1
|
Pei L, Ye S, Xie L, Zhou P, He L, Yang S, Ding X, Yuan H, Dai T, Laws EA. Differential effects of warming on the complexity and stability of the microbial network in Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora wetlands in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1347821. [PMID: 38601935 PMCID: PMC11004437 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1347821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of climate warming on soil microbial communities can significantly influence the global carbon cycle. Coastal wetlands, in particular, are susceptible to changes in soil microbial community structure due to climate warming and the presence of invasive plant species. However, there is limited knowledge about how native and invasive plant wetland soil microbes differ in their response to warming. In this study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of soil microbes (prokaryotes and fungi) under experimental warming in two coastal wetlands dominated by native Phragmites australis (P. australis) and invasive Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora). Our research indicated that short-term warming had minimal effects on microbial abundance, diversity, and composition. However, it did accelerate the succession of soil microbial communities, with potentially greater impacts on fungi than prokaryotes. Furthermore, in the S. alterniflora wetland, experimental warming notably increased the complexity and connectivity of the microbial networks. While in the P. australis wetland, it decreased these factors. Analysis of robustness showed that experimental warming stabilized the co-occurrence network of the microbial community in the P. australis wetland, but destabilized it in the S. alterniflora wetland. Additionally, the functional prediction analysis using the Faprotax and FunGuild databases revealed that the S. alterniflora wetland had a higher proportion of saprotrophic fungi and prokaryotic OTUs involved in carbon degradation (p < 0.05). With warming treatments, there was an increasing trend in the proportion of prokaryotic OTUs involved in carbon degradation, particularly in the S. alterniflora wetland. Therefore, it is crucial to protect native P. australis wetlands from S. alterniflora invasion to mitigate carbon emissions and preserve the health of coastal wetland ecosystems under future climate warming in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Pei
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Liujuan Xie
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei He
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shixiong Yang
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xigui Ding
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianjiao Dai
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Edward A. Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maxwell TL, Rovai AS, Adame MF, Adams JB, Álvarez-Rogel J, Austin WEN, Beasy K, Boscutti F, Böttcher ME, Bouma TJ, Bulmer RH, Burden A, Burke SA, Camacho S, Chaudhary DR, Chmura GL, Copertino M, Cott GM, Craft C, Day J, de Los Santos CB, Denis L, Ding W, Ellison JC, Ewers Lewis CJ, Giani L, Gispert M, Gontharet S, González-Pérez JA, González-Alcaraz MN, Gorham C, Graversen AEL, Grey A, Guerra R, He Q, Holmquist JR, Jones AR, Juanes JA, Kelleher BP, Kohfeld KE, Krause-Jensen D, Lafratta A, Lavery PS, Laws EA, Leiva-Dueñas C, Loh PS, Lovelock CE, Lundquist CJ, Macreadie PI, Mazarrasa I, Megonigal JP, Neto JM, Nogueira J, Osland MJ, Pagès JF, Perera N, Pfeiffer EM, Pollmann T, Raw JL, Recio M, Ruiz-Fernández AC, Russell SK, Rybczyk JM, Sammul M, Sanders C, Santos R, Serrano O, Siewert M, Smeaton C, Song Z, Trasar-Cepeda C, Twilley RR, Van de Broek M, Vitti S, Antisari LV, Voltz B, Wails CN, Ward RD, Ward M, Wolfe J, Yang R, Zubrzycki S, Landis E, Smart L, Spalding M, Worthington TA. Global dataset of soil organic carbon in tidal marshes. Sci Data 2023; 10:797. [PMID: 37952023 PMCID: PMC10640612 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tidal marshes store large amounts of organic carbon in their soils. Field data quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks provide an important resource for researchers, natural resource managers, and policy-makers working towards the protection, restoration, and valuation of these ecosystems. We collated a global dataset of tidal marsh soil organic carbon (MarSOC) from 99 studies that includes location, soil depth, site name, dry bulk density, SOC, and/or soil organic matter (SOM). The MarSOC dataset includes 17,454 data points from 2,329 unique locations, and 29 countries. We generated a general transfer function for the conversion of SOM to SOC. Using this data we estimated a median (± median absolute deviation) value of 79.2 ± 38.1 Mg SOC ha-1 in the top 30 cm and 231 ± 134 Mg SOC ha-1 in the top 1 m of tidal marsh soils globally. This data can serve as a basis for future work, and may contribute to incorporation of tidal marsh ecosystems into climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and policies.
Collapse
Grants
- W912HZ2020070 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | US Army Corps of Engineers | Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center)
- 84375 NRF | South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA)
- The Nature Conservancy through the Bezos Earth Fund and other donor support
- Nelson Mandela University
- State Research Agency of Spain (AEI; CGL2007-64915), the Mancomunidad de los Canales del Taibilla (MCT), and the Science and Technology Agency of the Murcia Region (Seneca Foundation; 00593/PI/04 & 08739/PI/08).
- Scottish Government and UK Natural Environment Research Council C-SIDE project (grant NE/R010846/1)
- COOLSTYLE/CARBOSTORE project
- New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment Contract #C01X2109
- Portuguese national funds from FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology through projects UIDB/04326/2020, UIDP/04326/2020, LA/P/0101/2020, and 2020.03825.CEECIND
- German Research Foundation (DFG project number: GI 171/25-1)
- State Research Agency of Spain (AEI; CGL2007-64915), the Mancomunidad de los Canales del Taibilla (MCT), the Science and Technology Agency of the Murcia Region (Seneca Foundation; 00593/PI/04 & 08739/PI/08), and a Ramón y Cajal contract from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2020-029322-I)
- Velux foundation (#28421, Blå Skove – Havets Skove som kulstofdræn)
- LIFE ADAPTA BLUES project Ref. LIFE18 CCA/ES/001160
- LIFE ADAPTA BLUES project Ref. LIFE18 CCA/ES/001160, support of national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), under the projects UIDB/04292/2020, UIDP/04292/2020, granted to MARE, and LA/P/0069/2020, granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET
- Financial support provided by the Welsh Government and Higher Education Funding Council for Wales through the Sêr Cymru National Research Network for Low Carbon, Energy and Environment; as well as the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project PID2020-113745RB-I00) and FEDER
- South African Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)—National Research Foundation (NRF) Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems (UID: 84375), and the Nelson Mandela University
- I+D+i projects RYC2019-027073-I and PIE HOLOCENO 20213AT014 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER
- Funding support from the Scottish Government and UK Natural Environment Research Council C-SIDE project (grant NE/R010846/1)
- Xunta de Galicia (GRC project IN607A 2021-06)
- U.S. Army Engineering, Research and Development Center (ACTIONS project, W912HZ2020070)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Maxwell
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - André S Rovai
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39183, USA.
| | - Maria Fernanda Adame
- Australian Rivers Institute, Centre for Marine and Coastal Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4117, Australia
| | - Janine B Adams
- DSI-NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Institute for Coastal Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa
| | - José Álvarez-Rogel
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A. and Soil Ecology and Biotechnology Unit of the I.B.V., Technical University of Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - William E N Austin
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, KY16 9AL, St Andrews, UK
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Kim Beasy
- College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7005, Australia
| | - Francesco Boscutti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Michael E Böttcher
- Geochemistry and Isotope Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Marine Geology, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Seestrasse 15, D-18119, Warnemünde, Germany
- Marine Geochemistry, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn Str. 17a, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strase 21, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tjeerd J Bouma
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), 4401 NT, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Delta Academy Applied Research Centre, HZ University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 364, 4380 AJ, Vlissingen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Shannon A Burke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saritta Camacho
- CIMA - Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Gail L Chmura
- McGill University Department of Geography, Montreal, Canada
| | - Margareth Copertino
- Institute of Oceanography - Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Brazilian Network for Global Change Studies - Rede CLIMA, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Grace M Cott
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher Craft
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
- University of Georgia Marine Institute, Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA
| | - John Day
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | | | - Lionel Denis
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 32, Avenue Foch, F-62930, Wimereux, France
| | - Weixin Ding
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Joanna C Ellison
- School of Geography, Planning Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - Carolyn J Ewers Lewis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 221 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903, USA
| | - Luise Giani
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstrase 114-118, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Maria Gispert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Universitat de Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Swanne Gontharet
- LOCEAN UMR 7159 Sorbonne Université/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, 4 place Jussieu - boite 100, F-75252, Paris, France
| | | | - M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A. and Soil Ecology and Biotechnology Unit of the I.B.V., Technical University of Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Connor Gorham
- School of Sciences Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Grey
- School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roberta Guerra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (DIFA), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Qiang He
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Alice R Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- The Environment Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - José A Juanes
- IHCantabria, Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, PCTCAN, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Brian P Kelleher
- School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen E Kohfeld
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
- School of Environmental Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Anna Lafratta
- School of Sciences Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Paul S Lavery
- School of Sciences Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), 17300, Blanes, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn J Lundquist
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Hamilton, 3251, New Zealand
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Deakin University, Centre for Marine Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Inés Mazarrasa
- IHCantabria, Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, PCTCAN, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Joao M Neto
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Juliana Nogueira
- LARAMG - Radioecology and Climate Change Laboratory, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J Osland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70506, USA
| | - Jordi F Pagès
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), 17300, Blanes, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Nipuni Perera
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 03, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Thomas Pollmann
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstrase 114-118, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline L Raw
- DSI-NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Institute for Coastal Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa
| | - María Recio
- IHCantabria, Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, PCTCAN, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sophie K Russell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- The Environment Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Marek Sammul
- Elva Gymnasium, Puiestee 2, Elva, 61505, Estonia
| | - Christian Sanders
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2540, Australia
| | - Rui Santos
- Centre of Marine Sciences of Algarve, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Oscar Serrano
- School of Sciences Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), 17300, Blanes, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Matthias Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Craig Smeaton
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, KY16 9AL, St Andrews, UK
| | - Zhaoliang Song
- School of Earth System Science, Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Carmen Trasar-Cepeda
- Departamento de Suelos, Biosistemas y Ecología Agroforestal, MBG sede Santiago (CSIC), Apartado 122, E-15780, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Robert R Twilley
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Marijn Van de Broek
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vitti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, Udine, 33100, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Livia Vittori Antisari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Viale G. Fanin, 40 - 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Baptiste Voltz
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 32, Avenue Foch, F-62930, Wimereux, France
| | - Christy N Wails
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Raymond D Ward
- Centre For Aquatic Environments, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
- Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Estonia University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, EE-51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Melissa Ward
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Jaxine Wolfe
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, USA
| | - Renmin Yang
- School of Earth System Science, Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sebastian Zubrzycki
- Center of Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Lindsey Smart
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mark Spalding
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Nature Conservancy, Strada delle Tolfe, 14, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Thomas A Worthington
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ni X, Zhao G, Ye S, Li G, Yuan H, He L, Su D, Ding X, Xie L, Pei S, Laws EA. Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the sediment and soils of the Yancheng coastal ecosystem and associated ecological risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:18843-18860. [PMID: 36219297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of heavy metal pollution are essential for the protection of coastal environments. In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and a GeoDetector model were used to evaluate the sources of heavy metal contamination and associated ecological risks along the Yancheng Coastal Wetland. The distribution of heavy metals was shown to be greatly affected by clay content, except for Cr in shoal. Components from 6.5 to 9φ have the strongest ability to absorb heavy metals, where the effects of Cd and Zn sequestration in the wetlands were most apparent. The abilities of various wetland environments to sequester heavy metals were shown to be Spartina alterniflora wetland > woodland > Phragmites australis wetland > aquaculture pond > shoal > paddy > meadow > dry land. The sources of the heavy metals included parent soil material (59%), agriculture (15%), and industrial pollutants (26%). According to the single-factor pollution index, there was no evidence of pollution except Cr and Pb. In general, the heavy metal pollution was insignificant. The order of pollution loading index was shoal > paddy field > dry land > Spartina Alterniflora wetland > aquaculture ponds > woodland > meadow > Phragmites australis wetland. The ecological harm of heavy metal exposure was slight except for Cd and Hg, where vehicle emissions appeared to be the main cause of heavy metal pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ni
- College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangxue Li
- College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Su
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xigui Ding
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liujuan Xie
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Pei
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward A Laws
- College of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803-4110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laws EA, McClellan SA. Interactive effects of CO 2 , temperature, irradiance, and nutrient limitation on the growth and physiology of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus (Cyanophyceae). J Phycol 2022; 58:703-718. [PMID: 35830205 PMCID: PMC9805005 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus was grown in a continuous culture system to study the interactive effects of temperature, irradiance, nutrient limitation, and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) on its growth and physiological characteristics. Cells were grown on a 14:10 h light:dark cycle at all combinations of low and high irradiance (50 and 300 μmol photons ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1 , respectively), low and high pCO2 (400 and 1000 ppmv, respectively), nutrient limitation (nitrate-limited and nutrient-replete conditions), and temperatures of 20-45°C in 5°C increments. The maximum growth rate was ~4.5 · d-1 at 30-35°C. Under nutrient-replete conditions, growth rates at most temperatures and irradiances were about 8% slower at a pCO2 of 1000 ppmv versus 400 ppmv. The single exception was 45°C and high irradiance. Under those conditions, growth rates were ~45% higher at 1000 ppmv. Cellular carbon:nitrogen ratios were independent of temperature at a fixed relative growth rate but higher at high irradiance than at low irradiance. Initial slopes of photosynthesis-irradiance curves were higher at all temperatures under nutrient-replete versus nitrate-limited conditions; they were similar at all temperatures under high and low irradiance, except at 20°C, when they were suppressed at high irradiance. A model of phytoplankton growth in which cellular carbon was allocated to structure, storage, or the light or dark reactions of photosynthesis accounted for the general patterns of cell composition and growth rate. Allocation of carbon to the light reactions of photosynthesis was consistently higher at low versus high light and under nutrient-replete versus nitrate-limited conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Laws
- Department of Environmental SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana70803USA
| | - S. Alex McClellan
- Department of Environmental SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana70803USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kong J, Liu X, Wang L, Huang H, Ou D, Guo J, Laws EA, Huang B. Patterns of Relative and Quantitative Abundances of Marine Bacteria in Surface Waters of the Subtropical Northwest Pacific Ocean Estimated With High-Throughput Quantification Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:599614. [PMID: 33552014 PMCID: PMC7859494 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria play a pivotal role in shaping ecosystems and contributing to elemental cycling and energy flow in the oceans. However, few studies have focused on bacteria at a trans-basin scale, and studies across the subtropical Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO), one of the largest biomes on Earth, have been especially lacking. Although the recently developed high-throughput quantitative sequencing methodology can simultaneously provide information on relative abundance, quantitative abundance, and taxonomic affiliations, it has not been thoroughly evaluated. We collected surface seawater samples for high-throughput, quantitative sequencing of 16S rRNA genes on a transect across the subtropical NWPO to elucidate the distribution of bacterial taxa, patterns of their community structure, and the factors that are potentially important regulators of that structure. We used the quantitative and relative abundances of bacterial taxa to test hypotheses related to their ecology. Total 16S rRNA gene copies ranged from 1.86 × 108 to 1.14 × 109 copies L-1. Bacterial communities were distributed in distinct geographical patterns with spatially adjacent stations clustered together. Spatial considerations may be more important determinants of bacterial community structures than measured environmental variables. The quantitative and relative abundances of bacterial communities exhibited similar distribution patterns and potentially important determinants at the whole-community level, but inner-community connections and correlations with variables differed at subgroup levels. This study advanced understanding of the community structure and distribution patterns of marine bacteria as well as some potentially important determinants thereof in a subtropical oligotrophic ocean system. Results highlighted the importance of considering both the quantitative and relative abundances of members of marine bacterial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Danyun Ou
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang X, Liu B, Guo D, Zhong Y, Li S, Liu X, Laws EA, Huang B. Blackfordia virginica blooms shift the trophic structure to smaller size plankton in subtropical shallow waters. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 163:111990. [PMID: 33461075 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hydromedusa Blackfordia virginica is an invasive species that has disrupted coastal marine food webs throughout the world. Here, we report the response of plankton community to B. virginica blooms in a subtropical lagoon in China. Chlorophyll-a concentrations increased after the peak of B. virginica abundance, which was coincident with high concentrations of ammonium. An increase of the biomass and composition of pico- and nano-phytoplankton during the bloom resulted from bottom-up effects due to the nutrients excreted by B. virginica. The average size and grazing rates of microzooplankton concurrently decreased. The negative correlation between the abundances of B. virginica and microzooplankton was accurately simulated by a generalized linear model and redundancy analysis. This study provided empirical evidence of the impacts of the B. virginica bloom on the food web and the mechanisms responsible for those effects. These impacts may lead to serious ecological and environmental consequences for the lagoonal ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Fujian Province University, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
| | - Bingyu Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Donghui Guo
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yanping Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Shunxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Fujian Province University, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Bangqin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Laws EA, McClellan SA, Passow U. Interactive Effects of CO 2 , Temperature, Irradiance, and Nutrient Limitation on the Growth and Physiology of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Coscinodiscophyceae). J Phycol 2020; 56:1614-1624. [PMID: 32750165 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was grown in continuous culture systems to study the interactive effects of temperature, irradiance, nutrient limitation, and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2 ) on its growth and physiological characteristics. The cells were able to grow at all combinations of low and high irradiance (50 and 300 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 , respectively, of visible light), low and high pCO2 (400 and 1,000 μatm, respectively), nutrient limitation (nitrate-limited and nutrient-replete conditions), and temperatures of 10-32°C. Under nutrient-replete conditions, there was no adverse effect of high pCO2 on growth rates at temperatures of 10-25°C. The response of the cells to high pCO2 was similar at low and high irradiance. At supraoptimal temperatures of 30°C or higher, high pCO2 depressed growth rates at both low and high irradiance. Under nitrate-limited conditions, cells were grown at 38 ± 2.4% of their nutrient-saturated rates at the same temperature, irradiance, and pCO2 . Dark respiration rates consistently removed a higher percentage of production under nitrate-limited versus nutrient-replete conditions. The percentages of production lost to dark respiration were positively correlated with temperature under nitrate-limited conditions, but there was no analogous correlation under nutrient-replete conditions. The results suggest that warmer temperatures and associated more intense thermal stratification of ocean surface waters could lower net photosynthetic rates if the stratification leads to a reduction in the relative growth rates of marine phytoplankton, and at truly supraoptimal temperatures there would likely be a synergistic interaction between the stresses from temperature and high pCO2 (lower pH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - S Alex McClellan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Uta Passow
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ding X, Ye S, Laws EA, Mozdzer TJ, Yuan H, Zhao G, Yang S, He L, Wang J. The concentration distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Bohai Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 149:110497. [PMID: 31430666 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three hundred five surface sediment samples from the Bohai Bay in northeastern China were examined for grain size, organic carbon (Corg) concentration, and concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Cr, Cd, and Hg). Average metal concentrations were 33 mg/kg (Cu), 27 mg/kg (Pb), 95 mg/kg (Zn), 75 mg/kg (Cr), 0.3 mg/kg (Cd), 13 mg/kg (As), and 72 μg/kg (Hg). In most cases, these concentrations were lower than the China Marine Sediment Quality criteria. Enrichment factors, however, suggested moderate to strong Cd and Hg contamination of the Bohai Bay. The fact that 68.6% of Pollution Load Index (PLI) values exceeded 2 demonstrated strong pollution of the Bohai Bay, Hg contributed the most to the PLI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xigui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Edward A Laws
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; School of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Thomas J Mozdzer
- Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, 101 N Merion Ave, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shixiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lei He
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao W, Laws EA, Xie Y, Wang L, Liu X, Chen J, Chen B, Huang B. Responses of marine phytoplankton communities to environmental changes: New insights from a niche classification scheme. Water Res 2019; 166:115070. [PMID: 31525510 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predicting changes of phytoplankton communities in response to global warming is one of the challenges of ecological forecasting. One of the constraints is the paucity of general principles applicable to community ecology. Based on a synecological analysis of a decadal-scale database, we created a niche habitat classification scheme relating nine phytoplankton groups to fifteen statistically refined realized niches comprised of three niche dimensions: temperature, irradiance, and nitrate concentrations. The niche scheme assigned the nine phytoplankton groups to three types of niches: a cold type, a warm type, and a type associated with high irradiance and high nitrate concentrations. The fact that phytoplankton groups in cold niches were governed by irradiance and those in warm niches by nitrate is consistent with general ecological theories, but the fact that diatoms were the only dominant group in high-irradiance, high-nitrate niches challenges the idea based on autecological studies that diatoms are generally better adapted to low-irradiance, high-nutrient conditions. When combined with an irradiance model, the niche scheme revealed that photoinhibition of Prochlorococcus, which is predicted from autecological studies, is a function of temperature. We used the niche scheme to predict the responses of phytoplankton communities to environmental changes due to seawater warming and eutrophication. The results of the study suggest that a synecological analysis of large databases from field studies facilitates identification of general principles of community ecology that can be used to forecast responses of biological communities to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wupeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science / Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies / College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Yuyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science / Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies / College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science / Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies / College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Jixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science / Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies / College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bingzhang Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science / Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies / College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reyes-Avila AD, Laws EA, Herrmann AD, DeLaune RD, Blanchard TP. Mercury and selenium levels, and Se:Hg molar ratios in freshwater fish from South Louisiana. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2019; 54:238-245. [PMID: 30601090 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1546495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ample historical evidence has demonstrated the neurotoxicity of organic Hg. However, several studies have suggested that Se effectively sequesters MeHg. The affinity of Hg is up to ≈106 times higher for Se molecules than for comparable sulfur molecules, most of which are components of brain enzymes. The neurotoxicity of MeHg is associated with its binding to Se and the resultant interference with selenoenzymes (Ralston & Raymond, Global Advances in Selenium Research from Theory to Application, 2016). Therefore, having ample Se reserves is an effective way to mitigate MeHg's toxicity. When the molar ratios of Se to Hg in fish exceed 1.0, ingestion of the fish is unlikely to deplete Se reserves. The goal of this study was to determine the Hg and Se levels, and the Se:Hg molar ratios in freshwater fish from south Louisiana and the implications of those ratios with respect to fish consumption and Hg advisories. Five waterbodies were surveyed (University lake, Calcasieu lake, Toledo Bend, the Atchafalaya River and Henderson Lake). The sampled species included black drum (Pogonias cromis), catfish sp., largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Eupomotis macrochirus). All fish were assayed for total Hg and Se. The average Hg concentration was 0.001 µmol g-1 (0.21 ppm), and all concentrations were below the 1 ppm US FDA action level (from 3.1 × 10-5 to 0.003 µmol g-1). Se concentrations exceeded Hg concentrations in most cases. The average Se concentration was 0.003 µmol g-1 (0.27 ppm), all concentrations were around or less than 1.0 ppm (from 3.7 × 10-4 to 0.017 µmol g-1). Hence, the Se:Hg molar ratios were >1 in all fish except largemouth bass from Henderson Lake. In general, Se was detected in sufficient amounts to sequester Hg, but consumption of largemouth bass from Henderson Lake would pose no risk only if anglers followed the posted Hg advisory. For advisory purposes, perhaps, both Hg and Se levels and Se:Hg molar ratios should be considered. In general, the results indicated that risk assessment will require consideration of both the fish species and body of water, because both can influence Se and Hg concentrations and Se:Hg molar ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Reyes-Avila
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
| | - Edward A Laws
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
| | - Achim D Herrmann
- b Department of Geosciences , Geology, and Geophysics, College of Science, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
| | - Ronald D DeLaune
- c Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences , College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
| | - Thomas P Blanchard
- c Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences , College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao G, Ye S, Yuan H, Ding X, Wang J, Laws EA. Surface sediment properties and heavy metal contamination assessment in river sediments of the Pearl River Delta, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 136:300-308. [PMID: 30509811 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), grain sizes, and concentrations of organic carbon (Corg) were measured in 323 river sediment samples from the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in the sediments ranged from 1.6-93 mg/kg for As, 0.04-9.3 mg/kg for Cd, 2-315 mg/kg for Cr, 1.1-352 mg/kg for Cu, 0.01-0.67 mg/kg for Hg, 11-221 mg/kg for Pb, and 11-1234 mg/kg for Zn. The highest values of As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn appeared in the Beijiang River, whereas Cd was high in the Xijiang River. The overall sediment quality in the area with respect to metal concentrations generally met the primary standard criteria of China (Marine Sediment Quality), except for Cd and Cu. The spatial distributions of the heavy metals were influenced by both grain sizes and Corg concentrations. The Igeo geo-accumulation index indicated that there was no significant Cr, Cu, Hg, or Zn pollution, slight to moderate pollution by As and Pb, and moderate Cd pollution in the study area. Spatial distributions of an eco-toxicological index based on probable effect levels indicated that there was a 21% probability that the combination of the seven metals was exerting a toxic stress in the PRD river sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, PR China; Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, PR China.
| | - Hongming Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xigui Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Edward A Laws
- College of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiao K, Xiao W, Xu Y, Zeng X, Ho SH, Laws EA, Lu Y, Ling X, Shi T, Sun Y, Tang X, Lin L. Using a trait-based approach to optimize mixotrophic growth of the red microalga Porphyridium purpureum towards fatty acid production. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:273. [PMID: 30305846 PMCID: PMC6171241 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic carbon sources have been reported to simultaneously increase the growth and lipid accumulation in microalgae. However, there have been no studies of the mixotrophic growth of Porphyridium purpureum in organic carbon media. In this study, three organic carbon sources, glucose, sodium acetate, and glycerol were used as substrates for the mixotrophic growth of P. purpureum. Moreover, a novel trait-based approach combined with Generalized Additive Modeling was conducted to determine the dosage of each organic carbon source that optimized the concentration of cell biomass or fatty acid. RESULTS A 0.50% (w/v) dosage of glucose was optimum for the enhancement of the cell growth of P. purpureum, whereas sodium acetate performed well in enhancing cell growth, arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content, and glycerol was characterized by its best performance in promoting both cell growth and ARA/EPA ratio. The optimum dosages of sodium acetate and glycerol for the ARA concentration were 0.25% (w/v) and 0.38% (v/v), respectively. An ARA concentration of 211.47 mg L-1 was obtained at the optimum dosage of glycerol, which is the highest ever reported. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that a comprehensive consider of several traits offers an effective strategy to select an optimum dosage for economic and safe microalgae cultivation. This study represents the first attempt of mixotrophic growth of P. purpureum and proved that both biomass and ARA accumulation could be enhanced under supplements of organic carbon sources, which brightens the commercial cultivation of microalgae for ARA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Jiao
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wupeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yuanchao Xu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Shangdong Provincial Key Lab. of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
| | - Edward A. Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Tuo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yong Sun
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang Y, Liu X, Laws EA, Chen B, Li Y, Xie Y, Wu Y, Gao K, Huang B. Effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 on the marine phytoplankton and bacterial metabolism during a bloom: A coastal mesocosm study. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:618-629. [PMID: 29597159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increases of atmospheric CO2 concentrations due to human activity and associated effects on aquatic ecosystems are recognized as an environmental issue at a global scale. Growing attention is being paid to CO2 enrichment effects under multiple stresses or fluctuating environmental conditions in order to extrapolate from laboratory-scale experiments to natural systems. We carried out a mesocosm experiment in coastal water with an assemblage of three model phytoplankton species and their associated bacteria under the influence of elevated CO2 concentrations. Net community production and the metabolic characteristics of the phytoplankton and bacteria were monitored to elucidate how these organisms responded to CO2 enrichment during the course of the algal bloom. We found that CO2 enrichment (1000μatm) significantly enhanced gross primary production and the ratio of photosynthesis to chlorophyll a by approximately 38% and 39%, respectively, during the early stationary phase of the algal bloom. Although there were few effects on bulk bacterial production, a significant decrease of bulk bacterial respiration (up to 31%) at elevated CO2 resulted in an increase of bacterial growth efficiency. The implication is that an elevation of CO2 concentrations leads to a reduction of bacterial carbon demand and enhances carbon transfer efficiency through the microbial loop, with a greater proportion of fixed carbon being allocated to bacterial biomass and less being lost as CO2. The contemporaneous responses of phytoplankton and bacterial metabolism to CO2 enrichment increased net community production by about 45%, an increase that would have profound implications for the carbon cycle in coastal marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bingzhang Chen
- Ecosystem Dynamics Research Group, Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xie Y, Laws EA, Yang L, Huang B. Diel Patterns of Variable Fluorescence and Carbon Fixation of Picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus-Dominated Phytoplankton in the South China Sea Basin. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1589. [PMID: 30116223 PMCID: PMC6083051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The various photosynthetic apparatus and light utilization strategies of phytoplankton are among the critical factors that regulate the distribution of phytoplankton and primary productivity in the ocean. Active chlorophyll fluorescence has been a powerful technique for assessing the nutritional status of phytoplankton by studying the dynamics of photosynthesis. Further studies of the energetic stoichiometry between light absorption and carbon fixation have enhanced understanding of the ways phytoplankton adapt to their niches. To explore the ecophysiology of a Prochlorococcus-dominated phytoplankton assemblage, we conducted studies of the diel patterns of variable fluorescence and carbon fixation by phytoplankton in the oligotrophic South China Sea (SCS) basin in June 2017. We found that phytoplankton photosynthetic performance at stations SEATS and SS1 were characterized by a nocturnal decrease, dawn maximum, and midday decrease of the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv(′)/Fm(′), which has been denoted as both Fv/Fm and Fv′/Fm′) in the nutrient-depleted surface layer. That these diel patterns of Fv(′)/Fm(′) were similar to those in the tropical Pacific Ocean suggests macro-nutrient and potentially micro-nutrient stress. However, the fact that variations were larger in the central basin than at the basin's edge implied variability in the degree of nutrient limitation in the basin. The estimated molar ratio of gross O2 production to net production of carbon (GOP:NPC) of 4.9:1 was similar to ratios reported across the world's oceans. The narrow range of the GOP:NPC ratios is consistent with the assumption that there is a common strategy for photosynthetic energy allocation by phytoplankton. That photo-inactivated photosystems or nonphotochemical quenching rather than GOP accounted for most of the radiation absorbed by phytoplankton explains why the maximum quantum yield of carbon fixation was rather low in the oligotrophic SCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiao W, Liu X, Irwin AJ, Laws EA, Wang L, Chen B, Zeng Y, Huang B. Warming and eutrophication combine to restructure diatoms and dinoflagellates. Water Res 2018; 128:206-216. [PMID: 29107905 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Temperature change and eutrophication are known to affect phytoplankton communities, but relatively little is known about the effects of interactions between simultaneous changes of temperature and nutrient loading in coastal ecosystems. Here we show that such interaction is key in driving diatom-dinoflagellate dynamics in the East China Sea. Diatoms and dinoflagellates responded differently to temperature, nutrient concentrations and ratios, and their interactions. Diatoms preferred lower temperature and higher nutrient concentrations, while dinoflagellates were less sensitive to temperature and nutrient concentrations, but tended to prevail at low phosphorus and high N:P ratio conditions. These different traits of diatoms and dinoflagellates resulted in the fact that both the effect of warming resulting in nutrients decline as a consequence of increasing stratification and the effect of increasing terrestrial nutrient input as a result of eutrophication might promote dinoflagellates over diatoms. We predict that conservative forecasts of environmental change by the year 2100 are likely to result in the decrease of diatoms in 60% and the increase of dinoflagellates in 70% of the surface water of the East China Sea, and project that mean diatoms should decrease by 19% while mean dinoflagellates should increase by 60% in the surface water of the coastal East China Sea. This analysis is based on a series of statistical niche models of the consequences of multiple environmental changes on diatom and dinoflagellate biomass in the East China Sea based on 2815 samples randomly collected from 23 cruises spanning 14 years (2002-2015). Our findings reveal that dinoflagellate blooms will be more frequent and intense, which will affect coastal ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wupeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Andrew J Irwin
- Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bingzhang Chen
- Ecosystem Dynamics Research Group, Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bangqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Ye S, Laws EA, Yuan H, Ding X, Zhao G. Surface sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the Shallow Sea Wetland of the Liaodong Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 120:347-354. [PMID: 28549615 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liaodong Bay, a semi-enclosed bay located in northeastern China, is impacted by the discharges of five rivers. We analyzed 100 surface sediment samples from the Shallow Sea Wetland of Liaodong Bay for grain size and concentrations of organic carbon (Corg) and heavy metals. The ranges of the heavy metal concentrations were 2.32-17μg/g (As), 0.025-1.03μg/g (Cd), 18.9-131μg/g (Cr), 4.6-36.1μg/g (Cu), 0.012-0.29μg/g (Hg), 13.7-33.9μg/g (Pb), and 17.4-159μg/g (Zn). Pollution assessments revealed that some stations were moderately to highly polluted with As, Cd, and Hg. Severe pollution was apparent in the Xiaoling River estuary; lower concentrations of heavy metals were observed in other river mouths, where the sediments were more coarse. The distributions of the heavy metals were closely associated with Corg and grain size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, PR China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, PR China.
| | - Edward A Laws
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China; College of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, 3141 Energy, Coast & Environment Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4110, USA
| | - Hongming Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xigui Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pei S, Laws EA, Zhang H, Ye S, Yuan H, Liu H. Patchiness of phytoplankton and primary production in Liaodong Bay, China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173067. [PMID: 28235070 PMCID: PMC5325570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study of water quality, phytoplankton biomass, and photosynthetic rates in Liaodong Bay, China, during June and July of 2013 revealed two large patches of high biomass and production with dimensions on the order of 10 km. Nutrient concentrations were above growth-rate-saturating concentrations throughout the bay, with the possible exception of phosphate at some stations. The presence of the patches therefore appeared to reflect the distribution of water temperature and variation of light penetration restricted by water turbidity. There was no patch of high phytoplankton biomass or production in a third, linear patch of water with characteristics suitable for rapid phytoplankton growth; the absence of a bloom in that patch likely reflected the fact that the width of the patch was less than the critical size required to overcome losses of phytoplankton to turbulent diffusion. The bottom waters of virtually all of the eastern half of the bay were below the depth of the mixed layer, and the lowest bottom water oxygen concentrations, 3–5 mg L–1, were found in that part of the bay. The water column in much of the remainder of the bay was within the mixed layer, and oxygen concentrations in both surface and bottom waters exceeded 5 mg L–1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Geology, National Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (SP); (SY)
| | - Edward A. Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (SP); (SY)
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ye S, Laws EA, Costanza R, Brix H. Ecosystem Service Value for the Common Reed Wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/oje.2016.63013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Laws EA, Pei S, Bienfang P. Phosphate-limited growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae): evidence of non-monod growth kinetics(1). J Phycol 2013; 49:241-247. [PMID: 27008513 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) G. A. Fryxell & Hasle was grown in a chemostat over a series of phosphate-limited growth rates. Ambient substrate concentrations were determined from bioassays involving picomolar spikes of (33) P-labeled phosphate, and maximum uptake rates were determined from analogous bioassays that included the addition of micromolar concentrations of unlabeled phosphate and tracer concentrations of (33) P. The relationship between cell phosphorus quotas and growth rates was well described by the Droop equation. Maximum uptake rates of phosphate spikes were several orders of magnitude higher than steady state uptake rates. Despite the large size of the T. weissflogii cells, diffusion of phosphate through the boundary layer around the cells had little effect on growth kinetics, in part because the cellular N:P ratios exceeded the Redfield ratio at all growth rates. Fitting the Monod equation to the experimental data produced an estimate of the nutrient-saturated growth rate that was ~50% greater than the maximum growth rate observed in batch culture. A modified hyperbolic equation with a curvature that is a maximum in magnitude at positive growth rates gave a better fit to the data and an estimate of the maximum growth rate that was consistent with observations. The failure of the Monod equation to describe the data may reflect a transition from substrate to co-substrate limitation and/or the presence of an inducible uptake system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Shaofeng Pei
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Paul Bienfang
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The use of clean sampling and incubation methods and the development of biomass-independent techniques for estimating the rates of growth and grazing mortality of phytoplankton in the ocean have resulted in estimates of phytoplankton growth rates that are approximately twice those reported prior to roughly 1980. Light-saturated growth rates in tropical and subtropical latitudes correspond to a doubling time of roughly 1 day. The results of mesoscale nutrient-enrichment experiments and comparison of growth rates with estimates of strictly temperature-limited rates indicate that light-saturated growth rates are no more than 50% of nutrient-saturated values, a conclusion consistent with the resiliency of food webs to perturbations. Phytoplankton growth rates in the euphotic zone of the ocean appear to be controlled largely by the grazing activities of micro- and mesozooplankton and the recycling of nutrients associated with the catabolism of consumed prey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Children today live in a world that is vastly different from a few generations ago. While industrialization has maximized (for many) children’s opportunities to survive, develop and enjoy high levels of health, education, recreation, and fulfillment, it has also added significant challenges to their development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Laws
- , School of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803 Louisiana USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The marine diatom Cyclotella cryptica was grown over a period of 13 months in a 48-m(2) shallow outdoor flume. The use of foil arrays at intervals of 1.2 m to effect systematic vertical mixing in the flume was found to significantly enhance microalgal production (p = 0.006). Average photosynthetic efficiencies (based on visible irradiance) with and without the foil arrays in place were 9.6 +/- 0.8 and 7.5 +/- 0.5% (+/-95% confidence intervals), respectively. A cost-benefit analysis indicated that the foil arrays were cost-effective if the value of the algae exceeded about $2.28 kg(1) of ash-free dry weight (AFDW). Parallel experiments performed in four 9.2-m(2) flumes showed that production was maximized when the cells were grown on a 2-day batch cycle between harvests rather than on a 1- or 3-day batch cycle. The optimum initial concentration (immediately after harvesting) of the algae was negatively correlated with the time interval between harvests and ranged from approximately 39 g AFDW/m(3) on a 3-day cycle to 213 g AFDW/m(3) on a 1-day cycle. The increase in production resulting from growth on a 2-day rather than a 1-day batch cycle was about 19% and was statistically significant at p = 0.0003. Growth of C. cryptica over a total period of 122 days during the 13-month study in the 48-m(2) flume under near-optimal conditions (2-day batch cycle, initial concentration 155 g AFDW/m(3)) resulted in an average production rate (+/-95% confidence interval) of 29.7 +/- 2.7 g AFDW/m(2) d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Laws
- University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Laws EA, Pei S, Bienfang P, Grant S, Sunda WG. PHOSPHATE-LIMITED GROWTH OF PAVLOVA LUTHERI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE: DETERMINATION OF GROWTH-RATE-LIMITING SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS WITH A SENSITIVE BIOASSAY PROCEDURE(1). J Phycol 2011; 47:1089-1097. [PMID: 27020191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between steady-state growth rate and phosphate concentration was studied for the marine prymnesiophyte Pavlova lutheri (Droop) J. C. Green grown in a chemostat at 22°C under continuous irradiance. A bioassay procedure involving short-term uptake of 10 picomolar spikes of (33) P-labeled phosphate was used to estimate the concentration of phosphate in the growth chamber. The relationship between growth rate and phosphate was well described by a simple rectangular hyperbola with a half-saturation constant of 2.6 nM. The cells were able to take up micromolar spikes of phosphate at rates two to three orders of magnitude higher than steady-state uptake rates. The kinetics of short-term uptake displayed Holling type III behavior, suggesting that P. lutheri may have multiple uptake systems with different half-saturation constants. Chl a:C ratios were linearly related to growth rate and similar to values previously reported for P. lutheri under nitrate-limited conditions. C:N ratios, also linearly related to growth rate, were consistently lower than values reported for P. lutheri under nitrate-limited conditions, a result presumably reflecting luxury assimilation of nitrogen under phosphate-limited conditions. C:P ratios were linearly related to growth rate in a manner consistent with the Droop equation for growth rate versus cellular P:C ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USADepartment of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USABeaufort Laboratory, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Shaofeng Pei
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USADepartment of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USABeaufort Laboratory, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Paul Bienfang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USADepartment of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USABeaufort Laboratory, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Scott Grant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USADepartment of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USABeaufort Laboratory, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - William G Sunda
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USADepartment of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USABeaufort Laboratory, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ye S, Laws EA, Zhong S, Ding X, Pang S. Sequestration of metals through association with pyrite in subtidal sediments of the Nanpaishui Estuary on the Western Bank of the Bohai Sea, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 62:934-941. [PMID: 21397276 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Measurements were made of the degree of trace metal pyritization (DTMP) and ancillary characteristics of four undisturbed sediment cores collected from the subtidal zone of the Nanpaishui Estuary on the Western Bank of the Bohai Sea, a seriously polluted inland sea in northeastern China. The remarkably low concentrations of organic carbon (<0.72%) in these sediments likely constrained sulfate reduction rates, and the low concentrations of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) (<12.5 μmol g(-1)) limited the sequestration of metals through association with pyrite. The most consistent cause of inter-station differences and depth variations in the degree of pyritization was differences in pyrite metal concentrations rather than reactive metal concentrations. Reactive metal concentrations were in several cases negatively correlated with pore water concentrations, consistent with a dissolution/precipitation mechanism. The relationship between pore water metal concentrations and DTMPs was evidenced by a qualitative similarity of the inter-station variability of these same parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, P.O. Box 266071, Qingdao, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang XJ, Chen C, Ding JQ, Hou A, Li Y, Niu ZB, Su XY, Xu YJ, Laws EA. The 2007 water crisis in Wuxi, China: analysis of the origin. J Hazard Mater 2010; 182:130-135. [PMID: 20591562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An odorous tap water crisis that affected two million residents for several days occurred in Wuxi, China in the summer of 2007. Volatile sulfide chemicals including methyl thiols, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide were the dominant odorous contaminants in Lake Taihu and in tap water during the crisis. These contaminants originated from the decomposition of a massive cyanobacterial bloom that was triggered by illegal industrial discharges and inadequately regulated domestic pollution. A specific emergency drinking water treatment process was quickly developed using a combination of potassium permanganate oxidation and powdered activated carbon adsorption. The emergency treatment process removed the odor from the tap water and solved the crisis successfully in several days. This experience underscores the suggestion that a combination of stresses associated with eutrophication and industrial and domestic wastewater discharges can push an aquatic system to the tipping point with consequences far more severe than would occur if the system were subjected to each stress separately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bienfang PK, Defelice SV, Laws EA, Brand LE, Bidigare RR, Christensen S, Trapido-Rosenthal H, Hemscheidt TK, McGillicuddy DJ, Anderson DM, Solo-Gabriele HM, Boehm AB, Backer LC. Prominent human health impacts from several marine microbes: history, ecology, and public health implications. Int J Microbiol 2010; 2011:152815. [PMID: 20976073 PMCID: PMC2957129 DOI: 10.1155/2011/152815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper overviews several examples of important public health impacts by marine microbes and directs readers to the extensive literature germane to these maladies. These examples include three types of dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus spp., Karenia brevis, and Alexandrium fundyense), BMAA-producing cyanobacteria, and infectious microbes. The dinoflagellates are responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and paralytic shellfish poisoning, respectively, that have plagued coastal populations over time. Research interest on the potential for marine cyanobacteria to contribute BMAA into human food supplies has been derived by BMAA's discovery in cycad seeds and subsequent implication as the putative cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex among the Chamorro people of Guam. Recent UPLC/MS analyses indicate that recent reports that BMAA is prolifically distributed among marine cyanobacteria at high concentrations may be due to analyte misidentification in the analytical protocols being applied for BMAA. Common infectious microbes (including enterovirus, norovirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia) cause gastrointestinal and skin-related illness. These microbes can be introduced from external human and animal sources, or they can be indigenous to the marine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Bienfang
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Pacific Research Center for Marine Biomedicine, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, MSB no. 205, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Enger SC, Johnsen V, Samuelsen A, Laws EA. The effect of clofibrate on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, triglycerides and fibrinogen in patients with coronary heart disease. Acta Med Scand 2009; 201:563-6. [PMID: 327758 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1977.tb15748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effects of clofibrate treatment have been monitored in a double-blind cross-over study conducted in 16 male patients with coronary heart disease. Most had latent diabetes mellitus with elevated and delayed insulin release after i.v. glucose administration. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured during repeated i.v. glucose tolerance tests in each patient and serum triglyceride and plasma fibrinogen were estimated at intervals. Clofibrate treatment significantly lowered fasting blood glucose levels (p less than 0.01) and improved the glucose tolerance (p less than 0.01). Fasting plasma insulin levels and those at 30 min after glucose loading were reduced (p less than 0.05). Serum triglycerides (p less than 0.01) and plasma fibrinogen levels (p less than 0.05) were lowered during the treatment period. The change in k-value (glucose utilization) did not correlate to changes in triglyceride or fibrinogen. This study confirms the beneficial effect of clofibrate therapy on abnormal glucose tolerance observed by other workers. It is suggested that clofibrate acts by reducing peripheral insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pierce BA, Laws EA. APPLICATIONS OF A NEW RADIOTRACER METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ECOLOGY AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1982.tb00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
30
|
Costa-Pierce BA, Clay L, Malecha SR, Laws EA. POLYCULTURE OF CHINESE CARPS AND PRAWNS AT COMMERCIAL DENSITIES AND REDUCED FEEDING RATES I. WATER AND SEDIMENT MICROBIAL ECOLOGY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1984.tb00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Laws
- School of the Coast and Environment, 1002 K Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4110, USA
| | - Lora E Fleming
- Departments of Epidemiology & Public Health and Marine Biology & Fisheries, Miller School of Medicine and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Clinical Research Building, 10th Floor (R669), 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - John J Stegeman
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moore SK, Trainer VL, Mantua NJ, Parker MS, Laws EA, Backer LC, Fleming LE. Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health. Environ Health 2008; 7 Suppl 2:S4. [PMID: 19025675 DOI: 10.1186/1476•069x•7•s2•s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenically-derived increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been implicated in recent climate change, and are projected to substantially impact the climate on a global scale in the future. For marine and freshwater systems, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to increase surface temperatures, lower pH, and cause changes to vertical mixing, upwelling, precipitation, and evaporation patterns. The potential consequences of these changes for harmful algal blooms (HABs) have received relatively little attention and are not well understood. Given the apparent increase in HABs around the world and the potential for greater problems as a result of climate change and ocean acidification, substantial research is needed to evaluate the direct and indirect associations between HABs, climate change, ocean acidification, and human health. This research will require a multidisciplinary approach utilizing expertise in climatology, oceanography, biology, epidemiology, and other disciplines. We review the interactions between selected patterns of large-scale climate variability and climate change, oceanic conditions, and harmful algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Moore
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, Washington 98195-5351, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moore SK, Trainer VL, Mantua NJ, Parker MS, Laws EA, Backer LC, Fleming LE. Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health. Environ Health 2008; 7 Suppl 2:S4. [PMID: 19025675 PMCID: PMC2586717 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-s2-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenically-derived increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been implicated in recent climate change, and are projected to substantially impact the climate on a global scale in the future. For marine and freshwater systems, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to increase surface temperatures, lower pH, and cause changes to vertical mixing, upwelling, precipitation, and evaporation patterns. The potential consequences of these changes for harmful algal blooms (HABs) have received relatively little attention and are not well understood. Given the apparent increase in HABs around the world and the potential for greater problems as a result of climate change and ocean acidification, substantial research is needed to evaluate the direct and indirect associations between HABs, climate change, ocean acidification, and human health. This research will require a multidisciplinary approach utilizing expertise in climatology, oceanography, biology, epidemiology, and other disciplines. We review the interactions between selected patterns of large-scale climate variability and climate change, oceanic conditions, and harmful algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Moore
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, Washington 98195-5351, USA
- NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112-2013, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112-2013, USA
| | - Nathan J Mantua
- Climate Impacts Group and School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA
| | - Micaela S Parker
- Pacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, Washington 98195-7940, USA
| | - Edward A Laws
- School of the Coast and Environment, 1002 K Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4110, USA
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE MS F-46, Chamblee, Georgia 30341-3717, USA
| | - Lora E Fleming
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Department of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami School of Medicine and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, Florida 33136-2107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Hou A, Laws EA, Gambrell RP, Bae HS, Tan M, Delaune RD, Li Y, Roberts H. Pathogen indicator microbes and heavy metals in Lake Pontchartrain following Hurricane Katrina. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:5904-10. [PMID: 17051777 DOI: 10.1021/es060946u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Storm surge and several breaches of the New Orleans, Louisiana levee system caused flooding of more than 80% of the city following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. Most of the floodwaters pumped out of the city were discharged to Lake Pontchartrain. Lake water and sediment samples were collected during September 19 to October 9, 2005 to determine the possible impact of the dewatering operation on Lake Pontchartrain. Surface water E. coli and enterococcus counts were high at stations near the mouth of the 17th Street Canal (geometric means = 6.0 x 10(3) CFU/100 mL and 1.7 x 10(2) CFU/100 mL, respectively) but decreased by factors of 40 and 5, respectively, at stations 5 km from the mouth of the canal. Priority heavy metal concentrations were generally undetectable or below U.S. EPA criterion maximum and criterion continuous concentrations. Surface sediments near the mouth of the canal contained generally higher concentrations of enterococcus, E. coli, and Al-normalized metals than points further from the canal. The impact of the discharged floodwaters on heavy metal concentrations and indicator organism counts in the water column of Lake Pontchartrain appears to have been small and short-lived. Historically, however, the canal has been a significant contributor of pollutants to the sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Hou
- Department of Environmental Studies, Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, School of Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- David M Karl
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Laws EA, Stevens RM, Lipscomb WN. Comparison of diborane molecular properties from minimum basis set and extended Slater orbital wave functions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00768a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Lipscomb WN, Stevens RM, Switkes E, Laws EA. Self-consistent-field studies of the electronic structures of cyclopropane and benzene. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00740a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Laws EA, Popp BN, Cassar N, Tanimoto J. 13C discrimination patterns in oceanic phytoplankton: likely influence of CO2 concentrating mechanisms, and implications for palaeoreconstructions. Funct Plant Biol 2002; 29:323-333. [PMID: 32689479 DOI: 10.1071/pp01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic composition of organic carbon buried in marine sediments is an appealing proxy for palaeo CO2 concentrations due to the well-documented effect of CO2 concentrations on carbon fractionation by phytoplankton. However, a number of factors, in addition to CO2 concentrations, influence this fractionation. Included among these factors are cell geometry, in particular surface/volume ratios, growth rate, and the presence of CO2 concentrating mechanisms. Other potentially confounding factors are calcification, diagenesis, and the nature of the growth-rate-limiting factor, e.g. light vs nutrients. Because of these confounding factors, palaeoreconstructions based on the isotopic composition of organic carbon (δ13C) will almost certainly have to be based on the isotopic signatures of organic compounds that can be associated with a single species, or group of physiologically similar species. Long-chain alkenones produced by certain species of coccolithophores may provide a suitable diagnostic marker. By combining the δ13C of the alkenone carbon with the δ13C of coccolith carbon and the Sr/Ca ratio of the coccoliths, it is possible to calculate the extent of carbon fractionation (εp) and estimate growth rates. However, active transport of inorganic carbon tends to make εp insensitive to CO2 concentrations when the ratio of growth rate to CO2 concentration exceeds 0.285/rkg mol-1d-1, where r is the effective spherical radius of the cell in microns. Palaeo CO2 concentrations calculated from alkenone and coccolith δ13C data capture the gross features of CO2 concentrations in the Vostok ice core, but explain only 30-35% of the variance in the latter. The absence of a higher correlation may in part reflect the impact of active transport, particularly during glacial times. The impact of active transport may have been less severe prior to the Pleistocene, since CO2 concentrations are believed to have been higher than present-day values during most of Phanerozoic time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Laws
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.Corresponding author;
| | - Brian N Popp
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, 1680 EastWest Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Nicolas Cassar
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Jamie Tanimoto
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Berner RA, Petsch ST, Lake JA, Beerling DJ, Popp BN, Lane RS, Laws EA, Westley MB, Cassar N, Woodward FI, Quick WP. Isotope fractionation and atmospheric oxygen: implications for phanerozoic O(2) evolution. Science 2000; 287:1630-3. [PMID: 10698733 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5458.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Models describing the evolution of the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time are constrained by the mass balances required between the inputs and outputs of carbon and sulfur to the oceans. This constraint has limited the applicability of proposed negative feedback mechanisms for maintaining levels of atmospheric O(2) at biologically permissable levels. Here we describe a modeling approach that incorporates O(2)-dependent carbon and sulfur isotope fractionation using data obtained from laboratory experiments on carbon-13 discrimination by vascular land plants and marine plankton. The model allows us to calculate a Phanerozoic O(2) history that agrees with independent models and with biological and physical constraints and supports the hypothesis of a high atmospheric O(2) content during the Carboniferous (300 million years ago), a time when insect gigantism was widespread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- RA Berner
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technolo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bidigare RR, Fluegge A, Freeman KH, Hanson KL, Hayes JM, Hollander D, Jasper JP, King LL, Laws EA, Milder J, Millero FJ, Pancost R, Popp BN, Steinberg PA, Wakeham SG. Consistent fractionation of 13C in nature and in the laboratory: growth-rate effects in some haptophyte algae. Global Biogeochem Cycles 1997; 11:279-292. [PMID: 11540616 DOI: 10.1029/96gb03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotopic fractionation accompanying formation of biomass by alkenone-producing algae in natural marine environments varies systematically with the concentration of dissolved phosphate. Specifically, if the fractionation is expressed by epsilon p approximately delta e - delta p, where delta e and delta p are the delta 13C values for dissolved CO2 and for algal biomass (determined by isotopic analysis of C37 alkadienones), respectively, and if Ce is the concentration of dissolved CO2, micromole kg-1, then b = 38 + 160*[PO4], where [PO4] is the concentration of dissolved phosphate, microM, and b = (25 - epsilon p)Ce. The correlation found between b and [PO4] is due to effects linking nutrient levels to growth rates and cellular carbon budgets for alkenone-containing algae, most likely by trace-metal limitations on algal growth. The relationship reported here is characteristic of 39 samples (r2 = 0.95) from the Santa Monica Basin (six different times during the annual cycle), the equatorial Pacific (boreal spring and fall cruises as well as during an iron-enrichment experiment), and the Peru upwelling zone. Points representative of samples from the Sargasso Sea ([PO4] < or = 0.1 microM) fall above the b = f[PO4] line. Analysis of correlations expected between mu (growth rate), epsilon p, and Ce shows that, for our entire data set, most variations in epsilon p result from variations in mu rather than Ce. Accordingly, before concentrations of dissolved CO2 can be estimated from isotopic fractionations, some means of accounting for variations in growth rate must be found, perhaps by drawing on relationships between [PO4] and Cd/Ca ratios in shells of planktonic foraminifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Bidigare
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
DiTullio GR, Laws EA. Impact of an atmospheric-oceanic disturbance on phytoplankton community dynamics in the North Pacific Central Gyre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(91)90029-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Laws EA, DiTullio GR, Betzer PR, Karl DM, Carder KL. Autotrophic production and elemental fluxes at 26°N, 155°W in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(89)90021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
A method is presented for determining both the average turnover rate and the standard deviation of the average turnover rate of the adenine nucleotide (AN) pool within a population of microorganisms. The method requires the calculation of the initial slope and curvature of a plot of AN specific activity versus time following the introduction of [
3
H]adenine. An analysis of noise-corrupted data indicated that the method is capable of detecting a lack of uniformity in the turnover rate when the coefficient of variation of the turnover rate exceeds 39%. An analysis of field data revealed a significant lack of uniformity in the turnover rates of microbial communities in a marine sediment sample and freshwater pond but no significant nonuniformity in the turnover rates of microbial communities in a seawater sample and in a second freshwater pond. Although the method has been applied only to the analysis of AN turnover rates, it is applicable to any intracellular pool for which a suitable radioactive precursor exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Laws
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, and Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Coconut Island, Kaneohe, Hawaii, 96744
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Laws EA, Jones DR, Terry KL, Hirata JA. Modifications in recent models of phytoplankton growth: Theoretical developments and experimental examination of predictions. J Theor Biol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(85)80109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|