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Zhu CY, Li FL, Zhang YW, Gupta RK, Patel SKS, Lee JK. Recent Strategies for the Immobilization of Therapeutic Enzymes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071409. [PMID: 35406282 PMCID: PMC9003532 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic enzymes play important roles in modern medicine due to their high affinity and specificity. However, it is very expensive to use them in clinical medicine because of their low stability and bioavailability. To improve the stability and effectiveness of therapeutic enzymes, immobilization techniques have been employed to enhance the applications of therapeutic enzymes in the past few years. Reported immobilization techniques include entrapment, adsorption, and covalent attachment. In addition, protein engineering is often used to improve enzyme properties; however, all methods present certain advantages and limitations. For carrier-bound immobilization, the delivery and release of the immobilized enzyme depend on the properties of the carrier and enzyme. In this review, we summarize the advantages and challenges of the current strategies developed to deliver therapeutic enzymes and provide a future perspective on the immobilization technologies used for therapeutic enzyme delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (F.-L.L.)
| | - Fei-Long Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (F.-L.L.)
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (F.-L.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.Z.); (S.K.S.P.); (J.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3505 (J.-K.L.)
| | - Rahul K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Sanjay K. S. Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.Z.); (S.K.S.P.); (J.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3505 (J.-K.L.)
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.Z.); (S.K.S.P.); (J.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3505 (J.-K.L.)
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Robert M, Laperrousaz B, Piedrahita D, Gautier EF, Nemkov T, Dupuy F, Nader E, Salnot V, Mayeux P, D'Alessandro A, Lavazec C, Joly P, Scheer A, Connes P, Cibiel A. Multiparametric characterization of red blood cell physiology after hypotonic dialysis based drug encapsulation process. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:2089-2102. [PMID: 35847505 PMCID: PMC9279626 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) can act as carriers for therapeutic agents and can substantially improve the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of many drugs. Maintaining RBCs integrity and lifespan is important for the efficacy of RBCs as drug carrier. We investigated the impact of drug encapsulation by hypotonic dialysis on RBCs physiology and integrity. Several parameters were compared between processed RBCs loaded with l-asparaginase (“eryaspase”), processed RBCs without drug and non-processed RBCs. Processed RBCs were less hydrated and displayed a reduction of intracellular content. We observed a change in the metabolomic but not in the proteomic profile of processed RBCs. Encapsulation process caused moderate morphological changes and was accompanied by an increase of RBCs-derived Extracellular Vesicles release. Despite a decrease in deformability, processed RBCs were not mechanically retained in a spleen-mimicking device and had increased surface-to-volume ratio and osmotic resistance. Processed RBCs half-life was not significantly affected in a mouse model and our previous phase 1 clinical study showed that encapsulation of asparaginase in RBCs prolonged its in vivo half-life compared to free forms. Our study demonstrated that encapsulation by hypotonic dialysis may affect certain characteristics of RBCs but does not significantly affect the in vivo longevity of RBCs or their drug carrier function.
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Sayyadipour F, Amirizadeh N, Oodi A, Khalili M, Saba F. Red Blood Cells are Appropriate Carrier for Coagulation Factor VIII. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:131-137. [PMID: 31533604 PMCID: PMC7360916 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x19666190918141859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy remains a primary treatment for hemophilia A, however, the development of FVIII antibodies (inhibitors) and short half-life of the FVIII products are the major complications. Erythrocytes may prevent rapid removal of drugs from plasma. Erythrocytes are biocompatible and non-immunogenic drug delivery. In this study, in vitro activity of FVIII encapsulated by human erythrocytes was investigated. METHODS FVIII was loaded into erythrocytes using the hypo-osmotic dialysis technique. FVIII activity assay has been analyzed using Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT). Presence of FVIII on erythrocytes was detected by western blotting and flowcytometry using specific monoclonal antibody (abcam, U.K) against FVIII. Moreover, the osmotic fragility and hematologic parameters of FVIII-loaded carrier erythrocytes were measured. RESULTS Our results indicated that FVIII could not cross the membrane, where plenty of FVIII was found on the surface of the carrier erythrocyte. Flow cytometery results showed that 11% of the loaded carrier erythrocytes was positive for FVIII protein on their surface. The greatest activation of FVIII in both groups including lysate and non-lysate FVIII-loaded RBCs was observed on the first day, and the coagulant activity of this factor was gradually reduced on days 3 and 5. In 1:50 dilution of both groups, significant differences in FVIII activity were observed in 1:50 dilution of both groups, especially on the 5th day. CONCLUSION This study aims to introduce erythrocytes as appropriate carriers for FVIII to prolong the dosing intervals in the effective and safe levels for a relatively longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sayyadipour
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Amirizadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Oodi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Khalili
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakhredin Saba
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Paramedical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Simulation of the osmosis-based drug encapsulation in erythrocytes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 47:261-270. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Parayath NN, Amiji MM. Therapeutic targeting strategies using endogenous cells and proteins. J Control Release 2017; 258:81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Singh P, Singh S, Kesharwani RK. Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers and Its Therapeutic Applications. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this pharma innovative world, there are more than 30 drug delivery systems. Today's due to lacking the target specificity, the present scenario about drug delivery is emphasizing towards targeted drug delivery systems. Erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cells travel thousands of miles from wide to narrow pathways to deliver oxygen, drugs and nutrient during their lifetime. Red blood cells have strong and targeted potential carrier capabilities for varieties of drugs. Drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes or resealed erythrocytes are promising for various passive and active targeting. Resealed erythrocyte have advantage over several drug carrier models like biocompatibility, biodegradability without toxic products, inert intracellular environment, entrapping potential for a variety of chemicals, protection of the organism against toxic effects of the drug, able to circulate throughout the body, ideal zero-order drug-release kinetics, no undesired immune response against encapsulated drug etc. Resealed erythrocytes are rapidly taken up by macrophages of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) of the liver, lung, and spleen of the body and hence drugs also. Resealed erythrocytes method of drugs delivery is secure and effective for drugs targeting specially for a longer period of time. This chapter will explain the different method of drug loading for resealed erythrocytes, their characterization, and applications in various therapies and associated health benefits.
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Drvenica IT, Bukara KM, Ilić VL, Mišić DM, Vasić BZ, Gajić RB, Đorđević VB, Veljović ĐN, Belić A, Bugarski BM. Biomembranes from slaughterhouse blood erythrocytes as prolonged release systems for dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1046-55. [PMID: 27254304 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated preparation of bovine and porcine erythrocyte membranes from slaughterhouse blood as bio-derived materials for delivery of dexamethasone-sodium phosphate (DexP). The obtained biomembranes, i.e., ghosts were characterized in vitro in terms of morphological properties, loading parameters, and release behavior. For the last two, an UHPLC/-HESI-MS/MS based analytical procedure for absolute drug identification and quantification was developed. The results revealed that loading of DexP into both type of ghosts was directly proportional to the increase of drug concentration in the incubation medium, while incubation at 37°C had statistically significant effect on loaded amount of DexP (P < 0.05). The encapsulation efficiency was about fivefold higher in porcine compared to bovine ghosts. Insight into ghosts' surface morphology by field emission-scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirmed that besides inevitable effects of osmosis, DexP inclusion itself had no observable additional effect on the morphology of the ghosts carriers. DexP release profiles were dependent on erythrocyte ghost type and amount of residual hemoglobin. However, sustained DexP release was achieved and shown over 3 days from porcine ghosts and 5 days from bovine erythrocyte ghosts. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1046-1055, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana T Drvenica
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina M Bukara
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Lj Ilić
- Inst. for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela M Mišić
- Inst. for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Radoš B Gajić
- Inst. of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica B Đorđević
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đorđe N Veljović
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Branko M Bugarski
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Naeem S, Kiew LV, Yong CL, Yin YT, Misran MB. Drug delivery and innovative pharmaceutical development in mimicking the red blood cell membrane. REV CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2015-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCirculation half-life has become one of the major design considerations in nanoparticle drug delivery systems. By taking cues for designing long circulating carriers from natural entities such as red blood cells (RBCs) has been explored for many years. Among all the cellular carriers including leukocytes, fibroblasts, islets, and hepatocytes, RBCs offer several distinctive features. The present review underlines a discussion on the applications of different RBC carriers (RBC mimics) which can evade the body’s reticuloendothelial system overcoming many barriers such as size, shape, accelerated blood clearance, mechanical properties, control over particle characteristics, and surface chemistry. Bilayer membrane liposomes infusing phospholipids have long been synthesized to mimic bioconcave RBC carriers using the notion of stealth liposomes. This is not a comprehensive review; some illustrative examples are given on how they are currently obtained. A special attention is devoted to the RBC mimics from polymers, red cell membrane ghosts, and the red cell membrane enclosing polymeric cores as potential drug carriers. The present research reveals the achievement of RBC surface charge to accord with the immune system as a game of hide and seek in a much promising way in the light of its pharmaceutical applications.
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Low molecular weight protamine (LMWP): A nontoxic protamine substitute and an effective cell-penetrating peptide. J Control Release 2014; 193:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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He H, Ye J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Chung HS, Kwon YM, Shin MC, Lee K, Yang VC. Cell-penetrating peptides meditated encapsulation of protein therapeutics into intact red blood cells and its application. J Control Release 2013; 176:123-132. [PMID: 24374002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) based drug carrier appears to be the most appealing for protein drugs due to their unmatched biocompatability, biodegradability, and long lifespan in the circulation. Numerous methods for encapsulating protein drugs into RBCs were developed, however, most of them induce partial disruption of the cell membrane, resulting in irreversible alterations in both physical and chemical properties of RBCs. Herein, we introduce a novel method for encapsulating proteins into intact RBCs, which was meditated by a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) developed in our lab-low molecular weight protamine (LMWP). l-asparaginase, one of the primary drugs used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), was chosen as a model protein to illustrate the encapsulation into erythrocytes mediated by CPPs. In addition current treatment of ALL using different l-asparaginase delivery and encapsulation methods as well as their associated problems were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junxiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hee Sun Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33328, USA
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Kyuri Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Victor C Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine & College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
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11
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Agnihotri J, Jain NK. Biodegradable long circulating cellular carrier for antimalarial drug pyrimethamine. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 41:309-14. [PMID: 23305602 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2012.743901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to develop targeted engineered nanoerythrosomes based intravenous formulation of antimalarial drug pyrimethamine. MATERIAL AND METHODS The nanoerythrosomes formulation was developed by sonication method and optimized for effective drug loading at variable drug concentration, surface morphology, viscosity and sedimentation volume. RESULTS The in vitro drug release of formulated product was found to be delayed after 8 hours, having good stability at 4 ± 1°C and showing controlled in vivo release. Tissue distribution studies showed higher accumulation of drug in the liver (18.71 ± 1.4 μg/ml) (P < 0.05) at 1 hour in case of pyrimethamine-loaded nanoerythrosomes as compared to that in free drug (12.82 ± 0.7 μg/ml). Higher amount of drug, i.e. 14.18 ± 0.9 μg/ml (P < 0.05), was found after 24 hours in the liver in case of pyrimethamine-loaded nanoerythrosomes as compared to free drug concentration of 9.72 ± 0.5 μg/ml). DISCUSSION Data showed that developed pyrimethamine-loaded nanoerythrosomes hold promise for targeting and controlling the release of drug and for improving treatment of malaria when they are combined with rapid acting antimalarials such as artemisinin. CONCLUSION A decrease in the concentration of pyrimethamine in kidneys and lungs after 24 hours was observed as compared to that observed after 1 hour, showing no or little involvement of these organs in the clearance of drug-loaded nanoerythrosomes.
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Harisa GI, Ibrahim MF, Alanazi F, Shazly GA. Engineering erythrocytes as a novel carrier for the targeted delivery of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:223-30. [PMID: 25061408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is formulated in a mixture of Cremophor EL and dehydrated alcohol. The intravenous administration of this formula is associated with a risk of infection and hypersensitivity reactions. The presence of Cremophor EL as a pharmaceutical vehicle contributes to these effects. Therefore, in this study, we used human erythrocytes, instead of Cremophor, as a pharmaceutical vehicle. PTX was loaded into erythrocytes using the preswelling method. Analysis of the obtained data indicates that 148.8 μg of PTX was loaded/mL erythrocytes, with an entrapment efficiency of 46.36% and a cell recovery of 75.94%. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in the mean cell volume values of the erythrocytes, whereas both the mean cell hemoglobin and the mean cell hemoglobin concentration decreased following the loading of PTX. The turbulence fragility index values for unloaded, sham-loaded and PTX-loaded erythrocytes were 3, 2, and 1 h, respectively. Additionally, the erythrocyte glutathione level decreased after PTX loading, whereas lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation increased. The release of PTX from loaded erythrocytes followed first-order kinetics, and about 81% of the loaded drug was released into the plasma after 48 h. The results of the present study revealed that PTX was loaded successfully into human erythrocytes with acceptable loading parameters and with some oxidative modification to the erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Boys), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Ibrahim
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Shazly
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Engineering erythrocytes to be erythrosensors: first steps. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 47:100-6. [PMID: 21641241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecules can be loaded into mammalian erythrocytes through a reversible lysis pore that forms in the membrane when placed in hypotonic media, the result being resealed red cell ghosts. Many studies on the sidedness of transport processes have utilized this approach. In addition, red cell ghosts encapsulated with enzymes have been used in patients to treat specific enzyme deficiencies, particularly when the substrate can cross the red cell membrane. Our long-term goal is to put fluorescent sensors inside erythrocytes, return the loaded red cell ghosts to the animal or patient, and then monitor the fluorescence non-invasively to follow changes in plasma analyte concentration. In this paper, we present a novel dialysis method for making the red cell ghosts. In addition, we present a theoretical analysis showing that it is not necessary that every loaded red cell ghost has the same dye concentration. Finally we discuss the constraints on the optimal affinity for the sensor/analyte interaction.
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Abstract
Cell systems have recently emerged as biological drug carriers, as an interesting alternative to other systems such as micro- and nano-particles. Different cells, such as carrier erythrocytes, bacterial ghosts and genetically engineered stem and dendritic cells have been used. They provide sustained release and specific delivery of drugs, enzymatic systems and genetic material to certain organs and tissues. Cell systems have potential applications for the treatment of cancer, HIV, intracellular infections, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson’s disease or in gene therapy. Carrier erythrocytes containing enzymes such us L-asparaginase, or drugs such as corticosteroids have been successfully used in humans. Bacterial ghosts have been widely used in the field of vaccines and also with drugs such as doxorubicin. Genetically engineered stem cells have been tested for cancer treatment and dendritic cells for immunotherapeutic vaccines. Although further research and more clinical trials are necessary, cell-based platforms are a promising strategy for drug delivery.
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Shaillender M, Luo R, Venkatraman SS, Neu B. Layer-by-layer microcapsules templated on erythrocyte ghost carriers. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:211-7. [PMID: 21699968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the fabrication of layer-by-layer (LbL) microcapsules that provide a simple mean for controlling the burst and subsequent release of bioactive agents. Red blood cell (RBC) ghosts were loaded with fluorescently labeled dextran and lysozyme as model compounds via hypotonic dialysis with an encapsulation efficiency of 27-31%. It is demonstrated that these vesicles maintain their shape and integrity and that a uniform distribution of the encapsulated agents within these carriers is achieved. The loaded vesicles were then successfully coated with the biocompatible polyelectrolytes, poly-L-arginine hydrochloride and dextran sulfate. It is demonstrated that the release profiles of the encapsulated molecules can be regulated over a wide range by adjusting the number of polyelectrolyte layers. In addition, the LbL shell also protects the RBC ghost from decomposition thereby potentially preserving the bioactivity of encapsulated drugs or proteins. These microcapsules, consisting of an RBC ghost coated with a polyelectrolyte multilayer, provide a simple mean for the preparation of loaded LbL microcapsules eliminating the core dissolution and post-loading of bioactive agents, which are required for conventional LbL microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutukumaraswamy Shaillender
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Foroozesh M, Hamidi M, Zarrin A, Mohammadi-Samani S, Montaseri H. Preparation and in-vitro characterization of tramadol-loaded carrier erythrocytes for long-term intravenous delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 63:322-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The hypo-osmotic dialysis method was used for preparation of tramadol-loaded human intact erythrocytes. In response to rapid drug escape from the erythrocytes, a membrane cross-linker, glutaraldehyde, was used successfully.
Methods
The resulting carrier cells were validated in terms of the accuracy and precision of the whole drug loading procedure.
Key findings
The average loaded amount, entrapment efficiency and cell recovery were 1.9041 mg, 95.98% and 85.13%, respectively. The effects of different drug concentrations on loading parameters were studied with the concentration of 10 mg/ml selected as optimal. A series of in-vitro characteristics of carrier erythrocytes, including tramadol release behaviour, haematological indices, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, and osmotic/turbulence fragilities were determined compared with the sham-entrapped and unloaded cells. The results of these in-vitro tests indicated that the erythrocytes did not undergo remarkable irreversible size and shape/topology changes, but the fragility of the membranes of the processed cells were increased.
Conclusions
The collective results of this study showed that the optimized method of entrapment was suitable for the encapsulation of tramadol in erythrocytes with the final carrier cells ready to enter the in-vivo animal studies as a promising long-circulating carrier for tramadol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Foroozesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Adbolhossein Zarrin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hashem Montaseri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Hamidi M, Rafiei P, Azadi A, Mohammadi-Samani S. Encapsulation of valproate-loaded hydrogel nanoparticles in intact human erythrocytes: a novel nano-cell composite for drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:1702-11. [PMID: 21374608 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel drug delivery system possessing prolonged release behavior is introduced to the field of carrier erythrocytes and nanotechnology-based drug delivery. Encapsulation of valproate-loaded nanogels inside human erythrocytes as a novel nanocell composite was the objective of the study to obtain a model novel drug delivery system with an intravenous sustained drug delivery characteristic. "Ionotropic gelation" was used for the fabrication of hydrogel nanoparticles. The nanoparticles obtained were evaluated in vitro (particle size, transmitting electron microscopy, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, etc.). "Hypotonic dialysis" was used to obtain nanoparticle-loaded erythrocytes. Finally, in vitro characterization tests were performed on nanoparticle-loaded erythrocytes. Number- and volume-based sizes, loaded amount (mg), loading ratio (%), and loading efficiency (%) of nanoparticles were, respectively, 61 ± 2 and 74 ± 2 nm, 20.6 ± 1.02 mg, 31.58 ± 1.86%, and 6.86 ± 0.41%. Spherical structure and slightly negative zeta potential of nanoparticles were confirmed. Erythrocytes were loaded by valproate-loaded nanoparticles (entrapment efficiency of 42.07 ± 3.6%). Carrier erythrocytes showed acceptable properties in vitro and demonstrated a prolonged drug release behavior over 3 weeks. This approach opens new horizons beyond the current applications of carrier erythrocytes for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Tiwari AK, Gajbhiye V, Sharma R, Jain NK. Carrier mediated protein and peptide stabilization. Drug Deliv 2010; 17:605-16. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2010.509359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Muzykantov VR. Drug delivery by red blood cells: vascular carriers designed by mother nature. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:403-27. [PMID: 20192900 DOI: 10.1517/17425241003610633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Vascular delivery of several classes of therapeutic agents may benefit from carriage by red blood cells (RBC), for example, drugs that require delivery into phagocytic cells and those that must act within the vascular lumen. The fact that several protocols of infusion of RBC-encapsulated drugs are now being explored in patients illustrates a high biomedical importance for the field. AREAS COVERED BY THIS REVIEW: Two strategies for RBC drug delivery are discussed: encapsulation into isolated RBC ex vivo followed by infusion in compatible recipients and coupling therapeutics to the surface of RBC. Studies of pharmacokinetics and effects in animal models and in human studies of diverse therapeutic enzymes, antibiotics and other drugs encapsulated in RBC are described and critically analyzed. Coupling to RBC surface of compounds regulating immune response and complement, affinity ligands, polyethylene glycol alleviating immune response to donor RBC and fibrinolytic plasminogen activators are described. Also described is a new, translation-prone approach for RBC drug delivery by injection of therapeutics conjugated with fragments of antibodies providing safe anchoring of cargoes to circulating RBC, without need for ex vivo modification and infusion of RBC. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will gain historical perspective, current status, challenges and perspectives of medical applications of RBC for drug delivery. TAKE HOME MESSAGE RBC represent naturally designed carriers for intravascular drug delivery, characterized by unique longevity in the bloodstream, biocompatibility and safe physiological mechanisms for metabolism. New approaches for encapsulating drugs into RBC and coupling to RBC surface provide promising avenues for safe and widely useful improvement of drug delivery in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Muzykantov
- University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Program in Targeted Therapeutics of Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, IFEM, One John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA.
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20
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Kwon YM, Chung HS, Moon C, Yockman J, Park YJ, Gitlin SD, David AE, Yang VC. L-Asparaginase encapsulated intact erythrocytes for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). J Control Release 2009; 139:182-9. [PMID: 19577600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As a primary drug for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), encapsulation of L-asparaginase (ASNase) into red blood cells (RBC) has been popular to circumvent immunogenicity from the exogenous protein. Unlike existing methods that perturbs RBC membranes, we introduce a novel method of RBC-incorporation of proteins using the membrane-translocating low molecular weight protamine (LMWP). Confocal study of fluorescence-labeled LMWP-ovalbumin, as a model protein conjugate, has shown significant fluorescence inside RBCs. Surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy of the RBCs loaded with LMWP-ASNase was indistinguishable with normal RBCs. These drug loaded RBCs also closely resembled the profile of the native erythrocytes in terms of osmotic fragility, oxygen dissociation and hematological parameters. The in vivo half-life of enzyme activity after administering 8 units of RBC/LMWP-ASNase in DBA/2 mice was prolonged to 4.5+/-0.5 days whereas that of RBCs loaded with ASNase via a hypotonic method was 2.4+/-0.7 days. Furthermore, the mean survival time of DBA/2 mice bearing mouse lymphoma cell L5178Y was improved by approximately 44% compared to the saline control group after treatment with the RBC loaded enzymes. From these data, an innovative, novel method for encapsulating proteins into intact and fully functional erythrocytes was established for potential treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kwon
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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21
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Hamidi M, Zarrin AH, Foroozesh M, Zarei N, Mohammadi-Samani S. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of carrier erythrocytes for RES-targeted delivery of interferon-alpha 2b. Int J Pharm 2007; 341:125-33. [PMID: 17512685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carrier erythrocytes is one of the most promising systemic drug delivery systems investigated in recent decades. In this study, human erythrocytes have been loaded with interferon-alpha 2b (IFN) with the aim to benefit the reticuloendothelial system (RES) targeting potential of the carrier cells. Hypotonic preswelling method was used for drug loading in erythrocytes and the entire loading procedure was evaluated and validated. The loaded amount, entrapment efficiency and cell recovery of the loading procedure were 2906.33+/-588.35IU/0.1ml, 14.53+/-2.94%, and 83.61+/-0.49%, respectively, all being practically feasible. The carrier erythrocytes were characterized in vitro in terms of their drug release kinetics, hematological indices, particle size distribution, SEM analysis, and osmotic and turbulence fragility. IFN release from carrier cells was a relatively rapid process in comparison to the cell lysis kinetics, which is unusual considering the whole body of data published on this delivery system and other protein drugs, so far. All the tested in vitro characteristics showed significant, sometimes notable changes upon drug loading procedure, both with and without the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.
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Hamidi M, Zarei N, Zarrin AH, Mohammadi-Samani S. Preparation and in vitro characterization of carrier erythrocytes for vaccine delivery. Int J Pharm 2007; 338:70-8. [PMID: 17317049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes as the most readily available and abundant cells within the body, have been studied extensively for their potential application as drug delivery carriers. In this study, human erythrocytes have been loaded by bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model antigen/protein using hypotonic preswelling method for targeted delivery of this antigen to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). A series of in vitro tests have been carried out to characterize the carrier cells in vitro, including loading parameters, BSA and hemoglobin release kinetics, hematological indices, particle size distribution, SEM analysis, osmotic and turbulence fragility, and osmotic competency. BSA was loaded in erythrocytes with a loaded amount of 1.98+/-0.009mg with antigen release from carrier cells showing a zero-order kinetic consistent to that of the cell lysis. The apparent cell sizes, measured using laser scattering, were not significantly different from normal erythrocytes, but the real sizes, measured using SEM, and surface topologies were quite different between loaded and unloaded cells. The BSA-loaded cells were remarkably more fragile and less deformable compared to the normal cells. Totally, BSA-loaded erythrocytes seem to be a promising delivery system for reticuloendothelial system (RES) targeting of the antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583 Shiraz, Iran.
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Hamidi M, Zarrin A, Foroozesh M, Mohammadi-Samani S. Applications of carrier erythrocytes in delivery of biopharmaceuticals. J Control Release 2006; 118:145-60. [PMID: 17270305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carrier erythrocytes, resealed erythrocytes loaded by a drug or other therapeutic agents, have been exploited extensively in recent years for both temporally and spatially controlled delivery of a wide variety of drugs and other bioactive agents owing to their remarkable degree of biocompatibility, biodegradability and a series of other potential advantages. Biopharmaceuticals, therapeutically significant peptides and proteins, nucleic acid-based biologicals, antigens and vaccines, are among the recently focused pharmaceuticals for being delivered using carrier erythrocytes. In this article, the potential applications of erythrocytes in drug delivery have been reviewed with a particular stress on the studies and laboratory experiences on successful erythrocyte loading and characterization of the different classes of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.
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Millán CG, Marinero MLS, Castañeda AZ, Lanao JM. Drug, enzyme and peptide delivery using erythrocytes as carriers. J Control Release 2004; 95:27-49. [PMID: 15013230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes are potential biocompatible vectors for different bioactive substances, including drugs. These can be used successfully as biological carriers of drugs, enzymes and peptides. There are currently diverse methods that permit drug encapsulation in erythrocytes with an appropriate yield. The methods most commonly employed are based on a high-haematocrit dialysis procedure, mainly hypo-osmotic dialysis. Erythrocytes loaded with drugs and other substances allow for different release rates to be obtained. Encapsulation in erythrocytes significantly changes the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in both animals and humans, enhancing liver and spleen uptake and targeting the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). Amongst other applications, erythrocytes have been used for drug-targeting the RES with aminoglycoside antibiotics; the selective transport to certain organs and tissues of certain antineoplastic drugs, such as methotrexate, doxorubicine, etoposide, carboplatin, etc.; the encapsulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids, the encapsulation of new prodrugs with increased duration of action, etc. Erythrocytes are also attractive systems in the sense of their potential ability to deliver proteins and therapeutic peptides. Thus, erythrocytes have been used for the transport of enzymes destined for the correction of metabolic alterations as l-asparaginase, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) among others. Erythrocytes have been used successfully as carriers of anti-HIV peptides, such as AZT, nucleoside analogues, antisense oligonucleotides, antineoplastic peptides, erythropoietin, interleukin 3, etc. Amongst other applications, mention may be made of paramagnetic erythrocytes, encapsulation of MRI contrast agents or the study of the metabolism of the red cell. Although erythrocytes have been applied with different uses in human medicine, their deployment is still very limited due to difficulties involving storage, its exposure to contamination and the absence of a validated industrial procedure for its preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gutiérrez Millán
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Spain
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Hamarat Baysal S, Uslan AH. In vitro study of urease/AlaDH enzyme system encapsulated into human erythrocytes and research into its medical applications. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 30:71-7. [PMID: 12000228 DOI: 10.1081/bio-120002729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In our system, urease/AlaDH have been encapsulated within erythrocytes by using slow dialysis methods. Urea is decomposed into ammonia and bicarbonate and the ammonia released is converted into alanine by reacting pyruvate under the catalytic action of AlaDH. It is very important for our that products are formed quickly but the ammonia is not connected definetely. For this aim, urease/AlaDH we encapsulated using different enzyme activity ratio (0.5:1.5; 0.5:2.5; 0.25:1.25 U/U urease/AlaDH). The activities of enzyme systems, encapsulation yield, McV, McH, and McHc were measured for each sample. Investigated results suggest that loaded enzyme systems can be used as potential carrier systems for the removal of high levels of urea from blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hamarat Baysal
- Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Hamidi M, Tajerzadeh H, Dehpour AR, Ejtemaee-Mehr S. Inhibition of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in rabbits after intravenous administration of enalaprilat-loaded intact erythrocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1281-6. [PMID: 11578111 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2001.tb01796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of drugs in intact erythrocytes, because of the profound characteristics of these natural microspheres, has gained considerable attention in recent years. In this study, the inhibition time courses of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity after intravenous administration of enalaprilat encapsulated in intact erythrocytes was evaluated and compared with free drug, in a rabbit model. Three groups of animals each received free drug, drug-loaded erythrocytes or sham-encapsulated erythrocytes. Serum ACE activity was determined in each case using the synthetic substrate hippuryl-histidyl-leucine and quantitation of the hippuric acid released by a developed and validated HPLC method. The serum ACE inhibition profiles in the three groups showed that the encapsulated drug inhibited the serum ACE more slowly, more efficiently, over a considerably longer time and in a more reproducible manner, than the free drug or sham-encapsulated erythrocytes. We conclude that the erythrocytes can serve as efficacious slow-release drug carriers for enalaprilat in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Sanz S, Lizano C, Luque J, Pinilla M. In vitro and in vivo study of glutamate dehydrogenase encapsulated into mouse erythrocytes by a hypotonic dialysis procedure. Life Sci 2000; 65:2781-9. [PMID: 10622267 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has been encapsulated into mouse erythrocytes by a hypotonic dialysis/isotonic resealing method. Although a low GDH entrapment yield was achieved (3.8%), this percentage appeared sufficient enough to metabolize high quantities of ammonia. Carrier cell recovery yield was 56%. Due to the decrease in cell volume and haemoglobin content, constant mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were obtained. The osmotic fragility curves (OFC) indicated that dialyzed/resealed-RBCs are more resistant to hypotonic haemolysis than native-RBCs. The successful in vitro ammonia degradation by GDH-RBCs was reflected in its total disappearance from the incubation medium at around 48 h. In contrast, initial ammonia levels were not affected during the incubation in the presence of native-RBCs and remained constant. Two different methods were used for the preparation of hyperammonaemic mice model. Since the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of ammonium acetate produced high ammonia levels that lasted only a few minutes, the i.p. administration of urease was chosen, given that it generated elevated ammonia levels for longer periods of time. Hyperammonaemic mice quickly removed high levels of circulating ammonia in the presence of GDH-RBCs, whereas in the presence of native-RBCs ammonia was slowly metabolized. These results suggest that loaded GDH-erythrocytes can be used as a potential carrier systems for the in vivo removal of high levels of ammonia from blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanz
- Dpt. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Pérez MT, Pinilla M, Sancho P. In vivo survival of selected murine carrier red blood cells after separation by density gradients or aqueous polymer two-phase systems. Life Sci 1999; 64:2273-83. [PMID: 10374917 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore possibilities of using erythrocytes as carrier systems for delivery of pharmacological agents, we have studied the in vivo survival of murine carrier red blood cell populations enriched in young or old cells. Hypotonic-isotonic dialysis has been used to modify the cells as carrier systems and Percoll/albumin density gradients or counter-current distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems to separate them according to age. Hypotonic-isotonic dialysis produces a decrease in the red blood cell populations in vivo survival rate (from 9.5 to 7.8 days). Among the cells modified as carriers, the enriched young red blood cell populations show a higher in vivo survival (half-life 6.5-7.4 days) than populations made up of predominantly old red blood cells (half-life 4.7-6.2 days). Half-life of young or old circulating red blood cells was approximately one day longer when these cells were separated by counter-current distribution rather than by Percoll density gradients. Based on these results, hypotonic-isotonic dialysis of whole and enriched young or old red blood cell populations, with higher or lower survival rates, can be considered as a useful tool for modification of these cells as carriers. The final outcome of such changes can be translated into better control of plasma drug delivery during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Jordán JA, Alvarez FJ, Lotero LA, Tejedor MC, Díez JC. In vivo behaviour of rat band 3 cross-linked carrier erythrocytes. Biochimie 1998; 80:325-32. [PMID: 9672753 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(98)80075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rat band 3 cross-linked carrier erythrocytes have been prepared. Iodinated carbonic anhydrase has been encapsulated into rat erythrocytes. Then, carrier erythrocytes were labeled with 51chromium. Eventually, these doubly labeled rat RBCs were treated with a band 3 cross-linking reagent, namely bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3). 51Chromium labeling and 125I CA showed to have cytosolic localization in cross-linked carrier erythrocytes. Estimation of the band 3 cross-linking induced by BS3 on rat carrier erythrocytes has been done rendering values around 25% of band 3 monomer reduction. BS3-cross-linked carrier erythrocytes when injected into rats are mainly targeted to liver as shown by chromium labeling localization. Also, encapsulated CA radioactivity carried by cross-linked carrier rat erythrocytes when injected into rats is localized predominantly in liver as shown by in vivo experiments. Accordingly, cross-linked carrier erythrocytes are highly recognized by peritoneal macrophages as detected by in vitro analyses of macrophage recognition. Thus, our data revealed a targeting of carrier rat erythrocytes induced by cross-linking of band 3 protein by BS3. These results support claims in favor of this animal model as a feasible system to analyze cross-linked carrier erythrocytes survival and targeting as well as the in vivo efficacy of targeting of loaded compounds to liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jordán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá
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