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Chirality in Organic and Mineral Systems: A Review of Reactivity and Alteration Processes Relevant to Prebiotic Chemistry and Life Detection Missions. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a central feature in the evolution of biological systems, but the reason for biology’s strong preference for specific chiralities of amino acids, sugars, and other molecules remains a controversial and unanswered question in origins of life research. Biological polymers tend toward homochiral systems, which favor the incorporation of a single enantiomer (molecules with a specific chiral configuration) over the other. There have been numerous investigations into the processes that preferentially enrich one enantiomer to understand the evolution of an early, racemic, prebiotic organic world. Chirality can also be a property of minerals; their interaction with chiral organics is important for assessing how post-depositional alteration processes could affect the stereochemical configuration of simple and complex organic molecules. In this paper, we review the properties of organic compounds and minerals as well as the physical, chemical, and geological processes that affect organic and mineral chirality during the preservation and detection of organic compounds. We provide perspectives and discussions on the reactions and analytical techniques that can be performed in the laboratory, and comment on the state of knowledge of flight-capable technologies in current and future planetary missions, with a focus on organics analysis and life detection.
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Manrique JA, Lopez-Reyes G, Cousin A, Rull F, Maurice S, Wiens RC, Madsen MB, Madariaga JM, Gasnault O, Aramendia J, Arana G, Beck P, Bernard S, Bernardi P, Bernt MH, Berrocal A, Beyssac O, Caïs P, Castro C, Castro K, Clegg SM, Cloutis E, Dromart G, Drouet C, Dubois B, Escribano D, Fabre C, Fernandez A, Forni O, Garcia-Baonza V, Gontijo I, Johnson J, Laserna J, Lasue J, Madsen S, Mateo-Marti E, Medina J, Meslin PY, Montagnac G, Moral A, Moros J, Ollila AM, Ortega C, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Reess JM, Robinson S, Rodriguez J, Saiz J, Sanz-Arranz JA, Sard I, Sautter V, Sobron P, Toplis M, Veneranda M. SuperCam Calibration Targets: Design and Development. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020; 216:138. [PMID: 33281235 PMCID: PMC7691312 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
SuperCam is a highly integrated remote-sensing instrumental suite for NASA's Mars 2020 mission. It consists of a co-aligned combination of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), Visible and Infrared Spectroscopy (VISIR), together with sound recording (MIC) and high-magnification imaging techniques (RMI). They provide information on the mineralogy, geochemistry and mineral context around the Perseverance Rover. The calibration of this complex suite is a major challenge. Not only does each technique require its own standards or references, their combination also introduces new requirements to obtain optimal scientific output. Elemental composition, molecular vibrational features, fluorescence, morphology and texture provide a full picture of the sample with spectral information that needs to be co-aligned, correlated, and individually calibrated. The resulting hardware includes different kinds of targets, each one covering different needs of the instrument. Standards for imaging calibration, geological samples for mineral identification and chemometric calculations or spectral references to calibrate and evaluate the health of the instrument, are all included in the SuperCam Calibration Target (SCCT). The system also includes a specifically designed assembly in which the samples are mounted. This hardware allows the targets to survive the harsh environmental conditions of the launch, cruise, landing and operation on Mars during the whole mission. Here we summarize the design, development, integration, verification and functional testing of the SCCT. This work includes some key results obtained to verify the scientific outcome of the SuperCam system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Manrique
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - G. Lopez-Reyes
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - A. Cousin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F. Rull
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - S. Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R. C. Wiens
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute (NBI), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - O. Gasnault
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Aramendia
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - G. Arana
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - P. Beck
- CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Universite Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin d’Heres, France
| | - S. Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P. Bernardi
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - M. H. Bernt
- Niels Bohr Institute (NBI), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Berrocal
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España S.A. (ISDEFE), Madrid, Spain
| | - O. Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P. Caïs
- Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C. Castro
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Elgóibar, Spain
| | - K. Castro
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - S. M. Clegg
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - G. Dromart
- Univ Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - C. Drouet
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/UT3/INP, Ensiacet, Toulouse, France
| | - B. Dubois
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - D. Escribano
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - C. Fabre
- GeoRessources, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | | | - O. Forni
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - V. Garcia-Baonza
- Instituto de Geociencias CSIC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Gontijo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - J. Johnson
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - J. Laserna
- University of Malaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - J. Lasue
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Madsen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - E. Mateo-Marti
- Centro de Astrobiología-CSIC-INTA, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - J. Medina
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - P.-Y. Meslin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - G. Montagnac
- Univ Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - A. Moral
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - J. Moros
- University of Malaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - A. M. Ollila
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - C. Ortega
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Elgóibar, Spain
| | | | - J. M. Reess
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - S. Robinson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - J. Rodriguez
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España S.A. (ISDEFE), Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Saiz
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - J. A. Sanz-Arranz
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - I. Sard
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Elgóibar, Spain
| | - V. Sautter
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P. Sobron
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA USA
| | - M. Toplis
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Veneranda
- Unidad Asocida UVA-CSIC-CAB, University of Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
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Read PL, Lewis SR, Mulholland DP. The physics of Martian weather and climate: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:125901. [PMID: 26534887 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/12/125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The planet Mars hosts an atmosphere that is perhaps the closest in terms of its meteorology and climate to that of the Earth. But Mars differs from Earth in its greater distance from the Sun, its smaller size, its lack of liquid oceans and its thinner atmosphere, composed mainly of CO(2). These factors give Mars a rather different climate to that of the Earth. In this article we review various aspects of the martian climate system from a physicist's viewpoint, focusing on the processes that control the martian environment and comparing these with corresponding processes on Earth. These include the radiative and thermodynamical processes that determine the surface temperature and vertical structure of the atmosphere, the fluid dynamics of its atmospheric motions, and the key cycles of mineral dust and volatile transport. In many ways, the climate of Mars is as complicated and diverse as that of the Earth, with complex nonlinear feedbacks that affect its response to variations in external forcing. Recent work has shown that the martian climate is anything but static, but is almost certainly in a continual state of transient response to slowly varying insolation associated with cyclic variations in its orbit and rotation. We conclude with a discussion of the physical processes underlying these long- term climate variations on Mars, and an overview of some of the most intriguing outstanding problems that should be a focus for future observational and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Read
- Atmospheric, Oceanic & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
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Sobrado JM, Martín-Soler J, Martín-Gago JA. Mimicking Mars: a vacuum simulation chamber for testing environmental instrumentation for Mars exploration. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:035111. [PMID: 24689624 DOI: 10.1063/1.4868592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have built a Mars environmental simulation chamber, designed to test new electromechanical devices and instruments that could be used in space missions. We have developed this environmental system aiming at validating the meteorological station Rover Environment Monitoring Station of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission currently installed on Curiosity rover. The vacuum chamber has been built following a modular configuration and operates at pressures ranging from 1000 to 10(-6) mbars, and it is possible to control the gas composition (the atmosphere) within this pressure range. The device (or sample) under study can be irradiated by an ultraviolet source and its temperature can be controlled in the range from 108 to 423 K. As an important improvement with respect to other simulation chambers, the atmospheric gas into the experimental chamber is cooled at the walls by the use of liquid-nitrogen heat exchangers. This chamber incorporates a dust generation mechanism designed to study Martian-dust deposition while modifying the conditions of temperature, and UV irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sobrado
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), INTA-CSIC, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Martín-Soler
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), INTA-CSIC, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Martín-Gago
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), INTA-CSIC, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Ming DW, Gellert R, Morris RV, Arvidson RE, Brückner J, Clark BC, Cohen BA, d'Uston C, Economou T, Fleischer I, Klingelhöfer G, McCoy TJ, Mittlefehldt DW, Schmidt ME, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Tréguier E, Yen AS, Zipfel J. Geochemical properties of rocks and soils in Gusev Crater, Mars: Results of the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer from Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Leer K, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Djernis Olsen L, Drube L, Falkenberg TV, Haspang MP, Madsen MB, Olsen M, Sykulska H, Vijendran S, Pike WT, Staufer U, Parrat D, Lemmon M, Hecht MH, Mogensen CT, Gross MA, Goetz W, Marshall J, Britt D, Smith P, Shinohara C, Woida P, Woida R, Tanner R, Reynolds R, Shaw A. Magnetic properties experiments and the Surface Stereo Imager calibration target onboard the Mars Phoenix 2007 Lander: Design, calibration, and science goals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Kinch KM, Sohl-Dickstein J, Bell JF, Johnson JR, Goetz W, Landis GA. Dust deposition on the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) calibration targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Morris RV, Klingelhöfer G, Schröder C, Rodionov DS, Yen A, Ming DW, de Souza PA, Wdowiak T, Fleischer I, Gellert R, Bernhardt B, Bonnes U, Cohen BA, Evlanov EN, Foh J, Gütlich P, Kankeleit E, McCoy T, Mittlefehldt DW, Renz F, Schmidt ME, Zubkov B, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE. Mössbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Meridiani Planum, Mars: Opportunity's journey across sulfate-rich outcrop, basaltic sand and dust, and hematite lag deposits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - D. S. Rodionov
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- CVRD Group; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - I. Fleischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - B. Bernhardt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - B. A. Cohen
- Institute of Meteoritics; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque, NM USA
| | | | - J. Foh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - P. Gütlich
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - T. McCoy
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC USA
| | | | - F. Renz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - M. E. Schmidt
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC USA
| | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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Rochette P, Gattacceca J, Chevrier V, Mathé PE, Menvielle M. Magnetism, iron minerals, and life on Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2006; 6:423-36. [PMID: 16805698 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.6.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A short critical review is provided on two questions linking magnetism and possible early life on Mars: (1) Did Mars have an Earth-like internal magnetic field, and, if so, during which period and was it a requisite for life? (2) Is there a connection between iron minerals in the martian regolith and life? We also discuss the possible astrobiological implications of magnetic measurements at the surface of Mars using two proposed instruments. A magnetic remanence device based on magnetic field measurements can be used to identify Noachian age rocks and lightning impacts. A contact magnetic susceptibility probe can be used to investigate weathering rinds on martian rocks and identify meteorites among the small regolith rocks. Both materials are considered possible specific niches for microorganisms and, thus, potential astrobiological targets. Experimental results on analogues are presented to support the suitability of such in situ measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochette
- CEREGE, CNRS/Universitá d'Aix Marseille 3, Aix en Provence, France.
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10
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Morris RV, Klingelhöfer G, Schröder C, Rodionov DS, Yen A, Ming DW, de Souza PA, Fleischer I, Wdowiak T, Gellert R, Bernhardt B, Evlanov EN, Zubkov B, Foh J, Bonnes U, Kankeleit E, Gütlich P, Renz F, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE. Mössbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - D. S. Rodionov
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- CVRD Group; Vitoria Brazil
| | - I. Fleischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - B. Bernhardt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | | | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - J. Foh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - P. Gütlich
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - F. Renz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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11
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Goetz W, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Kinch KM, Madsen DE, Madsen MB, Olsen M, Gellert R, Klingelhöfer G, Ming DW, Morris RV, Rieder R, Rodionov DS, de Souza PA, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Wdowiak T, Yen A. Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust. Nature 2005; 436:62-5. [PMID: 16001062 DOI: 10.1038/nature03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous atmospheric dust on Mars is well mixed by periodic global dust storms, and such dust carries information about the environment in which it once formed and hence about the history of water on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers have permanent magnets to collect atmospheric dust for investigation by instruments on the rovers. Here we report results from Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence of dust particles captured from the martian atmosphere by the magnets. The dust on the magnets contains magnetite and olivine; this indicates a basaltic origin of the dust and shows that magnetite, not maghemite, is the mineral mainly responsible for the magnetic properties of the dust. Furthermore, the dust on the magnets contains some ferric oxides, probably including nanocrystalline phases, so some alteration or oxidation of the basaltic dust seems to have occurred. The presence of olivine indicates that liquid water did not play a dominant role in the processes that formed the atmospheric dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Goetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, D-37191, Germany
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12
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Hamilton VE, McSween HY, Hapke B. Mineralogy of Martian atmospheric dust inferred from thermal infrared spectra of aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Pettinelli E. Laboratory investigations into the electromagnetic properties of magnetite/silica mixtures as Martian soil simulants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Madsen MB, Kinch KM, Hviid SF, Knudsen JM, Gunnlaugsson HP, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Herkenhoff KE, Gorevan S, Yen AS, Myrick T, Klingelhöfer G, Rieder R, Gellert R. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:827-9. [PMID: 15297664 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars-and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of approximately 2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Baumgartner ET, Bell JF, Christensen PR, Gorevan S, Herkenhoff KE, Klingelhöfer G, Madsen MB, Morris RV, Rieder R, Romero RA. Athena Mars rover science investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | | | | | - Göstar Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
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16
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Klingelhöfer G, Morris RV, Bernhardt B, Rodionov D, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, Foh J, Kankeleit E, Bonnes U, Gellert R, Schröder C, Linkin S, Evlanov E, Zubkov B, Prilutski O. Athena MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Klingelhöfer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | | | - B. Bernhardt
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - D. Rodionov
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Pelletizing Department; Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; Vitoria Brazil
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. Foh
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - S. Linkin
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - E. Evlanov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
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17
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Ferri F, Smith PH, Lemmon M, Rennó NO. Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferri
- Center of Studies and Activities for Space (CISAS), “G. Colombo,”; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Peter H. Smith
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Mark Lemmon
- Texas A and M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Nilton O. Rennó
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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18
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Madsen MB, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Binau CS, Olsen M, Folkmann F, Gunnlaugsson HP, Kinch KM, Knudsen JM, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Yen AS, Rademacher JD, Gorevan S, Myrick T, Bartlett P. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Madsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - W. Goetz
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. S. Binau
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Olsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Folkmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | | | - K. M. Kinch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. M. Knudsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. Merrison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - P. Nørnberg
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Astronomy Department; Cornell University; Ithaca USA
| | - A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. D. Rademacher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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19
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Herkenhoff KE, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Bertelsen P, Brown DI, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliott ST, Goetz W, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Kirk RL, McLennan S, Morris RV, Scherr LM, Schwochert MA, Shiraishi LR, Smith GH, Soderblom LA, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Wadsworth MV. Athena Microscopic Imager investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Herkenhoff
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - D. I. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - W. Goetz
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. L. Kirk
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - S. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | | | - L. M. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. A. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. R. Shiraishi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - L. A. Soderblom
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | - M. V. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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21
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Merrison JP, Bertelsen P, Frandsen C, Gunnlaugsson P, Knudsen JM, Lunt S, Madsen MB, Mossin LA, Nielsen J, Nørnberg P, Rasmussen KR, Uggerhøj E. Simulation of the Martian dust aerosol at low wind speeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Merrison
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. Frandsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Gunnlaugsson
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - J. M. Knudsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Lunt
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - L. A. Mossin
- Department of Earth Sciences; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - J. Nielsen
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - P. Nørnberg
- Department of Earth Sciences; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | | | - E. Uggerhøj
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
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Bishop JL, Murchie SL, Pieters CM, Zent AP. A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: Physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Bishop
- SETI Institute/NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Carlé M. Pieters
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Aaron P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Bishop JL, Murad E. Spectroscopic and geochemical analyses of ferrihydrite from springs in Iceland and applications to Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.202.01.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFerrihydrite samples were collected from a thermal spring and a cold stream in the Landmannalaugar region of Iceland. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses have been performed on the air-dried and fine-grained fractions of these samples. The ferrihydrite from the cold stream is a pure sample, containing small amounts of Ca, P and Si. The ferrihydrite from the thermal spring is a less pure sample, containing larger amounts of amorphous Si and P with some of the Si incorporated in the ferrihydrite structure. The spectral character of these Icelandic ferrihydrites is compared with those of synthetic ferrihydrites and other iron oxide/oxyhydroxide minerals. Ferrihydrite is characterized by a broad Fe3+ excitation band near 10 900 cm−1 (c. 0.92 μm), a strong Fe-O vibrational feature near 475 cm−1 (c. 21 μm), and multiple bands due to H2O and OH. Highly pure ferrihydrite has a pair of spectral bands near 1400 and 1500 cm−1 (c. 7 μm). Natural ferrihydrites frequently exhibit an extra band near 950–1050 cm−1 (c. 10 μm) that is attributed to Si-O bonds. Hydrothermal springs may have been present at one time on Mars in association with volcanic activity. Ferrihydrite formation in such an environment may have contributed to the ferric oxide-rich surface material on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Bishop
- SETI Institute/NASA-Ames Research Center
MS 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - E. Murad
- Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt, Aussenstelle Marktredwitz
Leopoldstrasse 30, Postfach 389, D-95603 Marktredwitz, Germany
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25
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Smith PH, Reynolds R, Weinberg J, Friedman T, Lemmon MT, Tanner R, Reid RJ, Marcialis RL, Bos BJ, Oquest C, Keller HU, Markiewicz WJ, Kramm R, Gliem F, Rueffer P. The MVACS Surface Stereo Imager on Mars Polar Lander. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bridges NT, Crisp JA, Bell JF. Characteristics of the Pathfinder APXS sites: Implications for the composition of Martian rocks and soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Ming DW, Shelfer TD, Jørgensen LC, Bell JF, Graff TG, Mertzman SA. Phyllosilicate-poor palagonitic dust from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii): A mineralogical analogue for magnetic Martian dust? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cloutis EA, Bell JF. Diaspores and related hydroxides: Spectral-compositional properties and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bell JF, McSween HY, Crisp JA, Morris RV, Murchie SL, Bridges NT, Johnson JR, Britt DT, Golombek MP, Moore HJ, Ghosh A, Bishop JL, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Economou T, Greenwood JP, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hargraves RM, Hviid S, Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Reid R, Rieder R, Soderblom L. Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Golombek MP, Bridges NT. Erosion rates on Mars and implications for climate change: Constraints from the Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF, Shelfer TD, Scheinost AC, Hinman NW, Furniss G, Mertzman SA, Bishop JL, Ming DW, Allen CC, Britt DT. Mineralogy, composition, and alteration of Mars Pathfinder rocks and soils: Evidence from multispectral, elemental, and magnetic data on terrestrial analogue, SNC meteorite, and Pathfinder samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hargraves RB, Knudsen JM, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Madsen MB, Olsen M. Magnetic enhancement on the surface of Mars? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Golombek MP, Anderson RC, Barnes JR, Bell JF, Bridges NT, Britt DT, Brückner J, Cook RA, Crisp D, Crisp JA, Economou T, Folkner WM, Greeley R, Haberle RM, Hargraves RB, Harris JA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid SF, Jaumann R, Johnson JR, Kallemeyn PH, Keller HU, Kirk RL, Knudsen JM, Larsen S, Lemmon MT, Madsen MB, Magalhães JA, Maki JN, Malin MC, Manning RM, Matijevic J, McSween HY, Moore HJ, Murchie SL, Murphy JR, Parker TJ, Rieder R, Rivellini TP, Schofield JT, Seiff A, Singer RB, Smith PH, Soderblom LA, Spencer DA, Stoker CR, Sullivan R, Thomas N, Thurman SW, Tomasko MG, Vaughan RM, Wänke H, Ward AW, Wilson GR. Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission: Launch through landing, surface operations, data sets, and science results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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