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Díaz-Vázquez B, López-Romero L, Romero E. Emotion Recognition Deficits in Children and Adolescents with Psychopathic Traits: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2024; 27:165-219. [PMID: 38240937 PMCID: PMC10920463 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Children and adolescents with psychopathic traits show deficits in emotion recognition, but there is no consensus as to the extent of their generalizability or about the variables that may be moderating the process. The present Systematic Review brings together the existing scientific corpus on the subject and attempts to answer these questions through an exhaustive review of the existing literature according to PRISMA 2020 statement. Results confirmed the existence of pervasive deficits in emotion recognition and, more specifically, on distress emotions (e.g., fear), a deficit that transcends all modalities of emotion presentation and all emotional stimuli used. Moreover, they supported the key role of attention to relevant areas that provide emotional cues (e.g., eye-region) and point out differences according to the presence of disruptive behavior and based on the psychopathy dimension examined. This evidence could advance the current knowledge on developmental models of psychopathic traits. Yet, homogenization of the conditions of research in this area should be prioritized to be able to draw more robust and generalizable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Díaz-Vázquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura López-Romero
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Estrella Romero
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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López-Romero L, Andershed H, Romero E, Cervin M. In Search of Conceptual Clarity About the Structure of Psychopathic Traits in Children: A Network-Based Proposal. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-023-01649-z. [PMID: 38236454 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Psychopathic traits in childhood have been revealed as potential identifiers of risk, being predictive of later forms of behavioral maladjustment. Yet, it is still under debate how psychopathic traits in children should be best conceptualized and which are the core dimensions for construct definition and prediction. The present study aims to examine the structure of psychopathic traits in childhood, and its predictive value, by using a combination of traditional factor analysis and more recent network-based methods. Data on psychopathic traits, as measured by the Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI), were collected in a large sample of children (n = 2454; 48.2% girls), aged 3 to 6 at the onset of the study (Mage = 4.26; SD = 0.91), who were followed-up one and two years later using parent- and teacher-reports. Results showed that psychopathic traits measured via CPTI are best conceptualized as five latent factors encompassing grandiosity, deceitfulness, callousness, impulsivity and need of stimulation, a result that converged across informants and time. Callousness and grandiosity emerged as central traits using network analysis of parent-reports, while deceitfulness was most central using teacher-reports. Finally, callousness, impulsivity and deceitfulness emerged as the best predictors of concurrent, prospective and stable conduct problems. These results provide a refined structure of psychopathic traits in children that better accounts for the core elements of the construct. Additional theoretical and practical implications will be discussed in terms of assessment, diagnostic classification and tailored prevention/intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Romero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rua Xose María Suárez Núñez S/N, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Estrella Romero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rua Xose María Suárez Núñez S/N, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Maurer JM, Anderson NE, Allen CH, Kiehl KA. Examining the Association between Psychopathic Traits and Fearlessness among Maximum-Security Incarcerated Male Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:65. [PMID: 38255377 PMCID: PMC10814550 DOI: 10.3390/children11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Studies have reported positive associations between youth psychopathy scores and measures of 'fearlessness'. However, prior studies modified fearlessness items to be age appropriate, shifting from assessing hypothetical, extreme forms of physical risk-taking (e.g., flying an airplane) to normative risk-taking (e.g., riding bicycles downhill). We hypothesize that associations between youth psychopathy scores and alternative forms of sensation seeking (i.e., Disinhibition) have been conflated under a false fearlessness label. We tested this hypothesis among incarcerated male adolescents, investigating whether youth psychopathy scores were significantly associated with two different forms of sensation seeking: Disinhibition and Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS). Youth psychopathic traits were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD), Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS), Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (ICU), and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Disinhibition and fearlessness (i.e., TAS) were assessed using an unmodified version of the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS). Consistent with hypotheses, youth psychopathy scores were associated with higher Disinhibition and lower TAS scores. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that psychopathic traits, including among adolescents, are not concomitant with physical risk-taking and descriptions of psychopathy including fearlessness distort a precise understanding of psychopathy's core features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Nathaniel E. Anderson
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Corey H. Allen
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
- Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience and Law, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Levine RS, Smith K, Wagner NJ. The Impact of Callous-Unemotional Traits on Achievement, Behaviors, and Relationships in School: A Systematic Review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1546-1566. [PMID: 35438469 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are associated with significant academic, behavioral, and relationship challenges in the school setting. Children with co-occurring DBDs and callous-unemotional (CU) traits show a distinct pattern of early starting, chronic, and aggressive disruptive behavior and are resistant to traditional DBD interventions. There is growing evidence that CU traits have important consequences for children's school functioning. The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize research on CU traits in school with a focus on academics, relationships, and behavior. We searched PsycINFO, PubMed, and Education Full-Text to identify 37 empirical studies that met inclusionary criteria. Findings suggest that CU traits are associated with poor academic performance, high levels of aggression and conduct problems, and difficulty forming relationships at school, often above and beyond the impact of DBDs alone. Findings and future directions are discussed including how the current study can support key stakeholders in promoting the success of students with elevated CU traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Levine
- Education Studies, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kelly Smith
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wagner
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Roters J, Book A. Attachment and Mindfulness as Mediators in the Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Personality Outcomes. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:933-943. [PMID: 38045851 PMCID: PMC10689666 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Past research has shown that those with greater experiences of adversity (abuse and neglect) tend to exhibit insecure attachments, more borderline symptoms, higher psychopathic traits, and are lower in mindfulness. Similarly, there have been positive relationships between insecure attachment styles and borderline and psychopathic traits as well as lower mindfulness and borderline and psychopathic traits. Further, adversity can have a detrimental effect on physical and mental health, including attachment and personality, which necessitate examining this further. The purpose of this study was to examine the indirect relationships between childhood adversity and borderline traits, Factor 1, and Factor 2 of psychopathy all through lower mindfulness, anxious attachment, and avoidant attachment respectively. In this study, using youth retrospective data (N = 395, age range = 12-18, M = 14.64, SD = 1.52), 3 separate mediation models are examined. As expected, the relationship between adversity and borderline traits was indirect through anxious attachment (β = 0.075, p < .01) and lower mindfulness (β = 0.069, p < .01). For psychopathic traits, the relationship was indirect through avoidant attachment (Factor 1: β = 0.078, p < .05; Factor 2: β = 0.071, p < .05) and lower mindfulness (Factor 1: β = 0.074, p < .01: Factor 2: β = 0.076, p < .01). The results suggest that lower mindfulness and insecure attachment are important factors in the expression of disordered personality. Therefore, both mindfulness and attachment-focused interventions could mitigate the harmful effects of adversity and the subsequent expression of disordered personality symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Roters
- Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Angela Book
- Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
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Mendez B, Batky BD, Salekin RT. What is the Best Source of Information for Psychopathic Traits in Youth? A Review and Meta-analysis of Self- and Other-Reported Psychopathic Traits and Their Association with Negative Outcomes. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:805-823. [PMID: 37247025 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Child psychopathic traits appear to be associated with negative outcomes. Despite the study of youth psychopathy often relying on multiple reporters (e.g., child, caregivers, teachers), there is limited insight into how much information these various sources contribute and moreover, how this information is integrated. The present study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining the magnitude of relationships between self- and other-reported youth psychopathy and negative outcomes (e.g., delinquency, aggression) using a meta-analytic approach. Results revealed a moderate association between psychopathic traits and negative outcomes. Moderator analyses showed a greater relationship for other- than self-reported psychopathy, although not to a substantive extent. Results further indicated the magnitude of the overall psychopathy-negative outcomes association was stronger for externalizing than internalizing outcomes. Study findings can inform improvements in the assessment of youth psychopathy across research and practice, in addition to advancing our understanding of the utility of psychopathic traits in the prediction of clinically relevant outcomes. This review also provides guidance for future multisource raters and source-specific information in the study of psychopathy in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mendez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 408 Gordon Palmer Hall, 505 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Blair D Batky
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 408 Gordon Palmer Hall, 505 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Randall T Salekin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 408 Gordon Palmer Hall, 505 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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Todorov JJ, Devine RT, De Brito SA. Association between childhood maltreatment and callous-unemotional traits in youth: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105049. [PMID: 36681371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., lack of remorse or guilt, callous lack of empathy, deficient concern for the feelings of others) in youth with conduct problems confer risk for a particularly severe and persistent form of antisocial behaviour. Previous research has linked childhood maltreatment as a potential risk factor for CU traits, both primary (i.e., genetically underpinned) and secondary (i.e., environmentally influenced) variants, but findings have been inconsistent, and the association has not yet been tested in a meta-analysis. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the nature and strength of the associations between childhood maltreatment and its subtypes with CU traits and potential variants (i.e., primary and secondary CU traits). A systematic search identified 29 eligible studies including 9,894 participants (42% female) between the ages of 3 and 18 years (Mage=14.22 years, SD = 1.07). Results revealed a significant moderate positive association between childhood maltreatment and CU traits. All subtypes of maltreatment bar sexual abuse were significantly associated with CU traits. However, it was not possible to compare primary and secondary CU traits directly due to inconsistencies in how they are defined. The limitations posed by current research signal the need for clinical and operational guidelines on how to define primary and secondary CU traits. Additionally, prospective longitudinal, genetically informed research is needed to clarify if maltreatment is a causal risk factor for CU traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Todorov
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | - Rory T Devine
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Bégin V, Fontaine NMG, Vitaro F, Boivin M, Tremblay RE, Côté SM. Perinatal and early-life factors associated with stable and unstable trajectories of psychopathic traits across childhood. Psychol Med 2023; 53:379-387. [PMID: 33949301 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify perinatal and early-life factors associated with trajectories of psychopathic traits across childhood. METHODS Participants were 1631 children (51.5% girls) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. A wide range of perinatal and early-life factors were assessed from pregnancy to age 2.5 years using medical files and mothers' reports. Psychopathic traits were assessed via teachers' reports at ages 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 years. Latent class growth analyses and multinomial logistic regressions controlling for child sex were conducted. Two-way interaction effects between perinatal/early-life factors and child sex were explored. RESULTS Four trajectories of psychopathic traits were identified: High-stable (4.48%), Increasing (8.77%), Decreasing (11.46%), and Low-stable (75.29%). A few perinatal factors and most child-level and family-level early-life factors significantly increased the odds of following the High-stable v. the Low-stable trajectory. Higher levels of psychotropic exposures during pregnancy, socioeconomic adversity, child's physical aggression, child's opposition, mother's depressive symptoms, and hostile parenting increased the likelihood of following the Increasing instead of the Low-stable trajectory. Higher socioeconomic adversity, mother's depressive symptoms, and inconsistent parenting were associated with membership to the High-stable instead of the Decreasing trajectory. Most associations were not moderated by child sex. CONCLUSIONS These results shed light on the perinatal and early-life factors that are associated with specific pathways of psychopathic traits during childhood and suggest that different factors could be targeted to prevent the exacerbation (v. low and stable levels) or the stability at high levels (v. attenuation) of these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bégin
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie M G Fontaine
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvana M Côté
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Frick PJ. Some critical considerations in applying the construct of psychopathy to research and classification of childhood disruptive behavior disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 96:102188. [PMID: 35878505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The recent inclusion of callous-unemotional traits in the diagnostic criteria for serious conduct problems has led to renewed interest in more comprehensive integrations of the construct of psychopathy into research and clinical classification of childhood disruptive behavior disorders. There have been a number of recent reviews of research focusing the many potential benefits for this integration. However, there are also a number of issues that could reduce these benefits and even potentially lead to harmful effects. The current paper focuses on several of these issues, some of which are common when attempting to integrate research findings across areas that have been conducted independently of each other. Other issues are more specific to the construct of psychopathy. Specifically, the current paper focuses on the lack of agreement on the necessary and sufficient dimensions needed to define psychopathy, the need to consider developmental relationships among these dimensions, the implications of the different associations among the dimensions of psychopathy with conduct problems in children and adolescents, the need to consider how these dimensions relate to existing constructs used in the classification of disruptive behavior disorders, and the potential harmful effects of labeling something "a dimension of psychopathy". These issues have several clear implications for using the construct of psychopathy to guide research on and diagnostic classification of childhood disruptive behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, USA.
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CONSISTENCY AND VALIDITY OF THE INVENTORY OF CALLOUS- UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS IN A MULTI-CENTRIC COMMUNITY SAMPLE. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09789. [PMID: 35800728 PMCID: PMC9253348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to validate the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits in a multi-centric community sample of Colombian children and adolescents aged between 9 and 18 years. An adapted version to the Colombian Spanish was applied to 903 school students without significant medical background (neurotypical behavior), and 118 with a clinical history of internalizing or externalizing conditions. A group of specialized judges approved the content validity of the instrument in terms of relevance and intelligibility, but concept factorial validity was low for the uncaring and callousness factors. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the existence of three dimensions (uncaring, unemotional, and callousness), but only 17 out of 24 items demonstrated adequate psychometric statistics. The consistency for the 17-item Colombian adaptation was acceptable (α = .78). Goodness-of-fit calculated through confirmatory analysis was satisfactory for a bifactor structure (model C). Neurotypical participants showed lower total scores in comparison to the other groups. Participants with internalizing conditions had higher unemotional traits, while those with externalizing behaviors more commonly presented uncaring behaviors. This study is important for psychopathy research in Colombia as provides a validated adaption of the most used instrument to assess callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents.
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Liang J, Wang MC, Luo J, Liang J, Zhang X, Gao Y. Elaborating on the construct validity of the antisocial process screening device in Chinese children and adolescents: Across-informants and across-samples. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Hare psychopathy checklist-youth version (PCL:YV) in a sample of adolescents with criminal convictions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Campos C, Pasion R, Azeredo A, Ramião E, Mazer P, Macedo I, Barbosa F. Refining the link between psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and empathy: A meta-analytical approach across different conceptual frameworks. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 94:102145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wilson J, Hogan C, Wang S, Andrews G, Shum D. Executive function moderates the relationship between temperament and psychological difficulties in middle childhood. Child Neuropsychol 2022; 28:831-852. [PMID: 35109757 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.2023121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the possible moderating influence of hot and cool executive function (EF) on the relationship between temperament and psychological difficulties in middle childhood. One hundred and twenty-six children and their parents (n = 105) participated. Children aged between 5 and 12 years completed three hot (motivational decision-making on the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT), delayed gratification, and Theory of Mind [ToM]) and three cool EF (working memory, inhibition, and attentional set shifting) measures. Children's parents completed the Behavioral Inhibition Sensitivity (BIS) and Behavioral Approach Sensitivity (BAS) Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Hot EF (CGT, ToM) exacerbated the relationship between BAS and externalizing problems. Neither hot nor cool EF moderated the relationship between BIS and internalizing problems. The current findings provide further evidence of a hot-cool distinction in EF in middle childhood, suggesting that these constructs should be investigated separately when assessing EF. In addition, by considering potential interactions between temperament and EF, clinicians/researchers may be able to predict broad categories of psychological problems in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christy Hogan
- School of Applied Psychology and the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Australia
| | - Si Wang
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University Australia
| | - Glenda Andrews
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University Australia
| | - David Shum
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University Australia.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Muratori P, Buonanno C, Gallani A, Grossi G, Levantini V, Milone A, Pisano S, Salekin RT, Sesso G, Masi G, Nocentini A. Validation of the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) Scale in a Sample of Italian Students. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021. [PMID: 34828733 DOI: 10.3390/children81111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to further validate the self-reported version of the Proposed Specifiers Conduct Disorder (PSCD) scale, testing the associations between the PSCD with a scale that measures emotional/behavioral difficulties and prosocial behaviors (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ). A total of 536 Italian students (47.76% male; 11-14 years) completed the PSCD, while their caregivers and teachers completed the SDQ. A series of confirmatory factor analyses to test the best fitting model were run. The internal consistency of the PSCD was evaluated, and the correlations between the PSCD self-reported scores and SDQ Parent and Teacher report scores were examined. A bi-factor model was fitted with a refined 19-item version of the scale, which showed adequate fit indices. The PSCD total score was strongly associated with higher parent- and teacher-rated conduct problems, hyperactivity, and lower prosocial behavioral symptoms. In conclusion, this study indicated that the self-report PSCD shows preliminary promise as a reliable, easy-to-use tool, for measuring psychopathic traits in Italian children and young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Muratori
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Anna Gallani
- Specialized Centre for Learning Disabilities, Uonpia Ausl, 40127 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Levantini
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Pisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Randall T Salekin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, P.O. Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Gianluca Sesso
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalaura Nocentini
- Department of Sciences of Education and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Muratori P, Buonanno C, Gallani A, Grossi G, Levantini V, Milone A, Pisano S, Salekin RT, Sesso G, Masi G, Nocentini A. Validation of the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) Scale in a Sample of Italian Students. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8111020. [PMID: 34828733 PMCID: PMC8622648 DOI: 10.3390/children8111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to further validate the self-reported version of the Proposed Specifiers Conduct Disorder (PSCD) scale, testing the associations between the PSCD with a scale that measures emotional/behavioral difficulties and prosocial behaviors (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ). A total of 536 Italian students (47.76% male; 11-14 years) completed the PSCD, while their caregivers and teachers completed the SDQ. A series of confirmatory factor analyses to test the best fitting model were run. The internal consistency of the PSCD was evaluated, and the correlations between the PSCD self-reported scores and SDQ Parent and Teacher report scores were examined. A bi-factor model was fitted with a refined 19-item version of the scale, which showed adequate fit indices. The PSCD total score was strongly associated with higher parent- and teacher-rated conduct problems, hyperactivity, and lower prosocial behavioral symptoms. In conclusion, this study indicated that the self-report PSCD shows preliminary promise as a reliable, easy-to-use tool, for measuring psychopathic traits in Italian children and young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Muratori
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (V.L.); (A.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Carlo Buonanno
- Scuola Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Gallani
- Specialized Centre for Learning Disabilities, Uonpia Ausl, 40127 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Grossi
- Scuola Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Valentina Levantini
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (V.L.); (A.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (V.L.); (A.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Simone Pisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Randall T. Salekin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, P.O. Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
| | - Gianluca Sesso
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (V.L.); (A.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (V.L.); (A.M.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-08861-11
| | - Annalaura Nocentini
- Department of Sciences of Education and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
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Muñoz Centifanti LC, Stickle TR, Thomas J, Falcón A, Thomson ND, Gamer M. Reflexive Gaze Shifts and Fear Recognition Deficits in Children with Callous-Unemotional Traits and Impulsivity/Conduct Problems. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1342. [PMID: 34679406 PMCID: PMC8533769 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to efficiently recognize the emotions on others' faces is something that most of us take for granted. Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits and impulsivity/conduct problems (ICP), such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been previously described as being "fear blind". This is also associated with looking less at the eye regions of fearful faces, which are highly diagnostic. Previous attempts to intervene into emotion recognition strategies have not had lasting effects on participants' fear recognition abilities. Here we present both (a) additional evidence that there is a two-part causal chain, from personality traits to face recognition strategies using the eyes, then from strategies to rates of recognizing fear in others; and (b) a pilot intervention that had persistent effects for weeks after the end of instruction. Further, the intervention led to more change in those with the highest CU traits. This both clarifies the specific mechanisms linking personality to emotion recognition and shows that the process is fundamentally malleable. It is possible that such training could promote empathy and reduce the rates of antisocial behavior in specific populations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy R. Stickle
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (J.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Jamila Thomas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (J.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Amanda Falcón
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (J.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Nicholas D. Thomson
- Division of Acute Care Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Examining Psychopathic Traits in Children Using the Child Psychopathy Scale - Revised. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 48:251-263. [PMID: 31642029 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Applying the affective dimension of psychopathy to youth has advanced understanding of conduct problems in youth, leading to suggestions that other aspects of psychopathy may do the same. This was addressed in the present study by examining the structure and validity of psychopathic traits in elementary-age children as rated by mothers and teachers on the Child Psychopathy Scale - Revised (CPS-R). Participants were 222 children (80.2% male; Mage = 8.92), the majority (71.6%) of whom met criteria for both ADHD and conduct problems. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor model consisting of prosocial-empathic (PE), grandiose-manipulative (GM), emotionally volatile (EV), and attentive-planful(AP) factors. The CPS-R demonstrated good criterion validity with well-established measures of child behavior problems and callousness. The EV and AP factors demonstrate incremental validity by moderating the relation between conduct problems and impairment. Latent profiles supported a three-profile solution for mothers and a four-profile solution for teachers, with profiles consisting of one group low, one group moderate, and one high on all measures for both informants, and a fourth group that was high on all measures except CD and limited PE. Profiles differed significantly from each other on callousness and impairment, with limited PE being the best differentiator of youth highest in antisocial behavior based on mother and teacher report. Findings suggest that mothers and teachers may be able to identify children at risk for a more negative trajectory of antisocial behavior, that it is worthwhile to examine multiple psychopathy dimensions (rather than just the affective dimension), and that the CPS-R may be useful to screen for youth who are most likely to display more severe antisocial behavior and impairment.
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Helt MS, Sorensen TM, Scheub RJ, Nakhle MB, Luddy AC. Patterns of Contagious Yawning and Itching Differ Amongst Adults With Autistic Traits vs. Psychopathic Traits. Front Psychol 2021; 12:645310. [PMID: 33897548 PMCID: PMC8063025 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Both individuals with diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and individuals high in psychopathic traits show reduced susceptibility to contagious yawning; that is, yawning after seeing or hearing another person yawn. Yet it is unclear whether the same underlying processes (e.g., reduced eye gaze) are responsible for the relationship between reduced contagion and these very different types of clinical traits. College Students (n = 97) watched videos of individuals yawning or scratching (a form of contagion not reliant on eye gaze for transmission) while their eye movements were tracked. They completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the Psychopathy Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R), and the Adolescent and Adult Sensory Processing Disorder Checklist. Both psychopathic traits and autistic traits showed an inverse relationship to contagious yawning, consistent with previous research. However, the relationship between autistic (but not psychopathic) traits and contagious yawning was moderated by eye gaze. Furthermore, participants high in autistic traits showed typical levels of contagious itching whereas adults high in psychopathic traits showed diminished itch contagion. Finally, only psychopathic traits were associated with lower overall levels of empathy. The findings imply that the underlying processes contributing to the disruptions in contagious yawning amongst individuals high in autistic vs. psychopathic traits are distinct. In contrast to adults high in psychopathic traits, diminished contagion may appear amongst people with high levels of autistic traits secondary to diminished attention to the faces of others, and in the absence of a background deficit in emotional empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Helt
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Taylor M. Sorensen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
- New England Center for Children, Southborough, MA, United States
| | - Rachel J. Scheub
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Mira B. Nakhle
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
- Department of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna C. Luddy
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
- Mass General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Pursuing the developmental aims of the triarchic model of psychopathy: Creation and validation of triarchic scales for use in the USC: RFAB longitudinal twin project. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1088-1103. [PMID: 33583443 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The triarchic model was advanced as an integrative, trait-based framework for investigating psychopathy using different assessment methods and across developmental periods. Recent research has shown that the triarchic traits of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition can be operationalized effectively in youth, but longitudinal research is needed to realize the model's potential to advance developmental understanding of psychopathy. We report on the creation and validation of scale measures of the triarchic traits using questionnaire items available in the University of Southern California Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior (RFAB) project, a large-scale longitudinal study of the development of antisocial behavior that includes measures from multiple modalities (self-report, informant rating, clinical-diagnostic, task-behavioral, physiological). Using a construct-rating and psychometric refinement approach, we developed triarchic scales that showed acceptable reliability, expected intercorrelations, and good temporal stability. The scales showed theory-consistent relations with external criteria including measures of psychopathy, internalizing/externalizing psychopathology, antisocial behavior, and substance use. Findings demonstrate the viability of measuring triarchic traits in the RFAB sample, extend the known nomological network of these traits into the developmental realm, and provide a foundation for follow-up studies examining the etiology of psychopathic traits and their relations with multimodal measures of cognitive-affective function and proneness to clinical problems.
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21
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Bégin V, Déry M, Le Corff Y. Variants of Psychopathic Traits Follow Distinct Trajectories of Clinical Features Among Children with Conduct Problems. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:775-788. [PMID: 33502717 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Original definitions of psychopathy suggest the existence of two variants that present with distinct clinical features among antisocial adults, but whether these clinical differences originate early in life or emerge at some point during childhood remains uncertain. We examined if primary and secondary variants follow distinct developmental trajectories of theoretically relevant clinical features among children with conduct problems (CP). Participants were 370 children (40.3% girls) with CP initially aged 8.49 years old in average (s.d. = 0.93). Variants indicators (callous-unemotional [CU] traits and anxiety [ANX]) and clinical features were measured at six yearly assessments. A dual trajectory modelling approach was used to identify groups and group memberships were entered in conditional growth models predicting trajectories of clinical features. Four groups were identified: CP-only, anxious (CP + ANX), primary (CP + CU), and secondary (CP + CU + ANX). Both variants showed higher initial levels of impairment than the CP-only group on most features. Compared to the primary variant, membership to the secondary variant was associated with more stable patterns of CP, oppositional problems, narcissism-grandiosity and impulsivity-irresponsibility traits. Moreover, children from the secondary variant showed higher initial levels of impairment in terms of cognitive abilities, depression, victimization, and dependency to teachers, with non-significant effects on the slope parameters suggesting that these early differences persist across development. In addition to showing distinct clinical features relatively early in childhood, children from the secondary variant of psychopathic traits are at high risk of experiencing an increasing psychopathological burden across childhood. The early identification and treatment of these children therefore appears particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bégin
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada. .,Département de psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - Michèle Déry
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Département de psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Yann Le Corff
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Département d'orientation professionnelle, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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22
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Childhood Conduct Problems Trajectories are Associated with Distinct Antisocial Process Screening Device Dimensions. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Ebrahimi A, Elhami Athar M, Darvishi M, Colins OF. The Persian Self-Report Version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD-P): A Psychometric Evaluation. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:760531. [PMID: 34795601 PMCID: PMC8594756 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.760531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-report version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) is a commonly used tool for assessing psychopathic traits in youth. This is the first study designed to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the Persian APSD-SR in a sample of 675 school-attending youth in Iran (46% girls; M age = 16.35). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a modified three-factor model, with items loading on narcissism, callous-unemotional, and impulsivity dimensions, which was invariant across gender. Notwithstanding that the internal consistency of some APSD scores was unsatisfactory, the APSD total and dimension scores showed the expected relations with external correlates (e.g., conduct problems, aggression, and low prosocial behavior), supporting the validity of the interpretation of the APSD scores. The findings showed that the APSD is a useful tool for assessing psychopathic traits in Iranian adolescents and may spark research on adolescent psychopathy in mental health and forensic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Elhami Athar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Darvishi
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olivier F Colins
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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24
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Andershed H, Gustafson SB, Kerr M, Stattin H. The usefulness of self‐reported psychopathy‐like traits in the study of antisocial behaviour among non‐referred adolescents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study addresses the question of whether it is possible to use a self‐report measure of psychopathic traits on non‐referred youth samples to identify a subgroup of problematic youths who are particularly problematic and different from other problem youths. A large sample of eighth‐grade, non‐referred adolescents, and their parents were assessed. Results showed that the adolescents exhibiting a low‐socialized psychopathy‐like personality constellation had a more frequent, violent, and versatile conduct‐problem profile than other low‐socialized and well socialized adolescents. The psychopathy‐like adolescents also differed from other poorly socialized adolescents in ways that suggested that their etiological background was different from adolescents with non‐psychopathy‐like conduct problems. We conclude that self‐report measures can indeed be useful for research purposes in subtyping youths with conduct problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Andershed
- Center for Developmental Research, Department of Social Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden
| | | | - Margaret Kerr
- Center for Developmental Research, Department of Social Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Håkan Stattin
- Center for Developmental Research, Department of Social Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden
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25
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Palumbo IM, Perkins ER, Yancey JR, Brislin SJ, Patrick CJ, Latzman RD. Toward a multimodal measurement model for the neurobehavioral trait of affiliative capacity. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 3:e11. [PMID: 33283145 PMCID: PMC7681166 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2020.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research supports the value of a multimodal assessment approach, drawing on measures from different response modalities, for clarifying how core biobehavioral processes relate to various clinical problems and dimensions of psychopathology. Using data for 507 healthy adults, the current study was undertaken to integrate self-report and neurophysiological (brain potential) measures as a step toward a multimodal measurement model for the trait of affiliative capacity (AFF) - a biobehavioral construct relevant to adaptive and maladaptive social-interpersonal functioning. Individuals low in AFF exhibit a lack of interpersonal connectedness, deficient empathy, and an exploitative-aggressive social style that may be expressed transdiagnostically in antagonistic externalizing or distress psychopathology. Specific aims were to (1) integrate trait scale and brain potential indicators into a multimodal measure of AFF and (2) evaluate associations of this multimodal measure with criterion variables of different types. Results demonstrated (1) success in creating a multimodal measure of AFF from self-report and neural indicators, (2) effectiveness of this measure in predicting both clinical-diagnostic and neurophysiological criterion variables, and (3) transdiagnostic utility of the multimodal measure at both specific-disorder and broad symptom-dimension levels. Our findings further illustrate the value of psychoneurometric operationalizations of biobehavioral trait dimensions as referents for clarifying transdiagnostic relationships between biological systems variables and empirically defined dimensions of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily R. Perkins
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - James R. Yancey
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Sarah J. Brislin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Robert D. Latzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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26
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Luo J, Wang MC, Zhang X, Deng J, Huang D, Zhou Z. Psychometric Properties of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory Triarchic Scales and Its Short Version in Chinese Male Juvenile Offenders. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:300-311. [PMID: 32319825 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1752700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy encompasses three distinct dispositional components: boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. The current study aimed to validate triarchic construct scales composed of items from the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) in a sample of Chinese male juvenile offenders (N = 613, mean age = 17.14 years, SD = 1.09 years). Although the CFA and ESEM models failed to support the three-factor structure for YPI-based triarchic scores, the convergent and criteria validity of the YPI-Tri and YPI-Tri-S were supported as they demonstrated the expected relation with other psychopathic traits or component measures and aggressive behavior measures. The internal consistency of the YPI-Tri and YPI-Tri-S scores ranged from marginal to good. The findings provide preliminary evidence for the YPI-based triarchic scores and support for the utility of the YPI-Tri and YPI-Tri-S in assessing psychopathy in Chinese male juvenile offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University
| | | | | | - Jiaxin Deng
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University
| | | | - Zhu Zhou
- Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau
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27
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Developmental Associations between Psychopathic Traits and Childhood-Onset Conduct Problems. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Waller R, Wagner NJ, Barstead MG, Subar A, Petersen JL, Hyde JS, Hyde LW. A meta-analysis of the associations between callous-unemotional traits and empathy, prosociality, and guilt. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 75:101809. [PMID: 31862383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antisocial behavior is harmful, financially costly to society, and hard to treat. Callous-unemotional (CU) traits, which predict greater risk for antisocial behavior, are defined in theoretical and diagnostic models as representing low empathy, guilt, and prosociality. However, no meta-analytic reviews have systematically integrated the findings of studies that have reported associations between measures of CU traits and empathy, guilt, or prosociality, or potential moderators of these associations, including gender, age, severity of antisocial behavior, and informant (i.e., self or other reports of measures). To address this gap in the literature, we conducted three separate meta-analyses exploring the association between CU traits and empathy, guilt, and prosociality. In follow-up analyses, we explored associations between CU traits and affective versus cognitive empathy. The results revealed statistically significant and moderate-to-large negative associations between measures of CU traits and empathy (ρ = -.57), guilt (ρ = -.40), and prosociality (ρ = -.66). The negative association between CU traits and cognitive empathy was stronger when the informant was a parent or teacher rather than the child, and in younger children. CU traits were also more strongly related to cognitive empathy than affective empathy when the informant was a parent or teacher rather than the child, and in younger children. The findings establish that CU traits are moderately-to-strongly correlated with the presence of callous (low empathy), uncaring (low prosociality), and remorseless (low guilt) behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Wagner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Barstead
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anni Subar
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer L Petersen
- Department of Educational Foundations, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI, USA
| | - Janet S Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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The Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model and the development of callous-unemotional traits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:656-671. [PMID: 31618611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research implicates callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., lack of empathy, prosociality, and guilt, and reduced sensitivity to others' emotions) in the development of severe and persistent antisocial behavior. To improve etiological models of antisocial behavior and develop more effective treatments, we need a better understanding of the origins of CU traits. In this review, we discuss the role of two psychobiological and mechanistic precursors to CU traits: low affiliative reward (i.e., deficits in seeking out or getting pleasure from social bonding and closeness with others) and low threat sensitivity (i.e., fearlessness to social and non-social threat). We outline the Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model and review studies that have examined the development of affiliative reward and threat sensitivity across animal, neuroimaging, genetic, and behavioral perspectives. We next evaluate evidence for the STAR model, specifically the claim that CU traits result from deficits in both affiliative reward and threat sensitivity. We end with constructive suggestions for future research to test the hypotheses generated by the STAR model.
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30
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Latzman NE, Casanueva C, Brinton J, Forman‐Hoffman VL. The promotion of well-being among children exposed to intimate partner violence: A systematic review of interventions. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2019; 15:e1049. [PMID: 37131508 PMCID: PMC8356495 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Brinton
- RTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
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31
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Yoshida S, Adachi M, Takahashi M, Takanyanagi N, Yasuda S, Osada H, Nakamura K. The factor structure and construct validity of the parent-reported Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits among school-aged children and adolescents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221046. [PMID: 31419241 PMCID: PMC6697337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the factor structure and construct validity of the parent-reported Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) among school-aged children and adolescents, aged 6 to 15 years, in a community setting in Japan (n = 10,936). We investigated 15 models that have been reported in previous studies and used confirmatory factor analyses to determine a model that might actually be the best-fit among these. We then examined the correlations between the score of ICU and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in the best fit model and the three-factor bifactor (3FBF) model with the original ICU through cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis to determine the concurrent and predictive validity of the ICU. The results showed that the best-fit model was the two-factor bifactor (2FBF) model with a revised version of the ICU with 12 items, excluding all but one item of unemotional factors. The cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis showed that higher general callous-unemotional factor scores, callousness and uncaring specific factor scores were significantly associated with a higher level of conduct problems and a lower level of prosocial behaviors in the SDQ. These tendencies were shown both in the 2FBF model with the revised version of the ICU and the 3FBF model with the original ICU. We conclude that the 2FBF model was useful for school-aged community samples, as it predicts increases in conduct problems and decreases in prosocial behavior with fewer items than the 3FBF model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masaki Adachi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Michio Takahashi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Sayura Yasuda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Osada
- Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Senshu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Somma A, Borroni S, Drislane LE, Patrick CJ, Fossati A. Modeling the Structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Conceptual, Empirical, and Analytic Considerations. J Pers Disord 2019; 33:470-496. [PMID: 30036170 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to characterize the factor structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) using data from a sample of 1,082 community-dwelling Italian adults. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to compare the fit of a bifactor model for each TriPM scale, in which specific-content factors were specified along with a general factor, with the fit of a single, general-factor model. Robust weighted least square (WLSMV) ESEM supported a bifactor latent structure of the TriPM items for all individual scales. When we jointly factor analyzed the 58 TriPM items, a WLSMV ESEM three-factor structure showed adequate fit; the three ESEM factors were akin to TriPM Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition theoretical dimensions, respectively, and could be effectively replicated across gender subgroups. Our findings support the three-factor structure of TriPM items, at least in Italian community-dwelling adults, and provide further evidence for the construct validity of the TriPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Somma
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan
| | - Serena Borroni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan
| | | | | | - Andrea Fossati
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan
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Meehan AJ, Maughan B, Barker ED. Health and Functional Outcomes for Shared and Unique Variances of Interpersonal Callousness and Low Prosocial Behavior. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019; 41:353-365. [PMID: 33408439 PMCID: PMC7116552 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous factor-analytic studies identify significant comorbidity between interpersonal-callous (IC) traits and low prosocial behavior (LPB), which, in turn, is associated with high levels of childhood risk exposure and psychopathology. Longitudinal associations between IC, LPB, or their combination, and early-adult health and social functioning have not been investigated, however. Extending a previously-identified bifactor model within a prospective birth cohort, this study applied latent path analysis to test direct and indirect pathways (via adolescent delinquency, substance use, and physical activity) between these general and specific factors (age 13) and (i) emotional problems (age 18), (ii) physical health problems (age 18), and (iii) classification as 'not in education, employment, or training' (NEET; age 20). All models controlled for childhood adversity and IQ. Bifactor-specific estimates indicated that the residual IC factor did not reliably denote unique variance over and above a general factor (IC/LPB). IC/LPB itself was directly associated with NEET classification, while the residual LPB factor was associated with better emotional and physical health. IC/LPB also indirectly associated with emotional problems via greater adolescent delinquency, and with physical health problems via lower physical activity. In contrast, residual LPB variance was either non-significantly or negatively related to these adolescent domains. Findings indicate that the shared variance underlying IC and LPB confers an increased risk for poor health and functional outcomes in emerging adulthood, and highlight delinquency and physical inactivity as potential adolescent treatment targets that may mitigate the risk for health difficulties at high levels of this IC/LPB construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Meehan
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Barbara Maughan
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Edward D. Barker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Abstract
The three dimensions of psychopathic traits in childhood have been consistently associated with high levels of conduct problems among children. However, little is known about the continuity and change in psychopathic traits among children with conduct problems. This study aimed to examine the homotypic continuity and change of the three dimensions of psychopathic traits from 8 to 14 years old among 370 children (40.3% girls) who were identified at school as having conduct problems at study inception. Results supported the structural continuity of the tridimensional model of psychopathic traits and revealed that the callous-unemotional dimension is more stable than the two other dimensions. However, the levels of the three dimensions of psychopathic traits remained high over time among a substantial number of children with conduct problems. This study has implications regarding the longitudinal assessment of psychopathic traits within this specific population.
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Herpers PCM, Bakker-Huvenaars MJ, Greven CU, Wiegers EC, Nijhof KS, Baanders AN, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Emotional valence detection in adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1011-1022. [PMID: 30680520 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder (ODD/CD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share poor empathic functioning and have been associated with impaired emotional processing. However, no previous studies directly compared similarities and differences in these processes for the two disorders. A two-choice emotional valence detection task requiring differentiation between positive, negative, and neutral IAPS pictures was administered to 52 adolescents (12-19 years) with ODD/CD, 52 with ASD and 24 typically developing individuals (TDI). Callous-unemotional (CU) traits were assessed by self- and parent reports using the Inventory of callous-unemotional traits. Main findings were that adolescents with ODD/CD or ASD both performed poorer than TDI in terms of accuracy, yet only the TDI-not both clinical groups-had relatively most difficulty in discriminating between positive versus neutral pictures compared to neutral-negative or positive-negative contrasts. Poorer performance was related to a higher level of CU traits. The results of the current study suggest youth with ODD/CD or ASD have a diminished ability to detect emotional valence which is not limited to facial expressions and is related to a higher level of CU traits. More specifically, youth with ODD/CD or ASD seem to have a reduced processing of positive stimuli and/or lack a 'positive perception bias' present in TDI that could either contribute to the symptoms and/or be a result of having the disorder and may contribute to the comorbidity of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre C M Herpers
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mireille J Bakker-Huvenaars
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina U Greven
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Evita C Wiegers
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin S Nijhof
- Pluryn, Industrieweg 50, 6541 TW, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Developmental Psychopathology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arianne N Baanders
- Ottho Gerhard Heldring Foundation, Wageningsestraat 104, 6671 DH, Zetten, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Psychopathic Traits in Middle Childhood: Evidence of a Hierarchical Three-Factor Structure. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Parker EM, Jacobson J, Pullmann MD, Kerns SEU. Identifying Psychosocial Problems Among Children and Youth in the Child Welfare System Using the PSC-17: Exploring Convergent and Discriminant Validity with Multiple Informants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:108-120. [PMID: 29961167 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Youth who enter foster care are at risk of mental health need, but questions arise as to the validity of their self-reported symptomatology. This study examines the screening validity of the youth-report version of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) in a child welfare population. Data come from 2389 youth who completed a version of the PSC-17 adapted for youth report, and their biological and foster parents who completed the parent-report version. Youth also completed a shortened version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED). Convergent and discriminant validity of the PSC-17 was assessed using multi-trait multi-method matrices. The PSC-17's internalizing subscale was strongly correlated, attention subscale was moderately correlated, and externalizing subscale was weakly correlated with the SCARED's anxiety and PTSD subscales. Comparing youth and foster parent scores, the PSC-17 had moderate convergent validity and weak/fair discriminant validity. Comparing youth, foster parent, and biological parent scores, the PSC-17 had moderate convergent validity and weak/fair discriminant validity. The current study provides some support for the validity of the PSC-17 for the population of youth in foster care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Parker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 2815 Eastlake Ave E, Ste 200, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
| | - Jedediah Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 2815 Eastlake Ave E, Ste 200, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Michael D Pullmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 2815 Eastlake Ave E, Ste 200, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Suzanne E U Kerns
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 2815 Eastlake Ave E, Ste 200, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.,University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S High St, Denver, CO, 80208, USA
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39
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Towards an animal model of callousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:121-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Do infant sociomoral evaluation and action studies predict preschool social and behavioral adjustment? J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 176:39-54. [PMID: 30076997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that infants and toddlers evaluate others based on their prosocial and antisocial behaviors and engage in prosocial behaviors themselves. It is unknown to what extent infants' responses in such studies reveal stable individual differences in social and/or moral competence that persist throughout development. The current study (N = 63) demonstrates that infants' performance in sociomoral evaluation and action studies (mean age = 12 months) predicts social and behavioral adjustment at age 4 years. Specifically, a stronger preference for moral actions as an infant was associated with parent reports of fewer callous-unemotional traits, the domain most conceptually related to sociomoral evaluation and action, during preschool. Critically, preschool moral adjustment was uniquely associated with infants' sociomoral responding and not with other more general aspects of infant functioning. When 2 children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis were included in the sample, correlations between infant and preschool functioning were more widespread. Taken together, these results provide evidence for developmental continuity in the sociomoral domain and suggest that infants' early behavioral tendencies may be building blocks for subsequent sociomoral development.
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Fanti KA, Kyranides MN, Lordos A, Colins OF, Andershed H. Unique and Interactive Associations of Callous-Unemotional Traits, Impulsivity and Grandiosity with Child and Adolescent Conduct Disorder Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Investigating the Components of Psychopathic Traits in Youth Offenders. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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43
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Shepherd SM, Campbell RE, Ogloff JRP. Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Reconviction in an Australian Sample of Forensic Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:609-628. [PMID: 27288398 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16653193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study identified the presence of psychopathy (as measured by the PCL-R/PCL:SV instruments) and antisocial personality disorder (APD) and their relationship with future reconviction in an Australian forensic sample ( N = 136) of patients with a mental disorder. Patients were tracked for over 4 years postrelease to determine associations between a diagnosis of APD/psychopathy and reoffense. Patients with higher psychopathy scores were found to have an increased likelihood of reincarceration, a higher rate of reconviction, and were reconvicted earlier compared with patients with lower psychopathy scores. Patients with APD were more likely to be reconvicted and reincarcerated during the follow-up period than patients without an APD diagnosis. Despite demonstrating associations with general reconviction, the PCL instruments did not exhibit statistically significant relationships with violence. Implications for the clinical identification of personality disordered patients in forensic settings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James R P Ogloff
- 1 Swinburne University of Technology, Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia
- 2 Forensicare, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
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Vizard E, Hickey N, McCrory E. Developmental trajectories associated with juvenile sexually abusive behaviour and emerging severe personality disorder in childhood: 3-year study. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 49:s27-32. [PMID: 17470939 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.190.5.s27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundLittle is known about the developmental trajectories of juveniles presenting with sexually abusive behaviour or emerging severe personality disorder traits.AimsTo investigate whether ‘age at onset’ of sexually abusive behaviour and whether emerging severe personality disorder traits are associated with specific developmental profiles.MethodA retrospective file review of 280 juveniles presenting with sexually abusive behaviour was conducted and follow-up Offenders Index data were analysed.ResultsJuveniles with early onset (<11 years) of sexually abusive behaviour had higher levels of psychosocial adversity and early childhood antisocial behaviour compared with those with late onset. Emerging severe personality disorder traits were associated with higher levels of psychosocial adversity, antisocial behaviour, convictions and predatory sexually abusive behaviour.ConclusionsPreliminary evidence supports the existence of distinct developmental trajectories within this population and points to a key role for traits of emerging severe personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Vizard
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
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45
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Abstract
This article is an overview of developments in psychopathy and their application to children and adolescents. A key question is whether or not psychopathy is stable throughout the lifespan. Some characteristics indicate phenotypic similarities with adult psychopathy, and current instruments appear to be measuring similar constructs across the age ranges. Although the literature on developmental aspects of psychopathy in young people is limited, a number of instruments have been designed to measure the construct. These tools appear to have reasonable construct, concurrent and predictive validity, but we cannot yet recommend their routine use in clinical practice or in the criminal justice system, given the limited evidence base on their predictive validity. At best, they should be viewed as a means of subtyping potentially high-risk groups with a view to treatment planning.
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46
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Salekin RT. Research Review: What do we know about psychopathic traits in children? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:1180-1200. [PMID: 28542927 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the topic of child psychopathy has advanced over the past decade increasing what we know. METHOD This qualitative review examines the research base for child psychopathy and emphasizes its three dimensions: grandiose-manipulative, callous-unemotional, and daring-impulsive. Literature is reviewed addressing the cognitive, emotional, motivational, personality, parenting, and biological correlates. RESULTS Support has emerged for the phenotypic construct of child psychopathy, while questions remain regarding definitional issues and key external correlates (e.g., reward and punishment processing, parenting, molecular genetics, brain imaging). CONCLUSIONS While the construct appears to be valid, future work should broaden its focus from callous unemotional traits to all three dimensions of the construct, enhance measurement precision, and examine dimension interactions. Such research could have important implications for CD specification for future versions of the DSM and ICD and speed etiological knowledge and clinical care for youth with conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T Salekin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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47
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Haas SM, Derefinko KJ, Waschbusch DA. The use of multimethod impulsivity assessment in the prediction of ADHD, conduct problems, and callous-unemotional symptoms. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Interactions between Callous Unemotional Behaviors and Executive Function in Early Childhood Predict later Aggression and Lower Peer-liking in Late-childhood. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:597-609. [PMID: 27418255 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Callous unemotional (CU) behaviors are linked to aggression, behavior problems, and difficulties in peer relationships in children and adolescents. However, few studies have examined whether early childhood CU behaviors predict aggression or peer-rejection during late-childhood or potential moderation of this relationship by executive function. The current study examined whether the interaction of CU behaviors and executive function in early childhood predicted different forms of aggression in late-childhood, including proactive, reactive, and relational aggression, as well as how much children were liked by their peers. Data from cross-informant reports and multiple observational tasks were collected from a high-risk sample (N = 240; female = 118) at ages 3 and 10 years old. Parent reports of CU behaviors at age 3 predicted teacher reports of reactive, proactive, and relational aggression, as well as lower peer-liking at age 10. Moderation analysis showed that specifically at high levels of CU behaviors and low levels of observed executive function, children were reported by teachers as showing greater reactive and proactive aggression, and were less-liked by peers. Findings demonstrate that early childhood CU behaviors and executive function have unique main and interactive effects on both later aggression and lower peer-liking even when taking into account stability in behavior problems over time. By elucidating how CU behaviors and deficits in executive function potentiate each other during early childhood, we can better characterize the emergence of severe and persistent behavior and interpersonal difficulties across development.
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Pisano S, Muratori P, Gorga C, Levantini V, Iuliano R, Catone G, Coppola G, Milone A, Masi G. Conduct disorders and psychopathy in children and adolescents: aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment strategies of callous-unemotional traits. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43:84. [PMID: 28931400 PMCID: PMC5607565 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conduct Disorder (CD) is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate social norms or rules are violated. Callous Unemotional (CU) traits are a meaningful specifier in subtyping CD for more severe antisocial and aggressive behaviours in adult psychopathology; they represent the affective dimension of adult psychopathy, but they can be also detected in childhood and adolescence. The CU traits include lack of empathy, sense of guilt and shallow emotion, and their characterization in youth can improve our diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic abilities. A strong genetic liability, in interaction with parenting and relevant environmental factors, can lead to elevated levels of CU traits in children. We pointed out that CU traits can be detected in early childhood, may remain stable along the adolescence, but a decrease following intensive and specialized treatment is possible. We here provide a narrative review of the available evidences on CU traits in three main domains: aetiology (encompassing genetic liability and environmental risk factors), presentation (early signs and longitudinal trajectories) and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pisano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Pietro Muratori
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gorga
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, University of Studies of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Levantini
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro Catone
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, University of Studies of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giangennaro Coppola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
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Fonagy P, Luyten P. Conduct problems in youth and the RDoC approach: A developmental, evolutionary-based view. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 64:57-76. [PMID: 28935341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Problems related to aggression in young people are traditionally subsumed under the header of conduct problems, which include conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Such problems in children and adolescents are an important societal and mental health problem. In this paper we present an evolutionarily informed developmental psychopathology view of conduct problems inspired by the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative. We assume that while there are many pathways to conduct problems, chronic or temporary impairments in the domain of social cognition or mentalizing are a common denominator. Specifically, we conceptualize conduct problems as reflecting temporary or chronic difficulties with mentalizing, that is, the capacity to understand the self and others in terms of intentional mental states, leading to a failure to inhibit interpersonal violence through a process of perspective-taking and empathy. These difficulties, in turn, stem from impairments in making use of a normally evolutionarily protected social learning system that functions to facilitate intergenerational knowledge transmission and protect social collaborative processes from impulsive and aggressive action. Temperamental, biological, and social risk factors in different combinations may all contribute to this outcome. This adaptation then interacts with impairments in other domains of functioning, such as in negative and positive valence systems and cognitive systems. This view highlights the importance of a complex interplay among biological, psychological, and environmental factors in understanding the origins of conduct problems. We outline the implications of these views for future research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK.
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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