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Perception during use of force and the likelihood of firing upon an unarmed person. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13313. [PMID: 34172769 PMCID: PMC8233317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress can impact perception, especially during use-of-force. Research efforts can thus advance both theory and practice by examining how perception during use-of-force might drive behavior. The current study explored the relationship between perceptual judgments and performance during novel close-combat training. Analyses included perceptual judgments from close-combat assessments conducted pre-training and post-training that required realistic use-of-force decisions in addition to an artificially construed stress-inoculation event used as a training exercise. Participants demonstrated significant reductions in situational awareness while under direct fire, which correlated to increased physiological stress. The initial likelihood of firing upon an unarmed person predicted the perceptual shortcomings of later stress-inoculation training. Subsequently, likelihood of firing upon an unarmed person was reduced following the stress-inoculation training. These preliminary findings have several implications for low or zero-cost solutions that might help trainers identify individuals who are underprepared for field responsibilities.
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van Loon AWG, Creemers HE, Vogelaar S, Saab N, Miers AC, Westenberg PM, Asscher JJ. The effectiveness of school-based skills-training programs promoting mental health in adolescents: a study protocol for a randomized controlled study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:712. [PMID: 31174502 PMCID: PMC6556042 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6999-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescence is a period of elevated stress sensitivity, which places adolescents at increased risk of developing mental health problems such as burnout, depression, anxiety, and externalizing problems. Early intervention of psychological needs and low-threshold care addressing such needs may prevent this dysfunctional development. Schools may provide an important environment to identify and address psychological needs. The aim of this protocol is to describe the design of a study aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of low-threshold school-based skills-training programs promoting the mental health of adolescents and to examine moderators of the effectiveness. Methods A Randomized Controlled Trial will be conducted to examine the effectiveness of two school-based skills-training programs aiming to promote mental health by improving either skills to deal with performance anxiety or social skills. A multi-informant (i.e., students, parents, and trainers) and multi-method (i.e., questionnaires and physiological measurements) approach will be used to assess program targets (skills to deal with performance anxiety or social skills), direct program outcomes (performance or social anxiety) and mental health outcomes (i.e., stress, internalizing and externalizing problems, self-esteem and well-being), as well as specific moderators (i.e., student, parent and program characteristics, social support, perfectionism, stressful life events, perceived parental pressure, positive parenting behavior, treatment alliance and program integrity). Discussion The current study will provide information on the effectiveness of school-based skills-training programs. It is of crucial importance that the school environment can provide students with effective, low-threshold intervention programs to promote adolescents’ daily functioning and well-being and prevent the emergence of mental health problems that negatively affect school performance. Trial registration Dutch Trial Register number NL7438. Registered 12 December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W G van Loon
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanneke E Creemers
- Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Vogelaar
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nadira Saab
- Graduate School of Teaching (ICLON), Leiden University, Kolffpad 1, 2333 BN, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne C Miers
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P Michiel Westenberg
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica J Asscher
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ursano RJ, Kessler RC, Naifeh JA, Mash HH, Fullerton CS, Bliese PD, Wynn GH, Aliaga PA, Wryter C, Sampson NA, Kao TC, Colpe LJ, Schoenbaum M, Cox KL, Heeringa SG, Stein MB. Frequency of Improvised Explosive Devices and Suicide Attempts in the U.S. Army. Mil Med 2018; 182:e1697-e1703. [PMID: 28290945 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-16-00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were a prominent and initially new threat in the Iraq and Afghanistan war which raised concerns and anticipatory fear in and out of theater. This study examined the association of monthly IED rates with risk of soldier suicide attempt among those deployed and nondeployed. METHODS Person-month records for all active duty Regular Army suicide attempters from 2004 through 2009 (n = 9,791) and an equal-probability sample of control person-months (n = 183,826) were identified. Logistic regression analyses examined soldiers' risk of attempting suicide as a function of monthly IED frequency, controlling for sociodemographics, service-related characteristics, rate of deployment/redeployment, and combat deaths and injuries. The association of IED frequency with suicide attempt was examined overall and by time in service and deployment status. FINDINGS Soldiers' risk of suicide attempt increased with increasing numbers of IEDs. Suicide attempt was 26% more likely for each 1,000 IED increase in monthly frequency (odds ratio [OR] = 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-1.30). The association of IED frequency with suicide attempt was greater for soldiers in their first 2 years of service (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.25-1.36) than for those with 3 or more years of service (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.12-1.24). Among soldiers in their first 2 years of service, the association was constant, regardless of deployment status (χ22 = 3.89, p = 0.14). Among soldiers with 3 or more years of service, the association was higher for those never deployed (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01-1.24) and currently deployed (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05-1.23) than for those previously deployed. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine and demonstrate an association between the aggregate frequency of IEDs and risk of suicide attempts among U.S. Army soldiers. This association was observed across deployment status and time in service, and for early-career soldiers in particular. The findings suggest that the threat of new weapons may increase stress burden among soldiers. Targeting risk perception and perceived preparedness, particularly early in a soldier's career, may improve psychological resilience and reduce suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180A Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James A Naifeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Holly Herberman Mash
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Carol S Fullerton
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Paul D Bliese
- Darla School of Business, University of South Carolina, 1014 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Gary H Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Pablo A Aliaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Christina Wryter
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Nancy A Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180A Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tzu-Cheg Kao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Lisa J Colpe
- National Institute of Mental Health, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Michael Schoenbaum
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, Army Public Health Center, 5158 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
| | - Kenneth L Cox
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Steven G Heeringa
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Murray B Stein
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, La Jolla, CA 92161
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Falconer RA, Rogers SL, Brewer CM, Piscitani F, Shenai MB. Presurgical Rehearsals for Patients Considering "Awake" Deep Brain Stimulation. Front Surg 2016; 3:44. [PMID: 27532036 PMCID: PMC4970521 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulated surgical environments are rapidly gaining adoption in training students, residents, and members of specialized surgical teams. However, minimal attention has been given to the use of simulated surgical environments to educate patients on surgical processes, particularly procedures that require the active participation of the patient. “Awake” neurosurgery provides a unique situation in which patients openly participate in their operation. We describe a case report, in which a 62-year-old male was referred for “awake” deep brain stimulation implantation, in relation to medically refractory Parkinson’s disease. The patient had significant concerns regarding anxiety and claustrophobia, and toleration of the “awake” procedure. Consequently, we designed a simulated OR environment and process, to recreate the physical experience of the procedure, with minimal cost or risk. This experience was crucial in determining the care plan, as after this experience, the patient opted for an “asleep” alternative. Thus, in certain settings, presurgical rehearsals may have a dramatic impact in the overall course of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey A Falconer
- Department of Neurology, Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute , Falls Church, VA , USA
| | - Sean L Rogers
- Department of Neurology, Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute , Falls Church, VA , USA
| | - Cristie M Brewer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute , Falls Church, VA , USA
| | - Franco Piscitani
- Advanced Surgical Technology and Education Center, Inova Fairfax Hospital , Falls Church, VA , USA
| | - Mahesh B Shenai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute , Falls Church, VA , USA
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Striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor regulation by stress inoculation in squirrel monkeys. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 3:68-73. [PMID: 27981179 PMCID: PMC5146202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent mildly stressful situations provide opportunities to learn, practice, and improve coping in a process called stress inoculation. Stress inoculation also enhances cognitive control and response inhibition of impulsive motivated behavior. Cognitive control and motivation have been linked to striatal dopamine D2 and/or D3 receptors (DRD2/3) in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Here, we study squirrel monkeys randomized early in life to stress inoculation with or without maternal companionship and a no-stress control treatment condition. Striatal DRD2/3 availability in adulthood was measured in vivo by [11C]raclopride binding using positron emission tomography (PET). DRD2/3 availability was greater in caudate and putamen compared to ventral striatum as reported in PET studies of humans and other non-human primates. DRD2/3 availability in ventral striatum was also consistently greater in stress inoculated squirrel monkeys compared to no-stress controls. Squirrel monkeys exposed to stress inoculation in the presence of their mother did not differ from squirrel monkeys exposed to stress inoculation without maternal companionship. Similar effects in different social contexts extend the generality of our findings and together suggest that stress inoculation increases striatal DRD2/3 availability as a correlate of cognitive control in squirrel monkeys. Stress inoculation entails intermittent exposure to mildly stressful situations. Stress inoculation promotes coping, emotion regulation, and cognitive control of behavior. Cognitive control has been linked to striatal dopamine D2/3 receptors (DRD2/3). Stress inoculation increases striatal DRD2/3 availability and enhances cognitive control in squirrel monkeys.
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