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Aguirre TAS, Teijeiro-Osorio D, Rosa M, Coulter IS, Alonso MJ, Brayden DJ. Current status of selected oral peptide technologies in advanced preclinical development and in clinical trials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:223-241. [PMID: 26921819 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of oral dosage forms that allows absorption of therapeutic peptides to the systemic circulation is one of the greatest challenges for the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, a number of technologies including either mixtures of penetration enhancers or protease inhibitors and/or nanotechnology-based products are under clinical development. Typically, these formulations are presented in the form of enteric-coated tablets or capsules. Systems undergoing preclinical investigation include further advances in nanotechnology, including intestinal microneedle patches, as well as their combination with regional delivery to the colon. This review critically examines four selected promising oral peptide technologies at preclinical stage and the twelve that have progressed to clinical trials, as indicated in www.clinicaltrials.gov. We examined these technologies under the criteria of peptide selection, formulation design, system components and excipients, intestinal mechanism of action, efficacy in man, and safety issues. The conclusion is that most of the technologies in clinical trials are incremental rather than paradigm-shifting and that even the more clinically advanced oral peptide drugs examples of oral bioavailability appear to yield oral bioavailability values of only 1-2% and are, therefore, only currently suitable for a limited range of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A S Aguirre
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - D Teijeiro-Osorio
- CIMUS Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Rosa
- Sigmoid Pharma, Dublin City University, Invent Centre, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - I S Coulter
- Sigmoid Pharma, Dublin City University, Invent Centre, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - M J Alonso
- CIMUS Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - D J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Smart AL, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Oral peptide and protein delivery: intestinal obstacles and commercial prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1323-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.917077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mulinacci F, Poirier E, Capelle MA, Gurny R, Arvinte T. Enhanced physical stability of human calcitonin after methionine oxidation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Werle M, Samhaber A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Degradation of teriparatide by gastro-intestinal proteolytic enzymes. J Drug Target 2008; 14:109-15. [PMID: 16753824 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600647934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone (1-34) is the first approved agent for the treatment of osteoporosis that stimulates new bone formation. Currently, the drug is administered daily by s.c. injection. Because of the obvious advantages of oral teriparatide administration, the development of such a delivery system would be of great benefit. Besides other barriers, the enzymatic barrier caused by gastro-intestinal (GI) proteolytic enzymes is believed to be responsible for negligible teriparatide oral bioavailability. It was therefore the aim of the study to evaluate the stability of teriparatide towards a variety of GI proteases under physiological conditions. Results indicate that teriparatide is entirely degraded by trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin within 5 min. In contrast, even after 3 h of incubation with elastase about 85% of undegraded teriparatide could still be detected. Within an incubation period of 3 h in the presence of rat small intestinal mucosa, approximately half of the teriparatide was degraded. Experiments with isolated aminopeptidase N demonstrated that this membrane bound peptidase is primarily involved in the degradation process. Results gained from and recorded in this study provide a precise characterisation of the enzymatic barrier for oral teriparatide administration and represents a prerequisite for the development of oral teriparatide delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Werle
- ThioMatrix GmbH, Research Center Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Arimoto M, Fukumori Y, Fujiki J, Ichikawa H. Acrylic terpolymer microcapsules for colon-specific drug delivery: effect of molecular weight and solubility of microencapsulated drugs on their release behaviors. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(06)50032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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TRéHIN R, Nielsen H, Jahnke HG, Krauss U, Beck-Sickinger A, Merkle H. Metabolic cleavage of cell-penetrating peptides in contact with epithelial models: human calcitonin (hCT)-derived peptides, Tat(47-57) and penetratin(43-58). Biochem J 2005; 382:945-56. [PMID: 15193145 PMCID: PMC1133970 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the metabolic degradation kinetics and cleavage patterns of some selected CPP (cell-penetrating peptides) after incubation with confluent epithelial models. Synthesis of N-terminal CF [5(6)-carboxyfluorescein]-labelled CPP, namely hCT (human calcitonin)-derived sequences, Tat(47-57) and penetratin(43-58), was through Fmoc (fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl) chemistry. Metabolic degradation kinetics of the tested CPP in contact with three cell-cultured epithelial models, MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney), Calu-3 and TR146, was evaluated by reversed-phase HPLC. Identification of the resulting metabolites of CF-hCT(9-32) was through reversed-phase HPLC fractionation and peak allocation by MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry) or direct MALDI-TOF-MS of incubates. Levels of proteolytic activity varied highly between the investigated epithelial models and the CPP. The Calu-3 model exhibited the highest proteolytic activity. The patterns of metabolic cleavage of hCT(9-32) were similar in all three models. Initial cleavage of this peptide occurred at the N-terminal domain, possibly by endopeptidase activity yielding both the N- and the C-terminal counterparts. Further metabolic degradation was by aminopeptidase, endopeptidase and/or carboxypeptidase activities. In conclusion, when in contact with epithelial models, the studied CPP were subject to efficient metabolism, a prerequisite of cargo release on the one hand, but with potential for premature cleavage and loss of the cargo as well on the other. The results, particularly on hCT(9-32), may be used as a template to suggest structural modifications towards improved CPP performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel TRéHIN
- *Drug Formulation & Delivery Group, Department of Chemistry and Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanne M. Nielsen
- *Drug Formulation & Delivery Group, Department of Chemistry and Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- †Department of Pharmaceutics, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- *Drug Formulation & Delivery Group, Department of Chemistry and Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Krauss
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hans P. Merkle
- *Drug Formulation & Delivery Group, Department of Chemistry and Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Haupt S, Gil E, Tirosh R, Klinger E, Gad A, Rubinstein A. Regional peptide uptake study in the rat intestinal mucosa: glatiramer acetate as a model drug. Pharm Res 2002; 19:832-7. [PMID: 12134954 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016109016942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify regions of the rat intestine that are able to internalize from the lumen oligopeptides, using the model drug glatiramer acetate (GA). METHODS GA was introduced into rat intestinal sacs and the integrity of GA during uptake was monitored using antibody detection. Sodium docecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting of intestinal homogenates that had been exposed to GA were performed to identify GA presence. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol was adapted for GA quantification. Immunohistochemistry was undertaken to examine the rat colonic wall for GA uptake, and confocal microscopy was used to differentiate adsorbed and internalized peptide in cultured colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. RESULTS The colon and the ileum, respectively, were identified to be the intestinal regions in which GA was maximally preserved during uptake from the lumen. GA was identified to cross the colonic wall from the epithelium to the serosa. Internalization of GA into cultured colonic epithelial cells was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The rat colonic wall was identified to be less proteolytically active toward GA compared to the wall of the more proximal regions of the small intestine. GA has the capacity to penetrate from the lumen into the colonic wall. The maintenance of GA integrity within the wall of the colon offers the potential for local biological activity of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Haupt
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Israel
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Hanai T, Inamaoto Y, Inamoto S. Chromatography of guanidino compounds. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 747:123-38. [PMID: 11103903 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Guanidino compounds involved in the urea and guanidine cycles have been found in serum of nephritic patients, and some guanidino compounds have been suspected to be uremic toxins. The simultaneous analysis of naturally occurring metabolites is important for diagnosis of diseases. In this review, liquid chromatographic analysis of natural metabolites of guanidino compounds are described. the information about arginine as a precursor of nitric oxide are included. The reports of pharmaceutical compounds having a guanidino group, peptides containing arginine and aminoglycosides are summarized in Table 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanai
- Health Research Foundation, Institut Pasteur 5F, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) aggregates in aqueous solution and, if so, whether the peptide interacts with a biomimetic phospholipid monolayer and increases surface pressure. Using a custom-made Teflon trough containing HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) at room temperature and a surface tensiometer, we found that the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of VIP is 0.4 microM. Surface pressure of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayer spread over the HEPES buffer declined significantly over 120 min because of phospholipid decomposition. However, injection of VIP at concentrations above CMC into the subphase of the monolayer elicited a significant concentration-dependent increase in surface pressure that persisted for 120 min (P < 0.05). Unlike VIP, injection of [(8)Arg]-vasopressin at an equimolar concentration only prevented the time-dependent decline in DPPC monolayer surface pressure. Taken together, these data indicate that human VIP aggregates in aqueous solution and expresses surface-active properties at physiological concentrations in vitro. We suggest that these attributes could have a role in modulating the bioactive effects of the peptide in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Onyüksel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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