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Bojer AK, Woldetsadik M, Biru BH. Machine learning and CORDEX-Africa regional model for assessing the impact of climate change on the Gilgel Gibe Watershed, Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121394. [PMID: 38852417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of our time, profoundly impacting global water resources and sustainability. This study aimed to predict the long-term effects of climate change on the Gilgel Gibe watershed by integrating machine learning (ML) methods and climate model scenarios. Utilizing an ensemble mean of four regional climate models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Africa project, we forecast future climatic conditions. Although global and regional climate simulations offer valuable insights, their limitations necessitate alternative approaches, such as ML, for improved accuracy. Employing an ensemble ML model with Random Forest (RF), Extra Tree (ET), and CatBoost (CB) algorithms, we assessed various bias-correction methods using historical data from 1993 to 2009. Our results highlight the effectiveness of distribution mapping (DM) in capturing temperature variability and precipitation patterns, using the power transpiration (PT) method to represent precipitation variability. Projections indicate a decline in future precipitation under the RCP 8.5 (-32.2%) and SSP 4.5 (-88.8%) for 2024-2049, with further decreases expected for 2050-2099. Conversely, temperatures will rise under RCP 4.5 (TMAX 0.67 °C) and RCP 8.5 (TMAX 0.25 °C and TMIN 1.11 °C) in the near term, exacerbated by higher emissions under SSP 4.5 and 8.5. By leveraging an ensemble mean of four observed RCMs in an ML framework, our study successfully reproduced future Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and (CMIP6) climatic datasets, with the CB model demonstrating superior performance in predicting future precipitation and temperature trends. These findings offer valuable insights for shaping future climate scenarios and informing policy decisions for the Gilgel Gibe Watershed, thereby enhancing water resource management in the basin and its environs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel Kumsa Bojer
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Muluneh Woldetsadik
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Hailu Biru
- Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute, PO Box 40782, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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2
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Frank P. LiG Metrology, Correlated Error, and the Integrity of the Global Surface Air-Temperature Record. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5976. [PMID: 37447827 DOI: 10.3390/s23135976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The published 95% uncertainty of the global surface air-temperature anomaly (GSATA) record through 1980 is impossibly less than the 2σ = ±0.25 °C lower limit of laboratory resolution of 1 °C/division liquid-in-glass (LiG) thermometers. The ~0.7 °C/century Joule-drift of lead- and soft-glass thermometer bulbs renders unreliable the entire historical air-temperature record through the 19th century. A circa 1900 Baudin meteorological spirit thermometer bulb exhibited intense Pb X-ray emission lines (10.55, 12.66, and 14.76 keV). Uncorrected LiG thermometer non-linearity leaves 1σ = ±0.27 °C uncertainty in land-surface air temperatures prior to 1981. The 2σ = ±0.43 °C from LiG resolution and non-linearity obscures most of the 20th century GSATA trend. Systematic sensor-measurement errors are highly pair-wise correlated, possibly across hundreds of km. Non-normal distributions of bucket and engine-intake difference SSTs disconfirm the assumption of random measurement error. Semivariogram analysis of ship SST measurements yields half the error difference mean, ±½Δε1,2, not the error mean. Transfer-function adjustment following a change of land station air-temperature sensor eliminates measurement independence and forward-propagates the antecedent uncertainty. LiG resolution limits, non-linearity, and sensor field calibrations yield GSATA mean ±2σ RMS uncertainties of, 1900-1945, ±1.7 °C; 1946-1980, ±2.1 °C; 1981-2004, ±2.0 °C; and 2005-2010, ±1.6 °C. Finally, the 20th century (1900-1999) GSATA, 0.74 ± 1.94 °C, does not convey any information about rate or magnitude of temperature change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frank
- Scientific Staff Emeritus, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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3
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Hussain M, Saleem N, Hanan MA, Lodhi RN. Media, interpersonal communication, personal characteristics and online participation for climate change: structural equation modelling to determine digital discourse in Pakistan. GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, MEMORY AND COMMUNICATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/gkmc-09-2022-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to fill the gap by researching the direct effects of media and personal characteristics on online participation in climate change, indirect effects when mediated by interpersonal communication and personal characteristics as predictors of media communications as sources of information about climate change.
Design/methodology/approach
A structured questionnaire is distributed to collect data about the uses of communication sources and online responses toward climate change by using a quota sampling technique. The structural equation modeling by using Smart PLS 4 is used to explore the effects’ size.
Findings
Small levels of direct and indirect effects are found. Direct effects are found in online newspapers, YouTube, television news, personal relevance toward climate change and political interest in online participation in climate change. Indirect effects are found of WhatsApp on online climate participation through interpersonal communication. Personal relevance toward climate change has motivated respondents to take information about climate change from Facebook. Climate skepticism is found among respondents who have received information from television news/talk shows, printed newspapers and WhatsApp.
Practical implications
University teachers in Pakistan will have to work on educational strategies to increase the knowledge of university students about energy generation through carbon and renewable energy sources.
Originality/value
The results of this study highlight the communicative-cultural dimensions of online discourse about climate change in the context of the less-researched country of Pakistan. This is the first study of researchers’ knowledge that comprehensively defines the digital media ecology in the context of climate change considering Pakistan.
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The Future Extreme Temperature under RCP8.5 Reduces the Yields of Major Crops in Northern Peninsular of Southeast Asia. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:1410849. [PMID: 35401057 PMCID: PMC8986419 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1410849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the impact of rising near-future temperatures on crop yields, particularly rice and maize, in northern Thailand between 2020 and 2029. The potential for high temperatures in northern Thailand between 2020 and 2029 under the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario indicates that Thailand experienced hot trends between 2020 and 2029 as measured by the annual maximum value of daily maximum temp (TXx), annual minimum value of daily maximum temp (TXn), annual minimum value of daily minimum temp (TNn), and annual maximum value of daily minimum temp (TNx). Northern Thailand had the most dramatic changes in TXn and TNn. Furthermore, TXn levels were found to be significantly higher in northern Thailand. The number of days when TX < 10th percentile (TX10p) intensity decreased, while the number of days with TN < 10th percentile (TN10p) intensity was increasing. The number of days when TN > 90th percentile (TX90p) has become increasingly rare in northern Thailand. The TN90p was dropping in northern Thailand, whereas the Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) was growing. Additionally, the cold spell duration index (CSDI) continues to decline. This indicates that the heat persistence index is increasing in northern Thailand. Temperature rises are the most likely to have a detrimental impact on agricultural production, and climate models can predict regional temperature changes with more precision than precipitation. Throughout the planting season (June-December), average yearly temperatures in rice and maize growing areas have climbed by 0.5–0.6°C. The impact estimates for maize and rice are generally negative, that is, −10 ± 4.6% per °C and −8 ± 3.5% per °C, respectively.
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Importance of Dead Wood in Virgin Forest Ecosystem Functioning in Southern Carpathians. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dead wood (DW) is an important component of sustainable forest management and climate change mitigation. Three research plots (each with an area of 1 ha), located in virgin forests in the Southern Carpathians (Semenic P20, Retezat–Zănoaga, and Făgăraș–Șinca), were installed in order to study the synergies between DW and climate change mitigation effects. Data on the dendrometric characteristics of standing and lying DW, the species, and the degree of decay were recorded. The aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock (CS) of the DW were also determined. The DW volume was between 48 m3·ha−1 and 148 m3·ha−1, with the total volume (dead and alive) ranging between 725 m3·ha−1 and 966 m3·ha−1. The DW volume distribution shows a decreasing trend, with the most suitable theoretical distributions for describing this being the lognormal, the 2P Weibull, and the 2P-Gamma. The AGB ranged between 17 t·ha−1 and 30 t·ha−1 and showed a decreasing trend according to altitude. The CS was between 8 t·ha−1 and 14.33 t·ha−1. A slow decomposition rate for the hardwood was identified by analyzing the relationship between the surface and volume of the DW. This highlighted the capacity of DW to store carbon for a long period of time.
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Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Climate Warming in the Chinese Tianshan Mountainous Region. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese Tianshan mountainous region (CTMR) is a typical alpine region with high topographic heterogeneity, characterized by a large altitude span, complex topography, and diverse landscapes. A significant increase in air temperature had occurred in the CTMR during the last five decades. However, the detailed, comprehensive, and systematical characteristics of climate warming, such as its temporal and spatial heterogeneity, remain unclear. In this study, the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of climate warming across the CTMR had been comprehensively analyzed based on the 10-day air temperature data gathered during 1961–2020 from 26 meteorological stations. The results revealed local cooling in the context of general warming in the CTMR. The amplitude of variation (AV) varied from −0.57 to 3.64 °C, with the average value of 1.19 °C during the last six decades. The lapse rates of the elevation-dependent warming that existed annually, and in spring, summer, and autumn are −0.5 °C/100 m, −0.5 °C/100 m, −0.7 °C/100 m, and −0.4 °C/100 m, respectively. The warming in the CTMR is characteristic of high temporal heterogeneity, as represented by the amplified warming at 10-d scale for more than half a year, and the values of AV were higher than 1.09 °C of the global warming during 2011–2020 (GWV2011–2020). Meanwhile, the amplitudes of warming differed greatly on a seasonal scale, with the rates in spring, autumn, and winter higher than that in summer. The large spatial heterogeneity of climate warming also occurred across the CTMR. The warming pole existed in the warm part, the Turpan-Hami basin (below 1000 m asl) where the air temperature itself was high. That is, the warm places were warmer across the CTMR. The cooling pole was also found in the Kuqa region (about 1000 m asl). This study could greatly improve the understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics, patterns, and regional heterogeneity of climate warming across the CTMR and even northwest China.
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Deep A, Pandey CP, Nandan H, Singh N, Yadav G, Joshi PC, Purohit KD, Bhatt SC. Aerosols optical depth and Ångström exponent over different regions in Garhwal Himalaya, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:324. [PMID: 33948733 PMCID: PMC8096143 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE) are observed to be important parameters in understanding the status of ambient aerosol concentration over a particular location and depend not only upon the local but also on the large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere. The present article analyses the AOD and AE parameters retrieved with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) instruments onboard satellites, for the upper (Chamoli) and foothill (Dehradun) regions of Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India, from 2006 to 2015. Aerosol properties are investigated at monthly, seasonal, and annual scales. The monthly mean values of MODIS-derived AOD and AE were observed to be 0.18 (± 0.14) and 1.05 (± 0.43) respectively over the Dehradun region. The seasonal maximums in AOD with MODIS and MISR were observed as 0.23 ± 0.06 and 0.29 ± 0.07 respectively in the pre-monsoon season, and the minimum values (0.099 ± 0.02) were observed in the post-monsoon season, over the Dehradun region. In contrast, in the Chamoli region, the maximum AOD (MODIS) was 0.21 ± 0.06 observed in the monsoon season and the minimum was 0.036 ± 0.007 in the post-monsoon season. Over a decade, the AE for Chamoli and Dehradun was found to vary from 0.07 to 0.17 and from 0.14 to 0.20 respectively. The median AE for Chamoli and Dehradun was found to be 1.49 and 1.47 respectively, marking the dominance of fine mode particles of anthropogenic origin. Observations show the presence of dust and polluted dust resulting from the long-range transport from the west. The comparison of AOD values from the two sensors shows a significant correlation (0.73) with slightly higher values from MISR over the year. The results obtained are important in understanding the climatic implications due to the atmospheric aerosols over the abovementioned Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Deep
- Department of Physics, H N B University, Garhwal (A Central University), 246174 Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Chhavi Pant Pandey
- Wadia Institute of Himalaya Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, 248001 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Hemwati Nandan
- Department of Physics and, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Narendra Singh
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital, 263001 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Garima Yadav
- Department of Physics, H N B University, Garhwal (A Central University), 246174 Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - P C Joshi
- Department of Physics and, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404 Uttarakhand, India
| | - K D Purohit
- Department of Physics, H N B University, Garhwal (A Central University), 246174 Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S C Bhatt
- Department of Physics, H N B University, Garhwal (A Central University), 246174 Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
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8
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Gilliam FS. Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Longleaf Pine Ecosystems of Florida: Tropical Cyclogenesis, Landfall Frequencies, and Climate Change. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.595791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical storms and hurricanes (collectively hereafter, tropical cyclones) are among the most destructive forces in nature. These threats are of particular concern to human populations and ecosystems of coastal areas of the southeastern United States, most especially in the State of Florida. This review begins with an overview of the effects of tropical cyclones on Florida’s most conspicuous terrestrial ecosystem—longleaf pine. Environmental factors leading to tropical cyclogenesis will also be reviewed, with a specific focus on (1) landfall history in Florida, and (2) the potential relationship between climate change and the frequency/intensity of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean. Given its geographical distribution, it is not surprising that longleaf pine has long been impacted by tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic. Tropical cyclones are formed from a complex combination of meteorological conditions, driven initially by the release of excess heat from the surface waters of the ocean, along with an unstable atmosphere comprising air temperatures decreasing and wind speeds increasing with altitude. Among the coastal counties from Texas to Maine, those of Florida have experienced by far the highest frequency of tropical cyclones, especially the southern tip of peninsular Florida, with its most populous county (Miami-Dade) receiving 25 hits from 1900 to 2010, second only to Monroe County (32 hits) during that period. Frequencies of all categories of cyclones have increased significantly from 1850 to the present. Cyclone frequencies were significantly correlated with increases in air and ocean temperatures, both of which have increased over the past, suggesting a causal relationship with anthropogenic climate change. Of future concern is how increases in frequencies and intensities of tropical cyclones will negatively affect the structure and function of these ecologically and economically important longleaf pine ecosystems.
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9
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O'Loughlin R. Robustness reasoning in climate model comparisons. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2021; 85:34-43. [PMID: 33966781 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O'Loughlin
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1165 E. 3rd St. Morrison Hall Rm. 302, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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10
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Su W, Tao J, Wang J, Ding C. Current research status of large river systems: a cross-continental comparison. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39413-39426. [PMID: 32648214 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rivers play an irreplaceable role in nature and human society but are the most vulnerable ecosystem in the world to multiple environmental stressors. However, the global-scale research status and the distribution patterns of major stressors in large rivers remain unclear. This study analysed research publications (12,807 documents from 1900 to 2019) related to six large rivers with continental representativeness to tackle these knowledge gaps. The results showed that the total outputs have grown rapidly over the study period, particularly since the 1990s. Consistent with the varied environmental characteristics and problems among the rivers, the research outputs and focuses demonstrated clear differences, which could further be attributed to geographical location, journal preferences and the economic strength of the country in which the river is located. Overall, climate change was the most frequently and widely considered environmental stressor in large rivers. Regardless of climate change, species diversity and hydropower development were widely addressed in the Amazon, Congo and Mekong river basins. Water pollution was the main stressor studied in the Rhine River and Mississippi River, while agricultural irrigation and drought were the most frequently addressed research subjects in the Murray-Darling River. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the research status and stressor distribution in large global rivers, highlighting the relationship between river research and geographical regions, pointing out future research directions and providing management guidance for large rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Su
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Chengzhi Ding
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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11
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How Much Human-Caused Global Warming Should We Expect with Business-As-Usual (BAU) Climate Policies? A Semi-Empirical Assessment. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the merits of national climate change mitigation policies, it is important to have a reasonable benchmark for how much human-caused global warming would occur over the coming century with “Business-As-Usual” (BAU) conditions. However, currently, policymakers are limited to making assessments by comparing the Global Climate Model (GCM) projections of future climate change under various different “scenarios”, none of which are explicitly defined as BAU. Moreover, all of these estimates are ab initio computer model projections, and policymakers do not currently have equivalent empirically derived estimates for comparison. Therefore, estimates of the total future human-caused global warming from the three main greenhouse gases of concern (CO2, CH4, and N2O) up to 2100 are here derived for BAU conditions. A semi-empirical approach is used that allows direct comparisons between GCM-based estimates and empirically derived estimates. If the climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases implies a Transient Climate Response (TCR) of ≥ 2.5 °C or an Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) of ≥ 5.0 °C then the 2015 Paris Agreement’s target of keeping human-caused global warming below 2.0 °C will have been broken by the middle of the century under BAU. However, for a TCR < 1.5 °C or ECS < 2.0 °C, the target would not be broken under BAU until the 22nd century or later. Therefore, the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) “likely” range estimates for TCR of 1.0 to 2.5 °C and ECS of 1.5 to 4.5 °C have not yet established if human-caused global warming is a 21st century problem.
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12
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Diffenbaugh NS. Verification of extreme event attribution: Using out-of-sample observations to assess changes in probabilities of unprecedented events. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2368. [PMID: 32206708 PMCID: PMC7080452 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Independent verification of anthropogenic influence on specific extreme climate events remains elusive. This study presents a framework for such verification. This framework reveals that previously published results based on a 1961-2005 attribution period frequently underestimate the influence of global warming on the probability of unprecedented extremes during the 2006-2017 period. This underestimation is particularly pronounced for hot and wet events, with greater uncertainty for dry events. The underestimation is reflected in discrepancies between probabilities predicted during the attribution period and frequencies observed during the out-of-sample verification period. These discrepancies are most explained by increases in climate forcing between the attribution and verification periods, suggesting that 21st-century global warming has substantially increased the probability of unprecedented hot and wet events. Hence, the use of temporally lagged periods for attribution-and, more broadly, for extreme event probability quantification-can cause underestimation of historical impacts, and current and future risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S. Diffenbaugh
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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West JM, Courtney CA, Hamilton AT, Parker BA, Gibbs DA, Bradley P, Julius SH. Adaptation Design Tool for Climate-Smart Management of Coral Reefs and Other Natural Resources. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:644-664. [PMID: 29934650 PMCID: PMC6153638 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Scientists and managers of natural resources have recognized an urgent need for improved methods and tools to enable effective adaptation of management measures in the face of climate change. This paper presents an Adaptation Design Tool that uses a structured approach to break down an otherwise overwhelming and complex process into tractable steps. The tool contains worksheets that guide users through a series of design considerations for adapting their planned management actions to be more climate-smart given changing environmental stressors. Also provided with other worksheets is a framework for brainstorming new adaptation options in response to climate threats not yet addressed in the current plan. Developed and tested in collaboration with practitioners in Hawai'i and Puerto Rico using coral reefs as a pilot ecosystem, the tool and associated reference materials consist of worksheets, instructions and lessons-learned from real-world examples. On the basis of stakeholder feedback from expert consultations during tool development, we present insights and recommendations regarding how to maximize tool efficiency, gain the greatest value from the thought process, and deal with issues of scale and uncertainty. We conclude by reflecting on how the tool advances the theory and practice of assessment and decision-making science, informs higher level strategic planning, and serves as a platform for a systematic, transparent and inclusive process to tackle the practical implications of climate change for management of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M West
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW (8623R), Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | | | - Anna T Hamilton
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech, Inc., 502 W. Cordova Road, Suite C, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA
| | - Britt A Parker
- Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, 325 Broadway R/PSD, DSRC/GD111, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, USA
| | - David A Gibbs
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW (8623R), Washington, DC, 20460, USA
| | - Patricia Bradley
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech, Inc., Owings Mills, MD, 21117, USA
| | - Susan H Julius
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW (8623R), Washington, DC, 20460, USA
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14
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Freeman S, Lee DS, Lim LL, Skowron A, De León RR. Trading off Aircraft Fuel Burn and NO x Emissions for Optimal Climate Policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2498-2505. [PMID: 29419283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aviation emits pollutants that affect the climate, including CO2 and NO x, NO x indirectly so, through the formation of tropospheric ozone and reduction of ambient methane. To improve the fuel performance of engines, combustor temperatures and pressures often increase, increasing NO x emissions. Conversely, combustor modifications to reduce NO x may increase CO2. Hence, a technology trade-off exists, which also translates to a trade-off between short-lived climate forcers and a long-lived greenhouse gas, CO2. Moreover, the NO x-O3-CH4 system responds in a nonlinear manner, according to both aviation emissions and background NO x. A simple climate model was modified to incorporate nonlinearities parametrized from a complex chemistry model. Case studies showed that for a scenario of a 20% reduction in NO x emissions the consequential CO2 penalty of 2% actually increased the total radiative forcing (RF). For a 2% fuel penalty, NO x emissions needed to be reduced by >43% to realize an overall benefit. Conversely, to ensure that the fuel penalty for a 20% NO x emission reduction did not increase overall forcing, a 0.5% increase in CO2 was found to be the "break even" point. The time scales of the climate effects of NO x and CO2 are quite different, necessitating careful analysis of proposed emissions trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Freeman
- School of Science and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD , U.K
| | - David S Lee
- School of Science and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD , U.K
| | - Ling L Lim
- School of Science and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD , U.K
| | - Agnieszka Skowron
- School of Science and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD , U.K
| | - Ruben Rodriguez De León
- School of Science and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD , U.K
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Thatcher A, Waterson P, Todd A, Moray N. State of Science: ergonomics and global issues. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:197-213. [PMID: 29076757 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1398845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In his 1993 IEA keynote address, Neville Moray urged the ergonomics discipline to face up to the global problems facing humanity and consider how ergonomics might help find some of the solutions. In this State of Science article we critically evaluate what the ergonomics discipline has achieved in the last two and a half decades to help create a secure future for humanity. Moray's challenges for ergonomics included deriving a value structure that moves us beyond a Westernised view of worker-organisation-technology fit, taking a multidisciplinary approach which engages with other social and biological sciences, considering the gross cross-cultural factors that determine how different societies function, paying more attention to mindful consumption, and embracing the complexity of our interconnected world. This article takes a socio-historical approach by considering the factors that influence what has been achieved since Moray's keynote address. We conclude with our own set of predictions for the future and priorities for addressing the challenges that we are likely to face. Practitioner Summary: We critically reflect on what has been achieved by the ergonomics profession in addressing the global challenges raised by Moray's 1993 keynote address to the International Ergonomics Association. Apart from healthcare, the response has largely been weak and disorganised. We make suggestions for priority research and practice that is required to facilitate a sustainable future for humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thatcher
- a Department of Psychology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | | | - Andrew Todd
- c Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , South Africa
| | - Neville Moray
- d Department of Psychology , University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
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Schmidt GA, Bader D, Donner LJ, Elsaesser GS, Golaz JC, Hannay C, Molod A, Neale R, Saha S. Practice and philosophy of climate model tuning across six U.S. modeling centers. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 10:3207-3223. [PMID: 30595813 PMCID: PMC6309528 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-10-3207-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Model calibration (or "tuning") is a necessary part of developing and testing coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models regardless of their main scientific purpose. There is an increasing recognition that this process needs to become more transparent for both users of climate model output and other developers. Knowing how and why climate models are tuned and which targets are used is essential to avoiding possible misattributions of skillful predictions to data accommodation and vice versa. This paper describes the approach and practice of model tuning for the six major U.S. climate modeling centers. While details differ among groups in terms of scientific missions, tuning targets and tunable parameters, there is a core commonality of approaches. However, practices differ significantly on some key aspects, in particular, in the use of initialized forecast analyses as a tool, the explicit use of the historical transient record, and the use of the present day radiative imbalance vs. the implied balance in the pre-industrial as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin A Schmidt
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York
| | - David Bader
- DOE Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Leo J Donner
- GFDL/NOAA, Princeton University Forrestal Campus, 201 Forrestal Rd., Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Gregory S Elsaesser
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
| | | | - Cecile Hannay
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Rich Neale
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Suranjana Saha
- Environmental Modeling Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA, NCWCP College Park, MD 20740
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Correlation between Increases of the Annual Global Solar Radiation and the Ground Albedo Solar Radiation due to Desertification—A Possible Factor Contributing to Climatic Change. CLIMATE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cli4040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gilliam FS. Forest ecosystems of temperate climatic regions: from ancient use to climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:871-887. [PMID: 27787948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
871 I. 871 II. 874 III. 875 IV. 878 V. 882 884 References 884 SUMMARY: Humans have long utilized resources from all forest biomes, but the most indelible anthropogenic signature has been the expanse of human populations in temperate forests. The purpose of this review is to bring into focus the diverse forests of the temperate region of the biosphere, including those of hardwood, conifer and mixed dominance, with a particular emphasis on crucial challenges for the future of these forested areas. Implicit in the term 'temperate' is that the predominant climate of these forest regions has distinct cyclic, seasonal changes involving periods of growth and dormancy. The specific temporal patterns of seasonal change, however, display an impressive variability among temperate forest regions. In addition to the more apparent current anthropogenic disturbances of temperate forests, such as forest management and conversion to agriculture, human alteration of temperate forests is actually an ancient phenomenon, going as far back as 7000 yr before present (bp). As deep-seated as these past legacies are for temperate forests, all current and future perturbations, including timber harvesting, excess nitrogen deposition, altered species' phenologies, and increasing frequency of drought and fire, must be viewed through the lens of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Gilliam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25705-2510, USA
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Zhou C, Wang K. Coldest Temperature Extreme Monotonically Increased and Hottest Extreme Oscillated over Northern Hemisphere Land during Last 114 Years. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25721. [PMID: 27172861 PMCID: PMC4865736 DOI: 10.1038/srep25721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on global warming rely on global mean surface temperature, whose change is jointly determined by anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) and natural variability. This introduces a heated debate on whether there is a recent warming hiatus and what caused the hiatus. Here, we presented a novel method and applied it to a 5° × 5° grid of Northern Hemisphere land for the period 1900 to 2013. Our results show that the coldest 5% of minimum temperature anomalies (the coldest deviation) have increased monotonically by 0.22 °C/decade, which reflects well the elevated anthropogenic GHG effect. The warmest 5% of maximum temperature anomalies (the warmest deviation), however, display a significant oscillation following the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), with a warming rate of 0.07 °C/decade from 1900 to 2013. The warmest (0.34 °C/decade) and coldest deviations (0.25 °C/decade) increased at much higher rates over the most recent decade than last century mean values, indicating the hiatus should not be interpreted as a general slowing of climate change. The significant oscillation of the warmest deviation provides an extension of previous study reporting no pause in the hottest temperature extremes since 1979, and first uncovers its increase from 1900 to 1939 and decrease from 1940 to 1969.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlüe Zhou
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kaicun Wang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
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Allen LH. Carbon Dioxide Increase: Direct Impacts on Crops and Indirect Effects Mediated through Anticipated Climatic Changes. PHYSIOLOGY AND DETERMINATION OF CROP YIELD 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/1994.physiologyanddetermination.c29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Potential Effects of Global Warming and Carbon Dioxide on Wheat Production in the Commonwealth of Independent States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/asaspecpub59.c14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Baker JT, Boote KJ, Allen LH. Potential Climate Change Effects on Rice: Carbon Dioxide and Temperature. CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE: ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/asaspecpub59.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Winter Crop Production in Uruguay and Argentina Using Crop Simulation Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/asaspecpub59.c10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Delécolle R, Ruget F, Ripoche D, Gosse G. Possible Effects of Climate Change on Wheat and Maize Crops in France. CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE: ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/asaspecpub59.c12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ghislain Gosse
- INRA; Unité de Bioclimatologie; Thiverval-Grignon France
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Flaishman MA, Peles Y, Dahan Y, Milo-Cochavi S, Frieman A, Naor A. Differential response of cell-cycle and cell-expansion regulators to heat stress in apple (Malus domestica) fruitlets. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:82-94. [PMID: 25711816 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most significant factors affecting physiological and biochemical aspects of fruit development. Current and progressing global warming is expected to change climate in the traditional deciduous fruit tree cultivation regions. In this study, 'Golden Delicious' trees, grown in a controlled environment or commercial orchard, were exposed to different periods of heat treatment. Early fruitlet development was documented by evaluating cell number, cell size and fruit diameter for 5-70 days after full bloom. Normal activities of molecular developmental and growth processes in apple fruitlets were disrupted under daytime air temperatures of 29°C and higher as a result of significant temporary declines in cell-production and cell-expansion rates, respectively. Expression screening of selected cell cycle and cell expansion genes revealed the influence of high temperature on genetic regulation of apple fruitlet development. Several core cell-cycle and cell-expansion genes were differentially expressed under high temperatures. While expression levels of B-type cyclin-dependent kinases and A- and B-type cyclins declined moderately in response to elevated temperatures, expression of several cell-cycle inhibitors, such as Mdwee1, Mdrbr and Mdkrps was sharply enhanced as the temperature rose, blocking the cell-cycle cascade at the G1/S and G2/M transition points. Moreover, expression of several expansin genes was associated with high temperatures, making them potentially useful as molecular platforms to enhance cell-expansion processes under high-temperature regimes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance associated with genes controlling cell cycle and cell expansion may lead to the development of novel strategies for improving apple fruit productivity under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe A Flaishman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Yuval Peles
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Yardena Dahan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Shira Milo-Cochavi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Aviad Frieman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Amos Naor
- The Golan Research Institute, University of Haifa, P.O. Box 97, Kazrin 12900, Israel.
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Wang X, Piao S, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Myneni RB, Cox P, Heimann M, Miller J, Peng S, Wang T, Yang H, Chen A. A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations. Nature 2014; 506:212-5. [PMID: 24463514 DOI: 10.1038/nature12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth system models project that the tropical land carbon sink will decrease in size in response to an increase in warming and drought during this century, probably causing a positive climate feedback. But available data are too limited at present to test the predicted changes in the tropical carbon balance in response to climate change. Long-term atmospheric carbon dioxide data provide a global record that integrates the interannual variability of the global carbon balance. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that most of this variability originates in the terrestrial biosphere. In particular, the year-to-year variations in the atmospheric carbon dioxide growth rate (CGR) are thought to be the result of fluctuations in the carbon fluxes of tropical land areas. Recently, the response of CGR to tropical climate interannual variability was used to put a constraint on the sensitivity of tropical land carbon to climate change. Here we use the long-term CGR record from Mauna Loa and the South Pole to show that the sensitivity of CGR to tropical temperature interannual variability has increased by a factor of 1.9 ± 0.3 in the past five decades. We find that this sensitivity was greater when tropical land regions experienced drier conditions. This suggests that the sensitivity of CGR to interannual temperature variations is regulated by moisture conditions, even though the direct correlation between CGR and tropical precipitation is weak. We also find that present terrestrial carbon cycle models do not capture the observed enhancement in CGR sensitivity in the past five decades. More realistic model predictions of future carbon cycle and climate feedbacks require a better understanding of the processes driving the response of tropical ecosystems to drought and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- 1] Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- 1] Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Ranga B Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Peter Cox
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena, Germany
| | - John Miller
- 1] Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA [2] Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Wang
- 1] Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hui Yang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1003, USA
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Improved method for determining binary adsorption isotherms by using concentration pulse chromatography: adsorption of CO2 and N2 by silicalite at different pressures. ADSORPTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-013-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Maiorano A, Bregaglio S, Donatelli M, Fumagalli D, Zucchini A. Comparison of modelling approaches to simulate the phenology of the European corn borer under future climate scenarios. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rossow WB, Zhang YC. Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets: 2. Validation and first results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rind D, Goldberg R, Hansen J, Rosenzweig C, Ruedy R. Potential evapotranspiration and the likelihood of future drought. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p09983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang YC, Rossow WB, Lacis AA. Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets: 1. Method and sensitivity to input data uncertainties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
"Climate dice," describing the chance of unusually warm or cool seasons, have become more and more "loaded" in the past 30 y, coincident with rapid global warming. The distribution of seasonal mean temperature anomalies has shifted toward higher temperatures and the range of anomalies has increased. An important change is the emergence of a category of summertime extremely hot outliers, more than three standard deviations (3σ) warmer than the climatology of the 1951-1980 base period. This hot extreme, which covered much less than 1% of Earth's surface during the base period, now typically covers about 10% of the land area. It follows that we can state, with a high degree of confidence, that extreme anomalies such as those in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010 were a consequence of global warming because their likelihood in the absence of global warming was exceedingly small. We discuss practical implications of this substantial, growing, climate change.
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Haasnoot M, Middelkoop H. A history of futures: A review of scenario use in water policy studies in the Netherlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2012; 19-20:108-120. [PMID: 23471143 PMCID: PMC3587454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The future of human life in the world's river deltas depends on the success of water management. To deal with uncertainties about the future, policymakers in the Netherlands have used scenarios to develop water management strategies for the coastal zone of the Rhine-Meuse delta. In this paper we reflect on six decades of scenario use in the Netherlands, and provide recommendations for future studies. Based on two criteria, 'Decision robustness' and 'Learning success', we conclude that (1) the possibilities for robust decisionmaking increased through a paradigm shift from predicting to exploring futures, but the scenario method is not yet fully exploited for decisionmaking under uncertainty; and (2) the scenarios enabled learning about possible impacts of developments and effectiveness of policy options. New scenario approaches are emerging to deal with the deep uncertainties water managers are currently facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Haasnoot
- Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Department of Physical Geography, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of Twente, Department of Water Engineering and Management, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 88 23358175.
| | - H. Middelkoop
- Utrecht University, Department of Physical Geography, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jones GS, Lockwood M, Stott PA. What influence will future solar activity changes over the 21st century have on projected global near-surface temperature changes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Considerations for parameter optimization and sensitivity in climate models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21349-54. [PMID: 21115841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015473107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate models exhibit high sensitivity in some respects, such as for differences in predicted precipitation changes under global warming. Despite successful large-scale simulations, regional climatology features prove difficult to constrain toward observations, with challenges including high-dimensionality, computationally expensive simulations, and ambiguity in the choice of objective function. In an atmospheric General Circulation Model forced by observed sea surface temperature or coupled to a mixed-layer ocean, many climatic variables yield rms-error objective functions that vary smoothly through the feasible parameter range. This smoothness occurs despite nonlinearity strong enough to reverse the curvature of the objective function in some parameters, and to imply limitations on multimodel ensemble means as an estimator of global warming precipitation changes. Low-order polynomial fits to the model output spatial fields as a function of parameter (quadratic in model field, fourth-order in objective function) yield surprisingly successful metamodels for many quantities and facilitate a multiobjective optimization approach. Tradeoffs arise as optima for different variables occur at different parameter values, but with agreement in certain directions. Optima often occur at the limit of the feasible parameter range, identifying key parameterization aspects warranting attention--here the interaction of convection with free tropospheric water vapor. Analytic results for spatial fields of leading contributions to the optimization help to visualize tradeoffs at a regional level, e.g., how mismatches between sensitivity and error spatial fields yield regional error under minimization of global objective functions. The approach is sufficiently simple to guide parameter choices and to aid intercomparison of sensitivity properties among climate models.
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Schmidt GA, Ruedy RA, Miller RL, Lacis AA. Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Four mean temperature variables, namely maximum (MAX), minimum (MIN), mean (MEAN) and diurnal temperature range (DTR), were considered for 14 selected observational stations throughout Sudan. The objectives were to investigate the seasonal and annual regimes, the seasonal and annual trends, the intra-annual variability (IAV) by the coefficient of variation (CV), and the interrelationships between the temperature variables and percent of possible sunshine. A mounting evidence of daytime and nighttime warming since the 1940s until 2005 is presented. The exception is the dry season which is dominated by daytime cooling attributable to the damping effect of dust haze/storms. Apparently, the progressive drought across inland locations has raised the MAXs, and to a lesser extent the MINs, of the wet season over those for the hot season. Accordingly, maximum rates of 0.451 and 0.336 degrees C decade(-1) were found for the nighttime and daytime temperatures, respectively. The extreme eastern and western locations have been frequently dominated by the warmest trend rates obtained nationwide. The prevalence of significant decreases (increases) of DTR is more apparent in the dry, hot and annual series (wet series). Depending on the temperature variable under consideration, many stations possessed significant trends toward either increased or decreased variability of the within-year monthly values, i.e. IAV. The correlation between the time series of annual CV and extreme values for each of the four temperature variables shows generally that warmer climate in Sudan is associated with higher intra-annual temperature variability and vise versa, i.e. the CV is directly correlated with the highest value within the year, but inversely correlated with the lowest one. The findings of this investigation also indicate that the DTR is directly related to percent of possible sunshine, but the relationship of the latter parameter is not so clear with MAX, MIN and MEAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Ahmed Elagib
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, Sudan University of Sciences and Technology, Khartoum North, Sudan.
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Abstract
Advances in the science and observation of climate change are providing a clearer understanding of the inherent variability of Earth's climate system and its likely response to human and natural influences. The implications of climate change for the environment and society will depend not only on the response of the Earth system to changes in radiative forcings, but also on how humankind responds through changes in technology, economies, lifestyle and policy. Extensive uncertainties exist in future forcings of and responses to climate change, necessitating the use of scenarios of the future to explore the potential consequences of different response options. To date, such scenarios have not adequately examined crucial possibilities, such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, and have relied on research processes that slowed the exchange of information among physical, biological and social scientists. Here we describe a new process for creating plausible scenarios to investigate some of the most challenging and important questions about climate change confronting the global community.
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Evapotranspiration Responses of Plants and Crops to Carbon Dioxide and Temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1300/j144v02n02_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nolte CG, Gilliland AB, Hogrefe C, Mickley LJ. Linking global to regional models to assess future climate impacts on surface ozone levels in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen H, Yao S, Wu N, Wang Y, Luo P, Tian J, Gao Y, Sun G. Determinants influencing seasonal variations of methane emissions from alpine wetlands in Zoige Plateau and their implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu S, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Jacob DJ, Rind D, Streets DG. Effects of 2000–2050 global change on ozone air quality in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li P, Tezel FH. Equilibrium and kinetic analysis of CO2–N2 adsorption separation by concentration pulse chromatography. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 313:12-7. [PMID: 17507026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CO2 and N(2) adsorption kinetics and equilibrium behaviours have been studied with silicalite, NaY and 13X by using concentration pulse chromatography for the separation of these gases in the present study. Adsorption Henry's Law constants, the heat of adsorption values, micropore diffusion coefficients and corresponding activation energies are determined experimentally and the three different mass transfer mechanisms are discussed. From the equilibrium data, the corresponding separation factors are obtained for the adsorption separation processes. The heat of adsorption values as well as the Henry's Law adsorption equilibrium constants of CO(2) are much higher than those of N(2) for all the adsorbents studied. 13X, NaY and silicalite all have good separation factors for CO(2)/N(2) system based on equilibrium processes. The order of the equilibrium separation factors is 13X (Ceca)>13X (Zeochem)>NaY (UOP)>>silicalite (UOP). Equilibrium selectivity favours CO(2) over N(2). Micropore diffusion resistance is the definite dominant mass transfer mechanism for CO(2) with silicalite and NaY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kenny GJ, Harrison PA. The effects of climate variability and change on grape suitability in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09571269208717931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shell KM, Somerville RCJ. Direct radiative effect of mineral dust and volcanic aerosols in a simple aerosol climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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