1
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Shrestha S, Yoon S, Erickson MH, Guo F, Mehra M, Bui AAT, Schulze BC, Kotsakis A, Daube C, Herndon SC, Yacovitch TI, Alvarez S, Flynn JH, Griffin RJ, Cobb GP, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ. Traffic, transport, and vegetation drive VOC concentrations in a major urban area in Texas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155861. [PMID: 35568171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The population of Texas has increased rapidly in the past decade. The San Antonio Field Study (SAFS) was designed to investigate ozone (O3) production and precursors in this rapidly changing, sprawling metropolitan area. There are still many questions regarding the sources and chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas like San Antonio which are affected by a complex mixture of industry, traffic, biogenic sources and transported pollutants. The goal of the SAFS campaign in May 2017 was to measure inorganic trace gases, VOCs, methane (CH4), and ethane (C2H6). The SAFS field design included two sites to better assess air quality across the metro area: an urban site (Traveler's World; TW) and a downwind/suburban site (University of Texas at San Antonio; UTSA). The results indicated that acetone (2.52 ± 1.17 and 2.39 ± 1.27 ppbv), acetaldehyde (1.45 ± 1.02 and 0.93 ± 0.45 ppbv) and isoprene (0.64 ± 0.49 and 1.21 ± 0.85 ppbv; TW and UTSA, respectively) were the VOCs with the highest concentrations. Additionally, positive matrix factorization showed three dominant factors of VOC emissions: biogenic, aged urban mixed source, and acetone. Methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK + MACR) exhibited contributions from both secondary photooxidation of isoprene and direct emissions from traffic. The C2H6:CH4 demonstrated potential influence of oil and gas activities in San Antonio. Moreover, the high O3 days during the campaign were in the NOx-limited O3 formation regime and were preceded by evening peaks in select VOCs, NOx and CO. Overall, quantification of the concentration and trends of VOCs and trace gases in a major city in Texas offers vital information for general air quality management and supports strategies for reducing O3 pollution. The SAFS campaign VOC results will also add to the growing body of literature on urban sources and concentrations of VOCs in major urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Pasco, WA, USA
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Manisha Mehra
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexander A T Bui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin C Schulze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kotsakis
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Universities Space Research Association, NASA/GSFC, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - George P Cobb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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2
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Stinson B, Laguerre A, Gall ET. Per-Person and Whole-Building VOC Emission Factors in an Occupied School with Gas-Phase Air Cleaning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3354-3364. [PMID: 35130699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using real-time measurements of CO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air handler of an occupied middle school, we quantified source strengths for 249 VOCs and apportioned the source to the building, occupants and their activities, outdoor air, or recirculation air. For VOCs quantified in this study, there is a source to the outdoors of 8.6 ± 1.8 g/h in building exhaust air, of which 5.9 ± 1.7 g/h can be attributed to indoor sources (the building and occupants and their activities). The corresponding whole-building area emission factor from indoor sources is 1020 ± 300 μg/(m2 h), including reactive VOCs like isoprene and monoterpenes (33 ± 5.1 and 29 ± 5.7 μg/(m2 h), respectively). Per-person emission factors are calculated for compounds associated with occupants and their activities, e.g., monoterpenes are emitted at a rate of 280 ± 80 μg/(person h). The air handler included carbon scrubbing, reducing supply air concentrations of 125 compounds by 38 ± 19% (mean ± std. dev.) with a net removal of 2.4 ± 0.4 g/h of organic compounds from the building. This carbon scrubber reduces steady-state indoor concentrations of organics by 65 μg/m3 and the contribution of indoor sources of VOCs to the outdoor environment by ∼40%. These data inform the design and operation of buildings to reduce human exposure to VOCs inside buildings. These data indicate the potential for gas-phase air cleaning to improve both indoor air quality and reduce VOC emissions from buildings to the outdoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Stinson
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 Southwest 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Aurélie Laguerre
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 Southwest 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Elliott T Gall
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 Southwest 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
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3
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Abstract
To investigate major sources and trends of particulate pollution in Houston, total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected and analyzed. Characterization of organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon combined with realtime black carbon (BC) concentration provided insight into the temporal trends of PM2.5 and coarse PM (subtraction of PM2.5 from TSP) during the Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) Campaign in Houston in 2013. Ambient OC, EC, and BC concentrations were highest in the morning, likely due to motor vehicle exhaust emissions associated with the morning rush hour. The morning periods also had the lowest OC to EC ratios, indicative of primary combustion sources. Houston also had significant coarse EC at the downtown site, with an average (±standard deviation) PM2.5 to TSP ratio of 0.52 ± 0.18 and an average coarse EC concentration of 0.44 ± 0.24 µg·C·m−3. The coarse EC concentrations were likely associated with less efficient industrial combustion processes from industry near downtown Houston. During the last week (20–28 September, 2013), increases in OC and EC concentrations were predominantly in the fine fraction. Both PM2.5 and TSP samples from the last week were further analyzed using radiocarbon analysis. Houston’s carbonaceous aerosol was determined to be largely from contemporary sources for both size fractions; however, PM2.5 had less impact from fossil sources. There was an increasing trend in fossil carbon during a period with the highest carbonaceous aerosol concentrations (September 24 night and 25 day) that was observed in both the PM2.5 and TSP. Overall, this study provided insight into the sources and trends of both fine and coarse PM in a large urban U.S. city impacted by a combination of urban, industrial, and biogenic emissions sources.
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One-Year Characterization and Reactivity of Isoprene and Its Impact on Surface Ozone Formation at A Suburban Site in Guangzhou, China. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene has a potentially large effect on ozone (O3) formation in the subtropical, highly polluted city of Guangzhou. Online measurements of isoprene in Guangzhou city are scarce; thus, isoprene levels were monitored for one year at the Guangzhou Panyu Atmospheric Composition Station (GPACS), a suburban site in Guangzhou, using an online gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC–FID) system to investigate the characterization and reactivity of isoprene and its effect on the O3 peak profile in different seasons. The results showed that the daily average mixing ratios of isoprene at GPACS were 0.40, 2.20, 1.40, and 0.13 mixing ratio by volume (ppbv) in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. These values were considerably higher than the mixing ratios of isoprene in the numerous other subtropical and temperate cities around the world. Furthermore, isoprene ranked first with regard to O3 formation potential (OFP) and propylene-equivalent mixing ratio among 56 measured non–methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). The ratios of isoprene to cis-2-butene, an exhaust tracer, were determined to estimate the fractions of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. The results revealed a much greater contribution from biogenic than anthropogenic factors during the daytime in all four seasons. In addition, night-time isoprene emissions were mostly associated with vehicles in winter, and the residual isoprene that remained after photochemical loss during the daytime also persisted into the night. The high levels of isoprene in summer and autumn may cause the strong and broad peaks of the O3 profile because of its association with the most favorable meteorological conditions (e.g., high temperature and intense solar radiation) and the highest OH mixing ratio, which could affect human health by exposing people to a high O3 mixing ratio for prolonged periods. The lower mixing ratios of isoprene resulted in a weak and sharp peak in the O3 profile in both spring and winter. The high level of isoprene in the subtropical zone could accentuate its large impact on atmospheric oxidant capacity and air quality in Guangzhou city.
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A Two-Decade Anthropogenic and Biogenic Isoprene Emissions Study in a London Urban Background and a London Urban Traffic Site. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A relationship between isoprene and 1,3-butadiene mixing ratios was established to separate the anthropogenic and biogenic fractions of the measured isoprene in London air in both urban background (Eltham) and urban traffic (Marylebone Road) areas over two decades (1997–2017). The average daytime biogenic isoprene mixing ratios over this period reached 0.09 ± 0.04 ppb (Marylebone Road) and 0.11 ± 0.06 ppb (Eltham) between the period of 6:00 to 20:00 local standard time, contributing 40 and 75% of the total daytime isoprene mixing ratios. The average summertime biogenic isoprene mixing ratios for 1997–2017 are found to be 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.15 ± 0.04 ppb which contribute 50 and 90% of the total summertime isoprene mixing ratios for Marylebone Road and Eltham, respectively. Significant anthropogenic isoprene mixing ratios are found during night-time (0.11 ± 0.04 ppb) and winter months (0.14 ± 0.01 ppb) at Marylebone Road. During high-temperature and high-pollution events (high ozone) there is a suggestion that ozone itself may be directly responsible for some of the isoprene emission. By observing the positive correlation between biogenic isoprene levels with temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and ozone mixing ratios during heatwave periods, the Cobb-Douglas production function was used to obtain a better understanding of the abiotic factors that stimulate isoprene emission from plants. Other reasons for a correlation between ozone and isoprene are discussed. The long-term effects of urban stressors on vegetation were also observed, with biogenic isoprene mixing ratios on Marylebone Road dropping over a 20-year period regardless of the sustained biomass levels.
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6
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Cheng X, Li H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Wang X, Bi F, Zhang H, Gao J, Chai F, Lun X, Chen Y, Gao J, Lv J. Atmospheric isoprene and monoterpenes in a typical urban area of Beijing: Pollution characterization, chemical reactivity and source identification. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:150-167. [PMID: 30195674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous observation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene was carried out in a typical urban area of Beijing from March 2014 to February 2015, using an AirmoVOC online analyzer. Based on the analysis of the ambient level and variation characteristics of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, the chemical reactivity was studied, and their sources were identified. Results showed that the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene in the urban area of Beijing were lower than those in richly vegetated areas; the concentrations of isoprene were at a moderate level compared with those of previous studies of Beijing. Concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene showed different seasonal, monthly, daily and diurnal variations, and all of the three species showed higher level at night than those in the daytime as a whole, the variations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene mainly influenced by emission of sources, photochemical reaction, and meteorological parameters. Isoprene was the largest contributor to the total OFP values than α-pinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene was the largest contributor to the total SOAFP values than isoprene and β-pinene in autumn, while isoprene was the largest one in other seasons. Isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene were derived mainly from biological sources; and α-pinene level were also affected by industrial sources. To reduce the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, it is necessary to scientifically select urban green plant species, and more strict control measures should be taken to reduce the emission of α-pinene from industrial sources, such as artificial flavors and resins synthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100011, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100011, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuezhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515000, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Lun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junyi Lv
- Shanghai Thunder Environmental Technology CO., Ltd., Shanghai, 200235, China
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7
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Park C, Schade GW. Anthropogenic and Biogenic Features of Long-Term Measured CO Flux in North Downtown Houston, Texas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:253-265. [PMID: 26828181 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.02.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term urban carbon cycle studies remain rare despite the importance of carbon for energy, air quality, and climate change. To study spatial and temporal variations of energy and carbon fluxes in a subtropical urban environment, eddy covariance flux measurements were conducted north of downtown Houston, TX, using a tall radio-tower installation. The results of the first 2 yr of measurements show that both concentrations and fluxes of CO display typical seasonal and diurnal variations in urban areas. The seasonal variation of net CO flux is driven by steady anthropogenic emissions dominated by car traffic and human respiration, moderated by the local deciduous tree foliage. Weekday-weekend differences were observed in carbon fluxes, but not concentrations, while diurnal changes were dominated by rush-hour peaks from traffic and vegetation influences. Interestingly, CO and CO concentrations, but not CO flux, exhibited long-term declines, especially comparing pre- and post-Hurricane Ike periods. A directional analysis of CO fluxes revealed that the highest fluxes typically occurred from northwest directions, most likely due to emissions from small industrial sources. Car traffic as carbon source was revealed via correlations of CO with CO during the morning rush hours, and of CO flux with traffic counts during winter time. The influence of urban vegetation on net CO fluxes was identified via correlations with daytime photosynthetically active radiation due to photosynthesis, and with nighttime temperatures due to ecosystem respiration. The study site is a net source of CO throughout all seasons.
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8
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Wagner P, Kuttler W. Biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in the near-surface urban atmosphere--a case study in Essen, Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 475:104-115. [PMID: 24472568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted in large quantities by vegetation, exhaled by human beings and released in small quantities by road traffic. As a result of its high reactivity, isoprene is an important ozone precursor in the troposphere and can play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Measurements of isoprene in urban areas in Central Europe are scarce. Thus, in Essen, Germany, the isoprene concentration was measured at various sites during different seasons using two compact online GC-PID systems. Isoprene concentrations were compared with those of benzene and toluene, which represent typical anthropogenic VOCs. In the summer, the diurnal variation in isoprene concentration was dependent on the biogenic emissions in the city. It was found that its maximum concentration occurred during the day, in contrast to the benzene and toluene concentrations. During the measurement period in the summer of 2012, the average hourly isoprene concentrations reached 0.13 to 0.17 ppb between 10 and 20 LST. At high air temperatures, the isoprene concentration exceeded the benzene and toluene concentrations at many of the sites. Isoprene became more important than toluene with regard to ozone formation in the city area during the afternoon hours of summer days with high air temperatures. This finding was demonstrated by the contributions to OH reactivity and ozone-forming potential. It contradicts the results of other studies, which were based on daily or seasonal average values. With an isoprene/benzene ratio of 0.02, the contribution of anthropogenic isoprene decreased substantially to a very low level during the last 20 years in Central Europe due to a strong reduction in road traffic emissions. In the vicinity of many people, isoprene concentrations of up to 0.54 ppb and isoprene/benzene ratios of up to 1.34 were found in the atmosphere due to isoprene exhaled by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wagner
- University Duisburg-Essen, Campus Essen, Faculty of Biology, Applied Climatology and Landscape Ecology, Building S-A, Schützenbahn 70, D-45127 Essen, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Kuttler
- University Duisburg-Essen, Campus Essen, Faculty of Biology, Applied Climatology and Landscape Ecology, Building S-A, Schützenbahn 70, D-45127 Essen, Germany
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9
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Guo H, Ling ZH, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Wang DW. Observations of isoprene, methacrolein (MAC) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) at a mountain site in Hong Kong. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Zhang H, Worton D, Lewandowski M, Ortega J, Rubitschun CL, Park JH, Kristensen K, Campuzano-Jost P, Day D, Jimenez JL, Jaoui M, Offenberg J, Kleindienst TE, Gilman J, Kuster W, de Gouw J, Park C, Schade G, Frossard AA, Russell L, Kaser L, Jud W, Hansel A, Cappellin L, Karl T, Glasius M, Guenther A, Goldstein AH, Seinfeld J, Gold A, Kamens RM, Surratt JD. Organosulfates as tracers for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9437-46. [PMID: 22849588 PMCID: PMC3557936 DOI: 10.1021/es301648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) is an important biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emitted by pine trees and a potential precursor of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in forested regions. In the present study, hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated oxidation of MBO was examined in smog chambers under varied initial nitric oxide (NO) and aerosol acidity levels. Results indicate measurable SOA from MBO under low-NO conditions. Moreover, increasing aerosol acidity was found to enhance MBO SOA. Chemical characterization of laboratory-generated MBO SOA reveals that an organosulfate species (C(5)H(12)O(6)S, MW 200) formed and was substantially enhanced with elevated aerosol acidity. Ambient fine aerosol (PM(2.5)) samples collected from the BEARPEX campaign during 2007 and 2009, as well as from the BEACHON-RoMBAS campaign during 2011, were also analyzed. The MBO-derived organosulfate characterized from laboratory-generated aerosol was observed in PM(2.5) collected from these campaigns, demonstrating that it is a molecular tracer for MBO-initiated SOA in the atmosphere. Furthermore, mass concentrations of the MBO-derived organosulfate are well correlated with MBO mixing ratio, temperature, and acidity in the field campaigns. Importantly, this compound accounted for an average of 0.25% and as high as 1% of the total organic aerosol mass during BEARPEX 2009. An epoxide intermediate generated under low-NO conditions is tentatively proposed to produce MBO SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Zhang
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David
R. Worton
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Aerosol Dynamics
Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John Ortega
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Caitlin L. Rubitschun
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas
A. Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- Alion Science and
Technology, P.O. Box 12313, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John
H. Offenberg
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jessica Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - William
C. Kuster
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - Changhyoun Park
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Gunnar
W. Schade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Lynn Russell
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Lisa Kaser
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Jud
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca Cappellin
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Thomas Karl
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alex Guenther
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John
H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
91125, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Richard M. Kamens
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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