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Xu S, Huang H, Chen S, Muhammad ZUA, Wei W, Xie W, Jiang H, Hou S. Recovery of 1887 metagenome-assembled genomes from the South China Sea. Sci Data 2024; 11:197. [PMID: 38351104 PMCID: PMC10864278 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The South China Sea (SCS) is a marginal sea characterized by strong land-sea biogeochemical interactions. SCS has a distinctive landscape with a multitude of seamounts in its basin. Seamounts create "seamount effects" that influence the diversity and distribution of planktonic microorganisms in the surrounding oligotrophic waters. Although the vertical distribution and community structure of marine microorganisms have been explored in certain regions of the global ocean, there is a lack of comprehensive microbial genomic surveys for uncultured microorganisms in SCS, particularly in the seamount regions. Here, we employed a metagenomic approach to study the uncultured microbial communities sampled from the Xianbei seamount region to the North Coast waters of SCS. A total of 1887 non-redundant prokaryotic metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed, of which, 153 MAGs were classified as high-quality MAGs based on the MIMAG standards. The community structure and genomic information provided by this dataset could be used to analyze microbial distribution and metabolism in the SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xu
- Department of Ocean Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Songze Chen
- Department of Ocean Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, 518049, China
| | - Zain Ul Arifeen Muhammad
- Department of Ocean Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenya Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Shengwei Hou
- Department of Ocean Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Chen B, Yu K, Fu L, Wei Y, Liang J, Liao Z, Qin Z, Yu X, Deng C, Han M, Ma H. The diversity, community dynamics, and interactions of the microbiome in the world's deepest blue hole: insights into extreme environmental response patterns and tolerance of marine microorganisms. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0053123. [PMID: 37861344 PMCID: PMC10883803 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00531-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study comprehensively examined the community dynamics, functional profiles, and interactions of the microbiome in the world's deepest blue hole. The findings revealed a positive correlation between the α-diversities of Symbiodiniaceae and archaea, indicating the potential reliance of Symbiodiniaceae on archaea in an extreme environment resulting from a partial niche overlap. The negative association between the α-diversity and β-diversity of the bacterial community suggested that the change rule of the bacterial community was consistent with the Anna Karenina effects. The core microbiome comprised nine microbial taxa, highlighting their remarkable tolerance and adaptability to sharp environmental gradient variations. Bacteria and archaea played significant roles in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles, while fungi contributed to carbon metabolism. This study advanced our understanding of the community dynamics, response patterns, and resilience of microorganisms populating the world's deepest blue hole, thereby facilitating further ecological and evolutional exploration of microbiomes in diverse extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) , Zhuhai, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) , Zhuhai, China
| | - Liang Fu
- Sansha Track Ocean Coral Reef Conservation Research Institute Co. Ltd. , Qionghai, China
| | - Yuxin Wei
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Resource Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University , Nanning, China
| | - Zhenjun Qin
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
| | - Chuanqi Deng
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
| | - Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
| | - Honglin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Resource Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University , Nanning, China
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Zhu S, Wang X, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Song D, Cheng H, Zhang XH. Vertical dynamics of free-living and particle-associated vibrio communities in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1285670. [PMID: 37928659 PMCID: PMC10620696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Vibrionaceae (vibrios) are widely distributed in estuarine, offshore, and marginal seas and perform an important ecological role in the marine organic carbon cycle. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge about whether vibrios play ecological roles in the oligotrophic pelagic area, which occupies a larger water volume. In this study, we investigated the abundance, diversity, and composition of free-living and particle-associated vibrios and their relationships with environmental factors along the water depth in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (ETIO). The abundance of vibrios in free-living fractions was significantly higher than that of particle-associated fractions on the surface. Still, both were similar at the bottom, indicating that vibrios may shift from free-living lifestyles on the surface to mixed lifestyles at the bottom. Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that Paraphotobacterium marinum and Vibrio rotiferianus were dominant species in the water column, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (a clinically important pathogen) was recorded in 102 samples of 111 seawater samples in 10 sites, which showed significant difference from the marginal seas. The community composition also shifted, corresponding to different depths in the water column. Paraphotobacterium marinum decreased with depth, and V. rotiferianus OTU1528 was mainly distributed in deeper water, which significantly correlated with the alteration of environmental factors (e.g., temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen). In addition to temperature and salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) was an important factor that affected the composition and abundance of Vibrio communities in the ETIO. Our study revealed the vertical dynamics and preferential lifestyles of vibrios in the ETIO, helping to fill a knowledge gap on their ecological distribution in oligotrophic pelagic areas and fully understanding the response of vibrios in a global warming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Derui Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haojin Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Liu H, Lin G, Gao D, Chen H, He M, Lu J. Geographic Scale Influences the Interactivities Between Determinism and Stochasticity in the Assembly of Sedimentary Microbial Communities on the South China Sea Shelf. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:121-136. [PMID: 35039906 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Determinism and stochasticity in microbial community composition decisions have attracted wide attention. However, there is no consensus on their interrelationships and relative importance, and the mechanism controlling the interaction between the two ecological processes remains to be revealed. The interaction of the two ecological processes on the continental shelf of the South China Sea was studied by performing 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing on 90 sediments at multiple depths in five sites. Three nearshore sites have higher microbial diversity than those two close to the shelf margin. Different microbial composition was observed between sites and microbial composition of nearshore sites was positively correlated with total nitrogen, total sulfur, total organic carbon, and dissolved oxygen, while that of offshore was positively correlated with total carbon, salinity, and photosynthetically active radiation. The null model test showed that the community composition among layers of the same site and between nearby sites was mainly dominated by the homogeneous selection, while that between distant sites was mainly affected by dispersal limitation, which indicates that geographic scale influences the interactivities of determinism and stochasticity. Our research indicates that the balance of these two ecological processes along the geographic scale is mainly determined by the dispersal ability of microbes and environmental heterogeneity between areas. The study provides new insights into how deterministic and stochastic processes shape microbial community composition on the continental shelf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Genmei Lin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Dong Gao
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Miao He
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China.
- Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Fine-Scale Structuring of Planktonic Vibrio spp. in the Chinese Marginal Seas. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0126222. [PMID: 36346224 PMCID: PMC9746320 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01262-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio is ubiquitous in marine environments with high metabolism flexibility and genome plasticity. Studies have investigated the ecological distribution of Vibrio spp. in several narrow zones, but a broad scale pattern of distribution and community assembly is still lacking. Here, we elucidated the distribution of Vibrio spp. in seawater along the Chinese marginal seas with a high spatial range. Comparison of Vibrio abundance between 3- and 0.2-μm-pore-size membranes showed distinction in preferential lifestyle. Vibrio spp. in the Yellow Sea (YS) was low in abundance and adopted a particle-associated lifestyle, whereas that in the East China Sea (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) was more abundant and was likely in a temporary free-living state as a strategy to cope with nutrient limitation. Vibrio community compositions were also separated by sampling area, with different dominant groups in YS (Vibrio chagasii and Vibrio harveyi), ECS and SCS (Vibrio japonicus and V. chagasii). The community niche breadth was significantly wider in ECS and SCS than that of YS. Among species, V. chagasii and V. harveyi had the largest niche breadths likely reflecting strong competitive positions. Stochastic processes played important roles in shaping the geographical pattern of the vibrionic community. Environmental selection (e.g., temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) had a much greater impact on the community in surface than in bottom water. The large proportions of unexplained variations (78.9%) imply complex mechanisms in their community assembly. Our study provides insights into the spatial distribution patterns and underlying assembly mechanisms of Vibrio at a broad spatial scale. IMPORTANCE Vibrio spp. may exert large impacts on biogeochemical cycling in coastal habitats, and their ecological importance has drawn increasing attention. Here, we investigated the spatial distribution pattern and community assembly of Vibrio populations along the Chinese marginal seas, spanning a wide spatial scale. Our results showed that the abundances of the Vibrio population increased with decreasing latitude and their preferential lifestyle differed among adjacent coastal areas. The compositions of Vibrio spp. were also separated by geographical location, which was mainly attributable to stochastic processes. Overall, this work contributes to the understanding of the ecological distribution patterns and the community assembly mechanisms of marine vibrios at a high spatial range. The large proportion of unexplained variations indicates the existence of complex mechanisms in the assembly of vibrionic community which should be considered comprehensively in future.
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Phytoplankton Communities and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors in the Waters around Macau. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137788. [PMID: 35805446 PMCID: PMC9265806 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the waters around Macau collected 43 phytoplankton species belonging to 29 genera and 5 phyla, including 32 species from 22 genera of Bacillariophyta, 7 species from 3 genera of Pyrrophyta, 2 species from 2 genera of Cyanophyta, and 1 genus and 1 species from both Euglenophyta and Chromophyta. The dominant phytoplankton species in the study areas were Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen, Thalassiothrix frauenfeidii Grunow, and Thalassionema nitzschioides Grunow. The phytoplankton abundance in the waters around Macau was between 46,607.14 and 1,355,000 cells/m3, with the highest abundance noted in station S8. Diatoms were the main contributor to phytoplankton abundance in station S8, accounting for 96.2% of the total abundance. Station S4 exhibited the lowest phytoplankton abundance of 46,607.1 cells/m3, with diatoms and Chromophytaaccounting for 58.6% and 29.9% of the total phytoplankton abundance, respectively. Biodiversity analysis results showed that the phytoplankton richness index was 1.18−3.61, the uniformity index was 0.24−0.78, and the Shannon−Wiener index was 0.94−3.41. Correlation analysis revealed that ammonia nitrogen was significantly negatively correlated with the phytoplankton richness, uniformity, and Shannon−Wiener indices. Nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, salinity, turbidity, and pH were positively correlated with the phytoplankton evenness index and Shannon−Wiener index. Cluster and non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses demonstrated that the phytoplankton community structure in the waters around Macau could be divided into three groups, with A. granulata, S. costatum, T. frauenfeidii, T. nitzschioides, Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve, and Chaetoceros diadema (Ehrenberg) Gran being predominant in different grouping communities (contribution% > 10%). Biota-Environment Stepwise Analysis (BIOENV) showed a significant correlation between the phytoplankton community and nitrite nitrogen content in the waters around Macau (correlation: 0.5544, Mantel test: statistic 0.4196, p = 0.009), which was consistent with the results of the canonical correspondence analysis.
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Biogeochemical Model Optimization by Using Satellite-Derived Phytoplankton Functional Type Data and BGC-Argo Observations in the Northern South China Sea. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Marine biogeochemical models have been widely used to understand ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemical cycles. To resolve more processes, models typically increase in complexity, and require optimization of more parameters. Data assimilation is an essential tool for parameter optimization, which can reduce model uncertainty and improve model predictability. At present, model parameters are often adjusted using sporadic in-situ measurements or satellite-derived total chlorophyll-a concentration at sea surface. However, new ocean datasets and satellite products have become available, providing a unique opportunity to further constrain ecosystem models. Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats are able to observe the ocean interior continuously and satellite phytoplankton functional type (PFT) data has the potential to optimize biogeochemical models with multiple phytoplankton species. In this study, we assess the value of assimilating BGC-Argo measurements and satellite-derived PFT data in a biogeochemical model in the northern South China Sea (SCS) by using a genetic algorithm. The assimilation of the satellite-derived PFT data was found to improve not only the modeled total chlorophyll-a concentration, but also the individual phytoplankton groups at surface. The improvement of simulated surface diatom provided a better representation of subsurface particulate organic carbon (POC). However, using satellite data alone did not improve vertical distributions of chlorophyll-a and POC. Instead, these distributions were improved by combining the satellite data with BGC-Argo data. As the dominant variability of phytoplankton in the northern SCS is at the seasonal timescale, we find that utilizing monthly-averaged BGC-Argo profiles provides an optimal fit between model outputs and measurements in the region, better than using high-frequency measurements.
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Effects of Miniaturization of the Summer Phytoplankton Community on the Marine Ecosystem in the Northern East China Sea. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
After the construction of the Three Gorges Dam (Changjiang River), the northern East China Sea has been exposed to major environmental changes in the summer due to climate change and freshwater control. However, little is known regarding phytoplankton in this area. Here, we investigated differences in the summer phytoplankton-community structure as a consequence of marine-environment changes from 2016 to 2020. In the 2000s, the key dominant species in the summer phytoplankton community in the northern East China Sea were diatoms and dinoflagellates. In this study, however, nanoflagellates of ≤20 µm were identified as the dominant species throughout the survey period, with abundances ranging from 43.1 to 69.7%. This change in the phytoplankton-community structure may be ascribed to low nutrient concentrations in the area, especially phosphate, which was below the detection limit, seriously hampering phytoplankton growth. The relative contribution of picophytoplankton to the total chlorophyll a biomass was highest in the surface mixed layer with low nutrient concentrations. Spatially, higher percentages were observed along the east-side stations than the west-side stations, where nutrient concentrations were relatively high. Conclusively, decreased nutrients led to phytoplankton miniaturization. Accordingly, as the dominance of picophytoplankton increases, energy transfer is expected to decrease at the upper trophic level.
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Qiu G, Xing X, Boss E, Yan XH, Ren R, Xiao W, Wang H. Relationships between optical backscattering, particulate organic carbon, and phytoplankton carbon in the oligotrophic South China Sea basin. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15159-15176. [PMID: 33985221 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp) provides effective proxies for particulate organic carbon (POC) and phytoplankton carbon (Cphy); however, their bio-optical relationships in the oligotrophic ocean are rarely reported. In this work, based on the in-situ synchronous optical and biogeochemical measurements in the oligotrophic South China Sea (SCS) basin, we refined the regional relationships between POC (and Cphy) and bbp and investigated the impacts of phytoplankton community compositions and size classes on the bbp variability. The observations showed that: 1) POC and Cphy exhibited good linear relationships with bbp; 2) the relationship between Cphy and POC could also be fitted in a linear function with a positive POC intercept, and the POC contributed by phytoplankton-covarying non-algal particles was nearly two-fold of Cphy; and 3) the POC-specific bbp (b*bp) was positively correlated with the fraction of the phytoplankton groups haptophytes (Type 8) and diatoms to total Chla, but negatively correlated with the fraction of pico-phytoplankton to Chla (fpico). These findings suggest that in oligotrophic waters, the variability of b*bp was mainly determined by the variability in the relative contribution of large phytoplankton with complex structures.
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Abstract
Phytoplankton are known as important harbingers of climate change in aquatic ecosystems. Here, the influence of the oceanographic settings on the phytoplankton community structure in the western South China Sea (SCS) was investigated during two seasons, i.e., the winter (December 2006) and summer (August–September, 2007). The phytoplankton community was mainly composed of diatoms (192 taxa), dinoflagellates (109 taxa), and cyanobacteria (4 taxa). The chain-forming diatoms and cyanobacteria Trichodesmium were the dominants throughout the study period. The phytoplankton community structure displayed distinct variation between two seasons, shifting from a diatom-dominated regime in winter to a cyanobacteria-dominated system in summer. The increased abundance of overall phytoplankton and cyanobacteria in the water column during the summer signifies the impact of nutrient advection due to upwelling and enriched eddy activity. That the symbiotic cyanobacteria–diatom (Rhizosolenia–Richelia) association was abundant during the winter signifies the influence of cool temperature. On the contrary, Trichodesmium dominance during the summer implies its tolerance to increased temperature. Overall, the two seasonal variations within the local phytoplankton community in the western SCS could simulate their community shift over the forthcoming climatic conditions.
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Li R, Hu C, Wang J, Sun J, Wang Y, Jiao N, Xu D. Biogeographical Distribution and Community Assembly of Active Protistan Assemblages Along an Estuary to a Basin Transect of the Northern South China Sea. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020351. [PMID: 33578968 PMCID: PMC7916720 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine protists are essential for globally critical biological processes, including the biogeochemical cycles of matter and energy. However, compared with their prokaryotic counterpart, it remains largely unclear how environmental factors determine the diversity and distribution of the active protistan communities on the regional scale. In the present study, the biodiversity, community composition, and potential drivers of the total, abundant, and rare protistan groups were studied using high throughput sequencing on the V9 hyper-variable regions of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) along an estuary to basin transect in the northern South China Sea. Overall, Bacillariophyta and Cercozoa were abundant in the surface water; heterotrophic protists including Spirotrichea and marine stramenopiles 3 (MAST-3) were more abundant in the subsurface waters near the heavily urbanized Pearl River estuary; Chlorophyta and Pelagophyceae were abundant at the deep chlorophyll maximum depth, while Hacrobia, Radiolaria, and Excavata were the abundant groups in the deep water. Salinity, followed by water depth, temperature, and other biological factors, were the primary factors controlling the distinct vertical and horizontal distribution of the total and abundant protists. Rare taxa were driven by water depth, followed by temperature, salinity, and the concentrations of PO43−. The active protistan communities were mainly driven by dispersal limitation, followed by drift and other ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.L.); (C.H.); (J.W.); (Y.W.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.L.); (C.H.); (J.W.); (Y.W.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.L.); (C.H.); (J.W.); (Y.W.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.L.); (C.H.); (J.W.); (Y.W.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.L.); (C.H.); (J.W.); (Y.W.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (D.X.)
| | - Dapeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.L.); (C.H.); (J.W.); (Y.W.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (D.X.)
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Impacts of Tide Gate Modulation on Ammonia Transport in a Semi-closed Estuary during the Dry Season—A Case Study at the Lianjiang River in South China. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12071945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of tide-receiving is considered to improve the water quality in the Lianjiang River, a severely polluted and tide-influenced river connected to the South China Sea. A tide-receiving scenario, i.e., keeping the tide gate open, is compared with the other scenario representing the non-tide-receiving condition, i.e., blocking the tide flow during the flood phase, by numerical simulations based on the EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code) model. The impacts of tide receiving were evaluated by the variation in the concentration of ammonia and its exporting fluxes, mainly in the downstream part of the river. With more water mass coming into the river, in the tide-receiving scenario, the averaged concentration of ammonia reduced by 20–40%, with the most significant decrease of 0.64 g m−3. However, the exporting flux of ammonia has decreased in the tide-receiving scenario, as the consequence of the back–forth oscillation of tidal current. In the tide-receiving scenario, the time series of ammonia concentration approximately followed the tidal oscillation, with increased concentration during the ebb tide and reduction in the flood tide. In the non-tide-receiving scenario, the ammonia concentration decreases when the tide gate is open which results in further intrusion of seawater. This was followed by an increase in ammonia concentration again after the currents shift seaward and water mass with higher concentration from the upstream part is transported downstream. Given the identical ammonia input and river runoff, the ammonia concentration stays lower in the tide-receiving scenario, except for short periods after the tide gate opening and neap tides in the downstream part which lasts for around half a day. This study highlights the importance of hydrodynamic condition, specifically tidal oscillation, in the semi-diurnal and fortnight cycles, for the transportation of waterborne materials. Furthermore, the operation of the tide gate was additionally discussed based on potential varied practical conditions and evaluation criteria.
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High-Frequency Variations in Pearl River Plume Observed by Soil Moisture Active Passive Sea Surface Salinity. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
River plumes play an important role in the cross-margin transport of phytoplankton and nutrients, which have profound impacts on coastal ecosystems. Using recently available Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) sea surface salinity (SSS) data and high-resolution ocean color products, this study investigated summertime high-frequency variations in the Pearl River plume of China and its biological response. The SMAP SSS captures the intraseasonal oscillations in the offshore transport of the Pearl River plume well, which has distinct 30–60 day variations from mid-May to late September. The offshore transport of freshwater varies concurrently with southwesterly wind anomalies and is roughly in phase with the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) index in phases 1–5, thus implying that the MJO exerts a significant influence. During MJO phases 1–2, the southwest wind anomalies in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) enhanced cross-shore Ekman transport, while the northeast wind anomalies during MJO phases 3–5 favored the subsequent southwestward transport of the plume. The high chlorophyll-a concentration coincided well with the low-salinity water variations, emphasizing the important role of the offshore transport of the Pearl River plume in sustaining biological production over the oligotrophic northern SCS. The strong offshore transport of the plume in June 2015 clearly revealed that the proximity of a cyclonic eddy plays a role in the plume’s dispersal pathway. In addition, heavy rainfall related to the landfall of tropical cyclones in the Pearl River Estuary region contributed to the episodic offshore transport of the plume.
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The Relationship between POC Export Efficiency and Primary Production: Opposite on the Shelf and Basin of the Northern South China Sea. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate estimation of particulate organic carbon (POC) export efficiency in the euphotic layer is essential to understand the efficiency of the ocean’s biological carbon pump, but field measurements are difficult to conduct and data are sparse. In this study, we investigated the relationship between POC sinking export efficiency and ocean net primary production (NPP) in the euphotic layer of the northern South China Sea (NSCS), with the help of high spatiotemporal coverage satellite-derived NPP. Annual mean POC export efficiency in euphotic zone is 34% for the shelf areas and 24% for the basin of the NSCS in the context of satellite-derived 16-day-composited NPP. Similar to what is generally observed in the global ocean, the POC export efficiency on the shelf areas appears to be strengthened with the increase of NPP. However, in the basin areas, the opposite relationship is observed. That is, the POC export efficiency significantly decreases with the increase of NPP. Seasonal decoupling between NPP and POC export, phytoplankton size structure, grazing by zooplankton, and dissolved organic carbon export might account for the observed negative relationship between the POC export efficiency and NPP in the euphotic layer of basin region. System comparison between shelf and basin would be helpful to promote understanding of the regulation mechanism of POC export in the tropical marginal seas.
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Xie Y, Laws EA, Yang L, Huang B. Diel Patterns of Variable Fluorescence and Carbon Fixation of Picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus-Dominated Phytoplankton in the South China Sea Basin. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1589. [PMID: 30116223 PMCID: PMC6083051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The various photosynthetic apparatus and light utilization strategies of phytoplankton are among the critical factors that regulate the distribution of phytoplankton and primary productivity in the ocean. Active chlorophyll fluorescence has been a powerful technique for assessing the nutritional status of phytoplankton by studying the dynamics of photosynthesis. Further studies of the energetic stoichiometry between light absorption and carbon fixation have enhanced understanding of the ways phytoplankton adapt to their niches. To explore the ecophysiology of a Prochlorococcus-dominated phytoplankton assemblage, we conducted studies of the diel patterns of variable fluorescence and carbon fixation by phytoplankton in the oligotrophic South China Sea (SCS) basin in June 2017. We found that phytoplankton photosynthetic performance at stations SEATS and SS1 were characterized by a nocturnal decrease, dawn maximum, and midday decrease of the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv(′)/Fm(′), which has been denoted as both Fv/Fm and Fv′/Fm′) in the nutrient-depleted surface layer. That these diel patterns of Fv(′)/Fm(′) were similar to those in the tropical Pacific Ocean suggests macro-nutrient and potentially micro-nutrient stress. However, the fact that variations were larger in the central basin than at the basin's edge implied variability in the degree of nutrient limitation in the basin. The estimated molar ratio of gross O2 production to net production of carbon (GOP:NPC) of 4.9:1 was similar to ratios reported across the world's oceans. The narrow range of the GOP:NPC ratios is consistent with the assumption that there is a common strategy for photosynthetic energy allocation by phytoplankton. That photo-inactivated photosystems or nonphotochemical quenching rather than GOP accounted for most of the radiation absorbed by phytoplankton explains why the maximum quantum yield of carbon fixation was rather low in the oligotrophic SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Li R, Jiao N, Warren A, Xu D. Changes in community structure of active protistan assemblages from the lower Pearl River to coastal Waters of the South China Sea. Eur J Protistol 2018; 63:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Withrow FG, Roelke DL, Muhl RM, Bhattacharyya J. Water column processes differentially influence richness and diversity of neutral, lumpy and intransitive phytoplankton assemblages. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Lei Y, Whyte C, Davidson K, Tett P, Yin K. A change in phytoplankton community index with water quality improvement in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:823-830. [PMID: 29029982 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water quality in Tolo Harbour and Channel (Tolo) has been improved since 1998 after the diversion of sewage effluent. However, it remains poorly understood how nutrient loading reduction has impacted the phytoplankton community. To evaluate this, we applied a Phytoplankton Community Index PI(mp) to the 23-year data (1991-2013) at inner (TM4) and outer (TM8) sites in Tolo, with the former being more eutrophic than the latter. The results show that 1) the phytoplankton community changed with time after sewage diversion; 2) "diatoms and dinoflagellates" were better indicators of nutrient impact than "autotrophic/mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates"; 3) the rate of recovery differed between the two stations, but both reached a similar state at a similar time; 4) seasonality of the phytoplankton community showed greater disturbance in spring than in other seasons. Our findings indicate that the nutrient reduction in the Tolo resulted in a positive change in the phytoplankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lei
- School of Marine Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Callum Whyte
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Tett
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Kedong Yin
- School of Marine Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Shen C, Yan Y, Zhao H, Pan J, T. Devlin A. Influence of monsoonal winds on chlorophyll-α distribution in the Beibu Gulf. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191051. [PMID: 29329314 PMCID: PMC5766212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of seasonal, monsoonal winds on the temporal and spatial variability of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in the Beibu Gulf is studied based on long-term satellite data of sea surface winds, chl-a concentration and sea surface temperature (SST) and in-situ observations for the years from 2002 to 2014. The analysis results indicated that under northeasterly monsoonal winds, chl-a concentrations were substantially elevated in most area of the Beibu Gulf, with a high chl-a concentration (>2 mg m-3) patch extending southwestward from the coastal water of the northeastern Gulf, consistent with the winter wind pattern. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of high chl-a concentration is correlated with low SST in the northeastern Gulf. In the southern Gulf, there was generally low chl-a, except in the coastal waters southwest of Hainan Island. Here, the upwelling cold water prevails outside the mouth of the Beibu Gulf, driven by the southwesterly monsoonal winds and the runoff from the Changhua River, as implied by low observed SST. Correlation analysis indicated the chl-a concentration was strongly modulated by wind speed (r = 0.63, p<0.001), particularly in the middle of the northern Gulf and southern Hainan Island (r>0.7, p<0.001). Integrated analysis also showed that stratification is weak and mixing is strong in winter as affected by the high wind speed, which suggests that the wind-induced mixing is a dominant mechanism for entrainment of nutrients and the spatial distribution of chl-a in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Shen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Center of South China Sea Fisheries Resources Monitoring and Assessment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yunrong Yan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Center of South China Sea Fisheries Resources Monitoring and Assessment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (HZ)
| | - Hui Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (HZ)
| | - Jiayi Pan
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- College of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adam T. Devlin
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Ya M, Wu Y, Li Y, Wang X. Transport of terrigenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affected by the coastal upwelling in the northwestern coast of South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:60-68. [PMID: 28577383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coastal upwelling prevails in the coast of Hainan Island, the northern South China Sea (SCS) during summer. We studied the influences of the upwelling on the horizontal and vertical transport of terrigenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs in dissolved and suspended particulate phase of water samples were determined in the upper (depth < 1 m) and water column (depth > 10 m). PAH levels decreased sharply from inshore to offshore to open sea. The results showed that terrestrial input was the main source of coastal PAHs. Perylene, an important indicator of land plant-derived PAH, showed the significant correlation with PAHs (p < 0.005). This implied that fluvial transport was the primary pathway of terrigenous PAHs into the coast of northern SCS. Variations of the concentrations, compositions and diagnostic ratios of PAHs, accompanied the partition equilibrium in the water column, could indicate the selective degradation of PAHs by the plankton affected by upwelling. Different from the "traditional" transport pathway of PAHs in the water column (surface enrichment-depth depletion distribution), the upwelling could provide the original driver to elevate the upward diffusion of sediment entrained contaminants towards the intermediate even the upper waters. It could also enhance the outward diffusion of terrigenous PAHs accompanied by the offshore transport of the upper waters. Therefore, the transport pathway of PAHs can be summarized by the coastal upwelling rising PAHs with their subsequent transport offshore and settling in the adjacent open sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Ke Z, Liu H, Wang J, Liu J, Tan Y. Abnormally high phytoplankton biomass near the lagoon mouth in the Huangyan Atoll, South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:123-133. [PMID: 27539638 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient concentration and phytoplankton biomass were investigated in Huangyan Atoll in May 2015. The concentrations of nutrients were very low, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen was composed mainly of ammonia. Nitrogen likely was the primary limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. The spatial variation of phytoplankton biomass was significant among the lagoon, reef flats, and outer reef slopes. Extremely high chlorophyll a concentration and micro-phytoplankton abundance were found in the region near the lagoon mouth. This high phytoplankton biomass might be due to nutrient input from fishing vessels and phytoplankton aggregation driven by the southwestern wind. Our results indicate that phytoplankton biomass could be a reliable indicator of habitat differences in this coral reef ecosystem, and micro-phytoplankton seems to be more sensitive to nutrient input than pico-phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, West Xin'gang Road 164#, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Huajian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Junxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China.
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22
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Jin P, Gao G, Liu X, Li F, Tong S, Ding J, Zhong Z, Liu N, Gao K. Contrasting Photophysiological Characteristics of Phytoplankton Assemblages in the Northern South China Sea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153555. [PMID: 27195824 PMCID: PMC4873168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of phytoplankton and thus marine primary productivity depend on photophysiological performance of phytoplankton cells that respond to changing environmental conditions. The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea of the western Pacific and plays important roles in modulating regional climate and carbon budget. However, little has been documented on photophysiological characteristics of phytoplankton in the SCS. For the first time, we investigated photophysiological characteristics of phytoplankton assemblages in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) using a real-time in-situ active chlorophyll a fluorometry, covering 4.0 × 105 km2. The functional absorption cross section of photosystem II (PSII) in darkness (σPSII) or under ambient light (σPSII’) (A2 quanta-1) increased from the surface to deeper waters at all the stations during the survey period (29 July to 23 August 2012). While the maximum (Fv/Fm, measured in darkness) or effective (Fq’/Fm’, measured under ambient light) photochemical efficiency of PSII appeared to increase with increasing depth at most stations, it showed inverse relationship with depth in river plume areas. The functional absorption cross section of PSII changes could be attributed to light-adapted genotypic feature due to niche-partition and the alteration of photochemical efficiency of PSII could be attributed to photo-acclimation. The chlorophyll a fluorometry can be taken as an analog to estimate primary productivity, since areas of higher photochemical efficiency of PSII coincided with those of higher primary productivity reported previously in the NSCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Futian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shanying Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiancheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhihai Zhong
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Nana Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Huang B, Chiang KP, Liu X, Chen B, Xie Y, Xu Y, Hu J, Dai M. Physical-Biological Coupling in the Western South China Sea: The Response of Phytoplankton Community to a Mesoscale Cyclonic Eddy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153735. [PMID: 27088991 PMCID: PMC4835056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the mesoscale eddies play an important part in the biogeochemical cycle in ocean ecosystem, especially in the oligotrophic tropical zones. So here a heterogeneous cyclonic eddy in its flourishing stage was detected using remote sensing and in situ biogeochemical observation in the western South China Sea (SCS) in early September, 2007. The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to identify the photosynthetic pigments. And the CHEMical TAXonomy (CHEMTAX) was applied to calculate the contribution of nine phytoplankton groups to the total chlorophyll a (TChl a) biomass. The deep chlorophyll a maximum layer (DCML) was raised to form a dome structure in the eddy center while there was no distinct enhancement for TChl a biomass. The integrated TChl a concentration in the upper 100 m water column was also constant from the eddy center to the surrounding water outside the eddy. However the TChl a biomass in the surface layer (at 5 m) in the eddy center was promoted 2.6-fold compared to the biomass outside the eddy (p < 0.001). Thus, the slight enhancement of TChl a biomass of euphotic zone integration within the eddy was mainly from the phytoplankton in the upper mixed zone rather than the DCML. The phytoplankton community was primarily contributed by diatoms, prasinophytes, and Synechococcus at the DCML within the eddy, while less was contributed by haptophytes_8 and Prochlorococcus. The TChl a biomass for most of the phytoplankton groups increased at the surface layer in the eddy center under the effect of nutrient pumping. The doming isopycnal within the eddy supplied nutrients gently into the upper mixing layer, and there was remarkable enhancement in phytoplankton biomass at the surface layer with 10.5% TChl a biomass of water column in eddy center and 3.7% at reference stations. So the slight increasing in the water column integrated phytoplankton biomass might be attributed to the stimulated phytoplankton biomass at the surface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bangqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Kuo-Ping Chiang
- Institute of Marine Environmental Chemistry and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bingzhang Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Minhan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Sun FL, Wang YS, Wu ML, Sun CC, Cheng H. Spatial and vertical distribution of bacterial community in the northern South China Sea. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1478-1485. [PMID: 25956981 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities are highly diverse in coastal oceans and response rapidly with changing environments. Learning about this will help us understand the ecology of microbial populations in marine ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the spatial and vertical distributions of the bacterial community in the northern South China Sea. Multi-dimensional scaling analyses revealed structural differences of the bacterial community among sampling sites and vertical depth. Result also indicated that bacterial community in most sites had higher diversity in 0-75 m depths than those in 100-200 m depths. Bacterial community of samples was positively correlation with salinity and depth, whereas was negatively correlation with temperature. Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were the dominant groups, which accounted for the majority of sequences. The α-Proteobacteria was highly diverse, and sequences belonged to Rhodobacterales bacteria were dominant in all characterized sequences. The current data indicate that the Rhodobacterales bacteria, especially Roseobacter clade are the diverse group in the tropical waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China.
| | - Mei-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Cui-Ci Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
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Li J, Li N, Li F, Zou T, Yu S, Wang Y, Qin S, Wang G. Spatial diversity of bacterioplankton communities in surface water of northern South China Sea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113014. [PMID: 25402458 PMCID: PMC4234503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The South China Sea is one of the largest marginal seas, with relatively frequent passage of eddies and featuring distinct spatial variation in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. Here, we report a phylogenetic study of bacterial community structures in surface seawater of the northern South China Sea (nSCS). Samples collected from 31 sites across large environmental gradients were used to construct clone libraries and yielded 2,443 sequences grouped into 170 OTUs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 23 bacterial classes with major components α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria, as well as Cyanobacteria. At class and genus taxon levels, community structure of coastal waters was distinctively different from that of deep-sea waters and displayed a higher diversity index. Redundancy analyses revealed that bacterial community structures displayed a significant correlation with the water depth of individual sampling sites. Members of α-Proteobacteria were the principal component contributing to the differences of the clone libraries. Furthermore, the bacterial communities exhibited heterogeneity within zones of upwelling and anticyclonic eddies. Our results suggested that surface bacterial communities in nSCS had two-level patterns of spatial distribution structured by ecological types (coastal VS. oceanic zones) and mesoscale physical processes, and also provided evidence for bacterial phylogenetic phyla shaped by ecological preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Fuchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Shuxian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- * E-mail: (SQ); (GW)
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Tianjin University Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SQ); (GW)
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Lin J, Cao W, Wang G, Hu S. Satellite-observed variability of phytoplankton size classes associated with a cold eddy in the South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 83:190-197. [PMID: 24793781 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocean-color remote sensing has been used as a tool to detect phytoplankton size classes (PSCs). In this study, a three-component model of PSC was reparameterized using seven years of pigment measurements acquired in the South China Sea (SCS). The model was then used to infer PSC in a cyclonic eddy which was observed west of Luzon Island from SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a (chla) and sea-surface height anomaly (SSHA) products. Enhanced productivity and a shift in the PSC were observed, which were likely due to upwelling of nutrient-rich water into the euphotic zone. The supply of nutrients promoted the growth of larger cells (micro- and nanoplankton), and the PSC shifted to greater sizes. However, the picoplankton were still important and contributed ∼48% to total chla concentration. In addition, PSC time series revealed a lag period of about three weeks between maximum eddy intensity and maximum chlorophyll, which may have been related to phytoplankton growth rate and duration of eddy intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Lin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301,China
| | - Wenxi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301,China.
| | - Guifen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301,China
| | - Shuibo Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301,China
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Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Dai M, Jiao N, Herndl GJ. Drivers shaping the diversity and biogeography of total and active bacterial communities in the South China Sea. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2260-74. [PMID: 24684298 PMCID: PMC4230472 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that different drivers shape the diversity and biogeography of the total and active bacterial community, we examined the bacterial community composition along two transects, one from the inner Pearl River estuary to the open waters of the South China Sea (SCS) and the other from the Luzon Strait to the SCS basin, using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene (V1-3 regions) and thereby characterizing the active and total bacterial community, respectively. The diversity and biogeographic patterns differed substantially between the active and total bacterial communities. Although the composition of both the total and active bacterial community was strongly correlated with environmental factors and weakly correlated with geographic distance, the active bacterial community displayed higher environmental sensitivity than the total community and particularly a greater distance effect largely caused by the active assemblage from deep waters. The 16S rRNA vs. rDNA relationships indicated that the active bacteria were low in relative abundance in the SCS. This might be due to a high competition between active bacterial taxa as indicated by our community network models. Based on these analyses, we speculate that high competition could cause some dispersal limitation of the active bacterial community resulting in a distinct distance-decay relationship. Altogether, our results indicated that the biogeographic distribution of bacteria in the SCS is the result of both environmental control and distance decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361101, China; Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361101, China
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Factors affecting the abundance and community structure of the phytoplankton in northern South China Sea in the summer of 2008: a biomarker study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xiu P, Chai F. Modeled biogeochemical responses to mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Palacz AP, Xue H, Armbrecht C, Zhang C, Chai F. Seasonal and inter-annual changes in the surface chlorophyll of the South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc007064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cao Z, Dai M, Zheng N, Wang D, Li Q, Zhai W, Meng F, Gan J. Dynamics of the carbonate system in a large continental shelf system under the influence of both a river plume and coastal upwelling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu SM, Guo X, Chen Q, Zhang J, Bi YF, Luo X, Li JB. Nutrient dynamics in the winter thermohaline frontal zone of the northern shelf region of the South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gan J, Lu Z, Dai M, Cheung AYY, Liu H, Harrison P. Biological response to intensified upwelling and to a river plume in the northeastern South China Sea: A modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xiu P, Chai F, Shi L, Xue H, Chao Y. A census of eddy activities in the South China Sea during 1993–2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tan SC, Shi GY. Spatiotemporal variability of satellite-derived primary production in the South China Sea, 1998–2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Cai P, Chen W, Dai M, Wan Z, Wang D, Li Q, Tang T, Lv D. A high-resolution study of particle export in the southern South China Sea based on234Th:238U disequilibrium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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