Chambers
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Ross Cloney
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Jessica A Downs
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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26
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Basson J, Sung YJ, Schwander K, Kume R, Simino J, de las Fuentes L, Rao D. Gene-education interactions identify novel blood pressure loci in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:431-44. [PMID: 24473254 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure (BP) variability has a genetic component, most of which has yet to be attributed to specific variants. One promising strategy for gene discovery is analysis of interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and BP-related factors, including age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Educational attainment, a marker for socioeconomic status, has effects on both BP and BMI. METHODS We investigated SNP-education interaction effects on BP in genome-wide data on 3,836 subjects in families from the Framingham Heart Study. The ABEL suite was used to adjust for age, sex, BMI, medication use, and kinship and to perform 1 degree-of-freedrom (df) and 2 df SNP-education interaction tests. RESULTS An SNP in PTN was associated with increased systolic BP (5.4mm Hg per minor allele) in those without a bachelor's degree but decreased systolic BP (1.6mm Hg per allele) in those with a bachelor's degree (2 df; P = 2.08 × 10(-8)). An SNP in TOX2 was associated with increased diastolic BP (DBP; 4.1mm Hg per minor allele) in those with no more educational attainment than high school but decreased DBP in those with education past high school (-0.7; 1 df; P = 3.74 × 10(-8)). Three suggestive associations were also found: in MYO16 (pulse pressure: 2 df; P = 2.89 × 10(-7)), in HAS2 (DBP: 1 df; P = 1.41 × 10(-7)), and in DLEU2 (DBP: 2 df; P = 1.93 × 10(-7)). All 5 genes are related to BP, including roles in vasodilation and angiogenesis for PTN and TOX2. CONCLUSIONS PTN and TOX2 are associated with BP. Analyzing SNP-education interactions may detect novel associations. Education may be a surrogate for unmeasured exposures and behaviors modifying SNP effects on BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Basson
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Lange AW, Haitchi HM, LeCras TD, Sridharan A, Xu Y, Wert SE, James J, Udell N, Thurner PJ, Whitsett JA. Sox17 is required for normal pulmonary vascular morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 387:109-20. [PMID: 24418654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The SRY-box containing transcription factor Sox17 is required for endoderm formation and vascular morphogenesis during embryonic development. In the lung, Sox17 is expressed in mesenchymal progenitors of the embryonic pulmonary vasculature and is restricted to vascular endothelial cells in the mature lung. Conditional deletion of Sox17 in splanchnic mesenchyme-derivatives using Dermo1-Cre resulted in substantial loss of Sox17 from developing pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and caused pulmonary vascular abnormalities before birth, including pulmonary vein varices, enlarged arteries, and decreased perfusion of the microvasculature. While survival of Dermo1-Cre;Sox17Δ/Δ mice (herein termed Sox17Δ/Δ) was unaffected at E18.5, most Sox17Δ/Δ mice died by 3 weeks of age. After birth, the density of the pulmonary microvasculature was decreased in association with alveolar simplification, biventricular cardiac hypertrophy, and valvular regurgitation. The severity of the postnatal cardiac phenotype was correlated with the severity of pulmonary vasculature abnormalities. Sox17 is required for normal formation of the pulmonary vasculature and postnatal cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Lange
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Hans Michael Haitchi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D LeCras
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Susan E Wert
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Jeanne James
- Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Nicholas Udell
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States.
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Hoxha E, Lambers E, Wasserstrom JA, Mackie A, Ramirez V, Abramova T, Verma SK, Krishnamurthy P, Kishore R. Elucidation of a novel pathway through which HDAC1 controls cardiomyocyte differentiation through expression of SOX-17 and BMP2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45046. [PMID: 22984607 PMCID: PMC3440419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic Stem Cells not only hold a lot of potential for use in regenerative medicine, but also provide an elegant and efficient way to study specific developmental processes and pathways in mammals when whole animal gene knock out experiments fail. We have investigated a pathway through which HDAC1 affects cardiovascular and more specifically cardiomyocyte differentiation in ES cells by controlling expression of SOX17 and BMP2 during early differentiation. This data explains current discrepancies in the role of HDAC1 in cardiovascular differentiation and sheds light into a new pathway through which ES cells determine cardiovascular cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneda Hoxha
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erin Lambers
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John A. Wasserstrom
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexander Mackie
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Veronica Ramirez
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Abramova
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Suresh K. Verma
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Raj Kishore
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Burtscher I, Barkey W, Schwarzfischer M, Theis FJ, Lickert H. The Sox17-mCherry fusion mouse line allows visualization of endoderm and vascular endothelial development. Genesis 2012; 50:496-505. [PMID: 22121118 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sox17 is a HMG-box transcription factor that has been shown to play important roles in both cardio-vascular development and endoderm formation. To analyze these processes in greater detail, we have generated a Sox17-mCherry fusion (SCF) protein by gene targeting in ES cells. SCF reporter mice are homozygous viable and faithfully reflect the endogenous Sox17 protein localization. We report that SCF positive cells constitute a subpopulation in the visceral endoderm before gastrulation and time-lapse imaging reveals that SCF monitors the nascent definitive endoderm during epithelialization. After gastrulation, SCF marks the mid- and hindgut endoderm and vascular endothelial network, which can be imaged during establishment in allantois explant cultures. The SCF reporter is downregulated in the endoderm epithelium and upregulated in endothelial cells of the intestine, lung, and pancreas during organogenesis. In summary, the generation of the Sox17-mCherry reporter mouse line allows direct visualization of endoderm and vascular development in culture and the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Whipple CA, Young AL, Korc M. A KrasG12D-driven genetic mouse model of pancreatic cancer requires glypican-1 for efficient proliferation and angiogenesis. Oncogene 2012; 31:2535-44. [PMID: 21996748 PMCID: PMC3262079 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) exhibit multiple molecular alterations and overexpress heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs) and glypican-1 (GPC1), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that promotes efficient signaling by HBGFs. It is not known, however, whether GPC1 has a role in genetic mouse models of PDAC. Therefore, we generated a GPC1 null mouse that combines pancreas-specific Cre-mediated activation of oncogenic Kras (Kras(G12D)) with deletion of a conditional INK4A/Arf allele (Pdx1-Cre;LSL-Kras(G12D);INK4A/Arf(lox/lox);GPC1(-/-) mice). By comparison with Pdx1-Cre;LSL-Kras(G12D);INK4A/Arf(lox/lox) mice that were wild type for GPC1, the Pdx1-Cre;LSL-Kras(G12D);INK4A/Arf(lox/lox);GPC1(-/-) mice exhibited attenuated pancreatic tumor growth and invasiveness, decreased cancer cell proliferation and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These mice also exhibited suppressed angiogenesis in conjunction with decreased expression of messenger RNAs encoding several pro-angiogenic factors and molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), SRY-box containing gene (SOX17), chemokine C-X3-C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and integrin β3 (ITGB3). Moreover, pancreatic cancer cells isolated from the tumors of GPC1(-/-) mice were not as invasive in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) as cancer cells isolated from wild-type mice, and formed smaller tumors that exhibited an attenuated metastatic potential. Similarly, VEGF-A and FGF-2 did not enhance the migration of hepatic endothelial cells and immortalized murine embryonic fibroblasts isolated from GPC1 null mice. These data demonstrate in an oncogenic Kras-driven genetic mouse model of PDAC that tumor growth, angiogenesis and invasion are enhanced by GPC1, and suggest that suppression of GPC1 may be an important component of therapeutic strategies in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Whipple
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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31
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Tessema M, Yingling CM, Grimes MJ, Thomas CL, Liu Y, Leng S, Joste N, Belinsky SA. Differential epigenetic regulation of TOX subfamily high mobility group box genes in lung and breast cancers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34850. [PMID: 22496870 PMCID: PMC3319602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant cytosine methylation affects regulation of hundreds of genes during cancer development. In this study, a novel aberrantly hypermethylated CpG island in cancer was discovered within the TOX2 promoter. TOX2 was unmethylated in normal cells but 28% lung (n = 190) and 23% breast (n = 80) tumors were methylated. Expression of two novel TOX2 transcripts identified was significantly reduced in primary lung tumors than distant normal lung (p<0.05). These transcripts were silenced in methylated lung and breast cancer cells and 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine treatment re-expressed both. Extension of these assays to TOX, TOX3, and TOX4 genes that share similar genomic structure and protein homology with TOX2 revealed distinct methylation profiles by smoking status, histology, and cancer type. TOX was almost exclusively methylated in breast (43%) than lung (5%) cancer, whereas TOX3 was frequently methylated in lung (58%) than breast (30%) tumors. TOX4 was unmethylated in all samples and showed the highest expression in normal lung. Compared to TOX4, expression of TOX, TOX2 and TOX3 in normal lung was 25, 44, and 88% lower, respectively, supporting the premise that reduced promoter activity confers increased susceptibility to methylation during lung carcinogenesis. Genome-wide assays revealed that siRNA-mediated TOX2 knockdown modulated multiple pathways while TOX3 inactivation targeted neuronal development and function. Although these knockdowns did not result in further phenotypic changes of lung cancer cells in vitro, the impact on tissue remodeling, inflammatory response, and cell differentiation pathways suggest a potential role for TOX2 in modulating tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathewos Tessema
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christin M. Yingling
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcie J. Grimes
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cynthia L. Thomas
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Yushi Liu
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nancy Joste
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Belinsky
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Chen YH, Jia XT, Huang XD, Zhang S, Li M, Xie JF, Weng SP, He JG. Two Litopenaeus vannamei HMGB proteins interact with transcription factors LvSTAT and LvDorsal to activate the promoter of white spot syndrome virus immediate-early gene ie1. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:793-9. [PMID: 21186060 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused great economic damage to shrimp aquaculture. Previous studies have shown that WSSV successfully usurps the immunity system of the host for its own gene regulation. To investigate the role of shrimp high mobility group box (HMGB) proteins in WSSV gene regulation, two Litopenaeus vannamei HMGB genes, LvHMGBa and LvHMGBb, were isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Recombinant LvHMGBa/b proteins were present in the nucleus of transfected Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that LvHMGBa/b upregulated the WSSV immediate-early (IE) gene (ie1) in a NF-κB and STAT binding site-dependent manner. GST pull-down assays demonstrated that LvHMGBa/b interacted with L. vannamei Dorsal (LvDorsal) and L. vannamei STAT (LvSTAT), respectively. LvHMGBa was highly expressed in hepatopancreas while HMGBb was highly expressed in stomach, intestine, heart, antennal gland, and epidermis. Moreover, an immune challenge assay demonstrated that the expression of LvHMGBa/b was upregulated by WSSV infection and that both mRNAs reached peak values at 24 h post-infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report that invertebrate HMGB proteins participates in viral gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models have significantly improved our understanding of structure/function relationships and promise to lead to new advances in regenerative medicine. However, despite the expanding diversity of 3D tissue fabrication methods, approaches for functional assessment have been relatively limited. Here, we describe the fabrication of microtissue (μ-tissue) suspensions and their quantitative evaluation with techniques capable of analyzing large sample numbers and performing multiplexed parallel analysis. We applied this platform to 3D μ-tissues representing multiple stages of liver development and disease including: embryonic stem cells, bipotential hepatic progenitors, mature hepatocytes, and hepatoma cells photoencapsulated in polyethylene glycol hydrogels. Multiparametric μ-tissue cytometry enabled quantitation of fluorescent reporter expression within populations of intact μ-tissues (n≥ 10²-10³) and sorting-based enrichment of subsets for subsequent studies. Further, 3D μ-tissues could be implanted in vivo, respond to systemic stimuli, retrieved and quantitatively assessed. In order to facilitate multiplexed 'pooled' experimentation, fluorescent labeling strategies were developed and utilized to investigate the impact of μ-tissue composition and exposure to soluble factors. In particular, examination of drug/gene interactions on collections of 3D hepatoma μ-tissues indicated synergistic influence of doxorubicin and siRNA knockdown of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-XL. Collectively, these studies highlight the broad utility of μ-tissue suspensions as an enabling approach for high n, populational analysis of 3D tissue biology in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice A. Chen
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gregory H. Underhill
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
We have previously shown that Sox7 was transiently expressed at the onset of blood specification and was implicated in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursors. Here, we assessed, using embryonic stem cell differentiation as a model system, whether Sox17 and Sox18, 2 close homologs of Sox7, may act similarly to Sox7 at the onset of hematopoietic development. Sox18-enforced expression led to the enhanced proliferation of early hematopoietic precursors while blocking their maturation, phenotype highly reminiscent of Sox7-enforced expression. In striking contrast, Sox17-enforced expression dramatically increased the apoptosis of these early precursors. Similarly to Sox7, Sox18 was transiently expressed during early hematopoiesis, but its expression was predominantly observed in CD41(+) cells, contrasting with Sox7, mostly expressed in Flk1(+) cells. Conversely, Sox17 remained marginally expressed during blood specification. Overall, our data uncover contrasting effect and expression pattern for Sox18 and Sox17 at the onset of hematopoiesis specification.
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Lim SM, Pereira L, Wong MS, Hirst CE, Van Vranken BE, Pick M, Trounson A, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. Enforced expression of Mixl1 during mouse ES cell differentiation suppresses hematopoietic mesoderm and promotes endoderm formation. Stem Cells 2009; 27:363-74. [PMID: 19038793 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Mixl1 gene encodes a homeodomain transcription factor that is required for normal mesoderm and endoderm development in the mouse. We have examined the consequences of enforced Mixl1 expression during mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. We show that three independently derived ESC lines constitutively expressing Mixl1 (Mixl1(C) ESCs) differentiate into embryoid bodies (EBs) containing a higher proportion of E-cadherin (E-Cad)(+) cells. Our analysis also shows that this differentiation occurs at the expense of hematopoietic mesoderm differentiation, with Mixl1(C) ESCs expressing only low levels of Flk1 and failing to develop hemoglobinized cells. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence studies revealed that Mixl1(C) EBs have extensive areas containing cells with an epithelial morphology that express E-Cad, FoxA2, and Sox17, consistent with enhanced endoderm formation. Luciferase reporter transfection experiments indicate that Mixl1 can transactivate the Gsc, Sox17, and E-Cad promoters, supporting the hypothesis that Mixl1 has a direct role in definitive endoderm formation. Taken together, these studies suggest that high levels of Mixl1 preferentially allocate cells to the endoderm during ESC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Mei Lim
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Miyagi S, Masui S, Niwa H, Saito T, Shimazaki T, Okano H, Nishimoto M, Muramatsu M, Iwama A, Okuda A. Consequence of the loss of Sox2 in the developing brain of the mouse. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2811-5. [PMID: 18638478 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 is expressed at high levels in neural stem and progenitor cells. Here, we inactivated Sox2 specifically in the developing brain by using Cre-loxP system. Although mutant animals did not survive after birth, analysis of late gestation embryos revealed that loss of Sox2 causes enlargement of the lateral ventricles and a decrease in the number of neurosphere-forming cells. However, although their neurogenic potential is attenuated, Sox2-deficient neural stem cells retain their multipotency and self-renewal capacity. We found that expression level of Sox3 is elevated in Sox2 null developing brain, probably mitigating the effects of loss of Sox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Miyagi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
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Becker NA, Kahn JD, Maher LJ. Eukaryotic HMGB proteins as replacements for HU in E. coli repression loop formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:4009-21. [PMID: 18515834 PMCID: PMC2475640 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA looping is important for gene repression and activation in Escherichia coli and is necessary for some kinds of gene regulation and recombination in eukaryotes. We are interested in sequence-nonspecific architectural DNA-binding proteins that alter the apparent flexibility of DNA by producing transient bends or kinks in DNA. The bacterial heat unstable (HU) and eukaryotic high-mobility group B (HMGB) proteins fall into this category. We have exploited a sensitive genetic assay of DNA looping in living E. coli cells to explore the extent to which HMGB proteins and derivatives can complement a DNA looping defect in E. coli lacking HU protein. Here, we show that derivatives of the yeast HMGB protein Nhp6A rescue DNA looping in E. coli lacking HU, in some cases facilitating looping to a greater extent than is observed in E. coli expressing normal levels of HU protein. Nhp6A-induced changes in the DNA length-dependence of repression efficiency suggest that Nhp6A alters DNA twist in vivo. In contrast, human HMGB2-box A derivatives did not rescue looping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2021, USA
| | - Jason D. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2021, USA
| | - L. James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2021, USA
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Jørgensen A, Morthorst JE, Andersen O, Rasmussen LJ, Bjerregaard P. Expression profiles for six zebrafish genes during gonadal sex differentiation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:25. [PMID: 18590525 PMCID: PMC2500022 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of sex determination in zebrafish is largely unknown and neither sex chromosomes nor a sex-determining gene have been identified. This indicates that sex determination in zebrafish is mediated by genetic signals from autosomal genes. The aim of this study was to determine the precise timing of expression of six genes previously suggested to be associated with sex differentiation in zebrafish. The current study investigates the expression of all six genes in the same individual fish with extensive sampling dates during sex determination and -differentiation. RESULTS In the present study, we have used quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the expression of ar, sox9a, dmrt1, fig alpha, cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b during the expected sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation period. The expression of the genes expected to be high in males (ar, sox9a and dmrt1a) and high in females (fig alpha and cyp19a1a) was segregated in two groups with more than 10 times difference in expression levels. All of the investigated genes showed peaks in expression levels during the time of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. Expression of all genes was investigated on cDNA from the same fish allowing comparison of the high and low expressers of genes that are expected to be highest expressed in either males or females. There were 78% high or low expressers of all three "male" genes (ar, sox9a and dmrt1) in the investigated period and 81% were high or low expressers of both "female" genes (fig alpha and cyp19a1a). When comparing all five genes with expected sex related expression 56% show expression expected for either male or female. Furthermore, the expression of all genes was investigated in different tissue of adult male and female zebrafish. CONCLUSION In zebrafish, the first significant peak in gene expression during the investigated period (2-40 dph) was dmrt1 at 10 dph which indicates involvement of this gene in the early gonadal sex differentiation of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jane E Morthorst
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ole Andersen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lene J Rasmussen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Poul Bjerregaard
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Sikorska M, Sandhu JK, Deb-Rinker P, Jezierski A, Leblanc J, Charlebois C, Ribecco-Lutkiewicz M, Bani-Yaghoub M, Walker PR. Epigenetic modifications of SOX2 enhancers, SRR1 and SRR2, correlate with in vitro neural differentiation. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1680-93. [PMID: 18293417 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SOX2 is a key neurodevelopmental gene involved in maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells and proliferation of neural progenitors and astroglia. Two evolutionally conserved enhancers, SRR1 and SRR2, are involved in controlling SOX2 expression during neurodevelopment; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating their activity are not known. We have examined DNA methylation and histone H3 acetylation at both enhancers in NT2-D1 progenitors, neurons and astrocytes, to establish the role of epigenetic mechanisms in cell-type-specific SOX2 expression. This study showed that 1) unmethylated DNA and acetylated histones at both enhancers correlated with a high level of SOX2 expression in proliferating neural progenitors and 2) reversible modifications of the SRR1 element were observed during gene reexpression in astrocytes, whereas permanent epigenetic marks on the SRR2 enhancer were seen in neurons where the gene was silenced. Taken together, these results are clear illustrations of cell-type-specific epigenomes and suggest mechanisms by which they may be created and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sikorska
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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40
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Braam SR, Denning C, van den Brink S, Kats P, Hochstenbach R, Passier R, Mummery CL. Improved genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Methods 2008; 5:389-92. [PMID: 18391958 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Low efficiency of transfection limits the ability to genetically manipulate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and differences in cell derivation and culture methods require optimization of transfection protocols. We transiently transferred multiple independent hESC lines with different growth requirements to standardized feeder-free culture, and optimized conditions for clonal growth and efficient gene transfer without loss of pluripotency. Stably transfected lines retained differentiation potential, and most lines displayed normal karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R Braam
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Kelberman D, de Castro SCP, Huang S, Crolla JA, Palmer R, Gregory JW, Taylor D, Cavallo L, Faienza MF, Fischetto R, Achermann JC, Martinez-Barbera JP, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R, Robinson ICAF, Gerrelli D, Dattani MT. SOX2 plays a critical role in the pituitary, forebrain, and eye during human embryonic development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1865-73. [PMID: 18285410 PMCID: PMC3479085 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Heterozygous, de novo mutations in the transcription factor SOX2 are associated with bilateral anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia and hypopituitarism. Variable additional abnormalities include defects of the corpus callosum and hippocampus. OBJECTIVE We have ascertained a further three patients with severe eye defects and pituitary abnormalities who were screened for mutations in SOX2. To provide further evidence of a direct role for SOX2 in hypothalamo-pituitary development, we have studied the expression of the gene in human embryonic tissues. RESULTS All three patients harbored heterozygous SOX2 mutations: a deletion encompassing the entire gene, an intragenic deletion (c.70_89del), and a novel nonsense mutation (p.Q61X) within the DNA binding domain that results in impaired transactivation. We also show that human SOX2 can inhibit beta-catenin-driven reporter gene expression in vitro, whereas mutant SOX2 proteins are unable to repress efficiently this activity. Furthermore, we show that SOX2 is expressed throughout the human brain, including the developing hypothalamus, as well as Rathke's pouch, the developing anterior pituitary, and the eye. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SOX2 mutations often manifest the unusual phenotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, with sparing of other pituitary hormones despite anterior pituitary hypoplasia. SOX2 expression patterns in human embryonic development support a direct involvement of the protein during development of tissues affected in these individuals. Given the critical role of Wnt-signaling in the development of most of these tissues, our data suggest that a failure to repress the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway could be one of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms associated with loss-of-function mutations in SOX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, United Kingdom
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42
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the transcription factor Sox2 is essential during the early stages of development. Furthermore, decreasing the expression of Sox2 severely interferes with the self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Other studies have shown that Sox2, in conjunction with the transcription factor Oct-3/4, stimulates its own transcription as well as the expression of a growing list of genes (Sox2:Oct-3/4 target genes) that require the cooperative action of Sox2 and Oct-3/4. Remarkably, recent studies have shown that overexpression of Sox2 decreases expression of its own gene, as well as four other Sox2:Oct-3/4 target genes (Oct-3/4, Nanog, Fgf-4, and Utf1). This finding led to the prediction that overexpression of Sox2 in ES cells would trigger their differentiation. In the current study, we initially engineered mouse ES cells for inducible overexpression of Sox2. Using this model system, we demonstrate that small increases (twofold or less) in Sox2 protein trigger the differentiation of ES cells into cells that exhibit markers for a wide range of differentiated cell types, including neuroectoderm, mesoderm, and trophectoderm but not endoderm. We also demonstrate that elevating the levels of Sox2 quickly downregulates several developmentally regulated genes, including Nanog, and a newly identified Sox2:Oct-3/4 target gene, Lefty1. Together, these data argue that the self-renewal of ES cells requires that Sox2 levels be maintained within narrow limits. Thus, Sox2 appears to function as a molecular rheostat that controls the expression of a critical set of embryonic genes, as well as the self-renewal and differentiation of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janel L Kopp
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Abstract
Sox5 is a member of the SoxD group of HMG-box transcription factors that, during the early stages of development, promotes neural crest generation. However, little is known about Sox5 function in neural crest derivatives such as the peripheral sensory nervous system. We have analysed the embryonic expression of Sox5 during chick cranial ganglia development, from the stages of ganglia condensation to those of differentiation. During this period, Sox5 expression is maintained in the crest-derived satellite glial cells in all the cranial ganglia. In contrast, Sox5 is only transiently expressed in a subpopulation of differentiating neurons of both neural crest and placode origin. This detailed analysis provides a good base to dissect the possible role of Sox5 in neural cell fate determination by future functional approaches.
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Zhao M, Amiel SA, Christie MR, Muiesan P, Srinivasan P, Littlejohn W, Rela M, Arno M, Heaton N, Huang GC. Evidence for the presence of stem cell-like progenitor cells in human adult pancreas. J Endocrinol 2007; 195:407-14. [PMID: 18000303 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The origin of cells replacing ageing beta-cells in adult life is unknown. This study assessed the expression of classic stem cell markers: Oct4, Sox2 and CD34 in islet-enriched fractions versus exocrine cell-enriched fractions from 25 adult human pancreases following human islet isolation. Expression of Oct4, Sox2 and CD34 mRNAs was found in all cell samples, with no significant differences between endocrine and exocrine cell fractions. Immunohistochemical staining for Oct4, Sox2, CD133, CD34, CK19, insulin and nestin on human pancreas sections showed that the majority of Oct4(+ve) cells were found in the walls of small ducts. Similar localisations were observed for Sox2(+ve) cells. The majority of Sox2(+ve) cells were found to co-express Oct4 proteins, but not vice versa. Cells positive for Oct4 and Sox2 appeared to be a unique cell population in the adult human pancreases without co-expression for CK19, CD34, CD133, insulin and nestin proteins. The numbers of Oct4(+ve) and Sox2(+ve) cells varied among donors and were approximately 1-200 and 1-30 per 100 000 pancreatic cells respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK
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Inoue M, Kamachi Y, Matsunami H, Imada K, Uchikawa M, Kondoh H. PAX6 and SOX2-dependent regulation of the Sox2 enhancer N-3 involved in embryonic visual system development. Genes Cells 2007; 12:1049-61. [PMID: 17825048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is universally expressed in the neural and placodal primordia in early stage embryos, and this expression depends on various phylogenetically conserved enhancers having different regional and temporal specificities. The enhancer N-3 was identified as a regulator of the Sox2 gene active in the diencephalon, optic vesicle, and after the contact of the vesicle with the ectoderm, in the lens placodal surface area, suggesting its involvement in embryonic visual system development. A 36-bp minimal essential core sequence was defined in the 568-bp-long enhancer N-3, which in a tetrameric form emulates the original enhancer activity. The core sequence comprises a SOX-binding sequence and a non-canonical PAX6 (Paired domain) binding sequence, and is activated by the synergistic action of SOX2 and PAX6 in transfected cells. The SOX and PAX6 binding sequences of the N-3 core are arranged with the same orientation and spacing as the DC5 sequence of the delta-crystallin enhancer previously demonstrated to be cooperatively bound by SOX2 and PAX6. The N-3 core sequence was also bound by these factors in a cooperative fashion, but with a higher threshold of these factors' levels than DC5, and the enhancer effect of the tetrameric sequence activated by exogenous SOX2 and PAX6 was less pronounced than that of DC5. The observations suggest that gene activation mechanisms that depend on the cooperative interaction of SOX2 and PAX6 but with different thresholds of the factor levels are crucial for the regulation of visual system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Inoue
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Eye development initiates as an evagination of the early neural plate, before the closure of the neural tube. Structural malformations of the eye such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia arise very early in development. It is not surprising therefore that three of the genes currently identified to play a significant role in these developmental eye anomalies are also major players in brain development and regionalization. However, as has been emerging for a high proportion of transcriptional regulators studied, these genes have evolved to play multiple roles throughout development, and perhaps even in adult tissue maintenance. This complex spatiotemporal expression pattern requires elaborate regulatory systems which we are beginning to unravel. A major component of these complex regulatory networks is a series of cis-acting elements, highly conserved through evolution, which spread large distances from the coding region of each gene. We describe how cross regulation for PAX6, SOX2 and perhaps OTX2 has now been uncovered, pointing to the mechanisms that can fine-tune the expression of such essential developmental components. These interactions also help us understand why there is significant phenotypic overlap between mutations at these three loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hever
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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48
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Abstract
What controls the inherent differences between fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)? In this issue of Cell, Kim et al. (2007) demonstrate in mice that the endodermal transcription factor Sox17 is required for the maintenance of fetal and neonatal but not adult HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Jang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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49
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Sinner D, Kordich JJ, Spence JR, Opoka R, Rankin S, Lin SCJ, Jonatan D, Zorn AM, Wells JM. Sox17 and Sox4 differentially regulate beta-catenin/T-cell factor activity and proliferation of colon carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7802-15. [PMID: 17875931 PMCID: PMC2169141 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02179-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt pathway is necessary for gut epithelial cell proliferation, and aberrant activation of this pathway causes intestinal neoplasia. We report a novel mechanism by which the Sox family of transcription factors regulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We found that some Sox proteins antagonize while others enhance beta-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) activity. Sox17, which is expressed in the normal gut epithelium but exhibits reduced expression in intestinal neoplasia, is antagonistic to Wnt signaling. When overexpressed in SW480 colon carcinoma cells, Sox17 represses beta-catenin/TCF activity in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits proliferation. Sox17 and Sox4 are expressed in mutually exclusive domains in normal and neoplastic gut tissues, and gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that Sox4 enhances beta-catenin/TCF activity and the proliferation of SW480 cells. In addition to binding beta-catenin, both Sox17 and Sox4 physically interact with TCF/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) family members via their respective high-mobility-group box domains. Results from gain- and loss-of-function experiments suggest that the interaction of Sox proteins with beta-catenin and TCF/LEF proteins regulates the stability of beta-catenin and TCF/LEF. In particular, Sox17 promotes the degradation of both beta-catenin and TCF proteins via a noncanonical, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta-independent mechanism that can be blocked by proteasome inhibitors. In contrast, Sox4 may function to stabilize beta-catenin protein. These findings indicate that Sox proteins can act as both antagonists and agonists of beta-catenin/TCF activity, and this mechanism may regulate Wnt signaling responses in many developmental and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Sinner
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
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50
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Lyssiotis CA, Walker J, Wu C, Kondo T, Schultz PG, Wu X. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity induces developmental plasticity in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14982-7. [PMID: 17855562 PMCID: PMC1986599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707044104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was demonstrated that lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) can be converted to multipotent neural stem-like cells, capable of generating both neurons and glia after exposure to bone morphogenetic proteins. In an effort to understand and control the developmental plasticity of OPCs, we developed a high-throughput screen to identify novel chemical inducers of OPC reprogramming. Using this system, we discovered that inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in OPCs acts as a priming event in the induction of developmental plasticity, thereby expanding the differentiation potential to include the neuronal lineage. This conversion was found to be mediated, in part, through reactivation of sox2 and was highly reproducible at the clonal level. Further, genome-wide expression analysis demonstrated that HDAC inhibitor treatment activated sox2 and 12 other genes that identify or maintain the neural stem cell state while simultaneously silencing a large group of oligodendrocyte lineage-specific genes. This series of experiments demonstrates that global histone acetylation, induced by HDAC inhibition, can partially reverse the lineage restriction of OPCs, thereby inducing developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas A. Lyssiotis
- *The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torry Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Toru Kondo
- Laboratory for Cell Lineage Modulation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- *The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torry Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Xu Wu
- *The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torry Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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