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Afifa, Arshad K, Hussain N, Ashraf MH, Saleem MZ. Air pollution and climate change as grand challenges to sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172370. [PMID: 38604367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
There is a cross-disciplinary link between air pollution, climate crisis, and sustainable lifestyle as they are the most complex struggles of the present century. This review takes an in-depth look at this relationship, considering carbon dioxide emissions primarily from the burning of fossil fuels as the main contributor to global warming and focusing on primary SLCPs such as methane and ground-level ozone. Such pollutants severely alter the climate through the generation of greenhouse gases. The discussion is extensive and includes best practices from conventional pollution control technologies to hi-tech alternatives, including electric vehicles, the use of renewables, and green decentralized solutions. It also addresses policy matters, such as imposing stricter emissions standards, setting stronger environmental regulations, and rethinking some economic measures. Besides that, new developments such as congestion charges, air ionization, solar-assisted cleaning systems, and photocatalytic materials are among the products discussed. These strategies differ in relation to the local conditions and therefore exhibit a varying effectiveness level, but they remain evident as a tool of pollution deterrence. This stresses the importance of holistic and inclusive approach in terms of engineering, policies, stakeholders, and ecological spheres to tackle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifa
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashaf Arshad
- Department of Zoology (Wildlife and Fisheries), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Hamza Ashraf
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar Saleem
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Liaqut A, Tariq S, Younes I. A study on optical properties, classification, and transport of aerosols during the smog period over South Asia using remote sensing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:69096-69121. [PMID: 37129820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, South Asian region has experienced frequent and thick smog events because of rapid population growth and enhanced anthropogenic activities, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Therefore, the present study investigates aerosol properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) (500 nm), Angstrom exponent (AE) (440-870 nm), single scattering albedo (SSA), fine-mode fraction (FMF), absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD), and absorption aerosol exponent (AAE) over selected AERONET sites namely Bhola (2012-2021), Dhaka (2012-2021), Jaipur (2011-2021), Kanpur (2011-2021), Karachi (2011-2021), Lahore (2011-2021), and Pokhara (2011-2021) in the IGP during the smog period (October, November, and December). Additionally, different aerosol types were categorized using AERONET direct sun (AOD, AE) and inversion products (VSD, SSA, RI, FMF, and ASY). The monthly mean AOD, AE, and FMF varied from ⁓0.33 to 1.07, ⁓0.3 to 1.4, and 0.6-0.9 µm over all selected AERONET sites during the smog period. Moreover, the outcomes revealed the dominance of biomass-burning and urban/ industrial aerosols over Lahore, Karachi, Dhaka, and Bhola during the smog period. Contrary to this, dust and mixed aerosols were abundant over Jaipur and Karachi, respectively. Furthermore, HYSPLIT cluster analysis is used to trace the transmission paths and potential sources of aerosols over selected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Liaqut
- Department of Geography, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Salman Tariq
- Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (National Center of GIS and Space Application), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Isma Younes
- Department of Geography, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Singh R, Singh V, Gautam AS, Gautam S, Sharma M, Soni PS, Singh K, Gautam A. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depths, Angstrom Exponent, Single Scattering Albedo, and Ultraviolet-Aerosol Index over Five Polluted and Less-Polluted Cities of Northern India: Impact of Urbanization and Climate Change. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023; 7:131-149. [PMCID: PMC9648442 DOI: 10.1007/s41810-022-00168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that factors such as population growth, urbanization's quick speed, economic growth, and industrialization all have a role in the atmosphere's rising aerosol concentration. In the current work, we assessed and discussed the findings of a thorough analysis of the temporal and spatial variations of satellite-based aerosol optical parameters such as Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Angstrom Exponent (AE), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), and Ultraviolet-Aerosol Index (UV-AI), and their concentration have been investigated in this study over five polluted and less-polluted cities of northern India during the last decade 2011–2020. The temporal variation of aerosol optical parameters for AOD ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 with decadal mean 0.86 ± 0.36 for Patna region shows high value with a decadal increasing trend over the study area due to rise in aerosols combustion of fossil fuels, huge vehicles traffic, and biomass over the past ten years. The temporal variation of AE ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 with decadal mean 1.72 ± 0.11 for Agra region shows high value as compared to other study areas, which indicates a comparatively higher level of fine-mode aerosols at Agra. The temporal variation of SSA ranging from 0.8 to 0.9 with decadal mean 0.92 ± 0.02 for SSA shows no discernible decadal pattern at any of the locations. The temporal variation of UV-AI ranging from -1.01 to 2.36 with decadal mean 0.59 ± 0.06 for UV-AI demonstrates a rising tendency, with a noticeable rise in Ludhiana, which suggests relative dominance of absorbing dust aerosols over Ludhiana. Further, to understand the impact of emerging activities, analyses were done in seasonality. For this aerosol climatology was derived for different seasons, i.e., Winter, Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon, and Post-Monsoon. High aerosol was observed in Winter for the study areas Patna, Delhi, and Agra which indicated the particles major dominance of burning aerosol from biomass; and the worst in Monsoon and Post-Monsoon for the Tehri Garhwal and Ludhiana study areas which indicated most of the aerosol concentration is removed by rainfall. After that, we analyzed the correlation among all the parameters to better understand the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of aerosols over the selected region. The value of r for AOD (550 nm) for regions 2 and 1(0.80) shows a strong positive correlation and moderately positive for the regions 3 and 1 (0.64), mostly as a result of mineral dust carried from arid western regions. The value of r for AE (412/470 nm) for region 3 and (0.40) shows a moderately positive correlation, which is the resultant of the dominance of fine-mode aerosol and negative for the regions 5 and 1 (− 0.06). The value of r for SSA (500 nm) for regions 2 and 1 (0.63) shows a moderately positive correlation, which explains the rise in big aerosol particles, which scatters sun energy more efficiently, and the value of r for UV-AI for regions 1 and 2 shows a strong positive correlation (0.77) and moderately positive for the regions 3 and 1 (0.46) which indicates the absorbing aerosols present over the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolly Singh
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Alok Sagar Gautam
- Department of Physics, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal, India
| | - Sneha Gautam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641117 India
| | - Manish Sharma
- School of Science and Engineering, Himgiri Zee University, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Pushpendra Singh Soni
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Karan Singh
- Department of Physics, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal, India
| | - Alka Gautam
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
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Wu B, Wu Z, Yao Z, Li J, Wang W, Shen X, Hao X. Multi-type emission factors quantification of black carbon from agricultural machinery based on the whole tillage processes in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120280. [PMID: 36167170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), as one of the short-lived climate pollutants, is becoming more prominent contribution from non-road mobile source, especially for agricultural machinery (AM) in China. However, the understanding of BC emissions from AM is still not clear, and the BC emission factors (EFs) are also limited. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on twenty AM to investigate the instantaneous BC emission characteristics and quantify BC EFs under the whole tillage processes. We find the instantaneous BC emissions and fuel consumptions are obvious differences and present good synchronization under different tillage processes. Multi-type (CO2-, fuel-, distance-, time-, and area-based) EFs of BC are developed, which are significantly affected by different tillage processes and emission standards of the used AM. While AM conducting rotary tillage, ploughing, harvest corn and harvest wheat on the same area of land, total BC emissions by using the China III emission standard AM will be reduced by 56%, 36%, 88%, and 87% than those by using China II emission standard AM, respectively. Furthermore, for corn and wheat production under the whole tillage processes, BC EFs are 16.90 (6.03-39.12) g/hm2 and 18.18 (5.91-38.69) g/hm2, CO2 EFs are 112.64 (72.07-195.98) g/hm2 and 103.72 (71.47-167.02) g/hm2, respectively. We estimate the BC and CO2 emissions from wheat and corn productions based on the average area-based EFs. The large fluctuation ranges of BC and CO2 emissions in different tillage processes and the whole processes can reflect that the use of AM in China is uneven. It also indicates that there is a large space for BC and CO2 emission reduction and optimization. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the control of BC and CO2 emissions from AM. We believe that the recommended multi-type EFs are applicable for the quantification of BC emissions from AM in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zichun Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jiahan Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xianbao Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuewei Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
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Aslam I, Roeffaers MBJ. Carbonaceous Nanoparticle Air Pollution: Toxicity and Detection in Biological Samples. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12223948. [PMID: 36432235 PMCID: PMC9698098 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among the different air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is of great concern due to its abundant presence in the atmosphere, which results in adverse effects on the environment and human health. The different components of PM can be classified based on their physicochemical properties. Carbonaceous particles (CPs) constitute a major fraction of ultrafine PM and have the most harmful effects. Herein, we present a detailed overview of the main components of CPs, e.g., carbon black (CB), black carbon (BC), and brown carbon (BrC), from natural and anthropogenic sources. The emission sources and the adverse effects of CPs on the environment and human health are discussed. Particularly, we provide a detailed overview of the reported toxic effects of CPs in the human body, such as respiratory effects, cardiovascular effects, neurodegenerative effects, carcinogenic effects, etc. In addition, we also discuss the challenges faced by and limitations of the available analytical techniques for the qualitative and quantitative detection of CPs in atmospheric and biological samples. Considering the heterogeneous nature of CPs and biological samples, a detailed overview of different analytical techniques for the detection of CPs in (real-exposure) biological samples is also provided. This review provides useful insights into the classification, toxicity, and detection of CPs in biological samples.
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Min K, Li Y, Lin Y, Yang X, Chen Z, Chen B, Ma M, Liu Q, Jiang G. Mass Spectrometry Imaging Strategy for In Situ Quantification of Soot in Size-Segregated Air Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15189-15197. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Min
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zigu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Taishan Institute for Ecology and Environment (TIEE), Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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The Chinese Spring Festival Impact on Air Quality in China: A Critical Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159074. [PMID: 35897443 PMCID: PMC9330068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the sharp change of air pollutants affects air quality. Chinese Spring Festival is the most important holiday for Chinese people, and the celebration of the holiday with fireworks and the movement of people all around the country results in significant change in multiple air pollutant emissions of various sources. As many cities and rural areas suffer from the air pollution caused by firework displays and more residential fuel consumption, there is an urgency to examine the impact of the Chinese Spring Festival on air quality. Hence, this paper firstly gives an overall insight into the holiday's impact on ambient and household air quality in China, both in urban and rural areas. The main findings of this study are: (1) The firework displays affect the air quality of urban and rural atmosphere and household air; (2) the reduction in anthropogenic emissions improves the air quality during the Chinese Spring Festival; (3) the household air in urban areas was affected most by firework burning, while the household air in rural homes was affected most by fuel consumption; and (4) the short-term health impact of air pollution during the holidays also need more concern. Although there have been many publications focused on the holiday's impact on ambient and household air quality, most of them focused on the measurement of pollutant concentration, while studies on the formation mechanism of air pollution, the influence of meteorological conditions, and the health outcome under the effect of the Chinese Spring Festival are rare. In the future, studies focused on these processes are welcomed.
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Amalaruban A, Kelkar N, Krishan J, Anand S, Mayya YS, Seth JR. Relationship Between the Mobility of Aggregates and Fluid Penetration Depth Across a Range of Fractal Dimensions Using Stokesian Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3422-3433. [PMID: 35254072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydrodynamic behavior of fractal aggregates plays an important role in various applications in industry and the environment, and has been a topic of interest over the past several decades. Despite this, crucial aspects such as the relationship of the mobility radius, Rm, with respect to the fractal dimension, df, and the fluid penetration depth, δ, have largely remained unexplored. Herein, we examine these aspects across a wide range of df's through a Stokesian dynamics approach. It takes into account all orders of monomer-monomer interactions to construct the resistance matrix for the entire cluster, which is assumed to be rigid. Statistical fractals created using algorithms such as diffusion limited aggregation (DLA), cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA), tunable Monte Carlo algorithm, and a deterministic Vicsek fractal, with df varying from 1.76 to 3, and the number of monomers ranging from 20 to 10 240 are considered. While confirming the expected asymptotic cluster-size independence of the hydrodynamic ratio, β = Rm/Rg (where Rg is the radius of gyration of the cluster), this study reveals a monotonically increasing trend for β with increasing df. The decay of the fluid velocity within the aggregate is quantified via the concept of penetration depth (δ). Analysis shows that the dimensionless penetration depth (δ* = δ/Rg) approaches asymptotic constancy with respect to cluster size in contrast to a weak dependency of the form δ* ∼ (Rg/a)-(df - 1)/2, predicted by the mean-field theory (a being the monomer radius). Furthermore, the penetration depth is found to decrease rapidly, in an exponential manner, with increasing β. This establishes a quantitative relationship between the resistance experienced by the cluster and the degree of penetration of fluid into it. The implications of these results are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Amalaruban
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Narayani Kelkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jayant Krishan
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - S Anand
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Y S Mayya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti R Seth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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Effects of Urbanization Intensity on the Distribution of Black Carbon in Urban Surface Soil in South China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization causes the accumulation of large amounts of pollutants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and black carbon (BC). BC is the carbonaceous residue generated from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. It plays an important role on the migration of heavy metals and organic pollutants, as well as soil carbon sequestration. BC accumulation due to human activities greatly affects the global carbon budget, helps to drive climate change, and damages human health. To date, few studies have examined how the intensity of urbanization affects the distribution of BC in soils in urban areas. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effects of urbanization intensity on the spatial distribution and content of BC in urban surface soil. We collected samples from 55 sites in South China and used a multi-scale geographical regression model to evaluate the impact of the interference intensity of urbanization on the amount and distribution of BC. Our results showed that the BC content was significantly higher in urban areas (9.74 ± 1.18 g kg−1) than in rural areas (2.94 ± 0.89 g kg−1) and that several urban parks with a higher interference intensity were hotspots of BC accumulation, suggesting that urbanization promoted BC accumulation. Our model revealed that road density was significantly and positively correlated with BC accumulation. Because there are more cars driving in areas with high road density, vehicle emissions may be one of the causes of BC accumulation. Our results also indicated that the impact of urbanization intensity on the BC distribution was sensitive to sampling density.
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Paniagua-Ramirez A, Krupinska O, Jagdeo V, Cooper WJ. Carbon storage estimation in a secondary tropical forest at CIEE Sustainability Center, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23464. [PMID: 34873240 PMCID: PMC8648845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary growth tropical rainforests have the potential to sequester large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide and as such are an important carbon sink. To evaluate a local forest, a Carbon Neutrality Program was initiated at the Council on International Educational Exchange, San Luis Campus, Monteverde, Costa Rica. The study was conducted on 50 hectares of forest classified as Premontane Wet Forest. The forest, part of the Arenal-Monteverde Protected Zone, is estimated to be aproximately 50 years old and is in the upper regions of the San Luis valley at 1100 m elevation. Assessment of the carbon stock in trees was carried out in two permanent, 1 hectare plots, 100 m by 100 m, Camino Real and Zapote. The plots were divided into 25 subplots, 20 m by 20 m totaling 400 m2 per subplot. Ten subplots in each area were studied which represented 1.6% the total surface area of the forest. All of the trees were measured within the subplots that had a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm and the height of 10% of the trees measured. The estimated total CO2 sequestered by the campus forest was 18,210 ton (in 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William J Cooper
- Pierella Rainforest Reclamation Project, 324 Main Street, Suite 1322, Laurel, MD, 20707, USA.
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Gopal V, Venkataraman A, Babu L, Rajan R. Preparation of black lyophilic ink using the carbon soot emitted by vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63440-63447. [PMID: 32488704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The carbon soot is formed as a consequence of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and organic matter. It causes respiratory diseases like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to 1.6 million premature deaths every year. The primary source of soot is the vehicular emissions which can be controlled using a simple device retrofitted to the silencer. In the present study, various additives were added to the collected soot, forming a homogenous adhering suspension which can be used as an ink. Tests proved that this ink is safe to use and it also complied with the standards of the Indian Government for fountain pen ink. The ink had excellent water-resistant properties as a result of its Rf (retention factor) value was found to be 0.0133. When compared with conventional black inks, the ink dries quickly, and on varying the temperature of the surroundings from - 30 to 50 °C, the ink remained in the writable viscosity range of 4.6 to 4.9 mPa s, thus making it universally malleable. The ink also proved to be UV resistant and neither exhibited feathering, show-through, bleeding nor shading. The ink is versatile; it can be used for a wide range of applications including writing, painting, and spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaraghavan Gopal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 602105, India.
| | - Anush Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 602105, India
| | - Lokesh Babu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 602105, India
| | - Rishi Rajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 602105, India
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Ferrero L, Bernardoni V, Santagostini L, Cogliati S, Soldan F, Valentini S, Massabò D, Močnik G, Gregorič A, Rigler M, Prati P, Bigogno A, Losi N, Valli G, Vecchi R, Bolzacchini E. Consistent determination of the heating rate of light-absorbing aerosol using wavelength- and time-dependent Aethalometer multiple-scattering correction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148277. [PMID: 34119780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and temporally consistent measurements of light absorbing aerosol (LAA) heating rate (HR) and of its source apportionment (fossil-fuel, FF; biomass-burning, BB) and speciation (black and brown Carbon; BC, BrC) are needed to evaluate LAA short-term climate forcing. For this purpose, wavelength- and time-dependent accurate LAA absorption coefficients are required. HR was experimentally determined and apportioned (sources/species) in the EMEP/ACTRIS/COLOSSAL-2018 winter campaign in Milan (urban-background site). Two Aethalometers (AE31/AE33) were installed together with a MAAP, CPC, OPC, a low volume sampler (PM2.5) and radiation instruments. AE31/AE33 multiple-scattering correction factors (C) were determined using two reference systems for the absorption coefficient: 1) 5-wavelength PP_UniMI with low time resolution (12 h, applied to PM2.5 samples); 2) timely-resolved MAAP data at a single wavelength. Using wavelength- and time-independent C values for the AE31 and AE33 obtained with the same reference device, the total HR showed a consistency (i.e. reproducibility) with average values comparable at 95% probability. However, if different reference devices/approaches are used, i.e. MAAP is chosen as reference instead of a PP_UniMI, the HR can be overestimated by 23-30% factor (by both AE31/AE33). This became more evident focusing on HR apportionment: AE33 data (corrected by a wavelength- and time-independent C) showed higher HRFF (+24 ± 1%) and higher HRBC (+10 ± 1%) than that of AE31. Conversely, HRBB and HRBrC were -28 ± 1% and -29 ± 1% lower for AE33 compared to AE31. These inconsistencies were overcome by introducing a wavelength-dependent Cλ for both AE31 and AE33, or using multi-wavelength apportionment methods, highlighting the need for further studies on the influence of wavelength corrections for HR determination. Finally, the temporally-resolved determination of C resulted in a diurnal cycle of the HR not statistically different whatever the source- speciation- apportionment used.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ferrero
- GEMMA and POLARIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - V Bernardoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "A. Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - L Santagostini
- GEMMA and POLARIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - S Cogliati
- GEMMA and POLARIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Lab., DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - F Soldan
- Dipartimento di Fisica "A. Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - S Valentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica "A. Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D Massabò
- Dip. di Fisica Università di Genova & INFN Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - G Močnik
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Gregorič
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška 39A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Rigler
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška 39A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Prati
- Dip. di Fisica Università di Genova & INFN Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - A Bigogno
- GEMMA and POLARIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - N Losi
- GEMMA and POLARIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - G Valli
- Dipartimento di Fisica "A. Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "A. Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E Bolzacchini
- GEMMA and POLARIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Hofmann GS, Cardoso MF, Alves RJV, Weber EJ, Barbosa AA, de Toledo PM, Pontual FB, Salles LDO, Hasenack H, Cordeiro JLP, Aquino FE, de Oliveira LFB. The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4060-4073. [PMID: 34018296 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado is a global biodiversity hotspot with notoriously high rates of native vegetation suppression and wildfires over the past three decades. As a result, climate change can already be detected at both local and regional scales. In this study, we used three different approaches based on independent datasets to investigate possible changes in the daytime and nighttime temperature and air humidity between the peak of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season in the Brazilian Cerrado. Additionally, we evaluated the tendency of dew point depression, considering it as a proxy to assess impacts on biodiversity. Monthly increases of 2.2-4.0℃ in the maximum temperatures and 2.4-2.8℃ in the minimum temperatures between 1961 and 2019 were recorded, supported by all analyzed datasets which included direct observations, remote sensing, and modeling data. The warming raised the vapor pressure deficit, and although we recorded an upward trend in absolute humidity, relative humidity has reduced by ~15%. If these tendencies are maintained, gradual air warming will make nightly cooling insufficient to reach the dew point in the early hours of the night. Therefore, it will progressively reduce both the amount and duration of nocturnal dewfall, which is the main source of water for numerous plants and animal species of the Brazilian Cerrado during the dry season. Through several examples, we hypothesize that these climate changes can have a high impact on biodiversity and potentially cause ecosystems to collapse. We emphasize that the effects of temperature and humidity on Cerrado ecosystems cannot be neglected and should be further explored from a land use perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Hofmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manoel F Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruy J V Alves
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliseu J Weber
- Departamento Interdisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Tramandaí, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Barbosa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Peter M de Toledo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco B Pontual
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro de O Salles
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heinrich Hasenack
- Centro de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco E Aquino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz F B de Oliveira
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Wu B, Xuan K, Zhang X, Shen X, Li X, Zhou Q, Cao X, Zhang H, Yao Z. Mass absorption cross-section of black carbon from residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks based on real-world measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147225. [PMID: 34088050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) as an important part of atmospheric aerosols imposes adverse effects on atmospheric visibility, health, and climate change. Mass absorption cross-section (MACBC) is an essential parameter in BC quantitative and model research, which is of growing concern in recent decades. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on BC emissions from two major sources of residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks. BC emissions and MACBC values are quantified based on the photoacoustic and thermo-optical methods. The impacts of typical factors from biofuel stoves (biofuel and stove types) and diesel trucks (vehicle types, emission standards, and driving conditions) on BC/EC, MACBC values, and the relationships between BC and EC, BC/PM2.5 and MACBC are analyzed comprehensively. We find the BC and EC emissions from these two sources present good correlations, and those emissions are almost equal from diesel trucks, while the EC emissions from biofuel burning are slightly higher than BC. The typical factors for analysis may affect the optical properties of BC, and then will affect the mass ratio of BC/EC, indirectly. We have calculated the equivalent MACBC values and compared those with previous studies. Then, we further divided the equivalent MACBC values under several typical factors, which are 5.84 and 2.71 m2/g for improved and simple biofuel stoves, and 5.91 and 4.64 m2/g for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel trucks, respectively. Furthermore, the MACBC and BC/PM2.5 under the main operational metrics generally present good correlations. Our results will help to enhance the understanding of MACBC and provide effective data support for BC quantification and atmospheric model research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kaijie Xuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianbao Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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15
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Predicting Sooting Propensity of Oxygenated Fuels Using Artificial Neural Networks. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9061070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-learning capabilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs) from large datasets have led to their deployment in the prediction of various physical and chemical phenomena. In the present work, an ANN model was developed to predict the yield sooting index (YSI) of oxygenated fuels using the functional group approach. A total of 265 pure compounds comprising six chemical classes, namely paraffins (n and iso), olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, alcohols, and ethers, were dis-assembled into eight constituent functional groups, namely paraffinic CH3 groups, paraffinic CH2 groups, paraffinic CH groups, olefinic -CH=CH2 groups, naphthenic CH-CH2 groups, aromatic C-CH groups, alcoholic OH groups, and ether O groups. These functional groups, in addition to molecular weight and branching index, were used as inputs to develop the ANN model. A neural network with two hidden layers was used to train the model using the Levenberg–Marquardt (ML) training algorithm. The developed model was tested with 15% of the random unseen data points. A regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 was obtained when the experimental values were compared with the predicted YSI values from the test set. An average error of 3.4% was obtained, which is less than the experimental uncertainty associated with most reported YSI measurements. The developed model can be used for YSI prediction of hydrocarbon fuels containing alcohol and ether-based oxygenates as additives with a high degree of accuracy.
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16
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Miniature Optical Particle Counter and Analyzer Involving a Fluidic-Optronic CMOS Chip Coupled with a Millimeter-Sized Glass Optical System. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093181. [PMID: 34063656 PMCID: PMC8124938 DOI: 10.3390/s21093181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our latest advances in the field of miniaturized optical PM sensors are presented. This sensor combines a hybrid fluidic-optronic CMOS (holed retina) that is able to record a specific irradiance pattern scattered by an illuminated particle (scattering signature), while enabling the circulation of particles toward the sensing area. The holed retina is optically coupled with a monolithic, millimeter-sized, refracto-reflective optical system. The latter notably performs an optical pre-processing of signatures, with a very wide field of view of scattering angles. This improves the sensitivity of the sensors, and simplifies image processing. We report the precise design methodology for such a sensor, as well as its fabrication and characterization using calibrated polystyrene beads. Finally, we discuss its ability to characterize particles and its potential for further miniaturization and integration.
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17
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Review of Respirable Coal Mine Dust Characterization for Mass Concentration, Size Distribution and Chemical Composition. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) exposure is associated with black lung and silicosis diseases in underground miners. Although only RCMD mass and silica concentrations are regulated, it is possible that particle size, surface area, and other chemical constituents also contribute to its adverse health effects. This review summarizes measurement technologies for RCMD mass concentrations, morphology, size distributions, and chemical compositions, with examples from published efforts where these methods have been applied. Some state-of-the-art technologies presented in this paper have not been certified as intrinsically safe, and caution should be exerted for their use in explosive environments. RCMD mass concentrations are most often obtained by filter sampling followed by gravimetric analysis, but recent requirements for real-time monitoring by continuous personal dust monitors (CPDM) enable quicker exposure risk assessments. Emerging low-cost photometers provide an opportunity for a wider deployment of real-time exposure assessment. Particle size distributions can be determined by microscopy, cascade impactors, aerodynamic spectrometers, optical particle counters, and electrical mobility analyzers, each with unique advantages and limitations. Different filter media are required to collect integrated samples over working shifts for comprehensive chemical analysis. Teflon membrane filters are used for mass by gravimetry, elements by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, rare-earth elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and mineralogy by X-ray diffraction. Quartz fiber filters are analyzed for organic, elemental, and brown carbon by thermal/optical methods and non-polar organics by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Polycarbonate-membrane filters are analyzed for morphology and elements by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray, and quartz content by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
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18
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Mu L, Li X, Liu X, Bai H, Peng L, Li Y, Tian M, Zheng L. Characterization and emission factors of carbonaceous aerosols originating from coke production in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115768. [PMID: 33120149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coking is a substantial source of carbonaceous aerosols in China, but the emission characteristics and pollution levels of coking-produced organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) remain unknown, causing considerable uncertainty in emission estimates. In this study, the emission factors of OC (EFOC) and EC (EFEC) of typical coking plants in Shanxi, China, were measured. The measured EFEC and EFOC from fugitive emissions (7.43 and 9.54 g/t) were significantly higher than those from flue gas (1.67 and 3.71 g/t). The technological conditions of coke production affect the emissions of OC and EC. For example, the total emissions from coke plants that use 3.2-m-high coke ovens were greater than those from plants that use 4.3- and 6-m-high ovens. The EFOC and EFEC for plants conducting stamp charging were considerably higher than those for plants using top charging. The stable carbon isotopes of total carbon (δ13CTC), OC (δ13COC), and EC (δ13CEC) for fly ash during coking were -23.74‰ to -24.17‰, -23.32‰ to -23.87‰, and -23.84‰ to -24.14‰, respectively, and no clear isotopic fractionation was found during coke production. Different EC/OC ratios from different emission pathways and the carbon isotope signature of coke production should be considered when investigating the sources of carbonaceous aerosols. The total estimated EC and OC emissions from coke production in China were 3.93 and 5.72 Gg in 2017, and Shanxi, Hebei, and Shaanxi made the largest contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
| | - Xuemei Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Huiling Bai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Lin Peng
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yangyong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Mei Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
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19
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Wang P, Qiao X, Zhang H. Modeling PM 2.5 and O 3 with aerosol feedbacks using WRF/Chem over the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126735. [PMID: 32325353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With a large population and fast economic growth, the Sichuan Basin (SCB) has been suffering from air pollution in recent years. However, limited studies have estimated air pollution levels in consideration of the feedbacks of aerosols on meteorology in the SCB. In this study, simulation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) over the SCB with a horizontal resolution of 36 km over China and 12 km was conducted for summer (July) and winter (January) in 2015 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). The model well captured the variations of PM2.5 and daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) O3 in the 18 cities, especially O3 in July and PM2.5 in January. From rim to center, averaged PM2.5 increased from 40 μg/m3 to 100 μg/m3 in January while averaged O3 ranged from 60 to 90 ppb in July. Aerosol radiation decreased surface temperature by 1-2 °C, wind speed (WS) by ∼ 0.3 m/s, planetary boundary layer (PBL) height by 10-20%, solar radiation (SR) by ∼30%, and precipitation by 0.02-0.2 mm, while increased relative humidity (RH) by up to 2-4% in January, which resulted in up to 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 in January and 2 ppb decrease of O3 in July. The effect increased as the increase of PM2.5 concentration and can be up to 18% in January and 25% in July. This study highlights the importance of considering meteorology feedbacks in understanding and controlling air pollution in the SCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Xue Qiao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA; Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai, 200062, China.
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20
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Jain S, Sharma SK, Vijayan N, Mandal TK. Seasonal characteristics of aerosols (PM 2.5 and PM 10) and their source apportionment using PMF: A four year study over Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114337. [PMID: 32193082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to explore and compare the seasonal variability in chemical composition and contributions of different sources of fine and coarse fractions of aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10) in Delhi, India from January 2013 to December 2016. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 131 ± 79 μg m-3 (range: 17-417 μg m-3) and 238 ± 106 μg m-3 (range: 34-537 μg m-3), respectively. PM2.5 and PM10 samples were chemically characterized to assess their chemical components [i.e. organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble inorganic ionic components (WSICs) and heavy and trace elements] and then used for estimation of enrichment factors (EFs) and applied positive matrix factorization (PMF5) model to evaluate their prominent sources on seasonal basis in Delhi. PMF identified eight major sources i.e. Secondary nitrate (SN), secondary sulphate (SS), vehicular emissions (VE), biomass burning (BB), soil dust (SD), fossil fuel combustion (FFC), sodium and magnesium salts (SMS) and industrial emissions (IE). Total carbon contributes ∼28% to the total PM2.5 concentration and 24% to the total PM10 concentration and followed the similar seasonality pattern. SN and SS followed opposite seasonal pattern, where SN was higher during colder seasons while SS was greater during warm seasons. The seasonal differences in VE contributions were not very striking as it prevails evidently most of year. Emissions from BB is one of the major sources in Delhi with larger contribution during winter and post monsoon seasons due to stable meteorological conditions and aggrandized biomass burning (agriculture residue burning in and around the regions; mainly Punjab and Haryana) and domestic heating during the season. Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) plots revealed that the maximum concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were carried by north westerly winds (north-western Indo Gangetic Plains of India).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Jain
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - S K Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - N Vijayan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - T K Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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21
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Measuring the effectiveness of high-performance Co-Optima biofuels on suppressing soot formation at high temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3451-3460. [PMID: 32015102 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920223117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot emissions in combustion are unwanted consequences of burning hydrocarbon fuels. The presence of soot during and following combustion processes is an indication of incomplete combustion and has several negative consequences including the emission of harmful particulates and increased operational costs. Efforts have been made to reduce soot production in combustion engines through utilizing oxygenated biofuels in lieu of traditional nonoxygenated feedstocks. The ongoing Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines (Co-Optima) initiative from the US Department of Energy (DOE) is focused on accelerating the introduction of affordable, scalable, and sustainable biofuels and high-efficiency, low-emission vehicle engines. The Co-Optima program has identified a handful of biofuel compounds from a list of thousands of potential candidates. In this study, a shock tube was used to evaluate the performance of soot reduction of five high-performance biofuels downselected by the Co-Optima program. Current experiments were performed at test conditions between 1,700 and 2,100 K and 4 and 4.7 atm using shock tube and ultrafast, time-resolve laser absorption diagnostic techniques. The combination of shock heating and nonintrusive laser detection provides a state-of-the-art test platform for high-temperature soot formation under engine conditions. Soot reduction was found in ethanol, cyclopentanone, and methyl acetate; conversely, an α-diisobutylene and methyl furan produced more soot compared to the baseline over longer test times. For each biofuel, several reaction pathways that lead towards soot production were identified. The data collected in these experiments are valuable information for the future of renewable biofuel development and their applicability in engines.
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Cereceda-Balic F, Gorena T, Soto C, Vidal V, Lapuerta M, Moosmüller H. Optical determination of black carbon mass concentrations in snow samples: A new analytical method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:133934. [PMID: 31476508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols in the atmosphere strongly affect direct radiative forcing and climate, not only while suspended in the atmosphere but also after deposition onto high albedo surfaces. Snow surfaces are especially sensitive to BC deposition, because of their high surface albedo and additional positive feedbacks further enhance faster snowpack melting caused by BC deposition, resulting in modifications in water resources and recession of glaciers. For the analysis of BC deposition on snow, a precise quantification of BC mass is needed. Instead, optical methods have the potential of quantifying only BC, based on its characteristic spectral absorption. Commercial optical transmissometers commonly use quartz filters to filter BC and measure its optical attenuation. They are calibrated for the determination of BC mass concentrations in air, but not adapted or calibrated for their determination in water or snowmelt samples. Additionally, they are generally calibrated using BC-simulating materials that are not representative of ambient BC particles. Here, a new analytical method is demonstrated for the quantitative determination of BC mass concentration in snow samples that considers filtering of melted snow with polycarbonate filters in a new device, and optical filter attenuation BC mass concentration measurement (880 nm). The attenuation can be obtained with any optical equipment that can measure the 880-nm attenuation of filters impacted with BC/snow impurities. This method has been calibrated using real diesel vehicle exhaust soot with well-known optical properties as reference material, yielding a multipoint calibration curve for common BC concentration levels in snow. The limits of detection (0.011 mg of BC), quantification (0.036 mg of BC) and reproducibility (96.39%) of this new analytical method have been determined. Real surface snow samples collected at different locations in "Los Andes" mountains of Chile were measured with this method given a BC concentrations ranged from 151 to 5987 μg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cereceda-Balic
- Centre for Environmental Technologies, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Tamara Gorena
- Centre for Environmental Technologies, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Soto
- Centre for Environmental Technologies, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Victor Vidal
- Centre for Environmental Technologies, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Magín Lapuerta
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Hans Moosmüller
- Laboratory for Aerosol Science, Spectroscopy, and Optics, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
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Yasin M, Jang N, Lee M, Kang H, Aslam M, Bazmi AA, Chang IS. Bioreactors, gas delivery systems and supporting technologies for microbial synthesis gas conversion process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang P, Guo H, Hu J, Kota SH, Ying Q, Zhang H. Responses of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations to changes of meteorology and emissions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:297-306. [PMID: 30690364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been made to reduce the severe air pollution in China since 2013. However, the annual and peak fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations during severe events in winter did not always reduce as expected. This is partially due to the inter-annual variation of meteorology, which affects the emission, transport, transformation, and deposition processes of air pollutants. In this study, the responses of PM2.5 and ozone (O3) concentrations to changes in emission and meteorology from 2013 to 2015 were investigated based on ambient measurements and the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations with anthropogenic emissions. It is found that emission reductions in 2014 and 2015 effectively reduced PM2.5 concentrations by 23.9 and 43.5 μg/m3, respectively, but was partially counteracted by unfavorable meteorology. The negative effects from unfavorable meteorology were significant in extreme pollution events. For example, in December 2015, unfavorable meteorology caused a great increase (90 μg/m3) of PM2.5 in Beijing. Reduction of primary PM and gaseous precursors led to 13.4 and 16.5 ppb increase of O3-8 h daily concentrations in the summertime in 2014 and 2015 in comparison of 2013, which was likely caused by the increase of solar actinic flux due to PM reduction. In addition, reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in areas with negative NOx-O3 sensitivity could lead to an increase of O3 formation when the reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was not sufficient. This unintended enhanced O3 formation could also lead to higher O3 in downwind areas. This study emphasizes the role of meteorology in pollution control, validates the effectiveness of PM2.5 control measures in China, and highlights the importance of appropriate joint reduction of NOx and VOCs to simultaneously decrease O3 and PM2.5 for higher air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Pervez S, Verma M, Tiwari S, Chakrabarty RK, Watson JG, Chow JC, Panicker AS, Deb MK, Siddiqui MN, Pervez YF. Household solid fuel burning emission characterization and activity levels in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:493-504. [PMID: 30447588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5, carbon fractions, major ionic (K+, Ca2+, NH4+, SO42-, NO3- and Cl-) and elemental (Al, Cr, Cu and Fe) species from combustion of commonly used household solid fuel were determined in 10 different states in India during cooking practices. The study involved sampling during actual household cooking involving use of a variety of fuels including coal balls (CB), fuel wood (FW), dung cakes (DC), crop residues (CR), mixed fuels (MF: dung cakes + fuel woods). Species-wise highest EFs (g·kg-1) were: 34.16 ± 10.1 for PM2.5 (CB), 14.18 ± 5.8 for OC (CB), 2.33 ± 1.4 for EC (DC), 1.03 ± 0.2 for K+ (CR), 2.21 ± 0.6 NH4+ (DC), 0.61 ± 0.2 for NO3- (CB), 0.59 ± 0.1 for SO42- (CB), 0.69 ± 0.1 for Cl- (CR) among the fuels. Higher OC EFs for CB could be attributed to higher moisture content (>13%) in coal-powder that is used to handmade coal balls. It is observed that, in general, OC3 and EC1 were the dominant thermally evolved carbon mass fractions. The study averaged MCE values were in the range 0.93-0.98, which could be attributed to higher variability in flaming and smoldering episodes during the combustion of selected fuels. Sum of ionic EFs for emissions from DC, CR and MF were found to be higher than those observed for FW and CB. The K+/EC and Cl-/EC (~1) ratios could be better indicators of CR fuels to differentiate it from FW, whereas NH4+/EC (~1) is suitable to indicate DC. Average annual emission estimates of PM2.5 (2.00 ± 0.53 Tg·yr-1), OC (0.86 ± 0.23 Tg·yr-1) and EC (0.11 ± 0.02 Tg·yr-1) for tested fuels are evaluated to be contributing 27, 15 and 4% of total PM2.5, OC and EC, respectively, toward annual emission budget from different anthropogenic activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.
| | - Madhuri Verma
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, China
| | | | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Mohammad Nahid Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Yang Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zheng S, Wang L, Liu D, Gustave W, Jiang L, Hua Y, Du S, Tang L. Seasonal size distribution and mixing state of black carbon aerosols in a polluted urban environment of the Yangtze River Delta region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:300-310. [PMID: 30445330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of black carbon aerosols (BC) are determined by the particles size and the associated non-BC materials, which may be source-related or modified during secondary processing. The one-year long monitoring of BC was first conducted using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) from December 2013 to November 2014 in Nanjing, a megacity in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The seasonal variation in the BC size distribution and mixing state were investigated. There was no apparent systematic variation in the mean BC core mass median diameter between seasons, as these values were 226 ± 12 nm, 217 ± 13 nm, 211 ± 15 nm and 221 ± 12 nm for winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively. The mixing state of BC was quantified as the bulk relative coating thickness (defined as particle size Dp over core size Dc, Dp/Dc), which ranged from 1.05 to 2.65. The BC was found to be significantly more coated in the winter (Dp/Dc = 1.50 ± 0.30) than in other seasons (Dp/Dc = 1.27 ± 0.09, 1.28 ± 0.10, 1.27 ± 0.11 in spring, summer and autumn respectively). Higher levels of coating during the winter may due to the contributions of the primary source (with the highest BC mass loadings between seasons) or secondary processes such as low temperature that facilitated the condensation. It was found that the photochemical process may enhance the coatings on BC in summer. At nighttime, the reduced and stabilized planetary boundary layer and the nighttime secondary formation may also lead to BC becoming well mixed with other components. Moreover, BC was shown to be less coated when the NOx concentration was high. However, during all seasons, the BC coating was strongly correlated with other non-BC particulate mass, which suggests that at higher pollution levels BC was more significantly coated with other existing materials through coagulation or condensation by other secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Shanshan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingrui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, UK
| | - Williamson Gustave
- Department of Environment Science, Xi'an Jiangtong Liverpoor University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Songshan Du
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
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Variations in FINN Emissions of Particulate Matters and Associated Carbonaceous Aerosols from Remote Sensing of Open Biomass Burning over Northeast China during 2002–2016. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10093353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various particulate matters (PM) and associated carbonaceous aerosols released from open biomass burning (including open straw burning, grass and forest fires) are major sources of atmospheric pollutants. Northeast China is a central region with high forest and grass coverage, as well as an intensive agricultural area. In this study, the FINN (Fire INventory from Ncar) emission data was used to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of PM and associated carbonaceous aerosol component (PM2.5, PM10, OC and BC) emissions from open biomass burning in Northeast China from 2002 to 2016. The results show that the total amount of annual PM2.5, PM10, OC and BC emissions was estimated to be 59.0, 70.6, 31.5, and 4.3 kilotons, respectively, from open biomass burning over Northeast China, averaged from 2002 to 2016, with significant inter-annual variations in amplitudes from 28.0 to 122.3, 33.7 to 144.1, 15.0 to 65.0, and 2.1 to 8.6 kilotons. The regional PM2.5, PM10, OC and BC emissions showed significant seasonal variations with highest emissions in spring (with a seasonal peak in April), followed by autumn (with a seasonal peak in October), summer, and winter in Northeast China; high emissions were concentrated in the forests and grasslands with natural fires, as well as over agricultural areas with crop straw burning from human activities. The PM2.5, PM10, OC and BC emissions over forest areas presented decreasing trends, while the emissions over farmlands showed increasing trends in Northeast China during 2002–2016; this reflects on the dominance of biomass burning that shifted from forestland with natural fires to farmlands with increasing human activities. Three key meteorological drivers—strong near-surface wind speed, high air temperature and low relative humidity—were identified as having significant positive impacts on the inter-annual variations of PM2.5, PM10, OC and BC emissions from open biomass burning in Northeast China.
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28
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Ye J, Cammarota RC, Xie J, Vollmer MV, Truhlar DG, Cramer CJ, Lu CC, Gagliardi L. Rationalizing the Reactivity of Bimetallic Molecular Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ryan C. Cammarota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew V. Vollmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Connie C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Ferrero L, Močnik G, Cogliati S, Gregorič A, Colombo R, Bolzacchini E. Heating Rate of Light Absorbing Aerosols: Time-Resolved Measurements, the Role of Clouds, and Source Identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3546-3555. [PMID: 29474062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light absorbing aerosols (LAA) absorb sunlight and heat the atmosphere. This work presents a novel methodology to experimentally quantify the heating rate (HR) induced by LAA into an atmospheric layer. Multiwavelength aerosol absorption measurements were coupled with spectral measurements of the direct, diffuse and surface reflected radiation to obtain highly time-resolved measurements of HR apportioned in the context of LAA species (black carbon, BC; brown carbon, BrC; dust), sources (fossil fuel, FF; biomass burning, BB), and as a function of cloudiness. One year of continuous and time-resolved measurements (5 min) of HR were performed in the Po Valley. We experimentally determined (1) the seasonal behavior of HR (winter 1.83 ± 0.02 K day-1; summer 1.04 ± 0.01 K day-1); (2) the daily cycle of HR (asymmetric, with higher values in the morning than in the afternoon); (3) the HR in different sky conditions (from 1.75 ± 0.03 K day-1 in clear sky to 0.43 ± 0.01 K day-1 in complete overcast); (4) the apportionment to different sources: HRFF (0.74 ± 0.01 K day-1) and HRBB (0.46 ± 0.01 K day-1); and (4) the HR of BrC (HRBrC: 0.15 ± 0.01 K day-1, 12.5 ± 0.6% of the total) and that of BC (HRBC: 1.05 ± 0.02 K day-1; 87.5 ± 0.6% of the total).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrero
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
- GEMMA Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
| | - Griša Močnik
- Aerosol d.o.o. , Kamniška 41 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics , Jozef Stefan Institute , Jamova 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Sergio Cogliati
- GEMMA Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Lab., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o. , Kamniška 41 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Center for Atmospheric Research , University of Nova Gorica , SI-5000 Nova Gorica , Slovenia
| | - Roberto Colombo
- GEMMA Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Lab., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
| | - Ezio Bolzacchini
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
- GEMMA Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , 20126 , Milano , Italy
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30
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Ray D, Bhattacharya TS, Chatterjee A, Singha A, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Hygroscopic Coating of Sulfuric Acid Shields Oxidant Attack on the Atmospheric Pollutant Benzo(a)pyrene Bound to Model Soot Particles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:129. [PMID: 29317668 PMCID: PMC5760694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial impacts on climate have been documented for soot‒sulfuric acid (H2SO4) interactions in terms of optical and hygroscopic properties of soot aerosols. However, the influence of H2SO4 on heterogeneous chemistry on soot remains unexplored. Additionally, oxidation rate coefficients for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons intrinsic to the atmospheric particles evaluated in laboratory experiments seem to overestimate their degradation in ambient atmosphere, possibly due to matrix effects which are hitherto not mimicked in laboratory experiments. For the first time, our kinetics study reports significant influence of H2SO4 coating on heterogeneous ozonation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) deposited on model soot, representative to atmospheric particles. The approximate specific surface area of model soot (5 m2g−1) was estimated as a measure of the availability of surface molecules to a typical gaseous atmospheric oxidant. Heterogeneous bimolecular reaction kinetics and Raman spectroscopy studies suggested plausible reasons for decreased BaP ozonation rate in presence of H2SO4: 1. decreased partitioning of O3 on soot surface and 2. shielding of BaP molecules to gaseous O3 by acid-BaP reaction or O3 oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ray
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | | | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India.,Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Achintya Singha
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Sanjay K Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.,Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Sibaji Raha
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India. .,Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India. .,Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India.
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31
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Thongnuam W, Maihom T, Choomwattana S, Injongkol Y, Boekfa B, Treesukol P, Limtrakul J. Theoretical study of CO2 hydrogenation into formic acid on Lewis acid zeolites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25179-25185. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formic acid over Lewis acidic zeolites as catalyst has been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) with the M06-L functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawaran Thongnuam
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science
- Kasetsart University
- Thailand
| | - Thana Maihom
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science
- Kasetsart University
- Thailand
| | - Saowapak Choomwattana
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics
- Faculty of Medical Technology
- Mahidol University
- Thailand
| | - Yuwanda Injongkol
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science
- Kasetsart University
- Thailand
| | - Bundet Boekfa
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science
- Kasetsart University
- Thailand
| | - Piti Treesukol
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science
- Kasetsart University
- Thailand
| | - Jumras Limtrakul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
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32
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Biodesulfurization of Petroleum Distillates—Current Status, Opportunities and Future Challenges. ENVIRONMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/environments4040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur oxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are considered as one of the major air pollutants in the world today. In addition, high sulfur levels in petroleum distillates can promote the deactivation of catalysts through poisoning in fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) during hydrocracking of the heavy distillates to lighter ones. The presence of high sulfur-containing compounds in the process streams could cause corrosion of piping and fittings and equipment, thereby damaging the pipelines and leading to air emissions of sulfur-containing compounds, which are undesirable for mankind and his environment. In many cases, a large quantity of SOx is released into the atmosphere when petroleum distillates that contain substantial amount of sulphur-containing compounds are used as fuel and combust. In this article, a short overview of different desulfurization methods that are employed to remove sulfur from petroleum distillates is provided. In particular, the review concentrates on biodesulfurization technique. In addition, this article intends to provide its readers current status of biodesulfurization (BDS). It critically analyses the trend in the development of the technology to showcase its strength and weakness that could pave a way for future opportunities. Approaches that are suitable to remediate sulfur-contaminated environment are discussed as well. Lastly, speculations on future directions or opportunities that require exploration are provided as a way of provoking the thoughts of researchers in this field.
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33
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The use of hydrate formation for the continuous recovery of ethylene and hydrogen from fluid catalytic cracking dry gas. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Xing J, Wang J, Mathur R, Wang S, Sarwar G, Pleim J, Hogrefe C, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Wong DC, Hao J. Impacts of aerosol direct effects on tropospheric ozone through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis rates. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:9869-9883. [PMID: 30147710 PMCID: PMC6104653 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol direct effects (ADEs), i.e., scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation, reduce radiation reaching the ground and the resultant photolysis attenuation can decrease ozone (O3) formation in polluted areas. One the other hand, evidence also suggests that ADE-associated cooling suppresses atmospheric ventilation, thereby enhancing surface-level O3. Assessment of ADE impacts is thus important for understanding emission reduction strategies that seek co-benefits associated with reductions in both particuate matter and O3 levels. This study quantifies the impacts of ADEs on tropospheric ozone by using a two-way online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry model, WRF- CMAQ, using a process analysis methodology. Two mani-festations of ADE impacts on O3 including changes in atmospheric dynamics (ᐃDynamics) and changes in photolysis rates (∆Photolysis) were assessed separately through multiple scenario simulations for January and July of 2013 over China. Results suggest that ADEs reduced surface daily maxima 1 h O3 (DM1O3) in China by up to 39μgm-3 through the combination of ∆Dynamics and ∆Photolysis in January but enhanced surface DM1O3 by up to 4μgm-3 in July. Increased O3 in July is largely attributed to ∆Dynamics, which causes a weaker O3 sink of dry deposition and a stronger O3 source of photochemistry due to the stabilization of the at-mosphere. Meanwhile, surface OH is also enhanced at noon in July, though its daytime average values are reduced in January. An increased OH chain length and a shift towards more volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited conditions are found due to ADEs in both January and July. This study suggests that reducing ADEs may have the potential risk of increasing O3 in winter, but it will benefit the reduction in maxima O3 in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rohit Mathur
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David C. Wong
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Xing J, Wang J, Mathur R, Pleim J, Wang S, Hogrefe C, Gan CM, Wong DC, Hao J. Unexpected Benefits of Reducing Aerosol Cooling Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7527-7534. [PMID: 27310144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of aerosol cooling are not limited to changes in surface temperature since modulation of atmospheric dynamics resulting from the increased stability can deteriorate local air quality and impact human health. Health impacts from two manifestations of the aerosol direct effects (ADE) are estimated in this study: (1) the effect on surface temperature and (2) the effect on air quality through atmospheric dynamics. Average mortalities arising from the enhancement of surface PM2.5 concentration due to ADE in East Asia, North America and Europe are estimated to be 3-6 times higher than reduced mortality from decreases of temperature due to ADE. Our results suggest that mitigating aerosol pollution is beneficial in decreasing the impacts of climate change arising from these two manifestations of ADE health impacts. Thus, decreasing aerosol pollution gets direct benefits on health, and indirect benefits on health through changes in local climate and not offsetting changes associated only with temperature modulations as traditionally thought. The modulation of air pollution due to ADE also translates into an additional human health dividend in regions (e.g., U.S. Europe) with air pollution control measures but a penalty for regions (e.g., Asia) witnessing rapid deterioration in air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jiandong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Rohit Mathur
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Chuen-Meei Gan
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David C Wong
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
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Choi JK, Ban SJ, Kim YP, Kim YH, Yi SM, Zoh KD. Molecular marker characterization and source appointment of particulate matter and its organic aerosols. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:482-491. [PMID: 26022138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to identify possible sources and to estimate their contribution to total suspended particle (TSP) organic aerosol (OA) contents. A total of 120 TSP and PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously every third day over a one-year period in urban area of Incheon, Korea. High concentration in particulate matters (PM) and its components (NO3(-), water soluble organic compounds (WSOCs), and n-alkanoic acids) were observed during the winter season. Among the organics, n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, levoglucosan, and phthalates were major components. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis identified seven sources of organic aerosols including combustion 1 (low molecular weight (LMW)-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), combustion 2 (high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs), biomass burning, vegetative detritus (n-alkane), secondary organic aerosol 1 (SOA1), secondary organic aerosol 2 (SOA2), and motor vehicles. Vegetative detritus increased during the summer season through an increase in biogenic/photochemical activity, while most of the organic sources were prominent in the winter season due to the increases in air pollutant emissions and atmospheric stability. The correlation factors were high among the main components of the organic carbon (OC) in the TSP and PM2.5. The results showed that TSP OAs had very similar characteristics to the PM2.5 OAs. SOA, combustion (PAHs), and motor vehicle were found to be important sources of carbonaceous PM in this region. Our results imply that molecular markers (MMs)-PMF model can provide useful information on the source and characteristics of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon metropolitan city, Incheon 400-036, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Ban
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon metropolitan city, Incheon 400-036, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Khan MF, Latif MT, Amil N, Juneng L, Mohamad N, Nadzir MSM, Hoque HMS. Characterization and source apportionment of particle number concentration at a semi-urban tropical environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13111-13126. [PMID: 25925145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation have been used to study the variability of particle mass and particle number concentrations (PNC) in a tropical semi-urban environment. PNC and mass concentration (diameter in the range of 0.25->32.0 μm) have been measured from 1 February to 26 February 2013 using an in situ Grimm aerosol sampler. We found that the 24-h average total suspended particulates (TSP), particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10), particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and particulate matter ≤1 μm (PM1) were 14.37 ± 4.43, 14.11 ± 4.39, 12.53 ± 4.13 and 10.53 ± 3.98 μg m(-3), respectively. PNC in the accumulation mode (<500 nm) was the most abundant (at about 99 %). Five principal components (PCs) resulted from the PCA analysis where PC1 (43.8 % variance) predominates with PNC in the fine and sub-microme tre range. PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5 explain 16.5, 12.4, 6.0 and 5.6 % of the variance to address the coarse, coarser, accumulation and giant fraction of PNC, respectively. Our particle distribution results show good agreement with the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Firoz Khan
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Institute for Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,
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39
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Mateo S, Rodrigo M, Fonseca LP, Cañizares P, Fernandez-Morales FJ. Oxygen availability effect on the performance of air-breathing cathode microbial fuel cell. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:900-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mateo
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA; Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N. 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Manuel Rodrigo
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Chemical Engineering Dept.; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N. 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Luis Pina Fonseca
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering; Instituto Superior Técnico; 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Dept.; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N. 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Francisco Jesus Fernandez-Morales
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Chemical Engineering Dept.; University of Castilla-La Mancha; ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N. 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering; Instituto Superior Técnico; 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
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von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Allan JD, Bruhwiler L, Forster P, Fowler D, Lauer A, Morgan WT, Paasonen P, Righi M, Sindelarova K, Sutton MA. Chemistry and the Linkages between Air Quality and Climate Change. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3856-97. [PMID: 25926133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Monks
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - David Fowler
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Lauer
- †Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Pauli Paasonen
- ○Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattia Righi
- ◆Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- ¶UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Université Versailles St-Quentin; CNRS/INSU; LATMOS-IPSL, UMR 8190 Paris, France.,□Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark A Sutton
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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41
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Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Wanzhou in the Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior of Northeast Chongqing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Characteristics of Organic and Elemental Carbon in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in Indoor and Outdoor Environments of a Middle School: Secondary Formation of Organic Carbon and Sources Identification. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Yan F, Bond TC, Streets DG. Effectiveness of mitigation measures in reducing future primary particulate matter emissions from on-road vehicle exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14455-14463. [PMID: 25393452 DOI: 10.1021/es503197f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the effectiveness of on-road primary particulate matter emission reductions that can be achieved by long-term vehicle scrappage and retrofit measures on regional and global levels. Scenario analysis shows that scrappage can provide significant emission reductions as soon as the measures begin, whereas retrofit provides greater emission reductions in later years, when more advanced technologies become available in most regions. Reductions are compared with a baseline that already accounts for implementation of clean vehicle standards. The greatest global emission reductions from a scrappage program occur 5 to 10 years after its introduction and can reach as much as 70%. The greatest reductions with retrofit occur around 2030 and range from 16-31%. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate how uncertainties in the composition of the vehicle fleet affect predicted reductions. Scrappage and retrofit reduce global emissions by 22-60% and 15-31%, respectively, within 95% confidence intervals, under a midrange scenario in the year 2030. The simulations provide guidance about which strategies are most effective for specific regions. Retrofit is preferable for high-income regions. For regions where early emission standards are in place, scrappage is suggested, followed by retrofit after more advanced emission standards are introduced. The early implementation of advanced emission standards is recommended for Western and Eastern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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44
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Goto D. Modeling of black carbon in Asia using a global-to-regional seamless aerosol-transport model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:330-5. [PMID: 24993453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In Asia, the evaluation of black carbon (BC) using global aerosol-transport models has been incomplete due to a lack of available measurements. Recently, new measurements and datasets at various Asian sites have become available for use in model validation. In this study, we compared the BC mass concentrations obtained by an aerosol-coupled global nonhydrostatic model adopting a uniform-grid system with in-situ measurements and other models over Asia. The results revealed that our model, as well as other global models, was unable to reproduce the observed BC values at most sites in China and India, most likely due to strong local hotspots. To overcome the inconsistency between the models and measurements, we developed a new aerosol-transport model using a stretched-grid system for high-resolution simulations with up to approximately 10 km grids. Our model can be used as a global-to-regional seamless aerosol-transport model for low to high horizontal resolution simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Goto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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45
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Liati A, Brem BT, Durdina L, Vögtli M, Dasilva YAR, Eggenschwiler PD, Wang J. Electron microscopic study of soot particulate matter emissions from aircraft turbine engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10975-10983. [PMID: 25180674 DOI: 10.1021/es501809b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic characteristics of soot particulate matter (PM) in gas turbine exhaust are critical for an accurate assessment of the potential impacts of the aviation industry on the environment and human health. The morphology and internal structure of soot particles emitted from a CFM 56-7B26/3 turbofan engine were analyzed in an electron microscopic study, down to the nanoscale, for ∼ 100%, ∼ 65%, and ∼ 7% static engine thrust as a proxy for takeoff, cruising, and taxiing, respectively. Sampling was performed directly on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids with a state-of-the-art sampling system designed for nonvolatile particulate matter. The electron microscopy results reveal that ∼ 100% thrust produces the highest amount of soot, the highest soot particle volume, and the largest and most crystalline primary soot particles with the lowest oxidative reactivity. The opposite is the case for soot produced during taxiing, where primary soot particles are smallest and most reactive and the soot amount and volume are lowest. The microscopic characteristics of cruising condition soot resemble the ones of the ∼ 100% thrust conditions, but they are more moderate. Real time online measurements of number and mass concentration show also a clear correlation with engine thrust level, comparable with the TEM study. The results of the present work, in particular the small size of primary soot particles present in the exhaust (modes of 24, 20, and 13 nm in diameter for ∼ 100%, ∼ 65% and ∼ 7% engine thrust, respectively) could be a concern for human health and the environment and merit further study. This work further emphasizes the significance of the detailed morphological characteristics of soot for assessing environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Liati
- Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engines, ‡Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, and ∥Electron Microscopy Center, Empa Material Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Novakov T, Rosen H. The black carbon story: early history and new perspectives. AMBIO 2013; 42:840-51. [PMID: 23558981 PMCID: PMC3790137 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-013-0392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have suggested that black carbon (BC), the light-absorbing fraction of soot, is next to CO2 one of the strongest contributors to the global climate change. BC heats the air, darkens the snow and ice surfaces and could contribute to the melting of Arctic ice, snowpacks, and glaciers. Although soot is the oldest known pollutant its importance in climate modification has only been recently recognized. In this article, we trace the historical developments over about three decades that changed the view of the role of BC in the environment, from a pollutant of marginal importance to one of the main climate change agents. We also discuss some of the reasons for the initial lack of interest in BC and the subsequent rigorous research activity on the role of aerosols in climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tica Novakov
- />Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Bldg 70, Rm 215, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Hal Rosen
- />Hitachi Research in San Jose, 3403 Yerba Buena Rd., San Jose, CA 95135 USA
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47
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ZHANG MG, XU YF, ZHANG RJ, HAN ZW. Emissions and Concentration Distributions of Black Carbon Aerosol in East Asia during the Springtime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjg2.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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49
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Zhao ZJ, Moskaleva LV, Rösch N. Ring-Opening Reactions of Methylcyclopentane over Metal Catalysts, M = Pt, Rh, Ir, and Pd: A Mechanistic Study from First-Principles Calculations. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs3005924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Zhao
- Department
Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Lyudmila V. Moskaleva
- Institut für Angewandte
und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Notker Rösch
- Department
Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Institute of High Performance
Computing, Agency of Science, Technology and Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632
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50
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Lam NL, Chen Y, Weyant C, Venkataraman C, Sadavarte P, Johnson MA, Smith KR, Brem BT, Arineitwe J, Ellis JE, Bond TC. Household light makes global heat: high black carbon emissions from kerosene wick lamps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:13531-8. [PMID: 23163320 PMCID: PMC3531557 DOI: 10.1021/es302697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Kerosene-fueled wick lamps used in millions of developing-country households are a significant but overlooked source of black carbon (BC) emissions. We present new laboratory and field measurements showing that 7-9% of kerosene consumed by widely used simple wick lamps is converted to carbonaceous particulate matter that is nearly pure BC. These high emission factors increase previous BC emission estimates from kerosene by 20-fold, to 270 Gg/year (90% uncertainty bounds: 110, 590 Gg/year). Aerosol climate forcing on atmosphere and snow from this source is estimated at 22 mW/m² (8, 48 mW/m²), or 7% of BC forcing by all other energy-related sources. Kerosene lamps have affordable alternatives that pose few clear adoption barriers and would provide immediate benefit to user welfare. The net effect on climate is definitively positive forcing as coemitted organic carbon is low. No other major BC source has such readily available alternatives, definitive climate forcing effects, and cobenefits. Replacement of kerosene-fueled wick lamps deserves strong consideration for programs that target short-lived climate forcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Lam
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yanju Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Cheryl Weyant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Climate Studies Program, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pankaj Sadavarte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Climate Studies Program, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Kirk R. Smith
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin T. Brem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Arineitwe
- Center for Integrated Research and Community Development (CIRCODU), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justin E. Ellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tami C. Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Corresponding author: phone +1 (217) 244 5277,
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