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Ito K, Takatsuki K. Hybridisation between host races broadens the host range of offspring in Eotetranychus asiaticus (Acari: Tetranychidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10493-023-00811-5. [PMID: 37369864 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Host adaptation in herbivorous arthropods is one of the first steps to sympatric speciation, and spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) are useful model organisms for studying this phenomenon. Many researchers have studied the process of host adaptation via artificial selection experiments. Recent analyses suggest that hybridisation has diversified host ranges, although empirical evidence is scarce. We explored the host exploitation of two strains of Eotetranychus asiaticus established from Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Pentaphylacaceae) and Japanese cinnamon, Cinnamomum yabunikkei (Lauraceae), and evaluated the effect of hybridisation on offspring host use. Transplant experiments showed that females oviposited and immature mites developed only on their native hosts, suggesting specialisation to the secondary metabolites of each host plant. However, F1 hybrids from reciprocal crosses developed on both host plants (survival rate: 92-100%) with normal female-biased sex ratios. Furthermore, all backcrosses to the parental strains yielded B1 offspring that were also viable on both host plants with normal sex ratios (69-87% and 39-92% females on T. gymnanthera and C. yabunikkei, respectively). B1 survival rates in interstrain crosses were varied (11-63%) and lower than those in intrastrain crosses (88-93%). We could not detect any reproductive barriers in these experiments, and host preference may be the sole factor determining pre-mating isolation. The survival rates and sex ratios we observed suggest cytochromosome interactions. In conclusion, hybridisation, which results in heterozygotes and recombination, is an underexplored way to provide spider mites with a novel host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kanta Takatsuki
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
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Villacis-Perez E, Snoeck S, Kurlovs AH, Clark RM, Breeuwer JAJ, Van Leeuwen T. Adaptive divergence and post-zygotic barriers to gene flow between sympatric populations of a herbivorous mite. Commun Biol 2021; 4:853. [PMID: 34244609 PMCID: PMC8270941 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions promote the generation and maintenance of both plant and herbivore biodiversity. The antagonistic interactions between plants and herbivores lead to host race formation: the evolution of herbivore types specializing on different plant species, with restricted gene flow between them. Understanding how ecological specialization promotes host race formation usually depends on artificial approaches, using laboratory experiments on populations associated with agricultural crops. However, evidence on how host races are formed and maintained in a natural setting remains scarce. Here, we take a multidisciplinary approach to understand whether populations of the generalist spider mite Tetranychus urticae form host races in nature. We demonstrate that a host race co-occurs among generalist conspecifics in the dune ecosystem of The Netherlands. Extensive field sampling and genotyping of individuals over three consecutive years showed a clear pattern of host associations. Genome-wide differences between the host race and generalist conspecifics were found using a dense set of SNPs on field-derived iso-female lines and previously sequenced genomes of T. urticae. Hybridization between lines of the host race and sympatric generalist lines is restricted by post-zygotic breakdown, and selection negatively impacts the survival of generalists on the native host of the host race. Our description of a host race among conspecifics with a larger diet breadth shows how ecological and reproductive isolation aid in maintaining intra-specific variation in sympatry, despite the opportunity for homogenization through gene flow. Our findings highlight the importance of explicitly considering the spatial and temporal scale on which plant-herbivore interactions occur in order to identify herbivore populations associated with different plant species in nature. This system can be used to study the underlying genetic architecture and mechanisms that facilitate the use of a large range of host plant taxa by extreme generalist herbivores. In addition, it offers the chance to investigate the prevalence and mechanisms of ecological specialization in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Villacis-Perez
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Simon Snoeck
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Andre H Kurlovs
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Richard M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences and Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Johannes A J Breeuwer
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Grosman AH, Molina-Rugama AJ, Mendes-Dias R, Sabelis MW, Menken SBJ, Pallini A, Breeuwer JAJ, Janssen A. No adaptation of a herbivore to a novel host but loss of adaptation to its native host. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16211. [PMID: 26577696 PMCID: PMC4649677 DOI: 10.1038/srep16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most herbivorous arthropods are host specialists and the question is which mechanisms drive the evolution of such specialization. The theory of antagonistic pleiotropy suggests that there is a trade-off between adaptation of herbivores to a novel host and their native host. The mutation accumulation hypothesis proposes that herbivores on a novel host lose their adaptation to the native host through the accumulation of mutations with negligible effects on performance on the novel host. Experimental evidence for either of the two hypotheses is scarce. We compared the fitness of two sympatric moth strains from an introduced host and a native host. The strain from the novel host did not perform better on this host than the strain from the native host. The strain from the novel host performed less well on the native host than did the strain from the native host. Hence, selection on the novel host did not result in noticeable gain in performance, but adaptation to the native host was lost. These results are more readily explained by the mutation-accumulation hypothesis than by the trade-off hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Grosman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maurice W Sabelis
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steph B J Menken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Pallini
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Johannes A J Breeuwer
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Janssen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Messina FJ, Durham SL. Loss of adaptation following reversion suggests trade-offs in host use by a seed beetle. J Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Messina
- Department of Biology; Utah State University; Logan UT USA
| | - S. L. Durham
- Ecology Center; Utah State University; Logan UT USA
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Yoshioka T, Yano S. Do Tetranychus urticae males avoid mating with familiar females? J Exp Biol 2014; 217:2297-300. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.098277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae usually lives in kin groups under common webs. Since only the first mating results in fertilisation in female T. urticae, adult males guard quiescent deutonymph females, those at the stage immediately before maturation, to ensure paternity. Therefore, the cost of precopulatory guarding time seems considerable for males. Moreover, the fitness indices of daughters from intra-population crosses were significantly lower than those of daughters from inter-population crosses, indicating that inbreeding depression exists in T. urticae. Therefore, we hypothesised that T. urticae males should be choosy in guarding familiar females to avoid inbreeding depression. Furthermore, webs should be a key element of the environment shared by familiar individuals. In this study, we demonstrated the inbreeding avoidance mechanism of T. urticae males in relation to webs produced by familiar females (known webs) or unfamiliar females (unknown webs). Regardless of surrounding webs (known or unknown), males preferred unfamiliar to familiar females. We further examined whether males detect unfamiliar females by their webs. When males had experienced a female's web without encountering that female, they subsequently preferred females that did not produce the surrounding webs in which the choice experiment was conducted. Results suggest that putative kin recognition for inbreeding avoidance in T. urticae males is based on the relationship between webs and females, and not on the discrimination of webs in shared environments.
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Dermauw W, Wybouw N, Rombauts S, Menten B, Vontas J, Grbić M, Clark RM, Feyereisen R, Van Leeuwen T. A link between host plant adaptation and pesticide resistance in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E113-22. [PMID: 23248300 PMCID: PMC3545796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213214110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a wide range of allelochemicals to defend against herbivore attack, and generalist herbivores have evolved mechanisms to avoid, sequester, or detoxify a broad spectrum of natural defense compounds. Successful arthropod pests have also developed resistance to diverse classes of pesticides and this adaptation is of critical importance to agriculture. To test whether mechanisms to overcome plant defenses predispose the development of pesticide resistance, we examined adaptation of the generalist two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, to host plant transfer and pesticides. T. urticae is an extreme polyphagous pest with more than 1,100 documented hosts and has an extraordinary ability to develop pesticide resistance. When mites from a pesticide-susceptible strain propagated on bean were adapted to a challenging host (tomato), transcriptional responses increased over time with ~7.5% of genes differentially expressed after five generations. Whereas many genes with altered expression belonged to known detoxification families (like P450 monooxygenases), new gene families not previously associated with detoxification in other herbivores showed a striking response, including ring-splitting dioxygenase genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Strikingly, transcriptional profiles of tomato-adapted mites resembled those of multipesticide-resistant strains, and adaptation to tomato decreased the susceptibility to unrelated pesticide classes. Our findings suggest key roles for both an expanded environmental response gene repertoire and transcriptional regulation in the life history of generalist herbivores. They also support a model whereby selection for the ability to mount a broad response to the diverse defense chemistry of plants predisposes the evolution of pesticide resistance in generalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Vontas
- Faculty of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7 ON, Canada
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de la Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Richard M. Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; and
| | - René Feyereisen
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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García-Robledo C, Horvitz CC. Jack of all trades masters novel host plants: positive genetic correlations in specialist and generalist insect herbivores expanding their diets to novel hosts. J Evol Biol 2011; 25:38-53. [PMID: 22022877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One explanation for the widespread host specialization of insect herbivores is the 'Jack of all trades-master of none' principle, which states that genotypes with high performance on one host will perform poorly on other hosts. This principle predicts that cross-host correlation in performance of genotypes will be negative. In this study, we experimentally explored cross-host correlations and performance among families in four species (two generalist and two specialist) of leaf beetles (Cephaloleia spp.) that are currently expanding their diets from native to exotic plants. All four species displayed similar responses in body size, developmental rates and mortality rates to experimentally controlled diets. When raised on novel hosts, body size of larvae, pupae and adults were reduced. Development times were longer, and larval mortality was higher on novel hosts. Genotype × host-plant interactions were not detected for most traits. All significant cross-host correlations were positive. These results indicate very different ecological and evolutionary dynamics than those predicted by the 'Jack of all trades-master of none' principle.
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Tri-Trophic Level Impact of Host Plant Linamarin and Lotaustralin on Tetranychus urticae and Its Predator Phytoseiulus persimilis. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1354-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bonte D, De Roissart A, Vandegehuchte ML, Ballhorn DJ, Van Leeuwen T, de la Peña E. Local adaptation of aboveground herbivores towards plant phenotypes induced by soil biota. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11174. [PMID: 20567507 PMCID: PMC2887358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil biota may trigger strong physiological responses in plants and consequently induce distinct phenotypes. Plant phenotype, in turn, has a strong impact on herbivore performance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that aboveground herbivores are able to adapt to plant phenotypes induced by soil biota. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We bred spider mites for 15 generations on snap beans with three different belowground biotic interactions: (i) no biota (to serve as control), (ii) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and (ii) root-feeding nematodes. Subsequently, we conducted a reciprocal selection experiment using these spider mites, which had been kept on the differently treated plants. Belowground treatments induced changes in plant biomass, nutrient composition and water content. No direct chemical defence through cyanogenesis was detected in any of the plant groups. Growth rates of spider mites were higher on the ecotypes on which they were bred for 15 generations, although the statistical significance disappeared for mites from the nematode treatment when corrected for all multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that belowground biota may indeed impose selection on the aboveground insect herbivores mediated by the host plant. The observed adaptation was driven by variable quantitative changes of the different separately studied life history traits (i.e. fecundity, longevity, sex-ratio, time to maturity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Magalhães S, Blanchet E, Egas M, Olivieri I. Are adaptation costs necessary to build up a local adaptation pattern? BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:182. [PMID: 19650899 PMCID: PMC2728733 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological specialization is pervasive in phytophagous arthropods. In such specialization mode, limits to host range are imposed by trade-offs preventing adaptation to several hosts. The occurrence of such trade-offs is inferred by a pattern of local adaptation, i.e., a negative correlation between relative performance on different hosts. RESULTS To establish a causal link between local adaptation and trade-offs, we performed experimental evolution of spider mites on cucumber, tomato and pepper, starting from a population adapted to cucumber. Spider mites adapted to each novel host within 15 generations and no further evolution was observed at generation 25. A pattern of local adaptation was found, as lines evolving on a novel host performed better on that host than lines evolving on other hosts. However, costs of adaptation were absent. Indeed, lines adapted to tomato had similar or higher performance on pepper than lines evolving on the ancestral host (which represent the initial performance of all lines) and the converse was also true, e.g. negatively correlated responses were not observed on the alternative novel host. Moreover, adapting to novel hosts did not result in decreased performance on the ancestral host. Adaptation did not modify host ranking, as all lines performed best on the ancestral host. Furthermore, mites from all lines preferred the ancestral to novel hosts. Mate choice experiments indicated that crosses between individuals from the same or from a different selection regime were equally likely, hence development of reproductive isolation among lines adapted to different hosts is unlikely. CONCLUSION Therefore, performance and preference are not expected to impose limits to host range in our study species. Our results show that the evolution of a local adaptation pattern is not necessarily associated with the evolution of an adaptation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Magalhães
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon Bâtiment 22 cc65, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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CARLETTO J, LOMBAERT E, CHAVIGNY P, BRÉVAULT T, LAPCHIN L, VANLERBERGHE-MASUTTI F. Ecological specialization of the aphidAphis gossypiiGlover on cultivated host plants. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:2198-212. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scheirs J, Jordaens K, De Bruyn L. Have Genetic Trade-Offs in Host Use been Overlooked in Arthropods? Evol Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-005-2004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Agrawal AA, Vala F, Sabelis MW. Induction of Preference and Performance after Acclimation to Novel Hosts in a Phytophagous Spider Mite: Adaptive Plasticity? Am Nat 2002; 159:553-65. [PMID: 18707436 DOI: 10.1086/339463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A Agrawal
- Section of Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, Amsterdam 1098 SM, The Netherlands
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