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von Schewelov T, Magnusson H, Cöster M, Karlsson C, Rosengren BE. Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal and First Carpometacarpal Joints is Associated with High Bone Mass in Women and Small Bone Size and Low Lean Mass in Men. Open Orthop J 2015; 9:399-404. [PMID: 26401163 PMCID: PMC4578130 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001509010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine if primary hand osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with abnormal bone and anthropometric traits. Methods: We used DXA to measure total body bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck width (bone size) and total body lean and fat mass in 39 subjects with hand OA (primary DIP and/or CMC I) and 164 controls. Data are presented as mean Z-scores or Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Women with hand OA had (compared to controls) higher BMD (0.5(0.1,0.9)) but similar bone size (-0.3(-0.8,0.2)), lean mass (0.3(-0.3,0.9)), fat mass (-0.1(-0.6,0.5)) and BMI (0.0(-0.6,0.6)). Men with hand OA had (compared to controls) similar BMD (-0.1(-0.7,0.6)), smaller bone size (-0.5(-1.1,-0.01)), lower lean mass (-0.6(-1.1,-0.04)), and similar fat mass (-0.2(-0.7,0.4)) and BMI -0.1(-0.6,0.6). In women, each SD higher BMD was associated with an OR of 1.8 (1.03, 3.3) for having hand OA. In men each SD smaller bone size was associated with an OR of 1.8 (1.02, 3.1) and each SD lower proportion of lean body mass with an OR of 1.9 (1.1, 3.3) for having hand OA. Conclusion: Women with primary DIP finger joint and/or CMC I joint OA have a phenotype with higher BMD while men with the disease have a smaller bone size and lower lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thord von Schewelov
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Departments of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Håkan Magnusson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Departments of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Cöster
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Departments of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Caroline Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Departments of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn E Rosengren
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Departments of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Velayudhan DE, Kim IH, Nyachoti CM. Characterization of dietary energy in Swine feed and feed ingredients: a review of recent research results. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1-13. [PMID: 25557670 PMCID: PMC4283177 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0001r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Feed is single most expensive input in commercial pork production representing more than 50% of the total cost of production. The greatest proportion of this cost is associated with the energy component, thus making energy the most important dietary in terms of cost. For efficient pork production, it is imperative that diets are formulated to accurately match dietary energy supply to requirements for maintenance and productive functions. To achieve this goal, it is critical that the energy value of feeds is precisely determined and that the energy system that best meets the energy needs of a pig is used. Therefore, the present review focuses on dietary supply and needs for pigs and the available energy systems for formulating swine diets with particular emphasis on the net energy system. In addition to providing a more accurate estimate of the energy available to the animal in an ingredient and the subsequent diet, diets formulated using the this system are typically lower in crude protein, which leads to additional benefits in terms of reduced nitrogen excretion and consequent environmental pollution. Furthermore, using the net energy system may reduce diet cost as it allows for increased use of feedstuffs containing fibre in place of feedstuffs containing starch. A brief review of the use of distiller dried grains with solubles in swine diets as an energy source is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714,
Korea
| | - C. M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714,
Korea
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Hansen BC, Newcomb JD, Chen R, Linden EH. Longitudinal dynamics of body weight change in the development of type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1643-9. [PMID: 23713008 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the obesity-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) link in the context of longitudinal changes in body weight during the progression to diabetes in mature adult nonhuman primates (NHP). DESIGN AND METHODS A colony of 245 adult rhesus monkeys aged 8-41 years with 179 males were used to define overweight in males as a body weight: ≥13.5 kg or body fat (BF) ≥18% and obesity as ≥16.5 kg or BF ≥27%, and overweight in nonpregnant females was identified as a body weight >8.5 kg or BF >21% and obesity as ≥10.5 kg or BF ≥30%. A subgroup of 48 males (24 T2DM and 24 age-matched non-T2DM) males were studied before and following the onset of overt T2DM for the effects of changes in body weight and obesity in inducing this conversion to overt T2DM. RESULTS Three years before overt T2DM, mean body weight was 18.4 ± 3.3 kg. The DM-destined group body weight was 3.2 ± 1.1 kg greater and had a longer duration and greater severity of obesity, with peak body weight reached at 3.2 ± 1.8 years before overt T2DM. At DM onset the two groups did not differ significantly in body weight or adiposity. CONCLUSIONS The natural progression from pre-DM to overt T2DM is caused neither by the amount of excess body weight at DM onset nor by the proximate increases in body weight/adiposity during the pre-DM period of impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity was, however, essential preceding all NHP cases that developed T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Hansen
- Obesity, Diabetes and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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Fields DA, Demerath EW. Relationship of insulin, glucose, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α in human breast milk with infant growth and body composition. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:304-12. [PMID: 22577092 PMCID: PMC3393795 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous appetite, growth, obesity-related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast-milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition. OBJECTVIE: The purpose of the present cross-sectional pilot study was to assess the cross-sectional associations of appetite-regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin and glucose) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in human breast-milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1-month of age in healthy term infants. METHODS Human breast-milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast-feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at -80°C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11-30.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT). RESULTS Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration (P = 0.0027), and so maternal-BMI-adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast-milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (BMI-for-age z-score based on WHO 2006 growth charts; r = -0.54, P = 0.03). Glucose was positively associated with relative weight (r = 0.6, P = 0.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43-0.44, P < 0.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass (r = -0.49-0.58, P < 0.06). Higher milk IL-6 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass (r = -0.55-0.70, P < 0.03 for all), while higher TNF-α was associated with lower lean mass (r = -0.58, P = 0.05), but not measures of adiposity. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast-milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL-6 and TNF-α, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, (USA)
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, (USA)
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Buelund LE, Nielsen DH, McEvoy FJ, Svalastoga EL, Bjornvad CR. Measurement of body composition in cats using computed tomography and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 52:179-84. [PMID: 21388470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a reference method for assessing body composition but is seldom `accessible in veterinary settings. Computed tomography (CT) can provide similar body composition estimates and we propose that it can be used in body composition studies in animals. We compared CT and DEXA data from 73 healthy adult neutered domestic cats. Three approaches for measuring adipose tissue percentage from full-body CT scans were explored. By examining the frequency distribution of voxels by Hounsfield unit (HU) value, it is possible to calculate a fat index (Fat%) that is in close agreement with the fat percentages obtained from DEXA scans. Fat% values obtained by the best of the methods had a mean difference of 0.96% (95% confidence interval 0.33-1.59%) from the DEXA results. Fat% obtained by the other two methods were characterized by good correlation but poor agreement and in one of the methods, the difference between the values from the two modalities was proportional to their mean. By using CT, it is possible to obtain body composition estimates that are in close agreement with those available using DEXA. While the significance of individual Fat% measurements obtained from CT can be difficult to interpret and to compare between centers, CT can contribute to research studies concerned either with nutrition or with obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene E Buelund
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Clarys JP, Scafoglieri A, Provyn S, Louis O, Wallace JA, De Mey J. A macro-quality evaluation of DXA variables using whole dissection, ashing, and computer tomography in pigs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1477-85. [PMID: 20019682 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Clarys
- Department of Experimental Anatomy (EXAN-LK), Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Pediatric body composition analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39:647-56. [PMID: 19415261 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-009-1247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric applications of body composition analysis (BCA) have become of increased interest to pediatricians and other specialists. With the increasing prevalence of morbid obesity and with an increased awareness of anorexia nervosa, pediatric specialists are utilizing BCA data to help identify, treat, and prevent these conditions. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to determine the fat mass (FM) and lean tissue mass (LTM), as well as bone mineral content (BMC). Among the readily available BCA techniques, DXA is the most widely used and it has the additional benefit of precisely quantifying regional FM and LTM. This review evaluates the strengths and limitations of DXA as a pediatric BCA method and considers the utilization of DXA to identify trends and variations in FM and LTM measurements in obese and anorexic children.
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Abstract
Pediatric applications of body composition analysis (BCA) have become of increased interest to pediatricians and other specialists. With the increasing prevalence of morbid obesity and with an increased awareness of anorexia nervosa, pediatric specialists are utilizing BCA data to help identify, treat, and prevent these conditions. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to determine the fat mass (FM) and lean tissue mass (LTM), as well as bone mineral content (BMC). Among the readily available BCA techniques, DXA is the most widely used and it has the additional benefit of precisely quantifying regional FM and LTM. This review evaluates the strengths and limitations of DXA as a pediatric BCA method and considers the utilization of DXA to identify trends and variations in FM and LTM measurements in obese and anorexic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Helba
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Way, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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España Romero V, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Artero EG, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Moreno LA, Castillo MJ, Gutierrez A. Body fat measurement in elite sport climbers: Comparison of skinfold thickness equations with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Sports Sci 2009; 27:469-77. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802603863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Provyn S, Clarys JP, Wallace J, Scafoglieri A, Reilly T. Quality Control, Accuracy, and Prediction Capacity of Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Variables and Data Acquisition. J Physiol Anthropol 2008; 27:317-23. [DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.27.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the bone mineral content (BMC) of the skeleton and the body composition in lean and fat masses in a population of young overweight subjects, before diet or medical intervention. A total of 496 white youths (298 females, 198 males) were studied. Their body mass index (BMI) values were 29.2+/-5.5 kg/m2 in females and 28.3+/-5.1 kg/m2 in males, corresponding to relative weights (wts) [actual wt, W, divided by the mean wt normal for height (ht), Wi] of 1.55+/-0.24 and 1.53+/-0.24, respectively. Whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were performed (Norland XR36 DXA system) to obtain the total BMC (BMCt), lean tissue mass (LTMt) and fat mass (FMt), as well as the values of the corresponding parameters in arms (a), legs (l), and abdomen (ab). The measured data were compared with theoretical values calculated for Wi. The differences with reference values in LTMt and FMt were sex dependent, and the accretion in FMt, greater in males than in females, yielded a similar FMt/LTMt ratio in both sexes. The wt corresponding to the BMC of the bearing skeleton, lower than the actual wt by about 20%, seemed a reasonable first step to consider in the wt management of these youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Braillon
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Hôpital Debrousse and University Claude Bernard, 69322 Lyon, France.
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Blanc S, Colman R, Kemnitz J, Weindruch R, Baum S, Ramsey J, Schoeller D. Assessment of nutritional status in rhesus monkeys: comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and stable isotope dilution. J Med Primatol 2005; 34:130-8. [PMID: 15860121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Body composition estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and stable isotope dilution ((2)H and (18)O) were compared in 61 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from the ongoing long-term energy restriction study at the University of Wisconsin. Their average age was 18.9 +/- 2.5 y/o. Of the animals, 51% were in the energy restricted group and 38% were females. Although the correlation between methods was highly significant for fat mass (R(2) = 0.97, SEE = 0.25 kg or 7.5%, P < 0.0001) and fat-free mass (R(2) = 0.98, SEE = 0.29 kg or 3.6%, P < 0.0001), we observed that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry underestimated fat mass by 0.67 +/- 0.26 kg (7.5%, P < 0.0001) and overestimated fat-free mass by 0.57 +/- 0.29 kg (20%, P < 0.0001) when compared with isotope dilution. Taken together with data from the literature, the present results emphasize the usefulness of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to derive body composition and thus nutritional status in monkeys, but demonstrate the importance of validation experiments for a given DXA model and software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Blanc
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Korine C, Daniel S, van Tets IG, Yosef R, Pinshow B. Measuring Fat Mass in Small Birds by Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry. Physiol Biochem Zool 2004; 77:522-9. [PMID: 15286924 DOI: 10.1086/383507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmi Korine
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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Braillon PM. Annual Changes in Bone Mineral Content and Body Composition during Growth. Horm Res Paediatr 2003; 60:284-90. [PMID: 14646406 DOI: 10.1159/000074246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compute the annual changes in total bone mineral content (BMCt), lean tissue mass and fat mass (LTM and FM) during growth. METHODS Whole body DXA data were used to calculate the annual changes of the parameter P (P = BMCt, LTM or FM), as a percentage, as DeltaP% = 100 x (P(i+1) - P(i)) / P(i); with P(i) and P(i+1) the values for P at age i and age (i+1). Smoothed curves were then obtained from DeltaP% values plotted against age. RESULTS Changes in FM were different in males and females. A peak velocity was marked for the three tissues at age 6.5 in boys, and at age 6.5-7.5 in girls; a pubertal peak spurt appeared at age 12 in girls and between age 13 and 14 in boys. This latter peak was followed by an exponential decrease, and no significant changes were found for the three components after age 20 in girls and age 21-22 in boys. CONCLUSION Changes in tissue accretion during growth are easy to follow when expressed in percentages. Fat changes, especially, should be around 17% in girls and 15% in boys at the age of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Braillon
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Hospital Debrousse and University Claude-Bernard, Lyon, France.
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