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Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Fuchs DT, Shi H, Rentsendorj A, Danziger R, Vit JP, Mirzaei N, Doustar J, Sheyn J, Hampel H, Vergallo A, Davis MR, Jallow O, Baldacci F, Verdooner SR, Barron E, Mirzaei M, Gupta VK, Graham SL, Tayebi M, Carare RO, Sadun AA, Miller CA, Dumitrascu OM, Lahiri S, Gao L, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101273. [PMID: 38759947 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The retina is an emerging CNS target for potential noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have identified the pathological hallmarks of AD, including amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits and abnormal tau protein isoforms, in the retinas of AD patients and animal models. Moreover, structural and functional vascular abnormalities such as reduced blood flow, vascular Aβ deposition, and blood-retinal barrier damage, along with inflammation and neurodegeneration, have been described in retinas of patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. Histological, biochemical, and clinical studies have demonstrated that the nature and severity of AD pathologies in the retina and brain correspond. Proteomics analysis revealed a similar pattern of dysregulated proteins and biological pathways in the retina and brain of AD patients, with enhanced inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, impaired oxidative-phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, investigational imaging technologies can now detect AD-specific amyloid deposits, as well as vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in the retina of living AD patients, suggesting alterations at different disease stages and links to brain pathology. Current and exploratory ophthalmic imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and hyperspectral imaging, may offer promise in the clinical assessment of AD. However, further research is needed to deepen our understanding of AD's impact on the retina and its progression. To advance this field, future studies require replication in larger and diverse cohorts with confirmed AD biomarkers and standardized retinal imaging techniques. This will validate potential retinal biomarkers for AD, aiding in early screening and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ron Danziger
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonah Doustar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Miyah R Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ousman Jallow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Barron
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mourad Tayebi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Department of Clinical Neuroanatomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shouri Lahiri
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Esaki H, Deyama S, Izumi S, Katsura A, Nishikawa K, Nishitani N, Kaneda K. Varenicline enhances recognition memory via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex in male mice. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109672. [PMID: 37506875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies postulated that chronic administration of varenicline, a partial and full agonist at α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), respectively, enhances recognition memory. However, whether its acute administration is effective, on which brain region(s) it acts, and in what signaling it is involved, remain unknown. To address these issues, we conducted a novel object recognition test using male C57BL/6J mice, focusing on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region associated with nicotine-induced enhancement of recognition memory. Systemic administration of varenicline before the training dose-dependently enhanced recognition memory. Intra-mPFC varenicline infusion also enhanced recognition memory, and this enhancement was blocked by intra-mPFC co-infusion of a selective α7, but not α4β2, nAChR antagonist. Consistent with this, intra-mPFC infusion of a selective α7 nAChR agonist augmented object recognition memory. Furthermore, intra-mPFC co-infusion of U-73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, or 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB), an inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor inhibitor, suppressed the varenicline-induced memory enhancement, suggesting that α7 nAChRs may also act as Gq-coupled metabotropic receptors. Additionally, whole-cell recordings from mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons in vitro revealed that varenicline significantly increased the summation of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and this effect was suppressed by U-73122 or 2-APB. These findings suggest that varenicline might acutely enhance recognition memory via mPFC α7 nAChR stimulation, followed by mPFC neuronal excitation, which is mediated by the activation of PLC and IP3 receptor signaling. Our study provides evidence supporting the potential repositioning of varenicline as a treatment for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Esaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shoma Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ayano Katsura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Canário NS, Jorge LP, Santana IJ, Castelo-Branco MS. Hemispheric Patterns of Recruitment of Object Processing Regions in Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Study Along the Entire Ventral Stream. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1151-1164. [PMID: 36565110 PMCID: PMC9912740 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of neural response patterns along the entire network of functionally defined object recognition ventral stream regions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is surprisingly lacking. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate putative functional reorganization along a wide-ranging network of known regions in the ventral visual stream in mild AD. METHODS Overall we investigated 6 regions of interest (5 of which were not investigated before), in 19 AD patients and 19 controls, in both hemispheres along the ventral visual stream: Fusiform Face Area, Fusiform Body Area, Extrastriate Body Area, Lateral Occipital Cortex, Parahippocampal Place Area, and Visual Word Form Area, while assessing object recognition performance. RESULTS We found group differences in dprime measures for all object categories, corroborating generalized deficits in object recognition. Concerning neural responses, we found region dependent group differences respecting a priori expected Hemispheric asymmetries. Patients showed significantly decreased BOLD responses in the right hemisphere-biased Fusiform Body Area, and lower left hemisphere responses in the Visual Word Form Area (with a priori known left hemispheric bias), consistent with deficits in body shape and word/pseudoword processing deficits. This hemispheric dominance related effects were preserved when controlling for performance differences. Whole brain analysis during the recognition task showed enhanced activity in AD group of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left cingulate gyrus, and in the posterior cingulate cortex- a hotspot of amyloid-β accumulation. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate region dependent respecting hemispheric dominance patterns activation changes in independently localized selective regions in mild AD, accompanied by putative compensatory activity of frontal and cingular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia S. Canário
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lília P. Jorge
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel J. Santana
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel S. Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Correspondence to: M. Castelo-Branco, MD, PhD, Faculdade de Medicina, Polo de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. Tel.: +351 239488514; E-mail:
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The effects of the ethanol extract of Cordia myxa leaves on the cognitive function in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:215. [PMID: 35948926 PMCID: PMC9367120 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cordia myxa L. (Boraginaceae) is widely distributed in tropical regions and it’s fruits, leaves and stem bark have been utilized in folk medicine for treating trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. A population-based study showed that T. cruzi infection is associated with cognitive impairments. Therefore, if C. myxa has ameliorating activities on cognitive function, it would be useful for both T. cruzi infection and cognitive impairments.
Methods
In this study, we evaluated the effects of an ethanol extract of leaves of C. myxa (ELCM) on memory impairments and sensorimotor gating deficits in mice. The phosphorylation level of protein was observed by the Western blot analysis.
Results
The administration of ELCM significantly attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice, as measured by passive avoidance test and novel object recognition test. Additionally, in the acoustic startle response test, we observed that the administration of ELCM ameliorated MK-801-induced prepulse inhibition deficits. We found that these behavioral outcomes were related with increased levels of phosphorylation phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) in the cortex and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus by western blot analysis.
Conclusions
These results suggest that ELCM would be a potential candidate for treating cognitive dysfunction and sensorimotor gating deficits observed in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cimminella F, D'Innocenzo G, Sala SD, Iavarone A, Musella C, Coco MI. Preserved Extra-Foveal Processing of Object Semantics in Alzheimer's Disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2022; 35:418-433. [PMID: 34044661 DOI: 10.1177/08919887211016056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients underperform on a range of tasks requiring semantic processing, but it is unclear whether this impairment is due to a generalised loss of semantic knowledge or to issues in accessing and selecting such information from memory. The objective of this eye-tracking visual search study was to determine whether semantic expectancy mechanisms known to support object recognition in healthy adults are preserved in AD patients. Furthermore, as AD patients are often reported to be impaired in accessing information in extra-foveal vision, we investigated whether that was also the case in our study. Twenty AD patients and 20 age-matched controls searched for a target object among an array of distractors presented extra-foveally. The distractors were either semantically related or unrelated to the target (e.g., a car in an array with other vehicles or kitchen items). Results showed that semantically related objects were detected with more difficulty than semantically unrelated objects by both groups, but more markedly by the AD group. Participants looked earlier and for longer at the critical objects when these were semantically unrelated to the distractors. Our findings show that AD patients can process the semantics of objects and access it in extra-foveal vision. This suggests that their impairments in semantic processing may reflect difficulties in accessing semantic information rather than a generalised loss of semantic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cimminella
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Suor Orsola Benincasa University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Caterina Musella
- Associazione Italiana Malattia d'Alzheimer (AIMA sezione Campania), Naples, Italy
| | - Moreno I Coco
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,School of Psychology, The University of East London, London, United Kingdom
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Bezafibrate Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in a Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020109. [PMID: 35215222 PMCID: PMC8877080 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bezafibrate, a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, reportedly attenuated tau pathology in a transgenic mouse model of primary tauopathy. Since tau pathology is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), bezafibrate may be a potential drug for the treatment of AD. However, no study has investigated its effects in AD models. Thus, we aimed to evaluate whether bezafibrate has neuroprotective effects in a sporadic AD model induced by streptozotocin (STZ) intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. Rats were administered STZ-ICV (3 mg/kg) followed by bezafibrate (50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) for 4 weeks. Behavior tests and positron emission tomography (PET) were performed to evaluate longitudinal changes in cognitive function, tau pathology, and cerebral glucose metabolism. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess neuronal survival and microglial accumulation. STZ-ICV administration induced significant cognitive impairment and substantial neuronal loss, tau pathology, glucose hypometabolism, and microgliosis in the cortex and hippocampus, while bezafibrate effectively attenuated these abnormalities. This study demonstrated that bezafibrate has long-lasting neuroprotective effects in a sporadic AD model. Our data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of bezafibrate might be associated with its ability to ameliorate tau pathology, brain glucose hypometabolism, and neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that bezafibrate is a potential multi-target drug candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Coles M, Watt G, Kreilaus F, Karl T. Medium-Dose Chronic Cannabidiol Treatment Reverses Object Recognition Memory Deficits of APP Swe /PS1ΔE9 Transgenic Female Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:587604. [PMID: 33424597 PMCID: PMC7789874 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes behavioral and cognitive impairments. The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, and in vitro and limited in vivo evidence suggests that CBD possesses therapeutic-like properties for the treatment of AD. Cannabinoids are known to have dose-dependent effects and the therapeutic potential of medium-dose CBD for AD transgenic mice has not been assessed in great detail yet. 12-month-old control and APP Swe /PS1ΔE9 (APPxPS1) transgenic female mice were treated daily via intraperitoneal injection with 5 mg/kg bodyweight CBD (or vehicle) commencing three weeks prior to the assessment of behavioral domains including anxiety, exploration, locomotion, motor functions, cognition, and sensorimotor gating. APPxPS1 mice exhibited a hyperlocomotive and anxiogenic-like phenotype and had wild type-like motor and spatial learning abilities, although AD transgenic mice took generally longer to complete the cheeseboard training (due to a lower locomotion speed). Furthermore spatial learning and reversal learning was delayed by one day in APPxPS1 mice compared to control mice. All mice displayed intact spatial memory and retrieval memory, but APPxPS1 mice showed reduced levels of perseverance in the cheeseboard probe trial. Importantly, vehicle-treated APPxPS1 mice were characterized by object recognition deficits and delayed spatial learning, which were reversed by CBD treatment. Finally, impairments in sensorimotor gating of APPxPS1 mice were not affected by CBD. In conclusion, medium-dose CBD appears to have therapeutic value for the treatment of particular behavioral impairments present in AD patients. Future research should consider the molecular mechanisms behind CBD's beneficial properties for AD transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madilyn Coles
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgia Watt
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabian Kreilaus
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Sánchez SM, Duarte-Abritta B, Abulafia C, De Pino G, Bocaccio H, Castro MN, Sevlever GE, Fonzo GA, Nemeroff CB, Gustafson DR, Guinjoan SM, Villarreal MF. White matter fiber density abnormalities in cognitively normal adults at risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 122:79-87. [PMID: 31931231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tau accumulation affecting white matter tracts is an early neuropathological feature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). There is a need to ascertain methods for the detection of early LOAD features to help with disease prevention efforts. The microstructure of these tracts and anatomical brain connectivity can be assessed by analyzing diffusion MRI (dMRI) data. Considering that family history increases the risk of developing LOAD, we explored the microstructure of white matter through dMRI in 23 cognitively normal adults who are offspring of patients with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (O-LOAD) and 22 control subjects (CS) without family history of AD. We also evaluated the relation of white matter microstructure metrics with cortical thickness, volumetry, in vivo amyloid deposition (with the help of PiB positron emission tomography -PiB-PET) and regional brain metabolism (as FDG-PET) measures. Finally we studied the association between cognitive performance and white matter microstructure metrics. O-LOAD exhibited lower fiber density and fractional anisotropy in the posterior portion of the corpus callosum and right fornix when compared to CS. Among O-LOAD, reduced fiber density was associated with lower amyloid deposition in the right hippocampus, and greater cortical thickness in the left precuneus, while higher mean diffusivity was related with greater cortical thickness of the right superior temporal gyrus. Additionally, compromised white matter microstructure was associated with poorer semantic fluency. In conclusion, white matter microstructure metrics may reveal early differences in O-LOAD by virtue of parental history of the disorder, when compared to CS without a family history of LOAD. We demonstrate that these differences are associated with lower fiber density in the posterior portion of the corpus callosum and the right fornix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Física, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Duarte-Abritta
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Carolina Abulafia
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Argentina
| | - Gabriela De Pino
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina; Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina; Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Departamento de Imágenes, Fundación FLENI, Argentina
| | - Hernan Bocaccio
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Física, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana N Castro
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E Sevlever
- Departamento de Neuropatología y Biología Molecular, Fundación FLENI, Argentina
| | - Greg A Fonzo
- Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Deborah R Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York University Downstate Medical Center, United States; Department of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Salvador M Guinjoan
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Servicio de Psiquiatría, Fundación FLENI, Argentina; Neurofisiología I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mirta F Villarreal
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias FLENI-CONICET, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Física, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Reeves S, Williams V, Costela FM, Palumbo R, Umoren O, Christopher MM, Blacker D, Woods RL. Narrative video scene description task discriminates between levels of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2020; 34:437-446. [PMID: 31999169 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of interpreting and acting upon the visual environment requires both intact cognitive and visual systems. The narrative description (ND) task, initially developed to detect changes in ecologically relevant visual function in people with impaired vision, is an objective measure of the ability to perceive, understand, and describe a visual scene in a movie clip. OBJECTIVE Because the ND task draws heavily on semantic and working memory ability in addition to basic visual perception, we aimed to assess the discriminative performance of this task across levels of cognitive impairment. METHOD We recruited 56 participants with cognitive status ranging from normal cognition to mild dementia (median age 82, range 66 to 99 years) to watch 20 30-s video clips and describe the visual content without time constraints. These verbal responses were transcribed and processed to generate ND shared word scores using a "wisdom of the crowd," natural-language processing approach. We compared ND scores across diagnostic groups, and used linear mixed models to examine decrements in task performance. RESULTS There was a stepwise decline of ND scores with increasing levels of cognitive impairment. Additional analyses showed that ND performance was highly related to performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and domain-specific neuropsychological tests for semantic fluency and set shifting. Other models demonstrated differences in ND performance related video content between cognitively normal and impaired participants. CONCLUSION The ND test was able to detect decrements in task performance between levels of cognitive impairment and was related to other global neuropsychological measures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Ramzaoui H, Faure S, Spotorno S. Alzheimer's Disease, Visual Search, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: A Review and a New Perspective on Attention and Eye Movements. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:901-925. [PMID: 30400086 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), like cooking and managing finances and medications, involve finding efficiently and in a timely manner one or several objects within complex environments. They may thus be disrupted by visual search deficits. These deficits, present in Alzheimer's disease (AD) from its early stages, arise from impairments in multiple attentional and memory mechanisms. A growing body of research on visual search in AD has examined several factors underlying search impairments in simple arrays. Little is known about how AD patients search in real-world scenes and in real settings, and about how such impairments affect patients' functional autonomy. Here, we review studies on visuospatial attention and visual search in AD. We then consider why analysis of patients' oculomotor behavior is promising to improve understanding of the specific search deficits in AD, and of their role in impairing IADL performance. We also highlight why paradigms developed in research on real-world scenes and real settings in healthy individuals are valuable to investigate visual search in AD. Finally, we indicate future research directions that may offer new insights to improve visual search abilities and autonomy in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Ramzaoui
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives et Sociales, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Sylvane Faure
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives et Sociales, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Sara Spotorno
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK
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11
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Commins S, Kirby BP. The complexities of behavioural assessment in neurodegenerative disorders: A focus on Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Lee MS, Kim BS. Characteristics of Word Fluency in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.21848/asr.2019.15.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Wang KW, Ye XL, Huang T, Yang XF, Zou LY. Optogenetics-induced activation of glutamate receptors improves memory function in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2147-2155. [PMID: 31397354 PMCID: PMC6788230 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is a combination of optics and genetics technology that can be used to activate or inhibit specific cells in tissues. It has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy and neurological diseases, but rarely Alzheimer’s disease. Adeno-associated virus carrying the CaMK promoter driving the optogenetic channelrhodopsin-2 (CHR2) gene (or without the CHR2 gene, as control) was injected into the bilateral dentate gyri, followed by repeated intrahippocampal injections of soluble low-molecular-weight amyloid-β1–42 peptide (Aβ1–42). Subsequently, the region was stimulated with a 473 nm laser (1–3 ms, 10 Hz, 5 minutes). The novel object recognition test was conducted to test memory function in mice. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze the numbers of NeuN and synapsin Ia/b-positive cells in the hippocampus. Western blot assay was carried out to analyze the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, NeuN, synapsin Ia/b, metabotropic glutamate receptor-1a (mGluR-1a), mGluR-5, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1, glutamate receptor 2, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. Optogenetic stimulation improved working and short-term memory in mice with Alzheimer’s disease. This neuroprotective effect was associated with increased expression of NR1, glutamate receptor 2 and mGluR-5 in the hippocampus, and decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and interleukin-6. Our results show that optogenetics can be used to regulate the neuronal-glial network to ameliorate memory functions in mice with Alzheimer’s disease. The study was approved by the Animal Resources Committee of Jinan University, China (approval No. LL-KT-2011134) on February 28, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Ye
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi-Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang-Yu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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14
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Wahl D, Coogan SCP, Solon-Biet SM, de Cabo R, Haran JB, Raubenheimer D, Cogger VC, Mattson MP, Simpson SJ, Le Couteur DG. Cognitive and behavioral evaluation of nutritional interventions in rodent models of brain aging and dementia. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1419-1428. [PMID: 28932108 PMCID: PMC5598548 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s145247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of behavior and cognition in rodent models underpins mechanistic and interventional studies of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, especially dementia. Commonly used tests include Morris water maze, Barnes maze, object recognition, fear conditioning, radial arm water maze, and Y maze. Each of these tests reflects some aspects of human memory including episodic memory, recognition memory, semantic memory, spatial memory, and emotional memory. Although most interventional studies in rodent models of dementia have focused on pharmacological agents, there are an increasing number of studies that have evaluated nutritional interventions including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and manipulation of macronutrients. Dietary interventions have been shown to influence various cognitive and behavioral tests in rodents indicating that nutrition can influence brain aging and possibly neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
- Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean CP Coogan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
- Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James B Haran
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
- Faculty of Veterinary Science
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
- Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging’s Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
- Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
- Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, NSW, Australia
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15
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Formation and manifestation of exploratory activity in the offspring of animals with chronic alcohol-induced pathology to the hepatobiliary system. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:564-6. [PMID: 25257413 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of exploratory behavior of the offspring of female rats with chronic alcohol-induced injury to the hepatobiliary system demonstrates reduced exploratory activity in the object recognition test. Results of the test with a novel object confirm these findings and suggest that the offspring of alcoholized animals showed increased anxiety at the visual contact with the novel object due to impaired memory expressed in the development of short-term memory.
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16
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de Lira JO, Minett TSC, Bertolucci PHF, Ortiz KZ. Analysis of word number and content in discourse of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Dement Neuropsychol 2014; 8:260-265. [PMID: 29213912 PMCID: PMC5619403 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642014dn83000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by impairments in memory and other cognitive functions such as language, which can be affected in all aspects including discourse. A picture description task is considered an effective way of obtaining a discourse sample whose key feature is the ability to retrieve appropriate lexical items. There is no consensus on findings showing that performance in content processing of spoken discourse deteriorates from the mildest phase of AD. Objective To compare the quantity and quality of discourse among patients with mild to moderate AD and controls. Methods A cross-sectional study was designed. Subjects aged 50 years and older of both sexes, with one year or more of education, were divided into three groups: control (CG), mild AD (ADG1) and moderate AD (ADG2). Participants were asked to describe the "cookie theft" picture. The total number of complete words spoken and information units (IU) were included in the analysis. Results There was no significant difference among groups in terms of age, schooling and sex. For number of words spoken, the CG performed significantly better than both the ADG 1 and ADG2, but no difference between the two latter groups was found. CG produced almost twice as many information units as the ADG1 and more than double that of the ADG2. Moreover, ADG2 patients had worse performance on IUs compared to the ADG1. Conclusion Decreased performance in quantity and content of discourse was evident in patients with AD from the mildest phase, but only content (IU) continued to worsen with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Onofre de Lira
- PhD. Speech Therapist, Department of Speech Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci
- M.D, PhD. Professor, Sector of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin Zazo Ortiz
- Speech Therapist, PhD. Professor, Department of Speech Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Behl P, Edwards JD, Kiss A, Lanctot KL, Streiner DL, Black SE, Stuss DT. Treatment effects in multiple cognitive domains in Alzheimer's disease: a two-year cohort study. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:48. [PMID: 25484926 PMCID: PMC4255390 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite widespread use of second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), little is known about the long term effects of cholinergic treatment on global cognitive function and potential specific effects in different cognitive domains. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between cholinergic treatment and global cognitive function over one and two years in a cohort of patients with mild or moderate AD and identify potential differences in domain-specific cognitive outcomes within this cohort. Methods A cohort of patients meeting the revised National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria for mild or moderate AD, including patients both on treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor and untreated controls (treated = 65, untreated = 65), were recruited from the Cognitive Neurology Clinic at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, as part of the Sunnybrook Dementia Study. Patients were followed for one to two years and underwent standardized neuropsychological assessments to evaluate global and domain-specific cognitive function. Associations between cholinesterase inhibitor use and global and domain-specific cognitive outcome measures at one and two years of follow-up were estimated using mixed model linear regression, adjusting for age, education, and baseline mini mental state examination (MMSE). Results At one year, treated patients showed significantly less decline in global cognitive function, and treatment and time effects across tests of executive and visuospatial function. At two years, there was a significant trend towards less decline in global cognition for treated patients. Moreover, treated patients showed significant treatment and time effects across tests of executive functioning, memory, and visuospatial function. Conclusions The present study offers two important contributions to knowledge of the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitor treatment in patients with mild-moderate AD: 1) that second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors demonstrate long-term effectiveness for reducing global cognitive decline over one to two years of follow-up, and 2) that decline in function for cognitive domains, including executive function, memory, and visuospatial skill that are primarily mediated by frontal networks and by the cholinergic system, rather than memory, may be slowed by treatment targeting the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Behl
- L.C.Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodi D Edwards
- L.C.Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Toronto, Canada ; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Kiss
- Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctot
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L Streiner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- L.C.Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Medicine (Neurology), Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald T Stuss
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Medicine (Neurology), Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Bartko SJ, Winters BD, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Different roles for M1 and M2 receptors within perirhinal cortex in object recognition and discrimination. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 110:16-26. [PMID: 24462721 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recognition and discrimination of objects and individuals are critical cognitive faculties in both humans and non-human animals, and cholinergic transmission has been shown to be essential for both of these functions. In the present study we focused on the role of M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors in perirhinal cortex (PRh)-dependent object recognition and discrimination. The selective M1 antagonists pirenzepine and the snake toxin MT-7, and a selective M2 antagonist, AF-DX 116, were infused directly into PRh. Pre-sample infusions of both pirenzepine and AF-DX 116 significantly impaired object recognition memory in a delay-dependent manner. However, pirenzepine and MT-7, but not AF-DX 116, impaired oddity discrimination performance in a perceptual difficulty-dependent manner. The findings indicate distinct functions for M1 and M2 receptors in object recognition and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Bartko
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Boyer D Winters
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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Goudour A, Samson S, Bakchine S, Ehrle N. Agnosic or semantic impairment in very mild Alzheimer's disease? NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2011; 18:230-253. [PMID: 21360357 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2010.540643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated object recognition impairment and the existence of category effects in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. A battery of tests was designed to assess the deterioration of semantic memory and/or the existence of agnosia by evaluating visual and auditory naming, knowledge of structural descriptions (pre-semantic representation of an object within each perceptual system) and conceptual knowledge. The group of Alzheimer's patients were impaired in all experimental tests as compared to healthy participants. This result suggests an impairment of multiple levels of object integration processing even at an early stage of the disease. The patients also demonstrated a category effect with massive difficulties in recognizing human actions and musical instruments as compared to the other categories. This study provides an innovative clinical tool for exploring the recognition of visual and auditory objects at different levels of representation, allowing for the description of early signs of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Goudour
- Service de Neurologie & CMRR Champagne-Ardenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, France
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20
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Furini CR, Rossato JI, Bitencourt LL, Medina JH, Izquierdo I, Cammarota M. Beta-adrenergic receptors link NO/sGC/PKG signaling to BDNF expression during the consolidation of object recognition long-term memory. Hippocampus 2010; 20:672-83. [PMID: 19533679 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/protein kinase G (PKG) pathway is important for memory processing, but the identity of its downstream effectors as well as its actual participation in the consolidation of nonaversive declarative long-term memory (LTM) remain unknown. Here, we show that training rats in an object recognition (OR) learning task rapidly increased nitrites/nitrates (NOx) content in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus while posttraining intra-CA1 microinfusion of the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) inhibitor L-NN hindered OR LTM retention without affecting memory retrieval or other behavioral variables. The amnesic effect of L-NN was not state dependent, was mimicked by the sGC inhibitor LY83583 and the PKG inhibitor KT-5823, and reversed by coinfusion of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and the PKG activator 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8Br-cGMP). SNAP did not affect the amnesic effect of LY83583 and KT-5823. Conversely, 8Br-cGMP overturned the amnesia induced by LY83583 but not that caused by KT-5823. Intra-CA1 infusion of the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker timolol right after training hindered OR LTM and, although coadministration of noradrenaline reversed the amnesia caused by L-NN, LY83583, and KT5823, the amnesic effect of timolol was unaffected by coinfusion of 8Br-cGMP or SNAP, indicating that hippocampal beta-adrenergic receptors act downstream NO/sGC/PKG signaling. We also found that posttraining intra-CA1 infusion of function-blocking anti-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) antibodies hampered OR LTM retention, whereas OR training increased CA1 BDNF levels in a nNOS- and beta-adrenergic receptor-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NO/sGC/PKG signaling in the hippocampus is essential for OR memory consolidation and suggest that beta-adrenergic receptors link the activation of this pathway to BDNF expression during the consolidation of declarative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane R Furini
- Centro de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul and Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Bartko SJ, Cowell RA, Winters BD, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Heightened susceptibility to interference in an animal model of amnesia: Impairment in encoding, storage, retrieval – or all three? Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2987-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Winters BD, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Implications of animal object memory research for human amnesia. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2251-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Reis PA, Comim CM, Hermani F, Silva B, Barichello T, Portella AC, Gomes FCA, Sab IM, Frutuoso VS, Oliveira MF, Bozza PT, Bozza FA, Dal-Pizzol F, Zimmerman GA, Quevedo J, Castro-Faria-Neto HC. Cognitive dysfunction is sustained after rescue therapy in experimental cerebral malaria, and is reduced by additive antioxidant therapy. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000963. [PMID: 20585569 PMCID: PMC2891838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological impairments are frequently detected in children surviving cerebral malaria (CM), the most severe neurological complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum. The pathophysiology and therapy of long lasting cognitive deficits in malaria patients after treatment of the parasitic disease is a critical area of investigation. In the present study we used several models of experimental malaria with differential features to investigate persistent cognitive damage after rescue treatment. Infection of C57BL/6 and Swiss (SW) mice with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) or a lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii XL (PyXL), respectively, resulted in documented CM and sustained persistent cognitive damage detected by a battery of behavioral tests after cure of the acute parasitic disease with chloroquine therapy. Strikingly, cognitive impairment was still present 30 days after the initial infection. In contrast, BALB/c mice infected with PbA, C57BL6 infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and SW infected with non lethal Plasmodium yoelii NXL (PyNXL) did not develop signs of CM, were cured of the acute parasitic infection by chloroquine, and showed no persistent cognitive impairment. Reactive oxygen species have been reported to mediate neurological injury in CM. Increased production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes was detected in the brains of PbA-infected C57BL/6 mice with CM, indicating high oxidative stress. Treatment of PbA-infected C57BL/6 mice with additive antioxidants together with chloroquine at the first signs of CM prevented the development of persistent cognitive damage. These studies provide new insights into the natural history of cognitive dysfunction after rescue therapy for CM that may have clinical relevance, and may also be relevant to cerebral sequelae of sepsis and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Reis
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa M. Comim
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hermani
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Aline C. Portella
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia C. A. Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ive M. Sab
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valber S. Frutuoso
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus F. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Bozza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínicas Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Guy A. Zimmerman
- Department of Medicine and Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Hugo C. Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Hobson VL, Hall JR, Humphreys-Clark JD, Schrimsher GW, O'Bryant SE. Identifying functional impairment with scores from the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 25:525-30. [PMID: 19862695 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the link between RBANS scores and functional impairment. Functional status was evaluated through informant report using the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale. METHODS Archival data were reviewed from records of 99 patients in a memory disorder clinic (MDC) research database. Consensus-based diagnoses were Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 48), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 48), AD with vascular components; (n = 2) and dementia due to psychiatric conditions (n = 1). RESULTS The RBANS language index score was significantly related to CDR domain scores of community affairs (p < .01), home and hobbies (p < .01), personal care (p < .05), memory (p < 0.01), and judgment (p < 0.01). RBANS immediate memory index scores were significantly related to (p < 0.05) the CDR Memory and judgment and problem solving domains. Based on these findings, follow-up regressions were conducted. Semantic fluency was significantly related to CDR memory (p < 0.01), judgment (p < 0.05), community affairs (p < 0.05), home/hobbies (p < 0.05), and personal care (p < 0.05) functional domains. Picture naming was significantly related to the CDR personal care domain (p < 0.05). List learning was significantly related to CDR memory functional domain (p < 0.01) and judgment (p < 0.05). Lastly, story memory was significantly related to the CDR judgment domain (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The RBANS may be an indicator of functional impairment as well as a neuropsychological testing tool. The use of the RBANS could reduce the amount of testing that is administered to the patient, or can provide a way to compare other measurements of functional impairment to assess accuracy of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Hobson
- Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Oriá RB, Costa CMC, Lima AAM, Patrick PD, Guerrant RL. Semantic fluency: a sensitive marker for cognitive impairment in children with heavy diarrhea burdens? Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:682-6. [PMID: 19520520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
One of the most affected cognitive impairments in children who experienced heavy burdens of diarrhea is semantic fluency, the same impairment that is most affected in Alzheimer's dementia. These findings are leading us into provocative genetic studies that may elucidate the evolution of such genetic polymorphisms as the APOE alleles. Alternatively, diarrhea could launch the cognitive deficits that might later progress in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, they suggest that semantic fluency could provide a simple mean to assess cognitive impairment in impoverished settings so as to determine preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Minati L, Edginton T, Bruzzone MG, Giaccone G. Current concepts in Alzheimer's disease: a multidisciplinary review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2009; 24:95-121. [PMID: 19116299 PMCID: PMC10846154 DOI: 10.1177/1533317508328602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive, pedagogically-oriented review is aimed at a heterogeneous audience representative of the allied disciplines involved in research and patient care. After a foreword on epidemiology, genetics, and risk factors, the amyloid cascade model is introduced and the main neuropathological hallmarks are discussed. The progression of memory, language, visual processing, executive, attentional, and praxis deficits, and of behavioral symptoms is presented. After a summary on neuropsychological assessment, emerging biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid assays, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, and electrophysiology are discussed. Existing treatments are briefly reviewed, followed by an introduction to emerging disease-modifying therapies such as secretase modulators, inhibitors of Abeta aggregation, immunotherapy, inhibitors of tau protein phosphorylation, and delivery of nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Minati
- Science Direction Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
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27
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Nimodipine Prevents Transient Cognitive Dysfunction After Moderate Hypoxia in Adult Mice. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2009; 21:140-4. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0b013e3181920d28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Alegret M, Boada-Rovira M, Vinyes-Junqué G, Valero S, Espinosa A, Hernández I, Modinos G, Rosende-Roca M, Mauleón A, Becker JT, Tárraga L. Detection of visuoperceptual deficits in preclinical and mild Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2009; 31:860-7. [PMID: 19142775 DOI: 10.1080/13803390802595568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive neuropsychological assessment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects frequently identifies cognitive deficits other than memory. However, visuoperception has rarely been investigated in MCI. The 15-Objects Test (15-OT), a visual discrimination task based on the Poppelreuter Test, consists of 15 overlapping objects. Poppelreuter-type tests are frequently used to detect visual agnosia. However, more complex tests, such as the 15-OT, are required to detect visuoperceptual signs in those patients who perform correctly on simple tests. The aim of the present study was to investigate visuoperceptual deficits in MCI patients and to assess the usefulness of the 15-OT to discriminate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and MCI patients from controls. The 15-OT, and a neuropsychological battery included in the diagnostic assessment, was administered to 44 healthy controls, 44 MCI patients, and 44 mild AD patients. Performance on the 15-OT was significantly different between groups. MCI scored between AD and controls. When MCI and AD patients had relatively normal performance on simple tests (Poppelreuter), increased significant abnormalities were found by a more difficult visuoperceptual test (15-OT). Regression analyses showed that the 15-OT was a significant predictor of group membership, but the Poppelreuter Test did not significantly contribute to the models. Visuoperceptual processing is impaired early in the clinical course of AD. The 15-OT allows detection of visuoperceptual deficits in the preclinical and mild AD stages, when classical tests are still unable to detect subtle deficits. So, its inclusion in neuropsychological batteries that are nowadays used in the clinical practice would allow increasing their diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Alegret
- Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kavcic V, Ni H, Zhu T, Zhong J, Duffy CJ. White matter integrity linked to functional impairments in aging and early Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:381-9. [PMID: 19012862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with changes in cerebral white matter (WM), but the functional significance of such findings is not yet established. We hypothesized that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) might reveal links between regional WM changes and specific neuropsychologically and psychophysically defined impairments in early AD. METHODS Older adult control subjects (OA, n = 18) and mildly impaired AD patients (n = 14) underwent neuropsychological and visual perceptual testing along with DTI of cerebral WM. DTI yielded factional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (D) maps for nine regions of interest in three brain regions that were then compared with the performance measures. RESULTS AD patients exhibited nonsignificant trends toward lower FAs in the posterior region's callosal and subcortical regions of interest. However, posterior callosal FA was significantly correlated with verbal fluency and figural memory impairments, whereas posterior subcortical FA was correlated with delayed verbal memory, figural memory, and optic flow perceptual impairments. CONCLUSIONS WM changes in early AD are concentrated in posterior cerebral areas, with distributions that correspond to specific functional impairments. DTI can be used to assess regional pathology related to individual's deficits in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voyko Kavcic
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Tuon L, Comim CM, Petronilho F, Barichello T, Izquierdo I, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Memory-enhancing treatments reverse the impairment of inhibitory avoidance retention in sepsis-surviving rats. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 12:R133. [PMID: 18957125 PMCID: PMC2592772 DOI: 10.1186/cc7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Survivors from sepsis have presented with long-term cognitive impairment, including alterations in memory, attention, concentration, and global loss of cognitive function. Thus, we evaluated the effects of memory enhancers in sepsis-surviving rats. Methods The rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) (sepsis group) with 'basic support' (saline at 50 mL/kg immediately and 12 hours after CLP plus ceftriaxone at 30 mg/kg and clindamycin at 25 mg/kg 6, 12, and 18 hours after CLP) or sham-operated (control group). After 10 or 30 days, rats were submitted to an inhibitory avoidance task. After task training, animals received injections of saline, epinephrine, naloxone, dexamethasone, or glucose. Twenty-four hours afterwards, animals were submitted to the inhibitory avoidance test. Results We demonstrated that memory enhancers reversed impairment in the sepsis group 10 and 30 days after sepsis induction. This effect was of lower magnitude when compared with sham animals 10 days, but not 30 days, after sepsis. Conclusions Using different pharmacologic approaches, we conclude that the adrenergic memory formation pathways are responsive in sepsis-surviving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane Tuon
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brasil
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Desruisseaux MS, Gulinello M, Smith DN, Lee SC, Tsuji M, Weiss LM, Spray DC, Tanowitz HB. Cognitive dysfunction in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1621-7. [PMID: 18419550 DOI: 10.1086/587908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria complicated by cognitive sequelae is a major cause of morbidity in humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. To model cognitive function after malaria, we created a rodent model of cerebral malaria by infecting C57BL/6 mice with Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. After 7 days, an object-recognition test of working memory revealed a significant impairment in the visual memory of infected mice. This impairment was observed in the absence of confounding effects of infection. The cognitive dysfunction correlated with hemorrhage and inflammation. Furthermore, microglial activity and morphological changes detected throughout the brains of infected mice were absent from the brains of control mice, and this correlated with the measured cognitive defects. Similar testing methods in human studies could help identify subjects at risk for an adverse cognitive outcome. This murine model should facilitate the study of adjunctive methods to ameliorate adverse neurological outcomes in cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalia S Desruisseaux
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Gilpin H, Whitcomb D, Cho K. Atypical evening cortisol profile induces visual recognition memory deficit in healthy human subjects. Mol Brain 2008; 1:4. [PMID: 18803857 PMCID: PMC2546400 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diurnal rhythm-mediated endogenous cortisol levels in humans are characterised by a peak in secretion after awakening that declines throughout the day to an evening trough. However, a significant proportion of the population exhibits an atypical cycle of diurnal cortisol due to shift work, jet-lag, aging, and mental illness. RESULTS The present study has demonstrated a correlation between elevation of cortisol in the evening and deterioration of visual object recognition memory. However, high evening cortisol levels have no effect on spatial memory. CONCLUSION This study suggests that atypical evening salivary cortisol levels have an important role in the early deterioration of recognition memory. The loss of recognition memory, which is vital for everyday life, is a major symptom of the amnesic syndrome and early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this study will promote a potential physiologic marker of early deterioration of recognition memory and a possible diagnostic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Winters BD, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Object recognition memory: neurobiological mechanisms of encoding, consolidation and retrieval. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1055-70. [PMID: 18499253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tests of object recognition memory, or the judgment of the prior occurrence of an object, have made substantial contributions to our understanding of the nature and neurobiological underpinnings of mammalian memory. Only in recent years, however, have researchers begun to elucidate the specific brain areas and neural processes involved in object recognition memory. The present review considers some of this recent research, with an emphasis on studies addressing the neural bases of perirhinal cortex-dependent object recognition memory processes. We first briefly discuss operational definitions of object recognition and the common behavioural tests used to measure it in non-human primates and rodents. We then consider research from the non-human primate and rat literature examining the anatomical basis of object recognition memory in the delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) and spontaneous object recognition (SOR) tasks, respectively. The results of these studies overwhelmingly favor the view that perirhinal cortex (PRh) is a critical region for object recognition memory. We then discuss the involvement of PRh in the different stages--encoding, consolidation, and retrieval--of object recognition memory. Specifically, recent work in rats has indicated that neural activity in PRh contributes to object memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval processes. Finally, we consider the pharmacological, cellular, and molecular factors that might play a part in PRh-mediated object recognition memory. Recent studies in rodents have begun to indicate the remarkable complexity of the neural substrates underlying this seemingly simple aspect of declarative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyer D Winters
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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Viggiano MP, Gori G, Zaccara G, Righi S, Vannucci M, Giovannelli F. Category-specific visual identification of filtered objects in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2006; 44:125-39. [PMID: 16762429 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The category-specific deficit in object identification as function of spatial frequency (SF) content and priming effect was investigated. Twenty-two patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD) and 24 control subjects performed an object identification task. The objects belonged to living and nonliving categories. In the study phase an episodic trace of objects was created. In the identification phase, each object was revealed in a sequence of frames wherein the object was represented by an increasingly less and less filtered image up to complete version. A recall phase followed immediately after the identification phase. While the priming was preserved in mild-AD but not in moderate-AD, no difference was observed in the recall task. Moreover, although patients showed a decline in performance for both categories compared to controls, this decline was more rapid for living things especially in patients with more severe disease. Present results indicate a semantic memory deficit along with a disruption of perceptual representation. Data were discussed referring to perceptual/functional, domain-specific knowledge, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Viggiano
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Study di Firenze, via S.Niccolò 93, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
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Laatu S, Revonsuo A, Pihko L, Portin R, Rinne JO. Visual object recognition deficits in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004; 10:227-33. [PMID: 15120097 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the visual perception deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) has remained unclear. The present study explored whether there emerge deficits in the different stages of visual object recognition in early PD. Twenty-eight patients and 14 healthy controls were studied. A set of reaction time tasks were applied to measure the different stages of object recognition. The results indicate some selective problems in both basic perceptual and semantic visual processing at an early stage of cognitive deterioration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Laatu
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, Assistenkatu 7, 20014, University of Turku, Finland.
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Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:1149-56. [PMID: 14870737 DOI: 10.1002/gps.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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