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Kadooka C, Hira D, Tanaka Y, Chihara Y, Goto M, Oka T. Mnt1, an α-(1 → 2)-mannosyltransferase responsible for the elongation of N-glycans and O-glycans in Aspergillus fumigatus. Glycobiology 2022; 32:1137-1152. [PMID: 35871410 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is necessary for survival as it serves a barrier for physical protection. Therefore, glycosyltransferases responsible for the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides may be suitable targets for drug development. Mannose is a monosaccharide that is commonly found in sugar chains in the walls of fungi. Mannose residues are present in fungal-type galactomannan, O-glycans, N-glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, and glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramides in Aspergillus fumigatus. Three genes that are homologous to α-(1 → 2)-mannosyltransferase genes and belong to the glycosyltransferase family 15 were found in the A. fumigatus strain, Af293/A1163, genome: cmsA/ktr4, cmsB/ktr7, and mnt1. It is reported that the mutant ∆mnt1 strain exhibited a wide range of properties that included high temperature and drug sensitivity, reduced conidia formation, leakage at the hyphal tips, and attenuation of virulence. However, it is unclear whether Mnt1 is a bona fide α-(1 → 2)-mannosyltransferase and which mannose residues are synthesized by Mnt1 in vivo. In this study, we elucidated the structure of the Mnt1 reaction product, the structure of O-glycan in the Δmnt1 strain. In addition, the length of N-glycans attached to invertase was evaluated in the Δmnt1 strain. The results indicated that Mnt1 functioned as an α-(1 → 2)-mannosyltransferase involved in the elongation of N-glycans and synthesis of the second mannose residue of O-glycans. The widespread abnormal phenotype caused by the disruption of the mnt1 gene is the combined result of the loss of mannose residues from O-glycans and N-glycans. We also clarified the enzymatic properties and substrate specificity of Mnt1 based on its predicted protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kadooka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hira
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanaka
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yuria Chihara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Goto
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Oka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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Zhao G, Xu Y, Ouyang H, Luo Y, Sun S, Wang Z, Yang J, Jin C. Protein O-mannosylation affects protein secretion, cell wall integrity and morphogenesis in Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103440. [PMID: 32758529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) initiate O-mannosylation of proteins in the ER. Trichoderma reesei strains displayed a single representative of each PMT subfamily, Trpmt1, Trpmt2 and Trpmt4. In this work, two knockout strains ΔTrpmt1and ΔTrpmt4were obtained. Both mutants showed retarded growth, defective cell walls, reduced conidiation and decreased protein secretion. Additionally, the ΔTrpmt1strain displayed a thermosensitive growth phenotype, while the ΔTrpmt4 strain showed abnormal polarity. Meanwhile, OETrpmt2 strain, in which the Trpmt2 was over-expressed, exhibited increased conidiation, enhanced protein secretion and abnormal polarity. Using a lectin enrichment method and MS/MS analysis, 173 O-glycoproteins, 295 O-glycopeptides and 649 O-mannosylation sites were identified as the targets of PMTs in T. reesei. These identified O-mannoproteins are involved in various physiological processes such as protein folding, sorting, transport, quality control and secretion, as well as cell wall integrity and polarity. By comparing proteins identified in the mutants and its parent strain, the potential specific protein substrates of PMTs were identified. Based on our results, TrPMT1 is specifically involved inO-mannosylation of intracellular soluble proteins and secreted proteins, specially glycosidases. TrPMT2 is involved inO-mannosylation of secreted proteins and GPI-anchor proteins, and TrPMT4 mainly modifies multiple transmembrane proteins. The TrPMT1-TrPMT4 complex is responsible for O-mannosylation of proteins involved in cell wall integrity. Overexpression of TrPMT2 enhances protein secretion, which might be a new strategy to improve expression efficiency in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haomiao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanming Luo
- Public Technology Service Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shutao Sun
- Public Technology Service Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China.
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3
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Goto M. Protein O-glycosylation in fungi: diverse structures and multiple functions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1415-27. [PMID: 17587671 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is essential for eukaryotic cells from yeasts to humans. When compared to N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation is variable in sugar components and the mode of linkages connecting the sugars. In fungi, secretory proteins are commonly mannosylated by protein O-mannosyltransferase (PMT) in the endoplasmic reticulum, and subsequently glycosylated by several glycosyltransferases in the Golgi apparatus to form glycoproteins with diverse O-glycan structures. Protein O-glycosylation has roles in modulating the function of secretory proteins by enhancing the stability and solubility of the proteins, by affording protection from protease degradation, and by acting as a sorting determinant in yeasts. In filamentous fungi, protein O-glycosylation contributes to proper maintenance of fungal morphology, hyphal development, and differentiation. This review describes recent studies of the structure and function of protein O-glycosylation in industrially and medically important fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Goto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan.
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Soroka NV, Kulminskaya AA, Eneyskaya EV, Shabalin KA, Uffimtcev AV, Povelainen M, Miasnikov AN, Neustroev KN. Synthesis of arabinitol 1-phosphate and its use for characterization of arabinitol-phosphate dehydrogenase. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:539-46. [PMID: 15721323 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (Ara-ol1-P), a substrate for D-arabinitol-phosphate dehydrogenase (APDH), was chemically synthesized from D-arabinonic acid in five steps (O-acetylation, chlorination, reduction, phosphorylation, and de-O-acetylation). Ara-ol1-P was used as a substrate for the characterization of APDH from Bacillus halodurans. APDH converts Ara-ol1-P to xylulose 5-phosphate in the oxidative reaction; both NAD(+) and NADP(+) were accepted as co-factors. Kinetic parameters for the oxidative and reductive reactions are consistent with a ternary complex mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Soroka
- Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina 188300, Russia
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Povelainen M, Eneyskaya EV, Kulminskaya AA, Ivanen DR, Kalkkinen N, Neustroev KN, Miasnikov AN. Biochemical and genetic characterization of a novel enzyme of pentitol metabolism: D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem J 2003; 371:191-7. [PMID: 12467497 PMCID: PMC1223252 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2002] [Revised: 11/20/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme with a specificity that has not been described previously, D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase (APDH), has been purified from cell lysate of Enterococcus avium. SDS/PAGE indicated that the enzyme had a molecular mass of 41+/-2 kDa, whereas a molecular mass of 160+/-5 kDa was observed under non-denaturing conditions, implying that the APDH may exist as a tetramer with identical subunits. Purified APDH was found to have a narrow substrate specificity, converting only D-arabitol 1-phosphate and D-arabitol 5-phosphate into xylulose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate, respectively, in the oxidative reaction. Both NAD(+) and NADP(+) were accepted as cofactors. Based on the partial protein sequences, the APDH gene was cloned. Homology comparisons place APDH within the medium-range dehydrogenase family. Unlike most members of this family, APDH requires Mn(2+) but no Zn(2+) for enzymic activity. The DNA sequence surrounding the gene suggests that it belongs to an operon that also contains several components of phosphotransferase system. Both biochemical evidence and protein sequence homology comparisons indicate that similar enzymes are widespread among the Gram-positive bacteria. Their apparent biological role is to participate in arabitol catabolism via the 'arabitol phosphate route', similar to the ribitol and xylitol catabolic routes described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Povelainen
- Danisco Cultor Innovation, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik 02460, Finland
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Harrison MJ, Wathugala IM, Tenkanen M, Packer NH, Nevalainen KMH. Glycosylation of acetylxylan esterase from Trichoderma reesei. Glycobiology 2002; 12:291-8. [PMID: 12042252 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/12.4.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of the N- and O- linked glycosylation of acetylxylan esterase (AXE) of the Trichoderma reesei strain Rut-C30 has been characterized using different enzymatic, chromatographic, and mass spectrometric techniques. The combined data showed that the AXE N-glycan is phosphorylated and highly mannosylated. The predominant N-glycans on the single glycosylation site on AXE can be represented as GlcNAc(2)Man((1-6))P. The linker-substrate binding domain peptide separated from the core by papain digestion is heavily O-glycosylated and consists of mannose, galactose, and possibly glucose as monosaccharide and disaccharide substituents. In addition to glycosylation, sulfation was observed in the linker region. Both N- and O- linked glycans show remarkable heterogeneity. Three isoforms of AXE, separated by 2D SDS-PAGE, are described with pI values of 5.0, 5.3, and 5.9. The three isoforms can be explained by posttranslational modification of the enzyme by glycans, phosphate, and sulfate. Advancing the knowledge on the nature of the glycans produced by T. reesei is elementary for its use as a host for the expression of heterologous glycoproteins of industrial and pharmaceutical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Arand M, Golubev AM, Neto JRB, Polikarpov I, Wattiez R, Korneeva OS, Eneyskaya EV, Kulminskaya AA, Shabalin KA, Shishliannikov SM, Chepurnaya OV, Neustroev KN. Purification, characterization, gene cloning and preliminary X-ray data of the exo-inulinase from Aspergillus awamori. Biochem J 2002; 362:131-5. [PMID: 11829749 PMCID: PMC1222369 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular exo-inulinase has been isolated from a solid-phase culture of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus awamori var. 2250. The apparent molecular mass of the monomer enzyme was 69 +/- kDa, with a pI of 4.4 and a pH optimum of 4.5. The enzyme hydrolysed the beta-(2-->1)-fructan (inulin) and beta-(2-->6)-fructan (levan) via exo-cleavage, releasing fructose. The values for the Michaelis constants K(m) and V(max) in the hydrolysis of inulin were 0.003 +/- 0.0001 mM and 175 +/- 5 micromol.min(-1).mg(-1). The same parameters in the hydrolysis of levan were 2.08 +/- 0.04 mg/ml and 1.2 +/- 0.02 micromol/min per mg, respectively. The gene and cDNA encoding the A. awamori exo-inulinase were cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequence indicated that the protein belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 32. A surprisingly high similarity was found to fructosyltransferase from Aspergillus foetidus (90.7% on the level of the amino acid sequence), despite the fact that the latter enzyme is unable to hydrolyse inulin and levan. Crystals of the native exo-inulinase were obtained and found to belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell parameters a=64.726 A (1A=0.1 nm), b=82.041 A and c=136.075 A. Crystals diffracted beyond 1.54 A, and useful X-ray data were collected to a resolution of 1.73 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Arand
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Shabalin KA, Kulminskaya AA, Savel’ev AN, Shishlyannikov SM, Neustroev KN. Enzymatic properties of α-galactosidase from Trichoderma reesei in the hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Savel'ev AN, Kanyshkova TG, Kulminskaya AA, Buneva VN, Eneyskaya EV, Filatov MV, Nevinsky GA, Neustroev KN. Amylolytic activity of IgG and sIgA immunoglobulins from human milk. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 314:141-52. [PMID: 11718689 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New natural amylolytic abzymes (Abs) for catalytically active antibodies from human milk have been identified and investigated. METHODS The amylolytic activity of human milk autoantibodies was studied by TLC and HPLC techniques analyzing the hydrolysis of maltooligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization and of 4-nitrophenyl 4,6-O-ethylidene-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside (EPS). IgG and sIgA fractions were isolated from human milk by affinity chromatography. After SDS-PAGE preparation of native IgG and sIgA and their renaturation, the amylolytic activity was in-gel assayed. RESULTS All electrophoretically homogeneous preparations of IgG and its Fab fragments as well as sIgA antibodies possessed alpha-amylolytic activity. The specific activities of these catalytic antibodies varied in the range from 1.83 up to 3.33 kat/kg, which is about one order of magnitude higher than that for IgGs from the sera of cancer patients. IgG and sIgA fractions showed Michaelis constants for hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl 4,6-O-ethylidene-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside in the range of 10(-4) M/l. Fractions of autoantibodies from different donors exhibited different modes of action in hydrolysis of maltooligosaccharides, maltose and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose. CONCLUSIONS IgG antibodies, their Fab fragments, and sIgA fractions isolated from human milk of healthy women possessed amylolytic activity in the hydrolysis of maltooligosaccharides and several artificial substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Savel'ev
- Biophysics Department, St. Petersburg Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Eneyskaya EV, Kulminskaya AA, Kalkkinen N, Nifantiev NE, Arbatskii NP, Saenko AI, Chepurnaya OV, Arutyunyan AV, Shabalin KA, Neustroev KN. An alpha-L-fucosidase from Thermus sp. with unusually broad specificity. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:827-34. [PMID: 12441672 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021163720282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An alpha-L-fucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.51) exhibiting a wide aglycon specificity expressed in ability of cleaving alpha1 --> 6-, alpha1 -->3-, alpha1 --> 4-, and alpha1 --> 2-O-fucosyl bonds in fucosylated oligosaccharides, has been isolated from culture filtrate of Thermus sp. strain Y5. The alpha-L-fucosidase hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside with V(max) of 12.0 +/- 0.1 microM/min/mg and K(m) = 0.20 +/- 0.05 mM and is able to cleave off about 90% of total L-fucose from pronase-treated fractions of fucosyl-containing glycoproteins and about 30% from the native glycoproteins. The purified enzyme is a tetramer with a molecular mass of 240 +/- 10 kDa consisting of four identical subunits with a molecular mass of 61.0 +/- 0.5 kDa. The N-terminal sequence showed homology to some alpha-L-fucosidases from microbial and plant sources. Hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside occurs with retention of the anomeric configuration. Transglycosylating activity of the alpha-L-fucosidase was demonstrated in reactions with such acceptors as alcohols, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine while no transglycosylation products were observed in the reaction with p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside. The enzyme can be classified in glycosyl hydrolase family 29.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Eneyskaya
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, 188300 Gatchina, Orlova roscha, Russia
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Enzymatic activity and β-galactomannan binding property of β-mannosidase from Trichoderm reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Eneyskaya EV, Kulminskaya AA, Savel'ev AN, Shabalin KA, Golubev AM, Neustroev KN. alpha-Mannosidase from Trichoderma reesei participates in the postsecretory deglycosylation of glycoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245:43-9. [PMID: 9535780 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 160 kDa alpha-mannosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.24) isolated from culture filtrate of Trichoderma reesei has wide aglycon specificity but cleaves the alpha1 --> 2 and alpha1 --> 3 mannosidic bonds with higher rate than alpha1 --> 6 bond and slowly hydrolyses yeast mannan and 1,6-alpha-mannan. The specific activity of the enzyme and rate constant in the reaction with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside were 0.15 U/mg and 1.62 x 10(-4) microM/min/microg, respectively, at optimal pH 6.5. We have found that in vitro enzyme is able to cleave off 30% of total alpha-mannopyranosyl residues from N- and O-linked glycans of secreted glycoproteins. The activity of the alpha-mannosidase toward glycoproteins in vivo was studied comparing the structures of O- and N-linked glycans of glycoproteins isolated from the cultures growing with and without 1-deoxymannojirimycin, an inhibitor of alpha-mannosidases. Difference in structures of these glycans may be explained by postsecretory deglycosylation catalysed by the alpha-mannosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Eneyskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg, 188350, Russia
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