1
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Nandi R, Amdursky N. The Dual Use of the Pyranine (HPTS) Fluorescent Probe: A Ground-State pH Indicator and an Excited-State Proton Transfer Probe. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2728-2739. [PMID: 36053265 PMCID: PMC9494743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular fluorescent probes are an essential experimental tool in many fields, ranging from biology to chemistry and materials science, to study the localization and other environmental properties surrounding the fluorescent probe. Thousands of different molecular fluorescent probes can be grouped into different families according to their photophysical properties. This Account focuses on a unique class of fluorescent probes that distinguishes itself from all other probes. This class is termed photoacids, which are molecules exhibiting a change in their acid-base transition between the ground and excited states, resulting in a large change in their pKa values between these two states, which is thermodynamically described using the Förster cycle. While there are many different photoacids, we focus only on pyranine, which is the most used photoacid, with pKa values of ∼7.4 and ∼0.4 for its ground and excited states, respectively. Such a difference between the pKa values is the basis for the dual use of the pyranine fluorescent probe. Furthermore, the protonated and deprotonated states of pyranine absorb and emit at different wavelengths, making it easy to focus on a specific state. Pyranine has been used for decades as a fluorescent pH indicator for physiological pH values, which is based on its acid-base equilibrium in the ground state. While the unique excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) properties of photoacids have been explored for more than a half-century, it is only recently that photoacids and especially pyranine have been used as fluorescent probes for the local environment of the probe, especially the hydration layer surrounding it and related proton diffusion properties. Such use of photoacids is based on their capability for ESPT from the photoacid to a nearby proton acceptor, which is usually, but not necessarily, water. In this Account, we detail the photophysical properties of pyranine, distinguishing between the processes in the ground state and the ones in the excited state. We further review the different utilization of pyranine for probing different properties of the environment. Our main perspective is on the emerging use of the ESPT process for deciphering the hydration layer around the probe and other parameters related to proton diffusion taking place while the molecule is in the excited state, focusing primarily on bio-related materials. Special attention is given to how to perform the experiments and, most importantly, how to interpret their results. We also briefly discuss the breadth of possibilities in making pyranine derivatives and the use of pyranine for controlling dynamic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Nandi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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2
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, Fan P, Zhang P, Chen HY, Huang S. Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13717-13728. [PMID: 35867993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alditols, which have a sweet taste but produce much lower calories than natural sugars, are widely used as artificial sweeteners. Alditols are the reduced forms of monosaccharide aldoses, and different alditols are diastereomers or epimers of each other and direct and rapid identification by conventional methods is difficult. Nanopores, which are emerging single-molecule sensors with exceptional resolution when engineered appropriately, are useful for the recognition of diastereomers and epimers. In this work, direct distinguishing of alditols corresponding to all 15 monosaccharide aldoses was achieved by a boronic acid-appended hetero-octameric Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore (MspA-PBA). Thirteen alditols including glycerol, erythritol, threitol, adonitol, arabitol, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, allitol, dulcitol, iditol, talitol, and gulitol (l-sorbitol) could be fully distinguished, and their sensing features constitute a complete nanopore alditol database. To automate event classification, a custom machine-learning algorithm was developed and delivered a 99.9% validation accuracy. This strategy was also used to identify alditol components in commercially available "zero-sugar" drinks and healthcare products, suggesting their use in rapid and sensitive quality control for the food and medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pingping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Panke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Ueda H, Suzuki M, Kuroda R, Tanaka T, Aoki S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Boron-Containing Macrocyclic Polyamines and Their Zinc(II) Complexes for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8523-8544. [PMID: 34077212 PMCID: PMC8279495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)
is a binary therapeutic method
for cancer treatment based on the use of a combination of a cancer-specific
drug containing boron-10 (10B) and thermal neutron irradiation.
For successful BNCT, 10B-containing molecules need to accumulate
specifically in cancer cells, because destructive effect of the generated
heavy particles is limited basically to boron-containing cells. Herein,
we report on the design and synthesis of boron compounds that are
functionalized with 9-, 12-, and 15-membered macrocyclic polyamines
and their Zn2+ complexes. Their cytotoxicity, intracellular
uptake activity into cancer cells and normal cells, and BNCT effect
are also reported. The experimental data suggest that mono- and/or
diprotonated forms of metal-free [12]aneN4- and [15]aneN5-type ligands are uptaken into cancer cells, and their complexes
with intracellular metals such as Zn2+ would induce cell
death upon thermal neutron irradiation, possibly via interactions
with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuroda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.,Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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4
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Preston-Herrera C, Jackson AS, Bachmann BO, Froese JT. Development and application of a high throughput assay system for the detection of Rieske dioxygenase activity. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:775-784. [PMID: 33439179 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02412k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a new periodate-based reactive assay system for the fluorescent detection of the cis-diol metabolites produced by Rieske dioxygenases. This sensitive and diastereoselective assay system successfully evaluates the substrate scope of Rieske dioxygenases and determines the relative activity of a rationally designed Rieske dioxygenase variant library. The high throughput capacity of the assay system enables rapid and efficient substrate scope investigations and screening of large dioxygenase variant libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron S Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, 2000 W Riverside Ave, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
| | - Brian O Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jordan T Froese
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, 2000 W Riverside Ave, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
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5
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Bruen D, Delaney C, Chung J, Ruberu K, Wallace GG, Diamond D, Florea L. 3D Printed Sugar-Sensing Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900610. [PMID: 32090394 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability of boronic acids (BAs) to reversibly bind diols, such as sugars, has been widely studied in recent years. In solution, through the incorporation of additional fluorophores, the BA-sugar interaction can be monitored by changes in fluorescence. Ultimately, a practical realization of this technology requires a transition from solution-based methodologies. Herein, the first example of 3D-printed sugar-sensing hydrogels, achieved through the incorporation of a BA-fluorophore pair in a gelatin methacrylamide-based matrix is presented. Through optimization of monomeric cocktails, it is possible to use extrusion printing to generate structured porous hydrogels which show a measurable and reproducible linear fluorescence response to glucose and fructose up to 100 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bruen
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,ARC Centre for Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Colm Delaney
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre - South Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Johnson Chung
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Kalani Ruberu
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Larisa Florea
- School of Chemistry and AMBER, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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6
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Fluorescein-immobilized optical hydrogels: Synthesis and its application for detection of Hg2+. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Boronic Acid Appended Naphthyl-Pyridinium Receptors as Chemosensors for Sugars. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6651. [PMID: 31040296 PMCID: PMC6491427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There remains a need in clinics and research to have simple and sensitive detection systems that allow the detection and quantification of sugar markers of biomedical relevance such as sugars lactulose and mannitol for noninvasive gut permeability assessment. We have prepared a new class of boronic acid-appended naphthyl-pyridinium receptor compounds as chemosensors. These were studied for their ability to act as modular internal charge transfer (ICT) fluorescent probes or donor/acceptor pair ensembles where the receptor compound can act as a quencher for an anionic dye. As an ICT sensor, fluorescence intensity increased upon diol recognition, which stems from the neutralization of the pyridinium nitrogen that is perturbing the chromophoric properties. We found these ICT probes provide good sensitivity for disaccharide lactulose with low micromolar detection and quantification limits. In addition, their ability to form a non-fluorescent ground state complex with anionic reporter dyes, such as HPTS or TSPP, was examined as probes for various sugars. We have identified three receptor/quencher compounds with high quenching efficiency for anionic dyes. Subsequently, a range of sugars and sugar derivatives were tested for chemosenstivity of our probes. This study illustrates an approach for designing boronic acid-based chemoreceptors for the recognition and quantification of sugars and sugar derivatives.
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8
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Bruen D, Delaney C, Diamond D, Florea L. Fluorescent Probes for Sugar Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38431-38437. [PMID: 30360068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new class of polymerizable boronic acid (BA) monomers are presented, which are used to generate soft hydrogels capable of accurate determination of saccharide concentration. By exploiting the interaction of these cationic BAs with an anionic fluorophore, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (pyranine), a two-component sugar-sensing system was realized. In the presence of such cationic BAs ( o-BA, m-BA, and p-BA), the fluorescence of pyranine becomes quenched because of the formation of a nonfluorescent BA-fluorophore complex. Upon addition of saccharides, formation of a cyclic boronate ester results in dissociation of the nonfluorescent complex and recovery of the pyranine fluorescence. The response of this system was examined in solution with common monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. Subsequent polymerization of the BA monomers yielded cross-linked hydrogels which showed similar reversible recovery of fluorescence in the presence of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bruen
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Colm Delaney
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Larisa Florea
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
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9
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Brooks WLA, Sumerlin BS. Synthesis and Applications of Boronic Acid-Containing Polymers: From Materials to Medicine. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1375-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William L. A. Brooks
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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11
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Finkler B, Spies C, Vester M, Walte F, Omlor K, Riemann I, Zimmer M, Stracke F, Gerhards M, Jung G. Highly photostable "super"-photoacids for ultrasensitive fluorescence spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:548-62. [PMID: 24469857 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50404b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoacid 8-hydroxypyren-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS, pyranine) is a widely used model compound for the examination of excited state proton transfer (ESPT). We synthesized five "super"-photoacids with varying hydrophilicity and acidity on the basis of HPTS. By chemical modification of the three sulfonic acid substituents, the photoacidity is enhanced by up to more than five logarithmic units from pK*≈ 1.4 to ∼-3.9 for the most acidic compound. As a result, nearly quantitative ESPT in DMSO can be observed. The novel photoacids were characterized by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques showing distinctively red shifted spectra compared to HPTS while maintaining a high quantum yield near 90%. Photostability of the compounds was checked by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and was found to be adequately high for ultrasensitive fluorescence spectroscopy. The described photoacids present a valuable palette for a wide range of applications, especially when the properties of HPTS, i.e. highly charged, low photostability and only moderate excited state acidity, are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Finkler
- Biophysical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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12
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Positions of the glycans in molluscan hemocyanin, determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. J Fluoresc 2013; 23:753-60. [PMID: 23494164 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-013-1171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molluscan hemocyanins are glycoproteins with different quaternary and carbohydrate structures. It was suggested that the carbohydrate chains of some Hcs are involved in their antiviral and antitumor effect, as well in the organization of the quaternary structure of the molecules. Using a well-known complex for saccharide sensing, positions and access to the carbohydrate chains in the native hemocyanins from Rapana venosa (RvH) and Helix lucorum (HlH) and also their structural subunits (RvH1, RvH2 and βcHlH) and functional units (FUs) were analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Almost no effect was observed in the fluorescence emission after titration of the complex with native RvH and HlH due to lack of free hydroxyl groups which are buried in the didecameric form of the molecules. Titration with the structural subunits βcHlH and RvH2, increasing of the emission indicates the presence of free hydroxyl groups compared to the native molecules. Complex titration with the structural subunit βc-HlH of H. lucorum Hcs leads to a 2.5 fold increase in fluorescence intensity. However, the highest emission was measured after titration of the complex with FU βcHlH-g. The result was explained by the structural model of βcHlH-g showing the putative position of the glycans on the surface of the molecule. The results of the fluorescent measurements are in good correlation with those of the circular dichroism data, applied to analyse the effect of titration on the secondary structure of the native molecules and functional units. The results also support our previously made suggestion that the N-linked oligosaccharide trees are involved in the quaternary organization of molluscan Hcs.
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13
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Guan Y, Zhang Y. Boronic acid-containing hydrogels: synthesis and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8106-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Zhang J, Wang X, Chen L, Li J, Luzak K. Harnessing a nanostructured fluorescence energy transfer sensor for quick detection of extremely small amounts of glucose. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013; 7:45-52. [PMID: 23439159 PMCID: PMC3692215 DOI: 10.1177/193229681300700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence technique is one of the major solutions for achieving the continuous and noninvasive glucose sensor for diabetes. In this article, a highly sensitive nanostructured sensor is developed to detect extremely small amounts of aqueous glucose by applying fluorescence energy transfer (FRET). A one-pot method is applied to produce the dextran-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugating mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), which afterward interact with the tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-labeled concanavalin A (Con A) to form the FRET nanoparticles (FITC-dextran-Con A-TRITC@MSNs). The nanostructured glucose sensor is then formed via the self-assembly of the FRET nanoparticles on a transparent, flexible, and biocompatible substrate, e.g., poly(dimethylsiloxane). Our results indicate the diameter of the MSNs is 60 ± 5 nm. The difference in the images before and after adding 20 μl of glucose (0.10 mmol/liter) on the FRET sensor can be detected in less than 2 min by the laser confocal laser scanning microscope. The correlation between the ratio of fluorescence intensity, I(donor)/I(acceptor), of the FRET sensor and the concentration of aqueous glucose in the range of 0.04-4 mmol/liter has been investigated; a linear relationship is found. Furthermore, the durability of the nanostructured FRET sensor is evaluated for 5 days. In addition, the recorded images can be converted to digital images by obtaining the pixels from the resulting matrix using Matlab image processing functions. We have also studied the in vitro cytotoxicity of the device. The nanostructured FRET sensor may provide an alternative method to help patients manage the disease continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Kostadinova E, Dolashka P, Kaloyanova S, Velkova L, Deligeorgiev T, Voelter W, Petkov I. Method for analysis of different oligosacchiride structures. J Fluoresc 2012; 22:1609-15. [PMID: 22825362 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-012-1102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an improved, rapid, high yield synthesis of N,N'-4,4'-bis(benzyl-2-boronic acid)-bipyridinium dibromide (o-BBV) is described. The obtained o-BVV is applied in a two-component saccharide sensing system (complex) where it serves as a fluorescence quencher and a saccharide receptor. This system was applied to different natural oligosaccharides isolated from molluscan Rapana venosa (RvH1-a) and arthropodan Carcinus aestuarii (CaeH) hemocyanins (Hcs) and cyclodextrins (CDs). The carbohydrate contents of both Hcs were calculated in our previous work to be 1,6 % and 7 % for CaeH and RvH1-a, respectively. We propose that the difference in fluorescence increase of the native CaeH and RvH1-a when titrating them with the complex is due to the fact that the carbohydrate content of CaeH is lower and the carbohydrate chains are buried in between the structural subunits of the native molecule, while the glycans of the functional unit RvH1-a are exposed on the surface of the molecule leading to a 4-fold fluorescence's intensity change.
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16
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Fossey JS, D'Hooge F, van den Elsen JMH, Pereira Morais MP, Pascu SI, Bull SD, Marken F, Jenkins ATA, Jiang YB, James TD. The development of boronic acids as sensors and separation tools. CHEM REC 2012; 12:464-78. [PMID: 22791631 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic receptors for diols that incorporate boronic acid motifs have been developed as new sensors and separation tools. Utilizing the reversible interactions of diols with boronic acids to form boronic esters under new binding regimes has provided new hydrogel constructs that have found use as dye-displacement sensors and electrophoretic separation tools; similarly, molecular boronic-acid-containing chemosensors were constructed that offer applications in the sensing of diols. This review provides a somewhat-personal perspective of developments in boronic-acid-mediated sensing and separation, placed in the context of the seminal works of others in the area, as well as offering a concise summary of the contributions of the co-authors in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Fossey
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK..
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18
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Shariki S, Cox OTL, Tickell DA, Pereira Morais MP, van den Elsen JMH, James TD, Dale SEC, Bending S, Marken F. Coil-by-coil assembly of poly[acrylamide-co-3-(methacryl-amido)-phenylboronic acid] with polydiallyldimethyl-ammonium to give alizarin red S responsive films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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D'Hooge F, Elfeky SA, Flower SE, Pascu SI, Jenkins ATA, Elsen JMHVD, James TD, Fossey JS. Biotinylated boronic acid fluorophore conjugates: Quencher elimination strategy for imaging and saccharide detection. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kitamura M, Suzuki T, Abe R, Ueno T, Aoki S. 11B NMR sensing of d-block metal ions in vitro and in cells based on the carbon-boron bond cleavage of phenylboronic acid-pendant cyclen (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). Inorg Chem 2011; 50:11568-80. [PMID: 22010826 DOI: 10.1021/ic201507q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including the "chemical shift imaging (CSI)" technique based on (1)H NMR signals is a powerful method for the in vivo imaging of intracellular molecules and for monitoring various biological events. However, it has the drawback of low resolution because of background signals from intrinsic water protons. On the other hand, it is assumed that the (11)B NMR signals which can be applied to a CSI technique have certain advantages, since boron is an ultratrace element in animal cells and tissues. In this manuscript, we report on the sensing of biologically indispensable d-block metal cations such as zinc, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, and nickel based on (11)B NMR signals of simple phenylboronic acid-pendant cyclen (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), L(6) and L(7), in aqueous solution at physiological pH. The results indicate that the carbon-boron bond of L(6) is cleaved upon the addition of Zn(2+) and the broad (11)B NMR signal of L(6) at 31 ppm is shifted upfield to 19 ppm, which corresponds to the signal of B(OH)(3). (1)H NMR, X-ray single crystal structure analysis, and UV absorption spectra also provide support for the carbon-boron bond cleavage of ZnL(6). Because the cellular uptake of L(6) was very small, a more cell-membrane permeable ligand containing the boronic acid ester L(7) was synthesized and investigated for the sensing of d-block metal ions using (11)B NMR. Data on (11)B NMR sensing of Zn(2+) in Jurkat T cells using L(7) is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
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Wu Q, Wang L, Yu H, Wang J, Chen Z. Organization of glucose-responsive systems and their properties. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7855-75. [PMID: 21902252 DOI: 10.1021/cr200027j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Going Beyond Continuous Glucose Monitoring with Boronic Acid-Appended Bipyridinium Salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9672-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Weidemaier K, Lastovich A, Keith S, Pitner JB, Sistare M, Jacobson R, Kurisko D. Multi-day pre-clinical demonstration of glucose/galactose binding protein-based fiber optic sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4117-23. [PMID: 21549586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first pre-clinical demonstration of continuous glucose tracking by fluorophore-labeled and genetically engineered glucose/galactose binding protein (GGBP). Acrylodan-labeled GGBP was immobilized in a hydrogel matrix at the tip of a small diameter optical fiber contained in a stainless steel needle. The fiber optic biosensors were inserted subcutaneously into Yucatan and Yorkshire swine, and the sensor response to changing glucose levels was monitored at intervals over a 7-day period. Sensor mean percent error on day 7 was 16.4±5.0% using a single daily reference blood glucose value to calibrate the sensor. The GGBP sensor's susceptibility to common interferents was tested in a well-plate system using human sera. No significant interference was observed from the tested interferents except for tetracycline at the drug's maximum plasma concentration. The robust performance of the GGBP-based fiber optic sensor in swine models and resistance to interferents indicates the potential of this technology for continuous glucose monitoring in humans.
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Joseph KA, Dave N, Liu J. Electrostatically directed visual fluorescence response of DNA-functionalized monolithic hydrogels for highly sensitive Hg²+ detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:733-739. [PMID: 21323356 DOI: 10.1021/am101068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are cross-linked hydrophilic polymer networks with low optical background and high loading capacity for immobilization of biomolecules. Importantly, the property of hydrogel can be precisely controlled by changing the monomer composition. This feature, however, has not been investigated in the rational design of hydrogel-based optical sensors. We herein explore electrostatic interactions between an immobilized mercury binding DNA, a DNA staining dye (SYBR Green I), and the hydrogel backbone. A thymine-rich DNA was covalently functionalized within monolithic hydrogels containing a positive, neutral, or negative backbone. These hydrogels can be used as sensors for mercury detection since the DNA can selectively bind Hg(2+) between thymine bases inducing a hairpin structure. SYBR Green I can then bind to the hairpin to emit green fluorescence. For the neutral or negatively charged gels, addition of the dye in the absence of Hg(2+) resulted in intense yellow background fluorescence, which was attributed to SYBR Green I binding to the unfolded DNA. We found that, by introducing 20% positively charged allylamine monomer, the background fluorescence was significantly reduced. This was attributed to the repulsion between positively charged SYBR Green I by the gel matrix as well as the strong binding between the DNA and the gel backbone. The signal-to-background ratio and detection limit was, respectively, improved by 6- and 9-fold using the cationic gel instead of neutral polyacrylamide gel. This study helps understand the electrostatic interaction within hydrogels, showing that hydrogels can not only serve as a high capacity matrix for sensor immobilization but also can actively influence the interaction between involved molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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26
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Nishiyabu R, Kubo Y, James TD, Fossey JS. Boronic acid building blocks: tools for sensing and separation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1106-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02920c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Vilozny B, Schiller A, Wessling RA, Singaram B. Multiwell plates loaded with fluorescent hydrogel sensors for measuring pH and glucose concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Anzenbacher P, Liu YL, Kozelkova ME. Hydrophilic polymer matrices in optical array sensing. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:693-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Cui C, Bonder EM, Qin Y, Jäkle F. Synthesis and solvent-dependent micellization of the amphiphilic block copolymer poly(styreneboronic acid)-block-polystyrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Ethynylated Triphenylamine Monoboronic acid Chemosensors: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:1255-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sharrett Z, Gamsey S, Hirayama L, Vilozny B, Suri JT, Wessling RA, Singaram B. Exploring the use of APTS as a fluorescent reporter dye for continuous glucose sensing. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1461-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b821934f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Peng B, Qin Y. Lipophilic Polymer Membrane Optical Sensor with a Synthetic Receptor for Saccharide Detection. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6137-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800946p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872
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35
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Mader HS, Wolfbeis OS. Boronic acid based probes for microdetermination of saccharides and glycosylated biomolecules. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Boronic acid-appended bis-viologens as a new family of viologen quenchers for glucose sensing. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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The effect of boronic acid acidity on performance of viologen-based boronic acids in a two-component optical glucose-sensing system. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Gamsey S, Miller A, Olmstead MM, Beavers CM, Hirayama LC, Pradhan S, Wessling RA, Singaram B. Boronic Acid-Based Bipyridinium Salts as Tunable Receptors for Monosaccharides and α-Hydroxycarboxylates. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:1278-86. [PMID: 17263411 DOI: 10.1021/ja066567i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several novel diboronic acid-substituted bipyridinium salts were prepared and, using a fluorescent reporter dye, were tested for their ability to selectively bind various monosaccharides and alpha-hydroxycarboxylates in an aqueous medium. The fluorescence sensing mechanism relies on the formation of a ground-state charge-transfer complex between the dye and bipyridinium. An X-ray crystal structure of this complex is described herein. Glucose selectivity over fructose and galactose was achieved by designing the bipyridinium-based receptors to be capable of attaining a 1:1 receptor/substrate stoichiometry via cooperative diboronic acid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soya Gamsey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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39
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Gamsey S, Suri JT, Wessling RA, Singaram B. Continuous glucose detection using boronic acid-substituted viologens in fluorescent hydrogels: linker effects and extension to fiber optics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:9067-74. [PMID: 17014156 DOI: 10.1021/la0617053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent anionic dye and a viologen appended with boronic acids, which serve as glucose receptors, have been synthesized and immobilized into a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel for use as a continuous glucose monitor. The fluorescence of the dye is modulated by the quenching efficiency of the viologen-based receptor, which in turn is dependent on the glucose concentration. Two monomeric versions of the quencher/receptor unit were prepared and their performance within the hydrogel evaluated. By tethering the quencher/receptor to the hydrogel matrix using a single-point attachment, slightly improved glucose sensing was observed. The hydrogels were tested for their ability to continuously and reversibly detect glucose over the course of several hours. The tests were carried out using a cuvette-based system, as well as a fiber-optic-based configuration. Under physiological conditions (0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 37 degrees C), the fluorescent hydrogels display an excellent dynamic response to glucose concentrations within the biologically significant range (2.5-20 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soya Gamsey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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40
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Malinovskii VL, Häner R. Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrenes with Tuned Spectroscopic Properties for Two-Point Attachment. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Fletcher KA, Fakayode SO, Lowry M, Tucker SA, Neal SL, Kimaru IW, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Oldham PB, Rusin O, Strongin RM, Warner IM. Molecular fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4047-68. [PMID: 16771540 PMCID: PMC2662353 DOI: 10.1021/ac060683m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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42
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Thoniyot P, Cappuccio FE, Gamsey S, Cordes DB, Wessling RA, Singaram B. Continuous glucose sensing with fluorescent thin-film hydrogels. 2. Fiber optic sensor fabrication and in vitro testing. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006; 8:279-87. [PMID: 16800749 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2006.8.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There continues to be a need for better sensors for continuous glucose monitoring. We are working on a two-component sensing system based on a viologen boronic acid and a fluorescent dye, which are immobilized in a hydrogel. This system has the potential for further development into a real-time glucose-monitoring device. The current study reports the fabrication of sensors using preformed hydrogels and the first in vitro monitoring of glucose concentrations in a prototype sensor configuration. METHODS Glucose sensing hydrogels containing a fluorescent dye and viologen boronic acid quencher were preformed in a mold. These preformed hydrogels were then attached to the distal end of a plastic fiber optic cable using different adhesives to prepare the in vitro sensors. These sensors were connected to a flow cell and monitored using a fluorescence spectrometer. The fluorescence emitted by the hydrogel changes depending on the glucose concentration. Hydrogel components were modified in order to optimize the performance of the sensors. RESULTS A soft tissue adhesive used by veterinarians was found to be an effective adhesive for bonding the hydrogel to the fiber tip. This adhesive did not affect the glucose sensing ability of the hydrogels after fabrication. Several sensors were fabricated with varying composition of sensing elements, and all of them showed stable and reversible glucose response. The glucose signal was found to be stable over months on repeated testing. Glucose sensing studies using the sensors with hydrogels containing different compositions of sensing elements showed that the ratio of dye to quencher is an important parameter in determining the magnitude and linearity of glucose response in the biological range. The response time of the sensor was shown to be dependent on the hydrophilicity of the hydrogels. Modifying the hydrogels with ionic comonomers shortened the response time. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the anionic dye 2 and viologen-based boronic acid 1 immobilized in a 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogel functions well in a fiber optic configuration. This preliminary study suggests that the two-component sensing system has several advantages in terms of stability and ease of fabrication. Improvement of the configuration of the sensor and further development of the sensor towards application for in vitro study are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Thoniyot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 95064, USA
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Cordes DB, Gamsey S, Sharrett Z, Miller A, Thoniyot P, Wessling RA, Singaram B. The interaction of boronic acid-substituted viologens with pyranine: the effects of quencher charge on fluorescence quenching and glucose response. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:6540-7. [PMID: 15982064 DOI: 10.1021/la050219x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence sensing of several monosaccharides using boronic acid-substituted viologen quenchers in combination with the fluorescent dye pyranine (HPTS) is reported. In this two-component sensing system, fluorescence quenching by the viologen is modulated by monosaccharides to provide a fluorescence signal. A series of viologen quenchers with different charges were prepared and tested for their ability both to quench the fluorescence of HPTS and to sense changes in glucose concentration in aqueous solution at pH 7.4. Both quenching efficiency and sugar sensing were found to be strongly dependent upon viologen charge. The molar ratio between HPTS and each of the viologen quenchers was varied in order to obtain an optimal ratio that provided a fairly linear fluorescence signal across a physiological glucose concentration range. Both the quenching and sugar sensing results are explained by electrostatic interaction between dye and quencher.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Cordes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. Enhanced fluorescence cyanide detection at physiologically lethal levels: reduced ICT-based signal transduction. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3635-41. [PMID: 15755185 PMCID: PMC6844257 DOI: 10.1021/ja044421i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three water-soluble fluorescent probes have been specifically designed to determine free cyanide concentrations up to physiologically lethal levels, >20 microM. The probes have been designed in such a way as to afford many notable sensing features, which render them unique with regard to signal transduction, photophysical characteristics, and their application to physiological cyanide determination and safeguard. The probes are readily able to reversibly bind free aqueous cyanide with dissociation constants around 4 microM3. Subsequent cyanide binding modulates the intramolecular charge transfer within the probes, a change in the electronic properties within the probes, resulting in enhanced fluorescence optical signals as a function of increased solution cyanide concentration. The ground-state chelation with cyanide produces wavelength shifts, which also enable the probes to sense cyanide in both an excitation and emission ratiometric manner, in addition to enhanced fluorescence signaling. This has enabled a generic cyanide sensing platform to be realized that is not dependent on fluorescent probe concentration, probe photodegradation, or fluctuations in the intensity of any employed excitation sources, ideal for remote cyanide sensing applications. Further, the >600 nm fluorescence emission of the probes potentially allows for enhanced fluorescence ratiometric cyanide sensing in the optical window of tissues and blood, facilitating their use for the transdermal monitoring of cyanide for mammalian safeguard or postmortem in fire victims, both areas of active research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Abstract
In the past few years we have seen the development of several new technologies for the continuous and non-invasive monitoring of physiological glucose, such as the GlucoWatch, glucose-sensing skin patches and approaches based on a glucose-sensing tattoo. One approach that differs from current thinking is based on the determination and monitoring of tear glucose, which is well known to track blood glucose with an approximate 30 min lag time, using disposable and colorless contact lenses. These contact lenses can be worn by diabetics who can colorimetrically see changes in their contact lens color or other fluorescence-based properties, giving an indication of tear and blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Cordes DB, Miller A, Gamsey S, Sharrett Z, Thoniyot P, Wessling R, Singaram B. Optical glucose detection across the visible spectrum using anionic fluorescent dyes and a viologen quencher in a two-component saccharide sensing system. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1708-13. [PMID: 15858654 DOI: 10.1039/b418953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A very general system is described in which anionic fluorescent dyes possessing a wide range of absorbance and emission wavelengths are used in combination with a boronic acid-modified viologen quencher to sense glucose at pH 7.4 in buffered aqueous solution. The present study demonstrates this capability with the use of eleven anionic fluorescent dyes of various structural types. Signal modulation occurs as the monosaccharide binds to the viologen quencher and alters its efficiency in quenching the fluorescence of the anionic dyes. The degree of quenching and the magnitude of the glucose signal were found to correlate roughly with the number of anionic groups on the dye. Optimal quencher : dye ratios were determined for each dye to provide a fairly linear signal in response to changes in glucose concentration across the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Cordes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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