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Stover AD, Shulkin J, Lac A, Rapp T. A meta-analysis of cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102428. [PMID: 38657292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal, an adaptive emotion regulation strategy that involves subjectively reinterpreting stressful and adverse experiences in a more positive manner, can enhance personal resilience. Personal resilience is a constellation of attributes that facilitate successful coping and an expeditious return to adaptive functioning after exposure to stress or adversity. This meta-analysis evaluated the association between cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. A systematic and exhaustive search identified 64 independent samples from 55 studies (N = 29,824) that examined the correlation between cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. A random-effects model revealed a positive summary effect (r = 0.47, p < .001), indicating that higher cognitive reappraisal was associated with higher personal resilience. Six potential meta-moderators were tested: culture, age, name of the cognitive reappraisal measure, name of the personal resilience measure, study design, and publication period. After two extreme effect size outliers were omitted, tests of publication bias did not reveal any publication bias in this line of research. This quantitative synthesis offers compelling evidence showing that cognitive reappraisal skills operate as a protective strategy against stress and adversity and, therefore, enhance personal resilience. The protective benefits of cognitive reappraisal in relation to personal resilience are relatively robust, as the correlations were statistically significant for all subgroups in the meta-moderation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Stover
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America.
| | - Josh Shulkin
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lac
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
| | - Timothy Rapp
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
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2
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Jia L, Zhao R, Zhang Q. The influence of induced moods on aging of phonological encoding in spoken word production: an ERP study. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1330746. [PMID: 38415280 PMCID: PMC10896962 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1330746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of induced mood on the phonological encoding involved in Chinese spoken word production with a picture-word inference task while concurrently recorded electrophysiological signals. In the experiment, young and older participants watched videos for inducing positive, negative, or neutral mood, and then they were instructed to name target picture while ignoring phonologically related or unrelated distractor words. A phonological facilitation effect was observed in young adults but not in older adults, suggesting an age-related decline of phonological encoding. Both groups showed an inhibition effect in negative mood but not in positive mood, suggesting that speakers have different processing styles in different moods. ERP data revealed a phonological effect around the time window of 250-350 ms in both groups. Meanwhile, young adults showed a phonological effect around 350-450 ms in negative mood and positive mood which may reflect self-monitoring in speech production. We suggest that the former effect may reflect phonological encoding while the latter reflects self-monitoring of internal syllables or phonemes. Furthermore, induced moods influence the phonological effect in older and young adults differently. Behavioral and ERP results provide consistent evidence for the aging decline of phonological encoding in spoken word production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qingfang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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3
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Hamlin N, Myers K, Taylor BK, Doucet GE. Role of Emotion Reactivity to Predict Facial Emotion Recognition Changes with Aging. Exp Aging Res 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37660356 PMCID: PMC10908871 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2023.2254658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Emotional intelligence includes an assortment of factors related to emotion function. Such factors involve emotion recognition (in this case via facial expression), emotion trait, reactivity, and regulation. We aimed to investigate how the subjective appraisals of emotional intelligence (i.e. trait, reactivity, and regulation) are associated with objective emotion recognition accuracy, and how these associations differ between young and older adults. Data were extracted from the CamCAN dataset (189 adults: 57 young/118 older) from assessments measuring these emotion constructs. Using linear regression models, we found that greater negative reactivity was associated with better emotion recognition accuracy among older adults, though the pattern was opposite for young adults with the greatest difference in disgust and surprise recognition. Positive reactivity and depression level predicted surprise recognition, with the associations significantly differing between the age groups. The present findings suggest the level to which older and young adults react to emotional stimuli differentially predicts their ability to correctly identify facial emotion expressions. Older adults with higher negative reactivity may be able to integrate their negative emotions effectively in order to recognize other's negative emotions more accurately. Alternatively, young adults may experience interference from negative reactivity, lowering their ability to recognize other's negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Hamlin
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Katrina Myers
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Brittany K. Taylor
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE
| | - Gaelle E. Doucet
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE
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4
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Mikels JA, Taullahu DB. Emotion, Aging, and Decision Making: A State of the Art Mini-Review. ADVANCES IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE AND RESEARCH 2023; 5:e230003. [PMID: 37216197 PMCID: PMC10193527 DOI: 10.20900/agmr20230003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, interest has begun to surge in understanding the role of emotion in decision making, and more recently in studies across the adult life span. Relevant to age-related changes in decision making, theoretical perspectives in judgment and decision making draw critical distinctions between deliberative versus intuitive/affective processes, as well as integral versus incidental affect. Empirical findings demonstrate the central role of affect in various decision-related domains such as framing and risk taking. To situate this review within an adult life-span context, we focus on theoretical perspectives in adult development regarding emotion and motivation. As a result of age differences in deliberative and emotional processes, taking a life-span perspective is critical to advance a comprehensive and grounded understanding of the role of affect in decision making. Age-related shifts in information processing from negative toward positive material also have consequential implications. By taking a life-span perspective, not only will decision theorists and researchers benefit, but so too will practitioners who encounter individuals of various ages as they make consequential decisions.
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5
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Ghafaji H, Nordenmark TH, Western E, Sorteberg W, Karic T, Sorteberg A. Coping strategies in patients with good outcome but chronic fatigue after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:1007-1019. [PMID: 36912975 PMCID: PMC10068657 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom among patients in the chronic phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) with no identified effective treatment. Cognitive therapy has been shown to have moderate effects on fatigue. Delineating the coping strategies used by patients with post-aSAH fatigue and relating them to fatigue severity and emotional symptoms could be a step towards developing a behavioural therapy for post-aSAH fatigue. METHODS Ninety-six good outcome patients with chronic post-aSAH fatigue answered the questionnaires Brief COPE, (a questionnaire defining 14 coping strategies and three Coping Styles), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The Brief COPE scores were compared with fatigue severity and emotional symptoms of the patients. RESULTS The prevailing coping strategies were "Acceptance", "Emotional Support", "Active Coping" and "Planning". "Acceptance" was the sole coping strategy that was significantly inversely related to levels of fatigue. Patients with the highest scores for mental fatigue and those with clinically significant emotional symptoms applied significantly more maladaptive avoidant strategies. Females and the youngest patients applied more "Problem-Focused" strategies. CONCLUSION A therapeutic behavioural model aiming at furthering "Acceptance" and reducing passivity and "Avoidant" strategies may contribute to alleviate post-aSAH fatigue in good outcome patients. Given the chronic nature of post-aSAH fatigue, neurosurgeons may encourage patients to accept their new situation so that they can start a process of positive reframing instead of being trapped in a spiral of futile loss of energy and secondary increased emotional burden and frustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Ghafaji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tonje Haug Nordenmark
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Western
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tanja Karic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angelika Sorteberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Assessing the Core Variables of Business Managers’ Intuitive Decision Ability: A Review and Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12110409. [DOI: 10.3390/bs12110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Business decisions are frequently based on informed intuition in contrast to a formal analysis. Early man used simple intuition, but through time knowledge increases allowed decision makers (DMs) to move to ‘objectively informed intuition’ (OII). This uses inherent and learnt cognition at both unconscious and conscious levels. A model of business OII is proposed and evaluated using as variables the managers’ personal characteristics and their unique set of objectives. The resultant equation allows assessing decision quality and provides a framework for DMs to work on improvements relative to their objectives. The literature suggests OII stems from a DM’s makeup (business related phenotype), training and experience in a dynamic trio leading to the defining equation. Analyses show business related phenotype is the most important determinant as well as confirming the proposed theory on the determinants of OII success. Practical methods of improving OII are reviewed, and issues worth further investigation outlined. This research is the first encompassing quantitative relationships explaining business OII quality thus enabling improving OII. Suggested further research may refine the equation and expand its core base. This work involves a range of disciplines as different aspects of human characteristics impact on how decisions are made.
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7
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Bailly N, Pothier K, Ouhmad N, Deperrois R, Cojean S, Combalbert N. Effects of gender and age on cognitive emotional regulation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Ikier S, Duman Ç. The happiest and the saddest autobiographical memories and aging. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Brinkhof LP, Huth KBS, Murre JMJ, de Wit S, Krugers HJ, Ridderinkhof KR. The Interplay Between Quality of Life and Resilience Factors in Later Life: A Network Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:752564. [PMID: 34867644 PMCID: PMC8634099 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related challenges and transitions can have considerable social, psychological, and physical consequences that may lead to significant changes in quality of life (QoL). As such, maintaining high levels of QoL in later life may crucially depend on the ability to demonstrate resilience (i.e., successful adaptation to late-life challenges). The current study set out to explore the interplay between several resilience factors, and how these contribute to the realization and maintenance of (different facets of) QoL. Based on the previous work, we identified behavioral coping, positive appraisal, self-management ability, and physical activity as key resilience factors. Their interplay with (various facets of) QoL, as measured with the WHOQOL-OLD, was established through network analysis. In a sample of community-dwelling older adults (55+; N=1,392), we found that QoL was most strongly (and directly) related to positive appraisal style and self-management ability. Among those, taking care of multifunctional resources (i.e., yielding various benefits at the same time) seemed to be crucial. It connected directly to "satisfaction with past, present, and future activities," a key facet of QoL with strong interconnections to other QoL facets. Our analysis also identified resilience factor(s) with the potential to promote QoL when targeted by training, intervention, or other experimental manipulation. The appropriate set of resilience factors to manipulate may depend on the goal and/or facet of QoL that one aims to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P. Brinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karoline B. S. Huth
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. Murre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Krugers
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K. Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Examination on how emotion regulation mediates the relationship between future time perspective and well-being: a counter-evidence to the socioemotional selectivity theory. Eur J Ageing 2020; 17:21-30. [PMID: 32158369 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-019-00522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that older people maintain higher well-being than younger people despite their physical and cognitive functioning declining with age. This paradoxical phenomenon has been explained by the socioemotional selectivity theory (SST), in which a limited future time perspective (FTP) is an antecedent that leads to higher well-being through the use of adaptive emotion regulation. However, few empirical studies have examined the mediation process assumed in the SST. Moreover, it is unclear whether time left in life (TLL), which was originally referred to in the SST and is thought to be a different concept from FTP, relates to emotion regulation and well-being. Therefore, the current study investigated how emotion regulation mediates the relationship between FTP, TLL, and well-being by using a cross-sectional questionnaire that was responded to by 1393 Japanese adults (age range 20-89 years, M = 54.23, SD = 19.01). The results of correlation and mediation analyses indicated that, in contrast to the assumption of the SST, limited (expanded) FTP and TLL generally lead to lower (higher) well-being through the mediation of maladaptive (adaptive) emotion regulation. Although there are some methodological limitations, the findings imply that the relationship between FTP, TLL, and emotion regulation that is assumed in the SST should be reconsidered and that TLL should be thought of as a distinct variable from FTP.
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11
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Allen RS, Oliver JS, Eichorst MK, Mieskowski L, Payne-Foster P, Sörensen S. Preparation and Planning for Future Care in the Deep South: Adapting a Validated Tool for Cultural Sensitivity. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2019; 59:e643-e652. [PMID: 30239703 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study describes the adaptation and validation of Sörensen et al. (2017)'s preparation for future care (PFC) scale with diverse samples including rural dwelling African Americans and certified nursing assistants (CNAs), and subsequent psychometric development. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Responses to the five-subscale PFC survey from 33 rural African American men across 12 months and cognitive interviews with a subset of 12 of these men are described. Psychometric refinement included descriptive qualitative analyses of consultations with experienced lay research advisors (N = 4 and N = 7) regarding potential changes to the PFC and a confirmatory factor analysis of the resultant scale (N = 138). RESULTS Cognitive interviews with rural African American men revealed difficulty understanding Eurocentric questions. Emergent themes included emotional avoidance of planning, considerations of nursing homes and possible care providers, and coping strategies. In two consultation meetings, trained lay research advisors recommended language modifications to the original questions and response options. Factor analyzing the resultant scale revealed support for the original subscale constructs (acceptable fit: χ2 = 205.03, df = 124, p < .001; root mean square error of approximation = .069 [.052-.085]; comparative fit index = .93; Tucker-Lewis index = .91). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS PFC and engagement in advance care planning is uncommon among African Americans, possibly due to distrust of and lack of cultural competency among health care professionals. The resulting tool and response options may be used as an interview guide/survey with African Americans to gain understanding about their preparation for future health care needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Allen
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.,Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - JoAnn S Oliver
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.,Capstone College of Nursing, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - Morgan K Eichorst
- Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Virginia
| | - Lisa Mieskowski
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.,Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - Pamela Payne-Foster
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.,Department of Community Medicine and Population Health, Institute for Rural Health Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - Silvia Sörensen
- Warner School for Education and Human Development, University of Rochester, New York
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12
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Die Bedeutung von Akzeptanz für psychische Probleme im höheren Lebensalter. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-019-0362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Zsoldos I, Fromant F, Hot P. Automatic and Controlled Emotion Regulation in Aging: The Case of Expressive Suppression. Exp Aging Res 2019; 45:135-153. [PMID: 30870105 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2019.1586121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background/Study Context: To explain the high levels of well-being reported by older adults, socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that emotion regulation becomes more automated with age. Hence, the objective of the present study was to determine whether automatic emotion regulation becomes indeed more efficient with age, as controlled regulation becomes less efficient. We tested this hypothesis with regard to a specific emotion regulation strategy, expressive suppression, and a discrete emotion: disgust. METHODS Disgusting videos were presented to 74 young adults (mean (SD) age: 20.1 (1.8)) and 52 older adults (mean (SD) age: 73.6 (9.3)), randomly assigned to one of three conditions: the control condition, the implicit condition (assessing automatic suppression), and the explicit condition (assessing controlled suppression). The disgust expressed and the disgust felt were analyzed separately with factorial analyses of variance that included age group and regulation condition as between-subject variables. RESULTS Our results suggest that automatic and controlled expressive suppression may both be altered in healthy aging. Relative to young adults, older adults do not suppress their facial expressions as much but report feeling less disgust. CONCLUSION Expressive suppression may not become more automated with age. However, the older adults' ability to suppress facial expressions did not appear to be directly associated with the intensity of their emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zsoldos
- a LPNC UMR CNRS , Université Savoie Mont Blanc , Chambéry , France
| | - Florine Fromant
- a LPNC UMR CNRS , Université Savoie Mont Blanc , Chambéry , France
| | - Pascal Hot
- a LPNC UMR CNRS , Université Savoie Mont Blanc , Chambéry , France
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14
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Nieto M, Romero D, Ros L, Zabala C, Martínez M, Ricarte JJ, Serrano JP, Latorre JM. Differences in Coping Strategies Between Young and Older Adults: The Role of Executive Functions. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2019; 90:28-49. [DOI: 10.1177/0091415018822040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) have been identified as processes in the ability to select and apply adaptive strategies for coping with stress. This study compares executive functioning, short-term memory, and coping in a sample of young and older adults with no prior diagnosis of depression and with normal cognitive function ( N = 216). The study collected measures of depression, EFs, short-term memory, and coping. Young participants scored higher than older adults on EFs and short-term memory. Moreover, in young adults, there was a prevalence of avoidance coping strategies. Scores on depressive symptomatology were found to be related to avoidant coping strategies. Older adults with higher score on inhibition used less avoidant coping. Thus, it seems that executive deficits might contribute to depression, as they affect processes for coping with stress. This finding may have implications for the role of EFs and coping in psychological well-being and successful adaptation of individuals to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Dulce Romero
- Occupational Therapy Division, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen Zabala
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuela Martínez
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge J. Ricarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan P. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose M. Latorre
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
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15
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Abstract
All people want to age "successfully," maintaining functional capacity and quality of life as they reach advanced age. Achieving this goal depends on preserving optimal cognitive and brain functioning. Yet, significant individual differences exist in this regard. Some older adults continue to retain most cognitive abilities throughout their lifetime. Others experience declines in cognitive and functional capacity that range from mild decrements in certain cognitive functions over time to severe dementia among those with neurodegenerative diseases. Even among relatively healthy "successful agers," certain cognitive functions are reduced from earlier levels. This is particularly true for cognitive functions that are dependent on cognitive processing speed and efficiency. Working memory and executive and attentional functions tend to be most vulnerable. Learning and memory functions are also usually reduced, although in the absence of neurodegenerative disease learning and retrieval efficiency rather than memory storage are affected. Other functions, such as visual perception, language, semantics, and knowledge, are often well preserved. Structural, functional, and physiologic/metabolic brain changes correspond with age-associated cognitive decline. Physiologic and metabolic mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, may contribute to these changes, along with the contribution of comorbidities that secondarily affect the brain of older adults. Cognitive frailty often corresponds with physical frailty, both affected by multiple exogenous and endogenous factors. Neuropsychologic assessment provides a way of measuring the cognitive and functional status of older adults, which is useful for monitoring changes that may be occurring. Neuroimaging is also useful for characterizing age-associated structural, functional, physiologic, and metabolic brain changes, including alterations in cerebral blood flow and metabolite concentrations. Some interventions that may enhance cognitive function, such as cognitive training, neuromodulation, and pharmacologic approaches, exist or are being developed. Yet, preventing, slowing, and reversing the adverse effects of cognitive aging remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Michael M Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Glenn E Smith
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Gurera JW, Isaacowitz DM. Emotion regulation and emotion perception in aging: A perspective on age-related differences and similarities. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:329-351. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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17
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Beitler LA, Scherer S, Zapf D. Interpersonal conflict at work: Age and emotional competence differences in conflict management. ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2041386618808346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has illustrated that older workers have high emotional competence (EC) that could enable them to effectively manage interpersonal conflict. However, it is still unclear whether age, potentially via EC, also influences a variety of conflict management behaviors. To address this question, we present a systematic review of the literature on the direct relationships between age, EC, and conflict management, and on EC as a potential mediator. We classify conflict management behaviors using the dual concern model (e.g., De Dreu, Evers, Beersma, Kluwer, & Nauta, 2001), and identified 15 studies on age-related conflict management, and 14 studies on EC and conflict management. Unfortunately, we found that none of the previous studies examined EC as a mediator between age and conflict behaviors. Overall, our review does reveal a positive age trend for EC, avoiding, compromising, and problem-solving, and a negative age trend for forcing. Additionally, EC seems to be positively related to problem-solving, compromising, and yielding. We discuss potential moderators and the role of EC as a potential mediator.
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Moore JT, Skinner MA. Treatment Mechanisms With Homeless Veterans. J Dual Diagn 2017; 13:291-297. [PMID: 29120268 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2017.1363448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation and social processes that longitudinally predict depressive symptom change have not yet been investigated as mechanisms of change within a residential treatment context for homeless veterans with substance use issues. METHODS A longitudinal data analysis of 186 homeless veterans enrolled in a six-month residential rehabilitation and addiction treatment program was conducted to investigate the role of six different emotion regulation variables as well the impact of two relationship quality constructs when measured at three time points across treatment. RESULTS A large effect size reduction in depressive symptoms occurred during treatment (η2 = .233), and further analyses revealed that early treatment changes in a single subtype of emotion regulation, one's ability to tolerate distress while engaging in goal-directed behavior, was the only mechanism that preceded continued reductions in depressive symptoms later in treatment (β = .13, p < .001). Social mechanisms of change were not strong predictors of depressive symptom reduction. CONCLUSIONS Distress tolerance skills, psychoeducation on the habituation process, and focusing on goal achievement may be particularly beneficial when treating substance use issues in homeless veterans who are also experiencing depressive symptoms during residential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon T Moore
- a Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System-American Lake Division , Tacoma , Washington , USA.,b Independent practice , Fircrest , Washington , USA
| | - Michelle A Skinner
- c Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System-Menlo Park Division , Menlo Park , California , USA
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Villada C, Espin L, Hidalgo V, Rubagotti S, Sgoifo A, Salvador A. The influence of coping strategies and behavior on the physiological response to social stress in women: The role of age and menstrual cycle phase. Physiol Behav 2017; 170:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Neysari M, Bodenmann G, Mehl MR, Bernecker K, Nussbeck FW, Backes S, Zemp M, Martin M, Horn AB. Monitoring Pronouns in Conflicts. GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Conflict communication represents a basic process for the quality of intimate relationships, which is fundamental to well-being over the lifespan. This study investigates the temporal unfolding of different relational perspectives during a conflict situation by monitoring pronoun use in young, middle-aged, and old couples within the theoretical framework of Gottman’s phases of conflict. Our results reveal different trajectories of “I”-, “you”-, and “we”-talk over a conflict conversation in both partners. These trajectories differ between females and males. Furthermore, “you”-talk and “we”-talk differed among the age groups over time. Understanding the temporal dynamics of marital communication as reflected by pronoun use seems promising for a better understanding of conflict related processes in couples over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Neysari
- , Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bodenmann
- , Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Backes
- , Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Zemp
- , Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mike Martin
- , Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea B. Horn
- , Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Arutyunova KR, Alexandrov YI, Hauser MD. Sociocultural Influences on Moral Judgments: East-West, Male-Female, and Young-Old. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1334. [PMID: 27656155 PMCID: PMC5011137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender, age, and culturally specific beliefs are often considered relevant to observed variation in social interactions. At present, however, the scientific literature is mixed with respect to the significance of these factors in guiding moral judgments. In this study, we explore the role of each of these factors in moral judgment by presenting the results of a web-based study of Eastern (i.e., Russia) and Western (i.e., USA, UK, Canada) subjects, male and female, and young and old. Participants (n = 659) responded to hypothetical moral scenarios describing situations where sacrificing one life resulted in saving five others. Though men and women from both types of cultures judged (1) harms caused by action as less permissible than harms caused by omission, (2) means-based harms as less permissible than side-effects, and (3) harms caused by contact as less permissible than by non-contact, men in both cultures delivered more utilitarian judgments (save the five, sacrifice one) than women. Moreover, men from Western cultures were more utilitarian than Russian men, with no differences observed for women. In both cultures, older participants delivered less utilitarian judgments than younger participants. These results suggest that certain core principles may mediate moral judgments across different societies, implying some degree of universality, while also allowing a limited range of variation due to sociocultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina R Arutyunova
- Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology - Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri I Alexandrov
- Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology - Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia; Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscow, Russia
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Gaffey AE, Bergeman CS, Clark LA, Wirth MM. Aging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:928-945. [PMID: 27377692 PMCID: PMC5621604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function may change over the course of aging, and altered diurnal or stress-induced secretion of the hormone cortisol could predispose older adults to negative health outcomes. We propose that psychological resilience may interact with diurnal cortisol to affect health outcomes later in life. Emotion regulation and social support are two constructs that contribute to resilience and exhibit age-specific patterns in older adults. Determining how the use of resilience resources interacts with age-related diurnal cortisol will improve our understanding of the pathways between stress, resilience, and well-being. In this review, we assess published studies evaluating diurnal cortisol in older adults to better understand differences in their HPA axis functioning. Evidence thus far suggests that diurnal cortisol may increase with age, although cross-sectional studies limit the conclusions that can be drawn. We also review extant evidence connecting age-specific signatures of emotion regulation and social support with diurnal cortisol. Conclusions are used to propose a preliminary model demonstrating how resilience resources may modulate the effects of cortisol on health in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Gaffey
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
| | - C S Bergeman
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Lee Anna Clark
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Michelle M Wirth
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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Strough J, Cheng S, Swenson LM. Preferences for collaborative and individual everyday problem solving in later adulthood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250143000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual and contextual predictors of preferences for solving everyday problems alone and in collaboration with others were investigated in a sample community-dwelling older adults ( M age = 71.80 years, SD = 5.78, range = 56–87, 51 men, 56 women). Gender differences in problem-solving preferences were found in gender-stereotyped domains (e.g., meal-preparation; house repair). In several problem domains, more positive social comparisons of problem-solving ability were related to greater preferences for solving problems alone and lesser preferences for solving problems with others. Marital status, temporal comparisons of ability, and perceived health and control were related to problem-solving preferences in some problem domains. Results are discussed from a contextual perspective that focuses on the fit between individuals’ personal and social resources and their preferred approaches to solving everyday problems.
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Meegan SP, Berg CA. Contexts, functions, forms, and processes of collaborative everyday problem solving in older adulthood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250143000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews the extant literature on collaborative everyday problem solving in older adulthood and explicates the contexts, functions, forms, and processes of collaboration in daily life. In this review, we examine collaboration as it occurs in the daily lives of older adults in addition to the specified intelligence-like tasks more typical of the current literature. Drawing from multiple literatures that have examined collaboration, including sociocultural perspectives within child development, life-span cognition, educational psychology, and social psychology, we illuminate the changing contexts of collaboration across the life span and examine the role of potential collaborators, the multiplicity of forms and functions of collaboration, and the social processes that may facilitate or hinder collaborative performance.
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25
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Berg CA, Meegan SP, Klaczynski P. Age and Experiential Differences in Strategy Generation and Information Requests for Solving Everyday Problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/016502599383720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of experience in understanding age differences in strategy generation and information requests for solving everyday problems was explored in young and older adults. Participants received three hypothetical problems dealing with going to doctor’s offices and going to dinner parties and were probed extensively for their strategies and information they would like to solve the problems. Experience with these two domains was assessed by participants’ reports of their experience, script knowledge, and the presence of experience in problem definitions. No age differences were found in these experience measures. Age differences were found in the number of strategies generated and the amount of information requested to solve the problem. Two patterns of everyday problem solving were uncovered: an exhaustive style (involving inferential problem definition, elaborate strategy generation, and information requests); and an experiential style (involving experiential problem definition, less strategy generation, and fewer information requests). The results are interpreted within a model that uses individuals’ problem definitions to understand multiple aspects of everyday problem-solving performance.
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26
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Goodnow JJ, Lawrence JA, Ryan J, Karantzas G, King K. Extending studies of collaborative cognition by way of care giving situations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250143000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Care giving situations contain several features that offer opportunities for expanding the way that collaborative cognition is conceptualised and explored. These features are the presence of several possible contributors, more than one kind of change in participation, distinctions drawn among parts of a task, and differences in understanding based on interests. All represent departures from the traditional focus on dyads, tasks that emphasise one kind of change only, single problems, and differences in competence or expertise. All are also features likely to be found in everyday problem solving. Study 1 focuses on family contributions, based on reports by care givers about their current situation and their preferences for the involvement of other family members. Study 2 presents a standard family scenario and focuses on the views held by care givers, older adults, and community nurses about the reasonableness of various changes in participation. Results are discussed in terms of the ways situations such as care giving can help build a richer picture of collaborative cognition, one that is applicable to a variety of tasks and to all parts of the life span.
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Blanchard-Fields F, Hertzog C. Introduction to the Special Section on Cognition in Everyday Life: Adult Developmental Aspects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/016502599383685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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28
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Berg CA, Meegan SP, Deviney FP. A Social-contextual Model of Coping with Everyday Problems across the Lifespan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/016502598384360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes a social-contextual model of the process whereby individuals in connection with others anticipate and cope with everyday life problems. From this model, appraisal and stress are conceptualised at a variety of levels, ranging from solely individual appraisal of everyday problems to integrated and shared relational appraisal by a social unit. Coping efforts likewise range from solely individual efforts to highly collaborative efforts. Our developmental work on everyday problem solving is used to illustrate how coping efforts are embedded in a rich social context, are appraised within that context, and frequently involve the use of others in ways that extend beyond using individuals for support. Our work suggests a reorientation of stress and coping research away from documenting general developmental differences in coping strategies to understanding the process whereby individuals and others in their social context anticipate and cope with everyday life problems. We suggest that this process is a dynamic one in which microdevelopmental change across a current coping situation and macrodevelopmental change across the lifespan are examined.
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29
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Strough J, Margrett J. Overview of the special section on collaborative cognition in later adulthood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250143000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Despite cognitive declines that occur with aging, older adults solve emotionally salient and interpersonal problems in more effective ways than young adults do. I review evidence suggesting that older adults (a) tailor their strategies to the contextual features of the problem and (b) effectively use a combination of instrumental and emotion-regulation strategies. I identify factors of problem-solving contexts that affect what types of problem-solving strategies will be effective. Finally, I discuss how this identification of factors affects what we know about developmental differences in everyday problem-solving competence.
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31
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Peters E, Hess TM, Västfjäll D, Auman C. Adult Age Differences in Dual Information Processes: Implications for the Role of Affective and Deliberative Processes in Older Adults' Decision Making. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:1-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Age differences in affective/experiential and deliberative processes have important theoretical implications for judgment and decision theory and important pragmatic implications for older-adult decision making. Age-related declines in the efficiency of deliberative processes predict poorer-quality decisions as we age. However, age-related adaptive processes, including motivated selectivity in the use of deliberative capacity, an increased focus on emotional goals, and greater experience, predict better or worse decisions for older adults depending on the situation. The aim of the current review is to examine adult age differences in affective and deliberative information processes in order to understand their potential impact on judgments and decisions. We review evidence for the role of these dual processes in judgment and decision making and then review two representative life-span perspectives (based on aging-related changes to cognitive or motivational processes) on the interplay between these processes. We present relevant predictions for older-adult decisions and make note of contradictions and gaps that currently exist in the literature. Finally, we review the sparse evidence about age differences in decision making and how theories and findings regarding dual processes could be applied to decision theory and decision aiding. In particular, we focus on prospect theory ( Kahneman & Tversky, 1979 ) and how prospect theory and theories regarding age differences in information processing can inform one another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Decision Research, Eugene, Oregon
- Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
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32
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Garofalo C, Velotti P, Zavattini GC. Emotion dysregulation and hypersexuality: review and clinical implications. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2015.1062855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ho HCY, Yeung DY. Effects of occupational future time perspective on managing stressful work situations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 51:261-8. [PMID: 25623057 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen, 2006), older adults perceive their future time as increasingly limited, which motivates them to focus more on emotional goals and prefer passive emotion-focused strategies. This study aims to investigate the effect of occupational future time perspective (OFTP) on the use of problem-solving strategies in stressful work situations and to examine the effectiveness of these strategies on psychological well-being. A sample of 199 Chinese clerical workers responded to a structured questionnaire on problem-solving strategy use in relation to hypothetical work scenarios. Results revealed that relative to those with limited OFTP, workers with expansive OFTP preferred problem-focused and proactive strategies in both low- and high-emotionally salient scenarios. Workers with limited OFTP consistently preferred passive strategies irrespective of emotional salience. OFTP moderated the effect of problem-focused strategies on psychological distress. In particular, there was a significant negative relationship between problem-focused strategies and psychological distress among workers with expansive OFTP, but such pattern of relationship was not observed among workers with limited OFTP. Findings of this study inform the training strategies employed by practitioners to fit the developmental goals of workers in order to maximise their strengths at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Y Ho
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dannii Y Yeung
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Madore KP, Schacter DL. An episodic specificity induction enhances means-end problem solving in young and older adults. Psychol Aging 2014; 29:913-24. [PMID: 25365688 DOI: 10.1037/a0038209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory plays an important role not only in remembering past experiences, but also in constructing simulations of future experiences and solving means-end social problems. We recently found that an episodic specificity induction-brief training in recollecting details of past experiences-enhances performance of young and older adults on memory and imagination tasks. Here we tested the hypothesis that this specificity induction would also positively impact a means-end problem-solving task on which age-related changes have been linked to impaired episodic memory. Young and older adults received the specificity induction or a control induction before completing a means-end problem-solving task, as well as memory and imagination tasks. Consistent with previous findings, older adults provided fewer relevant steps on problem solving than did young adults, and their responses also contained fewer internal (i.e., episodic) details across the 3 tasks. There was no difference in the number of other (e.g., irrelevant) steps on problem solving or external (i.e., semantic) details generated on the 3 tasks as a function of age. Critically, the specificity induction increased the number of relevant steps and internal details (but not other steps or external details) that both young and older adults generated in problem solving compared with the control induction, as well as the number of internal details (but not external details) generated for memory and imagination. Our findings support the idea that episodic retrieval processes are involved in means-end problem solving, extend the range of tasks on which a specificity induction targets these processes, and show that the problem-solving performance of older adults can benefit from a specificity induction as much as that of young adults.
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Grossmann I, Kross E. Exploring Solomon’s Paradox: Self-Distancing Eliminates the Self-Other Asymmetry in Wise Reasoning About Close Relationships in Younger and Older Adults. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:1571-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797614535400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Are people wiser when reflecting on other people’s problems compared with their own? If so, does self-distancing eliminate this asymmetry in wise reasoning? In three experiments ( N = 693), participants displayed wiser reasoning (i.e., recognizing the limits of their knowledge and the importance of compromise and future change, considering other people’s perspectives) about another person’s problems compared with their own. Across Studies 2 and 3, instructing individuals to s elf-distance (rather than self-immerse) eliminated this asymmetry. Study 3 demonstrated that each of these effects was comparable for younger (20–40 years) and older (60–80 years) adults. Thus, contrary to the adage “with age comes wisdom,” our findings suggest that there are no age differences in wise reasoning about personal conflicts, and that the effects of self-distancing generalize across age cohorts. These findings highlight the role that self-distancing plays in allowing people to overcome a pervasive asymmetry that characterizes wise reasoning.
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Thomas S, Kunzmann U. Age differences in wisdom-related knowledge: does the age relevance of the task matter? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2013; 69:897-905. [PMID: 24013799 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbt076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contrary to lay theories, past work does not suggest robust age differences in wisdom-related knowledge across the adult life span. This study investigated a potential moderator of age differences in wisdom-related knowledge: The age relevance of a given wisdom task. METHOD To test this moderator, 192 participants covering the adult life span were asked to think aloud about a traditional vignette-based wisdom task with no particular age relevance and about newly developed tasks of problems that arguably are particularly salient in young adulthood, namely, marital conflicts. These tasks were presented as vignette and as naturalistic video clips. RESULTS Replicating earlier work, there were no linear age differences in wisdom-related knowledge as elicited by the traditional age-neutral wisdom task. However, both vignette-based and video-based tasks about marital conflict elicited greater wisdom-related knowledge in younger than in older adults. Young adults' greater actual experience and openness to marital conflict contributed to these age differences. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence for the idea that age differences in wise reasoning about fundamental life issues depend on the relevance of age-normative problems in individuals' own lives. This suggests that any phase of life offers opportunities for the attainment of wisdom-related strengths as long as an individual is willing and able to actively engage in life's ongoing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Kunzmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Landis M, Peter-Wight M, Martin M, Bodenmann G. Dyadic Coping and Marital Satisfaction of Older Spouses in Long-Term Marriage. GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the association between coping behavior and their relationship satisfaction in older spousal dyads. We examined N = 132 couples (M age = 68 years) and found that their dyadic coping strategies – a prime indicator of functional adaptation to daily stress in marital context – were significantly linked to relationship satisfaction. Our findings suggest that the partners’ subjective perception of their spouses’ supportive behavior was more strongly linked to their relationship satisfaction than self-reported support. Furthermore, individual support perception was more important for marital satisfaction than coping congruency. Overall, the dyadic coping of older adults may serve as an effective tool to stabilize relationship satisfaction when facing the challenges of older age and long-term marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Landis
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mike Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bodenmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Yeung DY, Fung HH, Kam C. Age differences in problem solving strategies: The mediating role of future time perspective. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lockenhoff CE, Cook MA, Anderson JF, Zayas V. Age Differences in Responses to Progressive Social Exclusion: The Role of Cognition and Socioemotional Functioning. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2012; 68:13-22. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbs042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper reviews age differences in emotion processing and how they may relate to age-related changes in the brain. Compared with younger adults, older adults react less to negative situations, ignore irrelevant negative stimuli better, and remember relatively more positive than negative information. Older adults' ability to insulate their thoughts and emotional reactions from negative situations is likely due to a number of factors, such as being less influenced by interoceptive cues, selecting different emotion regulation strategies, having less age-related decline in prefrontal regions associated with emotional control than in other prefrontal regions, and engaging in emotion regulation strategies as a default mode in their everyday lives. Healthy older adults' avoidance of processing negative stimuli may contribute to their well-maintained emotional well-being. However, when cardiovascular disease leads to additional prefrontal white matter damage, older adults have fewer cognitive control mechanisms available to regulate their emotions, making them more vulnerable to depression. In general, although age-related changes in the brain help shape emotional experience, shifts in preferred strategies and goal priorities are also important influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- The USC Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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41
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Slyter M. Creative Counseling Interventions for Grieving Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CREATIVITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15401383.2012.657593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mienaltowski A. Everyday problem solving across the adult life span: solution diversity and efficacy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1235:75-85. [PMID: 22023569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Everyday problem solving involves examining the solutions that individuals generate when faced with problems that take place in their everyday experiences. Problems can range from medication adherence and meal preparation to disagreeing with a physician over a recommended medical procedure or compromising with extended family members over where to host Thanksgiving dinner. Across the life span, research has demonstrated divergent patterns of change in performance based on the type of everyday problems used as well as based on the way that problem-solving efficacy is operationally defined. Advancing age is associated with worsening performance when tasks involve single-solution or fluency-based definitions of effectiveness. However, when efficacy is defined in terms of the diversity of strategies used, as well as by the social and emotional impact of solution choice on the individual, performance is remarkably stable and sometimes even improves in the latter half of life. This article discusses how both of these approaches to everyday problem solving inform research on the influence that aging has on everyday functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mienaltowski
- Center for the Study of Lifespan Development, Psychology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA.
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Löckenhoff CE. Age, time, and decision making: from processing speed to global time horizons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1235:44-56. [PMID: 22023567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Time and time perceptions are integral to decision making because any meaningful choice is embedded in a temporal context and requires the evaluation of future preferences and outcomes. The present review examines the influence of chronological age on time perceptions and horizons and discusses implications for decision making across the life span. Time influences and interacts with decision making in multiple ways. Specifically, this review examines the following topic areas: (1) processing speed and decision time, (2) internal clocks and time estimation, (3) mental representations of future time and intertemporal choice, and (4) global time horizons. For each aspect, patterns of age differences and implications for decision strategies and quality are discussed. The conclusion proposes frameworks to integrate different lines of research and identifies promising avenues for future inquiry.
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Orgeta V. Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in late adulthood. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:1019-23. [PMID: 21813262 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the important role of emotion dysregulation in the occurrence and maintenance of anxiety symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety symptoms and older adults' ability to regulate emotional experiences. A total of 167 community dwelling older adults completed self-report measures of affect and were asked to report how often they use specific emotion regulation strategies. Consistent with previous theories older adults experiencing increasing levels of anxiety reported greater difficulties in regulating emotional responses. Present results provide support for previous findings demonstrating that experiencing anxiety symptoms affects the ability to regulate emotional experiences. Current findings are likely to be informative in terms of understanding emotion dysregulation in older adults at risk of experiencing clinical symptoms of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Orgeta
- University College London, Department of Mental Health Sciences, 67-73 Riding House Street, 2nd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7EJ, UK.
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45
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Horhota M, Mienaltowski A, Blanchard-Fields F. If only I had taken my usual route…: age-related differences in counter-factual thinking. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2011; 19:339-61. [PMID: 22043836 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.615904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that young adults can shift between rational and experiential modes of thinking when forming social judgments. The present study examines whether older adults demonstrate this flexibility in thinking. Young and older adults completed an If-only task adapted from Epstein, Lipson, and Huh's (1992 , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 328) examination of individuals' ability to adopt rational or experiential modes of thought while making a judgment about characters who experience a negative event that could have been avoided. Consistent with our expectations for their judgments of the characters, young adults shifted between experiential and rational modes of thought when instructed to do so. Conversely, regardless of the mode of thought being used or the order with which they adopted the different modes of thought (i.e., shifting from experiential to rational in Study 1 and from rational to experiential in Study 2), older adults consistently offered judgments and justifications that reflected a preference for experiential-based thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Horhota
- Psychology Department, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has highlighted the important role of emotion dysregulation in the occurrence and maintenance of depressive symptomatology. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test the effects of mild depressive symptoms (MDS) on older adults' ability to regulate emotional experiences. METHOD A total of 70 community dwelling older adults completed self-report measures of affect and were asked to report how often they use specific emotion regulation strategies. RESULTS Consistent with previous theories older adults experiencing MDS reported greater difficulties in regulating affect compared to normal controls (NCs). CONCLUSION The present results provide support for previous findings demonstrating that experiencing depressive symptoms affects the ability to regulate emotional responses. Current findings are likely to be informative in terms of understanding emotion dysregulation in older adults at risk of experiencing clinical symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Orgeta
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, UK.
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Isaacowitz DM, Riediger M. When age matters: Developmental perspectives on "cognition and emotion". Cogn Emot 2011; 25:957-67. [PMID: 21614703 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.561575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rendell PG, Phillips LH, Henry JD, Brumby-Rendell T, de la Piedad Garcia X, Altgassen M, Kliegel M. Prospective memory, emotional valence and ageing. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:916-25. [PMID: 21824029 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.508610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotional factors have been found to be an important influence on memory. The current study investigated the influence of emotional salience and age on a laboratory measure of prospective memory (PM); Virtual Week. Thirty young and 30 old adults completed Virtual Week, in which the emotional salience of the tasks at encoding was manipulated to be positive, negative or neutral in content. For event-based, but not time-based tasks, positivity enhancement in both age groups was seen, with a greater number of positive PM tasks being performed relative to neutral tasks. There was no negativity enhancement effect. Older adults showed generally poorer levels of PM, but they also demonstrated greater beneficial effects of positive valence compared to young. These effects of emotion on PM accuracy do not appear to reflect the retrospective component of the task as a different pattern of emotion effects was seen on the recall of PM content. Results indicate that older adults' difficulties in prospective remembering can be reduced where the tasks to be remembered are positive.
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Charles ST. Strength and vulnerability integration: a model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychol Bull 2010; 136:1068-91. [PMID: 21038939 PMCID: PMC3059514 DOI: 10.1037/a0021232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The following article presents the theoretical model of strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI) to explain factors that influence emotion regulation and emotional well-being across adulthood. The model posits that trajectories of adult development are marked by age-related enhancement in the use of strategies that serve to avoid or limit exposure to negative stimuli but by age-related vulnerabilities in situations that elicit high levels of sustained emotional arousal. When older adults avoid or reduce exposure to emotional distress, they often respond better than younger adults; when they experience high levels of sustained emotional arousal, however, age-related advantages in emotional well-being are attenuated, and older adults are hypothesized to have greater difficulties returning to homeostasis. SAVI provides a testable model to understand the literature on emotion and aging and to predict trajectories of emotional experience across the adult life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Turk Charles
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, 4201 Social Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-7085, USA.
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Worry, emotion control, and anxiety control in older and young adults. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:759-66. [PMID: 20708492 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Young adults worry more than older adults; however, few studies have examined why age differences may exist in the frequency of worry. The present study aimed to identify age differences in worry frequency, and examine the relation of age and worry to control over one's emotions and control over anxiety. Older adults worried less often than young adults; however, young women worried more often than young men and older adults. Also, young women reported less control over their anxiety and less control over the external signs of their emotions compared to young men and older adults. Worriers had less perceived control over their anxiety, less control over the inner experience of emotions, and less control over the external signs of emotion.
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