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Sung ES, Kim JH. The difference effect of estrogen on muscle tone of medial and lateral thigh muscle during ovulation. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:419-423. [PMID: 30018928 PMCID: PMC6028216 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836110.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference effect of estrogen on muscle tone of medial and lateral thigh muscle during ovulation (OV). Twenty-eight untrained eumenorrheic healthy women tested muscle stiffness and frequency of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris during menstrual cycle (MC). MC were divided into menses (MS), OV, and luteal phase (LP). The muscle frequency of vastus medialis and semitendinosus were significant higher in OV (13.83±1.58 Hz, 15.62±2.39 Hz) than LP (13.18±0.85 Hz, 14.67± 1.62 Hz). Also the muscle stiffness of vastus medialis and semitendinosus were significant higher in OV (211.74±46.03 N/m, 241.95±48.35 N/m) than LP (184.26±26.09 N/m, 215.42±35.29 N/m). The present study showed the highest muscle stiffness and frequency at OV and this might be due to the rapid increase of sole hormone in estrogen. Especially, medial part of quadriceps and hamstrings might be influenced during the MC with high concentration of estrogen at OV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Sung
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, College of Health Welfare, Woosong University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Welfare, Woosong University, Daejeon, Korea
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Lemmex DB, Ono Y, Reno CR, Hart DA, Lo IKY, Thornton GM. Increased lubricin/proteoglycan 4 gene expression and decreased modulus in medial collateral ligaments following ovariohysterectomy in the adult rabbit: Evidence consistent with aging. J Biomech 2015; 49:382-7. [PMID: 26776933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether ovariohysterectomy (OVH) surgery to induce menopause resulted in changes to modulus, failure strain and lubricin/proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) gene expression in rabbit medial collateral ligaments (MCLs), similar to aging (Thornton et al., 2015a). The MCLs from adult rabbits that underwent OVH surgery as adolescents (15-week-old) and adults (1-year-old) were compared by evaluating mechanical behaviour (adolescent OVH, n=8; adult OVH, n=7; normal, n=7), gene expression (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8), and collagen and glycosaminoglycan (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8) and water (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8) content. Mechanical behaviour evaluated cyclic, static and total creep strain, and ultimate tensile strength, modulus and failure strain. The RT-qPCR assessed mRNA levels for matrix regulatory genes. Adult OVH MCLs exhibited increased cyclic creep and failure strain, and decreased modulus with increased mRNA levels for lubricin/PRG4 and collagen I compared with normal MCLs. Adolescent OVH MCLs exhibited increased cyclic, static and total creep strain with decreased mRNA levels for the progesterone receptor. Lubricin/PRG4 plays a role in the lubrication of collagen fascicles which is likely related to the decreased modulus and increased failure strain observed in ligaments from adult OVH rabbits. Progesterone and its receptor are thought to play a role in the stretching of ligaments in pelvic organ prolapse and pregnancy which is likely related to the increase in creep strain observed in ligaments from adolescent OVH rabbits. Ovariohysterectomy in adult rabbits resulted in changes that were consistent with the aging MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Lemmex
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yohei Ono
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Carol R Reno
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian K Y Lo
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gail M Thornton
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Stijak L, Kadija M, Djulejić V, Aksić M, Petronijević N, Marković B, Radonjić V, Bumbaširević M, Filipović B. The influence of sex hormones on anterior cruciate ligament rupture: female study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:2742-9. [PMID: 24832697 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the concentrations of testosterone, 17-β estradiol and progesterone between female patients with and without ACL rupture and the possible effect of these hormones on generalised joint laxity. METHODS Female subjects with non-contact knee joint injury were included in this study. They were divided into two groups: the examined group, consisting of female subjects with ACL rupture, and the control group, consisting of female patients without ACL rupture. In the next step, the patients from these two groups were paired off on the basis of three factors: the level of professional sports involvement (including the type of sports activity), the side of the body where the injury had occurred (left or right) and the age of the subjects. In the end, there were 12 pairs (24 subjects). The concentrations of sex hormones were established from saliva specimens with the aid of the Salimetrics enzyme immunoassay. Generalised joint laxity was tested with the aid of the "laxity score" according to Beighton, Solomon and Soskolne. RESULTS Female subjects with ACL rupture had significantly lower concentrations of testosterone (p < 0.01), significantly lower concentrations of 17-β estradiol (p < 0.05) and significantly lower concentrations of progesterone (p < 0.01) than female subjects with intact ACL. CONCLUSIONS Decreased concentrations of testosterone, 17-β estradiol or progesterone may be a risk factor leading to ACL rupture. The concentrations of these hormones do not affect generalised joint laxity. Additional research on a larger group of patients is necessary to further determine the effects of these hormones on generalised joint laxity and ACL ruptures. Young female athletes with lower concentrations of sex hormones are more prone to anterior cruciate ligament rupture which is why they need to reduce their sports activities during the pre-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, when these concentrations are additionally reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Stijak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia,
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Thornton GM, Reno CR, Achari Y, Morck DW, Hart DA. Surgical menopause initiates molecular changes that do not result in mechanical changes in normal and healing ligaments. Bone Joint Res 2015; 4:38-44. [PMID: 25761872 PMCID: PMC4381691 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.43.2000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ligaments which heal spontaneously have a healing process that
is similar to skin wound healing. Menopause impairs skin wound healing
and may likewise impair ligament healing. Our purpose in this study
was to investigate the effect of surgical menopause on ligament
healing in a rabbit medial collateral ligament model. Methods Surgical menopause was induced with ovariohysterectomy surgery
in adult female rabbits. Ligament injury was created by making a
surgical gap in the midsubstance of the medial collateral ligament.
Ligaments were allowed to heal for six or 14 weeks in the presence
or absence of oestrogen before being compared with uninjured ligaments. Molecular
assessment examined the messenger ribonucleic acid levels for collagens,
proteoglycans, proteinases, hormone receptors, growth factors and
inflammatory mediators. Mechanical assessments examined ligament
laxity, total creep strain and failure stress. Results Surgical menopause in normal medial collateral ligaments initiated
molecular changes in all the categories evaluated. In early healing
medial collateral ligaments, surgical menopause resulted in downregulation
of specific collagens, proteinases and inflammatory mediators at
6 weeks of healing, and proteoglycans, growth factors and hormone receptors
at 14 weeks of healing. Surgical menopause did not produce mechanical
changes in normal or early healing medial collateral ligaments.
With or without surgical menopause, healing ligaments exhibited
increased total creep strain and decreased failure stress compared
with uninjured ligaments. Conclusions Surgical menopause did not affect the mechanical properties of
normal or early healing medial collateral ligaments in a rabbit
model. The results in this preclinical model suggest that menopause
may result in no further impairment to the ligament healing process. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:38–44
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Thornton
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - C R Reno
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Y Achari
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - D W Morck
- University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D A Hart
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Shahryarinejad A, Gardner TR, Cline JM, Levine WN, Bunting HA, Brodman MD, Ascher-Walsh CJ, Scotti RJ, Vardy MD. Effect of hormone replacement and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) on the biomechanics and biochemistry of pelvic support ligaments in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:485.e1-9. [PMID: 20452495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators and ethinyl estradiol on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the uterosacral and round ligaments in the monkey model of menopause. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 11 female macaque monkeys. Ovariectomized monkeys received 12 weeks of placebo, raloxifene, tamoxifen, or ethinyl estradiol. Biomechanical step-strain testing and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on the uterosacral and round ligaments. RESULTS Tamoxifen and raloxifene uterosacrals expressed differing collagen I/III receptor density ratios, but both selective estrogen receptor modulators showed decreased tensile stiffness compared to ethinyl estradiol and controls. CONCLUSION These findings support a possible effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on biomechanical and biochemical properties of uterosacrals. This may play a role in pelvic organ prolapse.
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Jiang DP, Li ZZ, Jiang ZT. Systemic vanadate ingestion improves early medial collateral ligament repair. J Int Med Res 2008; 35:819-26. [PMID: 18034995 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee is frequently injured in sport. Repair is slow and often complicated by scar formation which may result in impairment of function. Vanadate is a promising efficacious treatment for tissue injuries and this study aimed to examine its effect in rats on the histological and biomechanical features of MCL healing. Rats received either 0.025 g/kg per day vanadate or equivalent amounts of drinking water (control) by intragastric gavage for 1 week before and 2 weeks after wounding. Repaired sites were dissected out for histological and biomechanical tests 28 days after wounding. Fibre bundles in the vanadate-treated group were uniform and evenly spaced. Furthermore, vanadate significantly increased the diameter of collagen fibrils in the healing tissue. Stiffness and ultimate force of the femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complex for the vanadate-treated group were significantly higher than for the controls. The results suggest that vanadate significantly improves the histological and biomechanical properties of healing MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Jiang
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Warden SJ, Saxon LK, Castillo AB, Turner CH. Knee ligament mechanical properties are not influenced by estrogen or its receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E1034-40. [PMID: 16317027 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00367.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Women are at greater risk of tearing their knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than men participating in similar athletic activities. There is currently no conclusive explanation for this disparity; however, as ACL injuries in women have been linked with estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, one hypothesis is that estrogen has a direct detrimental effect on knee ligament mechanical properties. This study investigated the influence of estrogen and its receptors (ER alpha and ER beta) on knee ligament mechanical properties. This was achieved by testing the viscoelastic and tensile mechanical properties of knee medial collateral ligaments (MCL) and ACLs from: 1) male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with either estrogen (17alpha-ethynylestradiol; 0.03 mg/kg) or an ER alpha-specific agonist (propyl pyrazole triol; 2 mg/kg), and 2) female mice with a null mutation of the gene encoding for ER beta. Estrogen treatment had no significant effects on the viscoelastic or tensile mechanical properties of the rat MCL or ACL. Similarly, pharmacological stimulation of ER alpha using a selective agonist in rats and genetic modulation of ER beta by null mutation of its gene in mice did not influence MCL or ACL properties. These data indicate that estrogen does not have a major direct effect on ligament mechanical properties. Energies for the prevention of the disproportionately high rate of knee ligament injuries in women may be better spent focusing on more established and modifiable risk factors, such as abnormalities in neuromuscular control about the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Warden
- Dept. of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Hashemi J, Chandrashekar N, Slauterbeck J. The mechanical properties of the human patellar tendon are correlated to its mass density and are independent of sex. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2005; 20:645-52. [PMID: 15927738 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diverse range of values for the mechanical properties of the human patellar tendon has been reported in the literature. Donor age has been excluded as a factor that causes this disparity. However, the effects of donor sex and tissue mass density on the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon have not been established. More importantly, predictors of the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon, used as grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgeries, are not available. METHODS Uniaxial tension tests were performed to determine the effects of donor sex and mass density of the tissue on the mechanical properties of twenty unpaired human patellar tendons (10 male and 10 female; age, 17-50). Mass density of the patellar tendon was determined by measuring its volume and mass. FINDINGS No evidence of sex-based differences in any of the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon was found. The results revealed a diverse range of mass densities extending from a low of 0.76 g/cm(3) to a high of 2.68 g/cm(3) (250% difference). Furthermore, it was determined that the ultimate tensile strength (mean=58.71 MPa), elastic modulus (mean=507.38 MPa) and strain energy density (mean=4.59 MPa) of the patellar tendon were significantly correlated to its mass density. The tensile strength and elastic modulus were significantly higher for those patellar tendons having a mass density greater than 1.67 g/cm(3). INTERPRETATION The mass density of the patellar tendon may be considered as an indicator of mechanical properties of the patellar tendon or graft quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41021, 7th and Boston Sts., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Abstract
Striatal deformities of the hand and foot are abnormal postures that are common in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD); they can present in the early stages of PD and in other parkinsonian disorders. Over a century ago, Charcot and Purves-Stewart recognised these deformities, which cause substantial functional disability and discomfort. The term striatal is used because pathology in the neostriatum (putamen and caudate) has been suggested to cause the deformities, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Misdiagnosis of the deformities is common-particularly when they occur early and in the absence of cardinal parkinsonian signs, such as tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity-because the hand deformities are similar to those in rheumatoid arthritis, equinovarus foot deformity typically suggests an orthopaedic problem, and toe extension may be thought to be the Babinski sign of upper-motor-neuron syndromes. Here we review the background and clinical features of these deformities to highlight these commonly unrecognised and poorly understood parkinsonian signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Ashour
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Vardy MD, Gardner TR, Cosman F, Scotti RJ, Mikhail MS, Preiss-Bloom AO, Williams JK, Cline JM, Lindsay R. The effects of hormone replacement on the biomechanical properties of the uterosacral and round ligaments in the monkey model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192:1741-51. [PMID: 15902188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine effects of ovariectomy (OVX) and conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE/MPA), or ethinyl estradiol plus norethindrone acetate (EE/NA) on biomechanics of uterosacral (USL) and round (RL) ligaments in postmenopausal (PMP) monkeys. STUDY DESIGN This was a randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. OVX monkeys received 12 months no treatment (Pbo) (n = 19), CEE/MPA (n = 19), or EE/NA (n = 21). USL and RL step strains and stress-relaxation data were curve-fitted, giving strain-dependent tensile modulus (TM) from 0% to 30%. RESULTS (1) USL: TM for both treatment groups was greater than Pbo for strains from 0% to 12% (P < .04). (2) RL: TM for both treatment groups was smaller than Pbo for strains from 12% to 30% (P < .05). No differences were found between treatment regimens. CONCLUSION CEE/MPA and EE/NA both affect functional biomechanical properties by increasing tensile stiffness in the USL and decreasing it in the RL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Vardy
- Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Lovering RM, Romani WA. Effect of testosterone on the female anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R15-22. [PMID: 15790748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00829.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) result in immediate and long-term morbidity and expense. Young women are more likely to sustain ACL injuries than men who participate in similar athletic and military activities. Although significant attention has focused on the role that female sex hormones may play in this disparity, it is still unclear whether the female ACL also responds to androgens. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the female ACL was an androgen-responsive tissue. To identify and localize androgen receptors in the female ACL, we used Western blotting and immunofluorescent labeling, respectively, of ACL tissue harvested during surgery from young women (n = 3). We then measured ACL stiffness and assessed total testosterone (T) and free [free androgen index (FAI)] testosterone concentrations, as well as relative estradiol to testosterone ratios (E(2)/T and E(2)/FAI) at three consecutive menstrual stages (n = 20). There were significant rank-order correlations between T (0.48, P = 0.031), FAI (0.44, P = 0.053), E(2)/T (-0.71, P < 0.001), E(2)/FAI (-0.63, P = 0.003), and ACL stiffness near ovulation. With the influences of the other variables controlled, there were significant negative partial rank-order correlations between ACL stiffness and E(2)/T (-0.72, P < 0.001) and E(2)/FAI (-0.59, P = 0.012). The partial order residuals for T and FAI were not significant. These findings suggest that the female ACL is an androgen-responsive tissue but that T and FAI are not independent predictors of ACL stiffness near ovulation. Instead, the relationship between T, FAI, and ACL stiffness was likely influenced by another hormone or sex hormone binding globulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Lovering
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 100 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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