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Poorolajal J, Ebrahimi B, Rezapur-Shahkolai F, Doosti-Irani A, Alizadeh M, Ahmadpoor J, Moradi L, Biderafsh A, Nikbakht F, Golmohammadi Z, Sarbazi E, Bahadivand S, Jahani Sayad Noveiri M, Rezaei M, Ghorbani Gholiabad S, Heidari S, Bagheri H, Ghalandari M, Kiani FZ, Fakhranirad N, Ghavi S, Seydkhani P. The Epidemiology of Aggression and Associated Factors among Iranian Adult Population: A National Survey. J Res Health Sci 2020; 20:e00499. [PMID: 33424008 PMCID: PMC8695783 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2020.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This survey was conducted to determine the level of aggression among the Iranian adult population and underlying predisposing factors.
Study design: A cross-sectional study.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,957 participants, involving 23 out of the 31 provinces of Iran in 2019. The outcome of interest was aggression, evaluated by the Buss & Perry aggression questionnaire. The association between aggression and 34 demographic, behavioral, social, and cultural characteristics was assessed using simple and multiple linear regression.
Results: The overall mean (SD) score of aggression was 77.10 (22.53). Based on the severity of aggression, the participants were categorized into four groups as follows: 2,464 (23.1%) nonaggressive, 4,692 (43.9%) mild, 3,071 (28.8%) moderate, and 454 (4.2%) severe aggressive. Aggression was more likely to occur in people with the following characteristics: younger ages, having several siblings, lower ranks of birth, having an intimate friend of the opposite sex, having an aggressive father/mother, history of parental divorce, interest in watching action/porn movies, listening to music, history of escape from home/school, using neuropsychiatric drugs, using illicit drugs, history of suicidal thoughts/attempt, and family conflict and hostility. Aggression was less likely to occur with the following characteristics: reading, regular physical exercise, the ability to control anger, regular prayer, adherence to avoid lying, respect to other people's rights, sexual satisfaction, and attachment to parents.
Conclusions: A majority of the population has some degree of aggression. Aggression is a multifactorial behavior corresponding with several demographical, social, cultural, and religious factors, some of which back to early childhood events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Poorolajal
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Bahram Ebrahimi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amin Doosti-Irani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Library and Information Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamal Ahmadpoor
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Azam Biderafsh
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Nikbakht
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad , Iran
| | - Zakie Golmohammadi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
| | - Ehsan Sarbazi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Bahadivand
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ghorbani Gholiabad
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saber Heidari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hadi Bagheri
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ghalandari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zeynab Kiani
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Narges Fakhranirad
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Bojnurd University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghavi
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Parivash Seydkhani
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Ellis A. Rational-Emotive Therapy: Research Data That Supports The Clinical and Personality Hypotheses of RET and Other Modes of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/001100007700700102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article examines 32 important clinical and personality hypotheses of rational-emotive therapy (RET) and other modes of cognitive-behavior therapy and lists a large number of research studies that provide empirical confirmation of these hypotheses. It concludes that (1) a vast amount of research data exists, most of which tends to confirm the major clinical and personality hypotheses of RET; (2) this data keeps increasing by leaps and bounds; (3) RET hypotheses nicely lend themselves to experimental investigation and therefore encourage a considerable amount of research; (4) researchers have not yet tested some of the major RET formulations and could do so with profit to the field of psychotherapy and personality theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ellis
- Institute for Advanced Study in Rational Psychotherapy
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3
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Gabrenya WK, Kung MC, Chen LY. Understanding the Taiwan Indigenous Psychology Movement. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022106290480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A five-part model of the development of indigenous psychology movements was proposed from a sociology of science perspective, two parts of which, the local relevance path and the conditions of work path, were examined in the context of the Taiwan Indigenous Psychology Movement (TIPM). The Local Relevance Path focuses on indigenous movements’ concerns with the cultural relevance of Western psychology, the validity of positivist epistemology and methodology, and the appropriateness of English-language communication. The Conditions of Work Path places the research activities and career strategies of non-Western psychologists in the context of their available resources and career contingencies. A study of 103 proponents and opponents of the TIPM provided support for both models, particularly in respondents’ dissatisfaction with positivist epistemology and their research resources. The TIPM is well known in Taiwan and garners moderate support, but strong divisions were found among subdisciplines and between locally versus overseas-educated respondents on most measures. Issues of qualitative versus quantitative methods, the influence of the Taiwanese cultural renaissance, and the validity of outsider analyses of indigenous movements are discussed.
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Collins WA, Korac N. Recent Progress in the Study of the Effects of Television Viewing on Social Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/016502548200500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Television viewing is a popular activity for children throughout the Western nations and in many developing countries. Although little is known about the functions of viewing, considerable evidence indicates that televised models of social behavior influences viewers' post-viewing actions. Recent advances in research on behavioral effects include field experiments and panel studies that permit use of nonexperimental causal-inference techniques. In addition, the scope of recent research has expanded to include other types of effects (e.g., children's concepts of social reality) and cognitive processing of televised information. Directions for the future include the need to (1) examine further developmental aspects of response to typical television programming and (2) study the interaction of television content with children's common contexts and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Korac
- University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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5
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Anderson CA, Berkowitz L, Donnerstein E, Huesmann LR, Johnson JD, Linz D, Malamuth NM, Wartella E. The Influence of Media Violence on Youth. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2016; 4:81-110. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research on violent television and films, video games, and music reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts. The effects appear larger for milder than for more severe forms of aggression, but the effects on severe forms of violence are also substantial ( r = .13 to .32) when compared with effects of other violence risk factors or medical effects deemed important by the medical community (e.g., effect of aspirin on heart attacks). The research base is large; diverse in methods, samples, and media genres; and consistent in overall findings. The evidence is clearest within the most extensively researched domain, television and film violence. The growing body of video-game research yields essentially the same conclusions. Short-term exposure increases the likelihood of physically and verbally aggressive behavior, aggressive thoughts, and aggressive emotions. Recent large-scale longitudinal studies provide converging evidence linking frequent exposure to violent media in childhood with aggression later in life, including physical assaults and spouse abuse. Because extremely violent criminal behaviors (e.g., forcible rape, aggravated assault, homicide) are rare, new longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to estimate accurately how much habitual childhood exposure to media violence increases the risk for extreme violence. Well-supported theory delineates why and when exposure to media violence increases aggression and violence. Media violence produces short-term increases by priming existing aggressive scripts and cognitions, increasing physiological arousal, and triggering an automatic tendency to imitate observed behaviors. Media violence produces long-term effects via several types of learning processes leading to the acquisition of lasting (and automatically accessible) aggressive scripts, interpretational schemas, and aggression-supporting beliefs about social behavior, and by reducing individuals' normal negative emotional responses to violence (i.e., desensitization). Certain characteristics of viewers (e.g., identification with aggressive characters), social environments (e.g., parental influences), and media content (e.g., attractiveness of the perpetrator) can influence the degree to which media violence affects aggression, but there are some inconsistencies in research results. This research also suggests some avenues for preventive intervention (e.g., parental supervision, interpretation, and control of children's media use). However, extant research on moderators suggests that no one is wholly immune to the effects of media violence. Recent surveys reveal an extensive presence of violence in modern media. Furthermore, many children and youth spend an inordinate amount of time consuming violent media. Although it is clear that reducing exposure to media violence will reduce aggression and violence, it is less clear what sorts of interventions will produce a reduction in exposure. The sparse research literature suggests that counterattitudinal and parental-mediation interventions are likely to yield beneficial effects, but that media literacy interventions by themselves are unsuccessful. Though the scientific debate over whether media violence increases aggression and violence is essentially over, several critical tasks remain. Additional laboratory and field studies are needed for a better understanding of underlying psychological processes, which eventually should lead to more effective interventions. Large-scale longitudinal studies would help specify the magnitude of media-violence effects on the most severe types of violence. Meeting the larger societal challenge of providing children and youth with a much healthier media diet may prove to be more difficult and costly, especially if the scientific, news, public policy, and entertainment communities fail to educate the general public about the real risks of media-violence exposure to children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington
| | - Daniel Linz
- Department of Communication and Law and Society Program, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - Neil M. Malamuth
- Department of Communication/Speech, University of California, Los Angeles
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Report of the Media Violence Commission. Aggress Behav 2012; 38:335-41. [PMID: 22886500 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Frydman M. Television, aggressiveness and violence. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2011; 11:335-344. [PMID: 22912261 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh.1999.11.3-4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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8
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Mitrofan O, Paul M, Spencer N. Is aggression in children with behavioural and emotional difficulties associated with television viewing and video game playing? A systematic review. Child Care Health Dev 2009; 35:5-15. [PMID: 19054008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Possible associations between television viewing and video game playing and children's aggression have become public health concerns. We did a systematic review of studies that examined such associations, focussing on children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties, who are thought to be more susceptible. METHODS We did computer-assisted searches of health and social science databases, gateways, publications from relevant organizations and for grey literature; scanned bibliographies; hand-searched key journals; and corresponded with authors. We critically appraised all studies. RESULTS A total of 12 studies: three experiments with children with behavioural and emotional difficulties found increased aggression after watching aggressive as opposed to low-aggressive content television programmes, one found the opposite and two no clear effect, one found such children no more likely than controls to imitate aggressive television characters. One case-control study and one survey found that children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties watched more television than controls; another did not. Two studies found that children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties viewed more hours of aggressive television programmes than controls. One study on video game use found that young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties viewed more minutes of violence and played longer than controls. In a qualitative study children with behavioural and emotional difficulties, but not their parents, did not associate watching television with aggression. All studies had significant methodological flaws. None was based on power calculations. CONCLUSION This systematic review found insufficient, contradictory and methodologically flawed evidence on the association between television viewing and video game playing and aggression in children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties. If public health advice is to be evidence-based, good quality research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mitrofan
- Health Sciences Research Institute, Medical School Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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9
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Craig A. Anderson, Douglas A. Gentile, and Katherine E. Buckley, Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Policy. J Youth Adolesc 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-008-9344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Worth KA, Chambers JG, Nassau DH, Rakhra BK, Sargent JD. Exposure of US adolescents to extremely violent movies. Pediatrics 2008; 122:306-12. [PMID: 18676548 PMCID: PMC2778277 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite concerns about exposure to violent media, there are few data on youth exposure to violent movies. In this study we examined such exposure among young US adolescents. METHODS We used a random-digit-dial survey of 6522 US adolescents aged 10 to 14 years fielded in 2003. Using previously validated methods, we determined the percentage and number of US adolescents who had seen each of 534 recently released movies. We report results for the 40 that were rated R for violence by the Motion Picture Association of America, UK 18 by the British Board of Film Classification and coded for extreme violence by trained content coders. RESULTS The 40 violent movies were seen by a median of 12.5% of an estimated 22 million US adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. The most popular violent movie, Scary Movie, was seen by >10 million (48.1%) children, 1 million of whom were 10 years of age. Watching extremely violent movies was associated with being male, older, nonwhite, having less-educated parents, and doing poorly in school. Black male adolescents were at particularly high risk for seeing these movies; for example Blade, Training Day, and Scary Movie were seen, respectively, by 37.4%, 27.3%, and 48.1% of the sample overall versus 82.0%, 81.0%, and 80.8% of black male adolescents. Violent movie exposure was also associated with measures of media parenting, with high-exposure adolescents being significantly more likely to have a television in their bedroom and to report that their parents allowed them to watch R-rated movies. CONCLUSIONS This study documents widespread exposure of young US adolescents to movies with extreme graphic violence from movies rated R for violence and raises important questions about the effectiveness of the current movie-rating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keilah A. Worth
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Daniel H. Nassau
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - James D. Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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11
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Huesmann LR. The impact of electronic media violence: scientific theory and research. J Adolesc Health 2007; 41:S6-13. [PMID: 18047947 PMCID: PMC2704015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 1960s, research evidence has been accumulating that suggests that exposure to violence in television, movies, video games, cell phones, and on the Internet increases the risk of violent behavior on the viewer's part, just as growing up in an environment filled with real violence increases the risk of them behaving violently. In the current review this research evidence is critically assessed and the psychological theory that explains why exposure to violence has detrimental effects for both the short and long-term is elaborated. Finally the size of the "media violence effect" is compared with some other well-known threats to society to estimate how important a threat it should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rowell Huesmann
- Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, USA.
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12
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Vasquez EA, Bartsch VO, Pedersen WC, Miller N. The impact of aggressive priming, rumination, and frustration on prison sentencing. Aggress Behav 2007; 33:477-85. [PMID: 17595007 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that ruminating about a previous aggressive prime interacts with a subsequent minor frustration to augment aggression. Sixty participants watched a video showing a murder during a bank robbery (the aggressive prime). Those in the rumination condition were asked to write about the video for 20 min. In the no rumination condition, participants were given 20 min to complete an irrelevant task. Participants were then either frustrated or not frustrated. Our results supported the main hypothesis. Relative to the control condition, neither rumination nor frustration alone impacted aggression. Rumination, in combination with a minor frustration, however, increased the recommended prison sentence towards the targets. We discuss the implications of our findings.
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13
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Millet K, Dewitte S. A subordinate status position increases the present value of financial resources for low 2D:4D men. Am J Hum Biol 2007; 20:110-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Kawakami K, Spears R, Dovidio JF. Disinhibition of stereotyping: context, prejudice, and target characteristics. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wiehe VR. Approaching child abuse treatment from the perspective of empathy. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 1997; 21:1191-1204. [PMID: 9429771 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Research identifies empathy as a moderating variable in the display of aggression. Research further suggests that empathy is a significant variable in the effective parenting of children. Studies in child abuse show that abusive parents score significantly lower on empathy measures as compared to their nonabusive counterparts. The purpose of this theoretical article is (1) to suggest based on the literature that empathy training should be a core component in treatment strategies with abusive parents. A variety of approaches to empathy training will be suggested; (2) to encourage the implementation of empathy training in interventions with abusive parents and the measurement through research of the effectiveness of this approach to treatment on a short and long-term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Wiehe
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0027, USA
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16
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Huesmann LR, Miller LS. Long-Term Effects of Repeated Exposure to Media Violence in Childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9116-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The overwhelming statistics of crime against women affect their perceptions and quality of life. The media have a significant effect on both perceptions and behavior. The manner, therefore, in which fictional victims are portrayed could affect perceptions of control in real-life women fearing victimization and in their potential assailants. Popular crime-drama movies and the difference between male and female behaviors were examined in this pilot study. A total of 65 responses were evaluated from a random sample of film videos. Active attempts to gain control were exhibited by 81% of the male responses, whereas only 17% of the women did so, chi 2 (1, N = 65) = 28.99, p less than .001. The relationship of results and myths concerning women as victims is discussed.
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Comstock G, Strasburger VC. Deceptive appearances: television violence and aggressive behavior. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH CARE : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 1990; 11:31-44. [PMID: 2407700 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0070(90)90127-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Comstock
- S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University, New York 13244-2100
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20
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Wanamaker CE, Reznikoff M. Effects of aggressive and nonaggressive rock songs on projective and structured tests. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1989; 123:561-70. [PMID: 2607484 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1989.10543011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The differences between hostility scores on projective and objective tests as a function of listening to aggressive or nonaggressive rock music were studied. While taking the Thematic Apperception Test (Cards 1, 3BM, 4, 9BM, and 10) and the Buss-Durkee (1957) Hostility Scale, subjects (N = 90) randomly assigned to one of three groups listened to a rock song with (a) nonaggressive music and nonaggressive lyrics, (b) aggressive music and nonaggressive lyrics, or (c) aggressive music and aggressive lyrics. TAT stories were scored for aggressive content according to Hafner and Kaplan's (1960) hostility rating scale. Hostility scores did not differ between groups. The findings are congruent with other investigators' reports that subjects do not pay attention to rock lyrics. Previous findings that music affects the emotional quality of TAT stories and hostility scores on the Buss-Durkee scale were not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wanamaker
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458
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Sprafkin J, Gadow KD, Grayson P. Effects of viewing aggressive cartoons on the behavior of learning disabled children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987; 28:387-98. [PMID: 3597563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb01761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Forty-six learning disabled children (M = 7.6 years) were exposed to six aggressive and six control cartoons in school. Treatment effects were assessed using direct observations of five categories of social behavior. There were no main effects for condition, and neither initial aggressiveness nor gender interacted significantly with condition for any of the behaviors. There was a significant interaction of condition with IQ: the low IQ group became significantly more physically aggressive following control compared with aggressive cartoons. The results from the present study are compared with the findings from other field experiments, and their clinical relevance is discussed.
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Gadow KD, Sprafkin J, Ficarrotto TJ. Effects of viewing aggression-laden cartoons on preschool-aged emotionally disturbed children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1987; 17:257-74. [PMID: 3622045 DOI: 10.1007/bf00706450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Leyens JP, Herman G, Dunand M. The influence of an audience upon the reactions to filmed violence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2420120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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26
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The Persistence of Experimentally Induced Attitude Change. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Some Effects of Violent and Nonviolent Movies on the Behavior of Juvenile Delinquents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Leyens JP, Cisneros T, Hossay JF. Decentration as a means for reducing aggression after exposure to violent stimuli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2420060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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