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Di Giulio T, De Benedetto GE, Ditaranto N, Malitesta C, Mazzotta E. Insights into Plastic Degradation Processes in Marine Environment by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5060. [PMID: 38791107 PMCID: PMC11121657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study employs X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to analyze plastic samples subjected to degradation processes with the aim to gain insight on the relevant chemical processes and disclose fragmentation mechanisms. Two model plastics, namely polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE), are selected and analyzed before and after artificial UV radiation-triggered weathering, under simulated environmental hydrodynamic conditions, in fresh and marine water for different time intervals. The object of the study is to identify and quantify chemical groups possibly evidencing the occurrence of hydrolysis and oxidation reactions, which are the basis of degradation processes in the environment, determining macroplastic fragmentation. Artificially weathered plastic samples are analyzed also by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Changes in surface chemistry with weathering are revealed by XPS, involving the increase in chemical moieties (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl functionalities) which can be correlated with the degradation processes responsible for macroplastic fragmentation. On the other hand, the absence of significant modifications upon plastics weathering evidenced by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy confirms the importance of investigating plastics surface, which represents the very first part of the materials exposed to degradation agents, thus revealing the power of XPS studies for this purpose. The XPS data on experimentally weathered particles are compared with ones obtained on microplastics collected from real marine environment for investigating the occurring degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Di Giulio
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (T.D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Egidio De Benedetto
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Ditaranto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) Bari Unit, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (T.D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (T.D.G.); (C.M.)
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Xiao L, Isner A, Waldrop K, Saad A, Takigawa D, Bhattacharyya D. Development of Bench and Full-Scale Temperature and pH Responsive Functionalized PVDF Membranes with Tunable Properties. J Memb Sci 2014; 457:39-49. [PMID: 24944434 PMCID: PMC4058347 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and pH responsive polymers (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), and polyacrylic acid, PAA) were synthesized in one common macrofiltration PVDF membrane platform by pore-filling method. The microstructure and morphology of the PNIPAAm-PVDF, and PNIPAAm-FPAA-PVDF membranes were studied by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The membrane pore size was controlled by the swelling and shrinking of the PNIPAAm at the temperature around lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The composite membrane demonstrated a rapid and reversible swelling and deswelling change within a small temperature range. The controllable flux makes it possible to utilize this temperature responsive membrane as a valve to regulate filtration properties by temperature change. Dextran solution (Mw=2,000,000g/mol, 26 nm diameter) was used to evaluate the separation performance of the temperature responsive membranes. The ranges of dextran rejection are from 4% to 95% depending on the temperature, monomer amount and pressure. The full-scale membrane was also developed to confirm the feasibility of our bench-scale experimental results. The full-scale membrane also exhibited both temperature and pH responsivity. This system was also used for controlled nanoparticles synthesis and for dechlorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Austin Isner
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Krysta Waldrop
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Anthony Saad
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Palacios-Cuesta M, Cortajarena AL, García O, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Versatile Functional Microstructured Polystyrene-Based Platforms for Protein Patterning and Recognition. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3147-54. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400771y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palacios-Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry and
Properties of Polymers, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva
3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia
Associated Unit “Unidad de Nanobiotecnología”
| | - Olga García
- Department of Chemistry and
Properties of Polymers, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva
3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and
Properties of Polymers, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva
3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Biazar E, Khorasani M, Daliri M. Cell sheet engineering: solvent effect on nanometric grafting of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide onto polystyrene substrate under ultraviolet radiation. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:295-302. [PMID: 21383854 PMCID: PMC3044182 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The best solvent type and ratio for grafting of poly-n-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) on the surface of polystyrene is obtained under ultraviolet radiation. In this study, the effects of solvents, such as water, methanol, and their combinations, under ultraviolet radiation were investigated successfully. Method and results: Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the existence of the graft PNIPAAm on the substrate for all samples resolved in solvents. The best solvent ratio and NIPAAm concentration for grafting was obtained with 40% NIPAAm concentrations resolved in a solvent of 9:1 (v/v) water/methanol (120%). Scanning electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic images clearly showed that a 10% increase of methanol to water would increase the amount of grafting. Surface topography and graft thickness in atomic force microscopic images of the grafted samples showed that the thickness of these grafts was about 600 nm. The drop water contact angles of the best grafted sample at 37°C and 4°C were 43.3° and 60.4°, respectively, which demonstrated the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the grafted surfaces. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis also revealed the low critical solution temperature of the grafted sample to be 32°C. Thermoresponsive polymers were grafted to dishes covalently, which allowed epithelial cells to attach and proliferate at 37°C. The cells were also detached spontaneously without using enzymes when the temperature dropped below 4°C. Conclusion: MTT analysis also showed good viability of cells on the grafted samples, suggesting that this type of grafted material had potential as a biomaterial for cell sheet engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Biazar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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He XL, Nie PP, Sun YK, Wang Y, Dong YY, Chen L. Immobilization of galactose ligands on thermoresponsive culture surface and its influence on cell adhesion/detachment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 350:471-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Roger P, Renaudie L, Le Narvor C, Lepoittevin B, Bech L, Brogly M. Surface characterizations of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film modified by a carbohydrate-bearing photoreactive azide group. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Otegui J, Fernández E, Rubio-Retama J, López-Cabarcos E, Mijangos C, López D. Swelling and viscoelastic properties of new magnesium acrylate hydrogels. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Moran MT, Carroll WM, Gorelov A, Rochev Y. Intact endothelial cell sheet harvesting from thermoresponsive surfaces coated with cell adhesion promoters. J R Soc Interface 2008; 4:1151-7. [PMID: 17504736 PMCID: PMC2396210 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, with the development of smart polymers, research has looked to using thermoresponsive polymers as cell culture substrates. These novel surfaces allow the cultivation of cells without enzymes using the thermoresponsive phase transition property of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). However, this requires expensive techniques to generate a sufficiently thin film that allows cell adhesion. In this study, we looked at simple solvent cast films which normally show poor cell adhesion, but here the films are coated with cell adhesion promoters (CAPs) to improve cell growth without altering the copolymer thermoresponsive behaviour.A copolymer of PNIPAAm and N-tert-butylacrylamide (NtBAm) with a ratio of 85:15, respectively, was synthesized and solvent cast. The copolymer films were coated with CAPs, such as collagen, fibronectin and laminin, to increase their cell adhesion and growth properties. Cell activity measured by the alamarBlue assay showed similar results for coated copolymer films and standard tissue culture plastic controls. Deposition of CAPs on to the copolymer films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Cell detachment from the copolymer films is not affected by the surface coatings of CAPs, and endothelial cells are recovered as an intact sheet, which has great potential for uses in tissue engineering applications. The results demonstrate a versatile method for the cultivation of cells while eliminating the need for the use of digestive enzymes such as trypsin. This study shows that cultivation on physically bonded PNIPAAm copolymers is viable and achievable by relatively simple methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Moran
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Wang X, McCord MG. Grafting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) onto nylon and polystyrene surfaces by atmospheric plasma treatment followed with free radical graft copolymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Porous alginate-Ca2+ hydrogels interpenetrated with PNIPAAm networks: Interrelationship between compressive stress and pore morphology. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Aouada FA, de Moura MR, Fernandes PR, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. Optical and morphological characterization of polyacrylamide hydrogel and liquid crystal systems. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guilherme M, da Silva R, Rubira A, Geuskens G, Muniz E. Thermo-sensitive hydrogels membranes from PAAm networks and entangled PNIPAAm: effect of temperature, cross-linking and PNIPAAm contents on the water uptake and permeability. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cheng X, Wang Y, Hanein Y, Böhringer KF, Ratner BD. Novel cell patterning using microheater-controlled thermoresponsive plasma films. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 70:159-68. [PMID: 15227660 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is reported for cell patterning based on addressable microheaters and a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM) themoresponsive coating. This thermoresponsive coating is created by a radio frequency NIPAM plasma and is denoted as plasma polymerized NIPAM (ppNIPAM). Films of ppNIPAM with a good retention of monomer side-chain functionality are produced using low-power continuous plasma deposition. Cell adhesion and cell detachment tests indicate that the surface switches between adhesive and nonadhesive behaviors as a function of temperature. The use of a photolithographically fabricated microheater array allows the ppNIPAM transition to occur spatially under the control of individual heaters. This localized change in the surface adhesive behavior is used to direct site-specific cell attachment. Patterned adhesion of two types of cells has been visualized on the array through fluorescent markers. Applications for diagnostic devices, cell-based sensors, tissue engineering, and cell transfection are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Cheng
- Bioengineering Department, University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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