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Hirata S, Hirai H, Nogami E, Morimura N, Udono T. Chimpanzee Down syndrome: a case study of trisomy 22 in a captive chimpanzee. Primates 2017; 58:267-273. [PMID: 28220267 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-017-0597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of chimpanzee trisomy 22 in a captive-born female. Because chromosome 22 in great apes is homologous to human chromosome 21, the present case is analogous to human trisomy 21, also called Down syndrome. The chimpanzee in the present case experienced retarded growth; infantile cataract and vision problems, including nystagmus, strabismus, and keratoconus; congenital atrial septal defect; and hypodontia. All of these symptoms are common in human Down syndrome. This case was the second reported case of trisomy 22 in the chimpanzee. The chimpanzee in our case became blind by 7 years old, making social life with other chimpanzees difficult, but opportunities to interact with other conspecific individuals have been offered routinely. We believe that providing her with the best care over the course of her life will be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirata
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nogami
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan
| | - Naruki Morimura
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Udono
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan
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Baicharoen S, Hirai Y, Srikulnath K, Kongprom U, Hirai H. Hypervariability of Nucleolus Organizer Regions in Bengal Slow Lorises, Nycticebus bengalensis (Primates, Lorisidae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:267-273. [PMID: 27648559 DOI: 10.1159/000449145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow lorises are a cryptic species complex, and thus genetic markers are needed to identify distinct evolutionary lineages or species. We examined the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) of Bengal slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) using FISH with 18S rDNA (rDNA-FISH) and silver nitrate staining (Ag-NOR stain). Ten individuals of the putatively single species N. bengalensis showed higher variability in localization than 3 other congeners, though their overall karyotypes were similar. The rDNA-FISH analysis detected a total of 18 loci, in contrast to previous studies of other slow loris species that revealed far fewer (6-10) loci. Eight of the 18 loci detected in the present analysis were found to be semi-stable localizations at 4 different chromosomes, while 10 were found to be unstable localizations at 5 other chromosomes. The semi-stable locations showed occasional presence/absence of variations for rDNA-FISH, and unstable locations were polymorphic among individuals, contributing to the higher variability of NORs in this taxon. We hypothesize that the larger numbers of rDNA loci found in N. bengalensis were introduced by genomic dispersion through ectopic recombination in association with terminal regions including rDNA. Such differences are potentially very powerful chromosomal markers to be used in species identification and conservation.
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Sangpakdee W, Phimphan S, Liehr T, Fan X, Pinthong K, Patawang I, Tanomtong A. Characterization of chromosomal rearrangements in pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) using multiplex-FISH technique. THE NUCLEUS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-016-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Sangpakdee W, Tanomtong A, Fan X, Pinthong K, Weise A, Liehr T. Application of multicolor banding combined with heterochromatic and locus-specific probes identify evolutionary conserved breakpoints in Hylobates pileatus. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:17. [PMID: 26893612 PMCID: PMC4758170 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The question what makes Homo sapiens sapiens (HSA) special among other species is one of the basic questions of mankind. A small contribution to answer this question is to study the chromosomal constitution of HSA compared to other, closely related species. In order to check the types and extent of evolutionary conserved breakpoints we studied here for the first time the chromosomes of Hylobates pileatus (HPI) compared to HSA and Hylobates lar (HLA) by means of molecular cytogenetics. RESULTS Overall, 68 new evolutionary conserved breakpoints compared to HSA could be characterized in this study. Interestingly, only seven of those were different compared to HLA. However, application of heterochromatic human DNA-probes provided evidence that observed high chromosomal rearrangement rates of gibbons in HPI happened rather in these repetitive elements than in euchromatin, even though most centromeric positions were preserved in HPI compared to HSA. CONCLUSION Understanding genomes of other species and comparing them to HSA needs full karyotypic and high resolution genomic data to approach both: euchromatic and heterochromatic regions of the studied chromosome-content. This study provides full karyotypic data and previously not available data on heterochromatin-syntenies of HPI and HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwat Sangpakdee
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany ; Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittapap Rd., Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittapap Rd., Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krit Pinthong
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Surindra Rajabhat University, 186 Moo 1, Maung District, Surin, 32000 Thailand
| | - Anja Weise
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Dobigny G, Britton-Davidian J, Robinson TJ. Chromosomal polymorphism in mammals: an evolutionary perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:1-21. [PMID: 26234165 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although chromosome rearrangements (CRs) are central to studies of genome evolution, our understanding of the evolutionary consequences of the early stages of karyotypic differentiation (i.e. polymorphism), especially the non-meiotic impacts, is surprisingly limited. We review the available data on chromosomal polymorphisms in mammals so as to identify taxa that hold promise for developing a more comprehensive understanding of chromosomal change. In doing so, we address several key questions: (i) to what extent are mammalian karyotypes polymorphic, and what types of rearrangements are principally involved? (ii) Are some mammalian lineages more prone to chromosomal polymorphism than others? More specifically, do (karyotypically) polymorphic mammalian species belong to lineages that are also characterized by past, extensive karyotype repatterning? (iii) How long can chromosomal polymorphisms persist in mammals? We discuss the evolutionary implications of these questions and propose several research avenues that may shed light on the role of chromosome change in the diversification of mammalian populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Dobigny
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Janice Britton-Davidian
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Cc065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Terence J Robinson
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7062, South Africa
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Baicharoen S, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Arsaithamkul V, Hirai Y, Duangsa-ard K, Siriaroonrat B, Domae H, Srikulnath K, Koga A, Hirai H. Locational diversity of alpha satellite DNA and intergeneric hybridization aspects in the Nomascus and Hylobates genera of small apes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109151. [PMID: 25290445 PMCID: PMC4188616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we discovered that alpha satellite DNA has unique and genus-specific localizations on the chromosomes of small apes. This study describes the details of alpha satellite localization in the genera Nomascus and Hylobates and explores their usefulness in distinguishing parental genome sets in hybrids between these genera. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to establish diagnostic criteria of alpha satellite DNA markers in discriminating small ape genomes. In particular we established the genus specificity of alpha satellite distribution in three species of light-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys, N. siki, and N. gabriellae) in comparison to that of Hylobates lar. Then we determined the localization of alpha satellite DNA in a hybrid individual which resulted from a cross between these two genera. In Nomascus the alpha satellite DNA blocks were located at the centromere, telomere, and four interstitial regions. In Hylobates detectable amounts of alpha satellite DNA were seen only at centromeric regions. The differences in alpha satellite DNA locations between Nomascus and Hylobates allowed us to easily distinguish the parental chromosomal sets in the genome of intergeneric hybrid individuals found in Thai and Japanese zoos. Our study illustrates how molecular cytogenetic markers can serve as diagnostic tools to identify the origin of individuals. These molecular tools can aid zoos, captive breeding programs and conservation efforts in managing small apes species. Discovering more information on alpha satellite distribution is also an opportunity to examine phylogenetic and evolutionary questions that are still controversial in small apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarath Baicharoen
- Bioscience Program, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Conservation, Research and Education Division, Zoological Park Organization, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Visit Arsaithamkul
- Conservation, Research and Education Division, Zoological Park Organization, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuriko Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Boripat Siriaroonrat
- Conservation, Research and Education Division, Zoological Park Organization, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Akihiko Koga
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Volleth M, Heller KG, Yong HS, Müller S. Karyotype evolution in the horseshoe bat Rhinolophus sedulus by whole-arm reciprocal translocation (WART). Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 143:241-50. [PMID: 25139053 DOI: 10.1159/000365824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Robertsonian (centric) fusion or fission is one of the predominant modes of chromosomal rearrangement in karyotype evolution among mammals. However, in karyotypes composed of only bi-armed chromosomes, creation of new chromosomal arm combinations in one step is possible only via whole-arm reciprocal translocation (WART). Although this type of rearrangement has often been proposed to play an important role in chromosomal evolution, direct observations of WARTs remained rare, and, in most cases, were found in hybrids of chromosomal races in the genera Mus and Sorex. For the first time, we present the karyotype of the horseshoe bat species Rhinolophus sedulus (2n = 28, FNa = 52), where a WART between 2 metacentric autosomes was detected by G-banding and confirmed by FISH with painting probes of the vespertilionid bat Myotis myotis. Among the 6 specimens analyzed, 2 showed the heterozygous condition of the WART, 1 showed the presumed ancestral, and 3 specimens showed the derived homozygous state. As the existence of a hybrid zone at the sampling locality is thought to be rather improbable, the WART may indicate ongoing karyotype evolution in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Volleth
- Department of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Takenaka A, Nakamura S, Mitsunaga F, Inoue-Murayama M, Udono T, Suryobroto B. Human-specific SNP in obesity genes, adrenergic receptor beta2 (ADRB2), Beta3 (ADRB3), and PPAR γ2 (PPARG), during primate evolution. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43461. [PMID: 22937051 PMCID: PMC3427335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adrenergic-receptor beta2 (ADRB2) and beta3 (ADRB3) are obesity genes that play a key role in the regulation of energy balance by increasing lipolysis and thermogenesis. The Glu27 allele in ADRB2 and the Arg64 allele in ADRB3 are associated with abdominal obesity and early onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in many ethnic groups. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) is required for adipocyte differentiation. Pro12Ala mutation decreases PPARG activity and resistance to NIDDM. In humans, energy-expense alleles, Gln27 in ADRB2 and Trp64 in ADRB3, are at higher frequencies than Glu27 and Arg64, respectively, but Ala12 in PPARG is at lower frequency than Pro12. Adaptation of humans for lipolysis, thermogenesis, and reduction of fat accumulation could be considered by examining which alleles in these genes are dominant in non-human primates (NHP). All NHP (P. troglodytes, G. gorilla, P. pygmaeus, H. agilis and macaques) had energy-thrifty alleles, Gly16 and Glu27 in ADRB2, and Arg64 in ADRB3, but did not have energy-expense alleles, Arg16, Gln27 and Trp64 alleles. In PPARG gene, all NHP had large adipocyte accumulating type, the Pro12 allele. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a tendency to produce much more heat through the energy-expense alleles developed only in humans, who left tropical rainforests for savanna and developed new features in their heat-regulation systems, such as reduction of body hair and increased evaporation of water, and might have helped the protection of entrails from cold at night, especially in glacial periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takenaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Human Life, Nagoya Bunri University, Inazawa, Aichi, Japan.
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Capozzi O, Carbone L, Stanyon RR, Marra A, Yang F, Whelan CW, de Jong PJ, Rocchi M, Archidiacono N. A comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosome rearrangements in gibbons. Genome Res 2012; 22:2520-8. [PMID: 22892276 PMCID: PMC3514681 DOI: 10.1101/gr.138651.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome rearrangements in small apes are up to 20 times more frequent than in most mammals. Because of their complexity, the full extent of chromosome evolution in these hominoids is not yet fully documented. However, previous work with array painting, BAC-FISH, and selective sequencing in two of the four karyomorphs has shown that high-resolution methods can precisely define chromosome breakpoints and map the complex flow of evolutionary chromosome rearrangements. Here we use these tools to precisely define the rearrangements that have occurred in the remaining two karyomorphs, genera Symphalangus (2n = 50) and Hoolock (2n = 38). This research provides the most comprehensive insight into the evolutionary origins of chromosome rearrangements involved in transforming small apes genome. Bioinformatics analyses of the human–gibbon synteny breakpoints revealed association with transposable elements and segmental duplications, providing some insight into the mechanisms that might have promoted rearrangements in small apes. In the near future, the comparison of gibbon genome sequences will provide novel insights to test hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of chromosome evolution. The precise definition of synteny block boundaries and orientation, chromosomal fusions, and centromere repositioning events presented here will facilitate genome sequence assembly for these close relatives of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oronzo Capozzi
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Tanomtong A, Khunsook S, Supanuam P, Kaewsri S, Srisamoot N. A Discovery of Polymorphism of Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) and Whole-Arm Translocation (WAT) between Chromosome 8 and 9 of Lowland Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis unko) in Thailand. CYTOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.75.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarawut Kaewsri
- Program in Applied Biology, Department of Science, Faculty of Science, Buriram Rajabhat University
| | - Nattapong Srisamoot
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology
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Tanomtong A, Khunsook S, Supanuam P, Kaewsri S. A Novel Polymorphism of Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) and Complex Inversion Chromosome 8 of White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar, Linnaeus, 1771) in Thailand. CYTOLOGIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.74.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarawut Kaewsri
- Program in Applied Biology, Department of Science, Faculty of Science, Buriram Rajabhat University
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Misceo D, Capozzi O, Roberto R, Dell'oglio MP, Rocchi M, Stanyon R, Archidiacono N. Tracking the complex flow of chromosome rearrangements from the Hominoidea Ancestor to extant Hylobates and Nomascus Gibbons by high-resolution synteny mapping. Genome Res 2008; 18:1530-7. [PMID: 18552313 DOI: 10.1101/gr.078295.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we characterized the extension, reciprocal arrangement, and orientation of syntenic chromosomal segments in the lar gibbon (Hylobates lar, HLA) by hybridization of a panel of approximately 1000 human BAC clones. Each lar gibbon rearrangement was defined by a splitting BAC clone or by two overlapping clones flanking the breakpoint. A reconstruction of the synteny arrangement of the last common ancestor of all living lesser apes was made by combining these data with previous results in Nomascus leucogenys, Hoolock hoolock, and Symphalangus syndactylus. The definition of the ancestral synteny organization facilitated tracking the cascade of chromosomal changes from the Hominoidea ancestor to the present day karyotype of Hylobates and Nomascus. Each chromosomal rearrangement could be placed within an approximate phylogenetic and temporal framework. We identified 12 lar-specific rearrangements and five previously undescribed rearrangements that occurred in the Hylobatidae ancestor. The majority of the chromosomal differences between lar gibbons and humans are due to rearrangements that occurred in the Hylobatidae ancestor (38 events), consistent with the hypothesis that the genus Hylobates is the most recently evolved lesser ape genus. The rates of rearrangements in gibbons are 10 to 20 times higher than the mammalian default rate. Segmental duplication may be a driving force in gibbon chromosome evolution, because a consistent number of rearrangements involves pericentromeric regions (10 events) and centromere inactivation (seven events). Both phenomena can be reasonably supposed to have strongly contributed to the euchromatic dispersal of segmental duplications typical of pericentromeric regions. This hypothesis can be more fully tested when the sequence of this gibbon species becomes available. The detailed synteny map provided here will, in turn, substantially facilitate sequence assembly efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriana Misceo
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Hirai H, Hirai Y, Domae H, Kirihara Y. A most distant intergeneric hybrid offspring (Larcon) of lesser apes, Nomascus leucogenys and Hylobates lar. Hum Genet 2007; 122:477-83. [PMID: 17717705 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Unlike humans, which are the sole remaining representatives of a once larger group of bipedal apes (hominins), the "lesser apes" (hylobatids) are a diverse radiation with numerous extant species. Consequently, the lesser apes can provide a valuable evolutionary window onto the possible interactions (e.g., interbreeding) of hominin lineages coexisting in the same time and place. In the present work, we employ chromosomal analyses to verify the hybrid ancestry of an individual (Larcon) produced by two of the most distant genera of lesser apes, Hylobates (lar-group gibbons) and Nomascus (concolor-group gibbons). In addition to a mixed pelage pattern, the hybrid animal carries a 48-chromosome karyotype that consists of the haploid complements of each parental species: Hylobates lar (n = 22) and Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys (n = 26). Studies of this animal's karyotype shed light onto the processes of speciation and genus-level divergence in the lesser apes and, by extension, across the Hominoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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Veyrunes F, Watson J, Robinson TJ, Britton-Davidian J. Accumulation of rare sex chromosome rearrangements in the African pygmy mouse, Mus (Nannomys) minutoides: a whole-arm reciprocal translocation (WART) involving an X-autosome fusion. Chromosome Res 2007; 15:223-30. [PMID: 17285252 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-006-1116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although sex chromosomes are generally the most conserved elements of the mammalian karyotype, those of African pygmy mice show three extraordinary deviations from the norm: (a) asynaptic sex chromosomes, (b) multiple sex-autosome fusions, and (c) modifications of sex determination in some populations/species. In this study we identified, in two sex-reversed females of Mus (Nannomys) minutoides, a fourth rare sex chromosome change: a spontaneous whole-arm reciprocal translocation (WART) between an autosomal Robertsonian pair Rb(13.16) and the sex-autosome fusion Rb(X.1). This represents one of the very few reported cases of WARTs in natura within mammals, and is the first one to involve sex chromosomes. Hence, this finding offers new insights into the mechanisms of chromosomal differentiation in African pygmy mice, as WARTs may have contributed to the extensive diversity not only of autosomal Robertsonian fusions, but also of sex-autosome translocations. More widely, these results provide additional support to previous studies on the house mouse and the common shrew which indirectly inferred the role of WARTs in their karyotypic evolution, and may even help to understand how the fascinating 10 sex chromosome chain of the platypus might have evolved. This accumulation of rare sex chromosome changes in single specimens is, to our knowledge, exceptional among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Veyrunes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR5554), Génétique & Environnement, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
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Mootnick AR. Gibbon (Hylobatidae) Species Identification Recommended for Rescue or Breeding Centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mootnick AR, Baker E, Sheeran LK. Familiarity During Immaturity: Implications for the Captive Propagation of Gibbons. INT J PRIMATOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-005-8860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wijayanto H, Hirai Y, Kamanaka Y, Katho A, Sajuthi D, Hirai H. Patterns of C-heterochromatin and telomeric DNA in two representative groups of small apes, the genera Hylobates and Symphalangus. Chromosome Res 2005; 13:717-24. [PMID: 16235121 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-005-1007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The course of chromosome evolution in small apes is still not clear, though painting analyses have opened the way for elucidating the puzzle. Even the C-banding pattern of the lar-group of gibbons (the genus Hylobates) is not clarified yet, although our previous studies suggested that lar-group gibbons have a unique C-banding pattern. We therefore made observations to establish C-banded karyotypes of the agile gibbons included in the lar-group. The data were compared with those of siamangs (the genus Symphalangus), which carry distinctive C-bands, to determine the chromosomal patterns in each group. C-banded chromosomes of agile gibbons showed several terminal, interstitial and paracentric bands, whose patterns are specific for each chromosome, whereas the C-bands of siamangs were located only at the terminal and centromeric regions in most chromosomes. Moreover, the C-bands of agile gibbons and siamangs were shown to be G+C-rich and A+T-rich DNA, respectively, by DAPI/C-band sequential staining. Additionally, PRINS labelling with a telomere primer revealed that agile gibbons have telomeric DNA only at chromosome ends where there is no C-band (non-telomeric heterochromatin), whereas the telomeric DNA of siamangs is located in the terminal C-banded regions (telomeric heterochromatin). Although the evolutionary mechanisms in small apes are still unknown, C-banding patterns and distribution of telomeric DNA sequences should provide valuable data to deduce the evolutionary pathways of small apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hery Wijayanto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Hirai H, Matsubayashi K, Kumazaki K, Kato A, Maeda N, Kim HS. Chimpanzee chromosomes: retrotransposable compound repeat DNA organization (RCRO) and its influence on meiotic prophase and crossing-over. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 108:248-54. [PMID: 15545737 DOI: 10.1159/000080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal C-bands that are a specific feature of chimpanzee chromosomes were dissected using a molecular cytogenetic technique, PRINS, with primers for telomeric sequences, subterminal satellite, and retrotransposable elements (HERV-K and -W). These DNA elements jointly formed a large block of retrotransposable compound repeat DNA organization (RCRO) at the terminal C-band regions of 30 chromosomes, and are also located at the centromeric regions of some chromosomes. Additionally, a block consisting of all members of the RCRO has transposed to the middle (q31.1) of the long arm of chromosome 6, and three members, the subterminal satellite and the two HERVs, have integrated into the proximal region (q14.4) of the long arm of chromosome 14. Terminal RCROs seem to induce and prolong the bouquet stage in meiotic prophase, and to affect chiasma formation, together with interstitial RCROs. It is also postulated that RCROs may cause a position effect to gene expression, resulting in gene silencing and/or late replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
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Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications. J Zool (1987) 2004. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836904005011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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