1
|
Lasne J, Noblet A, Szopa C, Navarro-González R, Cabane M, Poch O, Stalport F, François P, Atreya SK, Coll P. Oxidants at the Surface of Mars: A Review in Light of Recent Exploration Results. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:977-996. [PMID: 27925795 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1976, the Viking landers carried out the most comprehensive search for organics and microbial life in the martian regolith. Their results indicate that Mars' surface is lifeless and, surprisingly, depleted in organics at part-per-billion levels. Several biology experiments on the Viking landers gave controversial results that have since been explained by the presence of oxidizing agents on the surface of Mars. These oxidants may degrade abiotic or biological organics, resulting in their nondetection in the regolith. As several exploration missions currently focus on the detection of organics on Mars (or will do so in the near future), knowledge of the oxidative state of the surface is fundamental. It will allow for determination of the capability of organics to survive on a geological timescale, the most favorable places to seek them, and the best methods to process the samples collected at the surface. With this aim, we review the main oxidants assumed to be present on Mars, their possible formation pathways, and those laboratory studies in which their reactivity with organics under Mars-like conditions has been evaluated. Among the oxidants assumed to be present on Mars, only four have been detected so far: perchlorate ions (ClO4-) in salts, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the atmosphere, and clays and metal oxides composing surface minerals. Clays have been suggested as catalysts for the oxidation of organics but are treated as oxidants in the following to keep the structure of this article straightforward. This work provides an insight into the oxidizing potential of the surface of Mars and an estimate of the stability of organic matter in an oxidizing environment. Key Words: Mars surface-Astrobiology-Oxidant-Chemical reactions. Astrobiology 16, 977-996.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lasne
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
| | - A Noblet
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
| | - C Szopa
- 2 LATMOS, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Versailles St Quentin , CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - R Navarro-González
- 3 Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Cabane
- 2 LATMOS, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Versailles St Quentin , CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - O Poch
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
- 4 NCCR PlanetS, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Stalport
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
| | - P François
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
- 5 IC2MP, Equipe Eau Géochimie Santé, Université de Poitiers , CNRS UMR 7285, Poitiers, France
| | - S K Atreya
- 6 Department of Climate and Space Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - P Coll
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Toulmin P, Baird AK, Clark BC, Keil K, Rose HJ, Christian RP, Evans PH, Kelliher WC. Geochemical and mineralogical interpretation of the Viking inorganic chemical results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/js082i028p04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
3
|
Baird AK, Castro AJ, Clark BC, Toulmin P, Rose H, Keil K, Gooding JL. The Viking X Ray Fluorescence Experiment: Sampling strategies and laboratory simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/js082i028p04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
4
|
Golden DC, Morris RV, Ming DW, Lauer HV, Yang SR. Mineralogy of three slightly palagonitized basaltic tephra samples from the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
5
|
Bell JF, Morris RV, Adams JB. Thermally altered palagonitic tephra: A spectral and process analog to the soil and dust of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Morris RV, Agresti DG, Lauer HV, Newcomb JA, Shelfer TD, Murali AV. Evidence for pigmentary hematite on Mars based on optical, magnetic, and Mossbauer studies of superparamagnetic (nanocrystalline) hematite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib03p02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Leer K, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Djernis Olsen L, Drube L, Falkenberg TV, Haspang MP, Madsen MB, Olsen M, Sykulska H, Vijendran S, Pike WT, Staufer U, Parrat D, Lemmon M, Hecht MH, Mogensen CT, Gross MA, Goetz W, Marshall J, Britt D, Smith P, Shinohara C, Woida P, Woida R, Tanner R, Reynolds R, Shaw A. Magnetic properties experiments and the Surface Stereo Imager calibration target onboard the Mars Phoenix 2007 Lander: Design, calibration, and science goals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Yen AS, Mittlefehldt DW, McLennan SM, Gellert R, Bell JF, McSween HY, Ming DW, McCoy TJ, Morris RV, Golombek M, Economou T, Madsen MB, Wdowiak T, Clark BC, Jolliff BL, Schröder C, Brückner J, Zipfel J, Squyres SW. Nickel on Mars: Constraints on meteoritic material at the surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D.C. USA
| | | | - M. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - T. Economou
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Lockheed Martin Corporation; Littleton Colorado USA
| | - B. L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - C. Schröder
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Brückner
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Zipfel
- Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg; Frankfurt Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pettinelli E. Laboratory investigations into the electromagnetic properties of magnetite/silica mixtures as Martian soil simulants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Madsen MB, Kinch KM, Hviid SF, Knudsen JM, Gunnlaugsson HP, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Herkenhoff KE, Gorevan S, Yen AS, Myrick T, Klingelhöfer G, Rieder R, Gellert R. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:827-9. [PMID: 15297664 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars-and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of approximately 2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Baumgartner ET, Bell JF, Christensen PR, Gorevan S, Herkenhoff KE, Klingelhöfer G, Madsen MB, Morris RV, Rieder R, Romero RA. Athena Mars rover science investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | | | | | - Göstar Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Madsen MB, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Binau CS, Olsen M, Folkmann F, Gunnlaugsson HP, Kinch KM, Knudsen JM, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Yen AS, Rademacher JD, Gorevan S, Myrick T, Bartlett P. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Madsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - W. Goetz
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. S. Binau
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Olsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Folkmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | | | - K. M. Kinch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. M. Knudsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. Merrison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - P. Nørnberg
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Astronomy Department; Cornell University; Ithaca USA
| | - A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. D. Rademacher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heggy E. Local geoelectrical models of the Martian subsurface for shallow groundwater detection using sounding radars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Bishop JL, Murchie SL, Pieters CM, Zent AP. A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: Physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Bishop
- SETI Institute/NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Carlé M. Pieters
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Aaron P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hood LL, Zakharian A. Mapping and modeling of magnetic anomalies in the northern polar region of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
17
|
Morris RV, Golden DC, Ming DW, Shelfer TD, Jørgensen LC, Bell JF, Graff TG, Mertzman SA. Phyllosilicate-poor palagonitic dust from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii): A mineralogical analogue for magnetic Martian dust? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
18
|
Ahlf P, Cantwell E, Ostrach L, Pline A. Mars scientific investigations as a precursor for human exploration. ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2000; 47:535-545. [PMID: 11708369 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-5765(00)00092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past two years, NASA has begun to develop and implement plans for investigations on robotic Mars missions which are focused toward returning data critical for planning human missions to Mars. The Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Orbiter and Lander missions will mark the first time that experiments dedicated to preparation for human exploration will be carried out. Investigations on these missions and future missions range from characterization of the physical and chemical environment of Mars, to predicting the response of biology to the Mars environment. Planning for such missions must take into account existing data from previous Mars missions which were not necessarily focused on human exploration preparation. At the same time, plans for near term missions by the international community must be considered to avoid duplication of effort. This paper reviews data requirements for human exploration and applicability of existing data. It will also describe current plans for investigations and place them within the context of related international activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ahlf
- Life Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bell JF, McSween HY, Crisp JA, Morris RV, Murchie SL, Bridges NT, Johnson JR, Britt DT, Golombek MP, Moore HJ, Ghosh A, Bishop JL, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Economou T, Greenwood JP, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hargraves RM, Hviid S, Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Reid R, Rieder R, Soderblom L. Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF, Shelfer TD, Scheinost AC, Hinman NW, Furniss G, Mertzman SA, Bishop JL, Ming DW, Allen CC, Britt DT. Mineralogy, composition, and alteration of Mars Pathfinder rocks and soils: Evidence from multispectral, elemental, and magnetic data on terrestrial analogue, SNC meteorite, and Pathfinder samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Hargraves RB, Knudsen JM, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Madsen MB, Olsen M. Magnetic enhancement on the surface of Mars? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Yen AS, Murray B, Rossman GR, Grunthaner FJ. Stability of hydroxylated minerals on Mars: A study on the effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
Madsen MB, Hviid SF, Gunnlaugsson HP, Knudsen JM, Goetz W, Pedersen CT, Dinesen AR, Mogensen CT, Olsen M, Hargraves RB. The magnetic properties experiments on Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
Newsom HE, Hagerty JJ, Goff F. Mixed hydrothermal fluids and the origin of the Martian soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Bishop JL, Froschl H, Mancinelli RL. Alteration processes in volcanic soils and identification of exobiologically important weathering products on Mars using remote sensing. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1998; 103:31457-76. [PMID: 11542259 DOI: 10.1029/1998je900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Determining the mineralogy of the Martian surface material provides information about the past and present environments on Mars which are an integral aspect of whether or not Mars was suitable for the origin of life. Mineral identification on Mars will most likely be achieved through visible-infrared remote sensing in combination with other analyses on landed missions. Therefore, understanding the visible and infrared spectral properties of terrestrial samples formed via processes similar to those thought to have occurred on Mars is essential to this effort and will facilitate site selection for future exobiology missions to Mars. Visible to infrared reflectance spectra are presented here for the fine-grained fractions of altered tephra/lava from the Haleakala summit basin on Maui, the Tarawera volcanic complex on the northern island of New Zealand, and the Greek Santorini island group. These samples exhibit a range of chemical and mineralogical compositions, where the primary minerals typically include plagioclase, pyroxene, hematite, and magnetite. The kind and abundance of weathering products varied substantially for these three sites due, in part, to the climate and weathering environment. The moist environments at Santorini and Tarawera are more consistent with postulated past environments on Mars, while the dry climate at the top of Haleakala is more consistent with the current Martian environment. Weathering of these tephra is evaluated by assessing changes in the leachable and immobile elements, and through detection of phyllosilicates and iron oxide/oxyhydroxide minerals. Identifying regions on Mars where phyllosilicates and many kinds of iron oxides/oxyhydroxides are present would imply the presence of water during alteration of the surface material. Tephra samples altered in the vicinity of cinder cones and steam vents contain higher abundances of phyllosilicates, iron oxides, and sulfates and may be interesting sites for exobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Bishop
- NRC/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hviid SF, Madsen MB, Gunnlaugsson HP, Goetz W, Knudsen JM, Hargraves RB, Smith P, Britt D, Dinesen AR, Mogensen CT, Olsen M, Pedersen CT, Vistisen L. Magnetic properties experiments on the Mars Pathfinder lander: preliminary results. Science 1997; 278:1768-70. [PMID: 9388172 DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5344.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many of the particles currently suspended in the martian atmosphere are magnetic, with an average saturation magnetization of about 4 A. m2/kg (amperes times square meters per kilogram). The particles appear to consist of claylike aggregates stained or cemented with ferric oxide (Fe2O3); at least some of the stain and cement is probably maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3). The presence of the gamma phase would imply that Fe2+ ions leached from the bedrock, passing through a state as free Fe2+ ions dissolved in liquid water. These particles could be a freeze-dried precipitate from ground water poured out on the surface. An alternative is that the magnetic particles are titanomagnetite occurring in palagonite and inherited directly from a basaltic precursor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Hviid
- Oersted Laboratory, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Smith PH, Tomasko MG, Britt D, Crowe DG, Reid R, Keller HU, Thomas N, Gliem F, Rueffer P, Sullivan R, Greeley R, Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Goetz W, Soderblom LA, Gaddis L, Kirk R. The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96je03568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Madsen MB, Agerkvist DP, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Knudsen JM, Vistisen L. Titanium and the magnetic phase on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02146321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
30
|
Roush TL, Bell JF. Thermal emission measurements 2000–400 cm−1(5–25 μm) of Hawaiian palagonitic soils and their implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Bell JF, Roush TL, Morris RV. Mid-infrared transmission spectra of crystalline and nanophase iron oxides/oxyhydroxides and implications for remote sensing of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
32
|
Heated nontronite: Possible relations to the magnetic phase in the Martian soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02064565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
33
|
Quinn R, Orenberg J. Simulations of the Viking Gas Exchange Experiment using palagonite and Fe-rich montmorillonite as terrestrial analogs: implications for the surface composition of Mars. GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 1993; 57:4611-4618. [PMID: 11539578 DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Simulations of the Gas Exchange Experiment (GEX), one of the Viking Lander Biology Experiments, were run using palagonite and Fe-rich montmorillonite as terrestrial analogs of the Martian soil. These terrestrial analogs were exposed to a nutrient solution of the same composition as that of the Viking Landers under humid (no contact with nutrient) and wet (intimate contact) conditions. The headspace gases in the GEX sample cell were sampled and then analyzed by gas chromatography under both humid and wet conditions. Five gases were monitored: CO2, N2, O2, Ar, and Kr. It was determined that in order to simulate the CO2 gas changes of the Viking GEX experiment, the mixture of soil analog mineral plus nutrient medium must be slightly (pH = 7.4) to moderately basic (pH = 8.7). This conclusion suggests constraints upon the composition of terrestrial analogs to the Mars soil; acidic components may be present, but the overall mixture must be basic in order to simulate the Viking GEX results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, CA 94132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Morris RV, Golden DC, Lauer HV, Adams JB. Pigmenting agents in Martian soils: inferences from spectral, Mossbauer, and magnetic properties of nanophase and other iron oxides in Hawaiian palagonitic soil PN-9. GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 1993; 57:4597-609. [PMID: 11539577 DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have examined a Hawaiian palagonitic tephra sample (PN-9) that has spectroscopic similarities to Martian bright regions using a number of analytical techniques, including Mossbauer and reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, instrumental neutron activation analysis, electron probe microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy, and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extraction. Chemically, PN-9 has a Hawaiitic composition with alkali (and presumably silica) loss resulting from leaching by meteoric water during palagonitization; no Ce anomaly is present in the REE pattern. Mineralogically, our results show that nanophase ferric oxide (np-Ox) particles (either nanophase hematite (np-Hm) or a mixture of ferrihydrite and np-Hm) are responsible for the distinctive ferric doublet and visible-wavelength ferric absorption edge observed in Mossbauer and reflectivity spectra, respectively, for this and other spectrally similar palagonitic samples. The np-Ox particles appear to be imbedded in a hydrated aluminosilicate matrix material; no evidence was found for phyllosilicates. Other iron-bearing phases observed are titanomagnetite, which accounts for the magnetic nature of the sample; olivine; pyroxene; and glass. By analogy, np-Ox is likely the primary pigmenting agent of the bright soils and dust of Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R V Morris
- Planetary Science Branch, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Banin A, Ben-Shlomo T, Margulies L, Blake DF, Mancinelli RL, Gehring AU. The nanophase iron mineral(s) in Mars soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93je02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
36
|
|
37
|
Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Olsen M, Vistisen L, Koch CB, Mørup S, Kankeleit E, Klingelhöfer G, Evlanov EN, Khromov VN, Mukhin LM, Prilutski OF, Zubkov B, Smirnov GV, Juchniewicz J. Mössbauer spectroscopy on the surface of Mars. Why? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02396454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Nielsen OV, Johansson T, Knudsen JM, Primdahl F. Possible magnetic experiments on the surface of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91je02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Acuña MH, Connerney JEP, Wasilewski P, Lin RP, Anderson KA, Carlson CW, McFadden J, Curtis DW, Réme H, Cros A, Médale JL, Sauvaud JA, d'Uston C, Bauer SJ, Cloutier P, Mayhew M, Ness NF. Mars Observer magnetic fields investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92je00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
40
|
Coey JMD, Mørup S, Madsen MB, Knudsen JM. Titanomaghemite in magnetic soils on Earth and Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
41
|
Bell JF, McCord TB, Owensby PD. Observational evidence of crystalline iron oxides on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
42
|
Morris RV, Gooding JL, Lauer HV, Singer RB. Origins of Marslike spectral and magnetic properties of a Hawaiian palagonitic soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
43
|
|
44
|
Boslough MB, Venturini EL, Morosin B, Graham RA, Williamson DL. Physical properties of shocked and thermally altered nontronite: Implications for the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib13p0e207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
Newsom HE, Graup G, Sewards T, Keil K. Fluidization and hydrothermal alteration of the Suevite deposit at the Ries Crater, West Germany, and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib13p0e239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
46
|
Moskowitz BM, Hargraves RB. Magnetic Cristobalite (?): A Possible New Magnetic Phase Produced by the Thermal Decomposition of Nontronite. Science 1984; 225:1152-4. [PMID: 17782422 DOI: 10.1126/science.225.4667.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged heat treatment (> 1 hour) of nontronite (an iron-rich smectite clay) at 900 degrees to 1000 degrees C produces a phase with some unusual magnetic properties. This new phase has a Curie temperature of 200 degrees to 220 degrees C, extremely high remanent coercivities in excess of 800 milliteslas, and a room-temperature coercivity dependent on the magnitude of the applied field during previous thermomagnetic cycling from above 220 degrees C. X-ray and magnetic analyses suggest that an iron-substituted cristobalite could be responsible, in part, for these observations. Formation of this magnetic cristobalite, however, may require topotactic growth from a smectite precursor.
Collapse
|
47
|
Weldon RJ, Thomas WM, Boslough MB, Ahrens TJ. Shock-induced color changes in nontronite: Implications for the Martian fines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
48
|
Singer RB. Spectral evidence for the mineralogy of high-albedo soils and dust on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
49
|
Moskowitz BM, Hargraves RB. Magnetic changes accompanying the thermal decomposition of nontronite (in air) and its relevance to Martian mineralogy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
50
|
|