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Wang K, Xu L, Huang T, Meng F, Yang Q, Deng Z, Chen Y, Chen G, Wang P, Qian J, Jiang X, Xie C. Food-related inhibitory control deficits in young male adults with obesity: Behavioral and ERP evidence from a food-related go/no-go task. Physiol Behav 2024; 281:114573. [PMID: 38685523 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity poses a pervasive challenge to global public health, which is linked to adverse physical health outcomes and cognitive decline. Cognitive function, particularly food-related cognitive function, plays a critical role in sustaining a healthy weight and mitigating the progression of obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioral and neuroelectronic aspects of food-related inhibitory functions in young adult males with obesity. METHODS Forty-nine participants with obesity and healthy-weight were recruited (BMI = 35.83 ± 5.06 kg/m2 vs. 22.55 ± 1.73 kg/m2, age = 24.23 ± 4.55 years vs. 26.00 ± 3.97 years). A food-related Go/No-go task which included 6 distinct blocks in a randomized order was conducted to investigate the general and food-related inhibitory control. 180 stimulus images from the Food Picture Database encompassing high-calorie food, low-calorie food, and neutral images were selected. Behavioral (Go RT, Go ACC, No-go ACC) and event-related potential measures (N2 and P3 amplitude) during the food-related Go/No-go task were measured. RESULTS The main findings indicated that the group with obesity exhibited lower No-go accuracy, slower go reaction times, and smaller P3 amplitudes in high-calorie, low-calorie foods, and neutral picture, compared to the normal-weight group, but with no group difference in N2. Additionally, high-calorie food induced larger N2 and P3 amplitude than the neutral stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Young male adults with obesity exhibit poorer inhibitory control in both food and non-food domains, specifically in slower reaction time and reduced accuracy, featuring difficulties in neural resource recruitment during the inhibitory control process. Additionally, the P3 component could serve as sensitive indicators to reveal the neural mechanisms of inhibitory control deficits in obesity, while the N2 and P3 components may differentiate the neural differences between high-calorie foods and non-foods in inhibitory control processing. Food, especially high-calorie food, induces more neural resources and may exacerbate the poor inhibitory ability towards food in obesity. Targeted interventions such as exercise interventions, cognitive training as well as neuromodulation interventions are warranted in the future to improve impaired general and food-related inhibitory functions in the obese populations, offering both theoretical and practical frameworks for obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanying Meng
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Qin Yang
- International College of Football, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangyan Deng
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guozhuang Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peisi Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Qian
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyong Jiang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Xie
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Porche S, Gardner B. Reflective and non-reflective influences on cannabis use among undergraduate students: A qualitative study. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:328-334. [PMID: 35157557 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2034835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Around 40% of US university students use cannabis, 25% of whom present with cannabis use disorder, which endangers health. We investigated the concurrent contribution of reflective processes, which generate action via conscious deliberation, and non-reflective processes, which prompt behavior automatically, to undergraduates' cannabis consumption. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen UK undergraduates who regularly consume cannabis (11 female, 7 male; mean age 20 y). METHODS Semi-structured interviews explored cannabis motives, routines, cues, and decision points. Thematic analysis identified themes, in each of which reflective and non-reflective dimensions were coded. RESULTS Four themes were identified: cannabis use for relaxation, social bonding, and symbolic-affective significance, and contexts and triggers. Some influences guided cannabis use reflectively in some settings, and non-reflectively in others. Even when cannabis use was consciously driven, non-reflective processes were deployed to execute subservient acts, such as rolling joints. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight specific processes and pathways that might be targeted to reduce cannabis-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Porche
- Department of Psychology, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Psychology, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Karoly HC, Prince MA, Emery NN, Smith EE, Piercey CJ, Conner BT. Protocol for a mobile laboratory study of co-administration of cannabis concentrates with a standard alcohol dose in humans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277123. [PMID: 36327298 PMCID: PMC9632794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is commonly used among people who drink alcohol, yet evidence on acute effects of co-use is conflicting. Two important variables that may influence the effects of cannabis and alcohol are cannabinoid content (i.e., the ratio of cannabidiol [CBD] and 9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) as well as the order of use (i.e., cannabis before alcohol vs. alcohol before cannabis). Research is mixed regarding the acute imapct of cannabis on alcohol consumption and intoxication, with some studies suggesting additive effects of alcohol and cannabis, and others demonstrating negligible effects of combining these substances. Further complicating this, high-THC-content cannabis concentrates are increasingly popular on the legal-market, but to our knowledge, no studies have explored concentrate and alcohol co-use. In addition to cannabinoid content, order of use may influence intoxication and other acute effects, but is also understudied. Co-use studies typically administer a fixed dose of alcohol before cannabis, and there is a lack of data on the acute effects of cannabis before alcohol. Thus, there is a need for experimental co-use studies exploring the impact of cannabinoid content (particularly of highly potent cannabis concentrates) and order effects on intoxication. This study uses a federally-compliant mobile laboratory procedure to explore the effects of co-administration of legal-market cannabis concentrates with a moderate alcohol dose (.8g/kg) in a sample of community participants who regularly use alcohol and cannabis. The study will also explore alcohol and cannabis order effects (cannabis before alcohol vs. alcohol before cannabis). Outcomes are objective intoxication (measured using blood cannabinoid level, heart rate, psychomotor performance and breath alcohol level [BrAC]) and subjective intoxication (assessed via self-report measures). Overall, this study may influence harm-reduction recommendations for individuals who drink alcohol and use cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C. Karoly
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark A. Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Noah N. Emery
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emma E. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cianna J. Piercey
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bradley T. Conner
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Macatee RJ, Carr M, Afshar K, Preston TJ. Development and validation of a cannabis cue stimulus set. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106643. [PMID: 32977269 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regular cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) have become increasingly prevalent in the United States over the past two decades. Theory and empirical data suggest that the incentive salience of cannabis cues is important to the development and chronicity of CUD. Cannabis cue incentive salience is often assessed with a cannabis cue reactivity paradigm wherein cannabis-related and neutral images are presented. However, prior cannabis cue reactivity studies have been limited by the use of heterogeneous stimuli that were not properly characterized across motivational/affective characteristics, physical image attributes, or non-cannabis-related salient image features (e.g., human presence, face visibility). In order to increase standardization and flexibility of future cannabis cue reactivity tasks, the aim of the present study was to develop and validate a cannabis cue and matched neutral image database comprised of motivational/affective ratings as well as physical image attributes. 234 regular cannabis users varying in primary use method (i.e., bowl, blunt/joint, bong, vaporizer) made motivational (i.e., urge to smoke cannabis) and affective (i.e., arousal, valence) ratings of cannabis-related and neutral images matched on salient, non-cannabis-related features. Physical features (hue, saturation, value) of each image were also analyzed. Motivational/affective ratings of cannabis-related and neutral images differed as expected, and cannabis use frequency and cannabis craving correlations with cannabis image ratings generally supported stimulus validity. Motivational/affective ratings did not significantly differ across cannabis use method-specific images. This database may be a useful tool for future behavioral and neuroscience research on cannabis cue reactivity.
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Karoly HC, Schacht JP, Meredith LR, Jacobus J, Tapert SF, Gray KM, Squeglia LM. Investigating a novel fMRI cannabis cue reactivity task in youth. Addict Behav 2019; 89:20-28. [PMID: 30243035 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult and adolescent studies suggest increased motivational responses to cannabis cues among regular cannabis users. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have not explored neural activation in response to visual cannabis cues among adolescents in the United States. Gaining a better understanding of the neural circuits related to cue-elicited craving during adolescence may shed light on the neural basis for the development of problematic cannabis use that could ultimately be targeted for interventions. METHODS 41 non-treatment-seeking youth (ages 17-21; mean age = 18.83; 46.3% female) who reported regular cannabis use underwent fMRI scanning involving a visual cannabis cue task and completed self-report and biological measures. Whole-brain activation was examined for cannabis cues compared to non-cannabis cues, and for active versus passive cannabis cues. Associations between self-reported substance use and task activation were examined. RESULTS Cannabis images were identifiable to adolescents and were rated as more rewarding than matched non-cannabis images (p < .05). Greater activation was found for the cannabis cues compared to non-cannabis cues in bilateral posterior cingulate, cuneus, fusiform, precuneus, inferior temporal and parahippocampal gyri, as well as left thalamus, medial frontal and superior frontal gyri. Cue-elicited activation was not significantly associated with self-reported cannabis use (ps > 0.05). No differences were observed for the active versus passive cue contrast. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis-using youth show more activation to cannabis cues than non-cannabis cues in brain regions underlying incentive salience, reward, and visual attention. This task could be useful for future studies examining neural underpinnings of reward processes in adolescent cannabis users.
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6
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Mashhoon Y, Betts J, Farmer SL, Lukas SE. Early onset cigarette smokers exhibit greater P300 reactivity to smoking-related stimuli and report greater craving. Brain Res 2018. [PMID: 29524436 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period during which a number of critical neuromaturation processes occur and the vulnerability for developing nicotine dependence is extremely high. Thus, early-onset (EO; age < 16 years old), relative to late-onset (LO; age ≥ 16 years old), tobacco smoking may be uniquely deleterious for developmentally immature systems that regulate neural signaling reactivity. This study investigated how age of tobacco smoking onset affects neurophysiological measures of smoking cue reactivity and reported craving in adult smokers. EO smokers (EOS; n = 8; 4 females), LO smokers (LOS; n = 10; 5 females), and healthy non-smokers (HNS; n = 10; 5 females) participated in an event-related potential (ERP) cue reactivity study with tactile and image stimuli. Participants handled neutral objects during one interval and smoking-related objects during a second interval. After each interval, they viewed smoking-related, neutral, or arousing images using an oddball paradigm. P300 ERPs and craving for tobacco were recorded during each session. P300 amplitudes were significantly higher in central midline (Cz) channel to smoking, but not neutral or arousing, images after handling smoking objects. Specifically, Cz P300 smoking amplitudes were significantly greater in EOS, relative to LOS and HNS, and associated with greater craving at baseline. There were no other group differences in mood or craving. EOS exhibited greater P300 reactivity to smoking-related stimuli, relative to LOS, suggesting a more sensitized neural response. EO smoking during early neuromaturation may alter neurophysiological signaling involved in responding to smoking-related stimuli, which could impact the outcome of smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mashhoon
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Betts
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Stacey L Farmer
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Scott E Lukas
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Norberg MM, Kavanagh DJ, Olivier J, Lyras S. Craving cannabis: a meta-analysis of self-report and psychophysiological cue-reactivity studies. Addiction 2016; 111:1923-1934. [PMID: 27239052 DOI: 10.1111/add.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the magnitude of cannabis cue-reactivity responses in people who regularly use cannabis. METHODS EMBASE, PUBMED, PsycINFO, PsycEXTRA and Project CORK were searched for within-subject comparison studies published between January 2000 and December 2014. Eligible studies compared regular cannabis users' subjective craving or psychophysiological responding when exposed to cannabis cues to their responses to neutral cues and/or to their responses during a baseline assessment. Eligible studies presented original data and were written in English. Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria, but data were not available for two. The 12 included studies contained 393 participants (12-97 participants per study; mean age range: 16.4-32.6 years). Standardized effects sizes were computed for heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, blood pressure, event-related potentials (Pz P300) and self-reported craving (Visual Analogue Scales and Marijuana Craving Questionnaire) and synthesized using a multivariate meta-regression model. RESULTS On average, cannabis users experienced moderate cue-reactivity, as determined by comparisons with baseline conditions [d = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.43, 0.74, P < 0.001] and with neutral cue comparisons (d = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.32, 0.62, P < 0.001). This model, which excluded studies at a greater than low risk of bias and included PzP300 studies as a moderator (due to having larger effect sizes), had a moderately low level of heterogeneity of effect size (I2 = 45.6%, Q = 56.97, P = 0.003) and showed no evidence of publication bias. Cue-reactivity was most noticeable (large effect size) when assessed by Pz P300 waves (d = 1.71, 95% CI = 0.77, 2.64, P = 0.0003; I2 = 86%, Q = 36.30, P < 0.001) and least noticeable (trivial effect size) when examining heart rate (d = 0.14, 95% CI = -0.34, 0.62, P = 0.58; I2 = 80%, Q = 20.0, P < 0.001). These subgroup models demonstrated high heterogeneity of effect size. CONCLUSIONS Regular cannabis users experience moderate to extremely intense cue-reactivity, such that their attentional biases towards cannabis cues are much stronger than their perceptions of craving for the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Norberg
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - David J Kavanagh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jake Olivier
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Lyras
- School of Psychology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Metrik J, Aston ER, Kahler CW, Rohsenow DJ, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, MacKillop J. Cue-elicited increases in incentive salience for marijuana: Craving, demand, and attentional bias. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:82-8. [PMID: 27515723 PMCID: PMC5037029 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incentive salience is a multidimensional construct that includes craving, drug value relative to other reinforcers, and implicit motivation such as attentional bias to drug cues. Laboratory cue reactivity (CR) paradigms have been used to evaluate marijuana incentive salience with measures of craving, but not with behavioral economic measures of marijuana demand or implicit attentional processing tasks. METHODS This within-subjects study used a new CR paradigm to examine multiple dimensions of marijuana's incentive salience and to compare CR-induced increases in craving and demand. Frequent marijuana users (N=93, 34% female) underwent exposure to neutral cues then to lit marijuana cigarettes. Craving, marijuana demand via a marijuana purchase task, and heart rate were assessed after each cue set. A modified Stroop task with cannabis and control words was completed after the marijuana cues as a measure of attentional bias. RESULTS Relative to neutral cues, marijuana cues significantly increased subjective craving and demand indices of intensity (i.e., drug consumed at $0) and Omax (i.e., peak drug expenditure). Elasticity significantly decreased following marijuana cues, reflecting sustained purchase despite price increases. Craving was correlated with demand indices (r's: 0.23-0.30). Marijuana users displayed significant attentional bias for cannabis-related words after marijuana cues. Cue-elicited increases in intensity were associated with greater attentional bias for marijuana words. CONCLUSIONS Greater incentive salience indexed by subjective, behavioral economic, and implicit measures was observed after marijuana versus neutral cues, supporting multidimensional assessment. The study highlights the utility of a behavioral economic approach in detecting cue-elicited changes in marijuana incentive salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - Christopher W. Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - Damaris J. Rohsenow
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
| | - John E. McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908,Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - James MacKillop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3K7 Canada
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Magnitude and duration of cue-induced craving for marijuana in volunteers with cannabis use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166:143-9. [PMID: 27436749 PMCID: PMC5113710 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluate magnitude and duration of subjective and physiologic responses to neutral and marijuana (MJ)-related cues in cannabis dependent volunteers. METHODS 33 volunteers (17 male) who met DSM-IV criteria for Cannabis Abuse or Dependence were exposed to neutral (first) then MJ-related visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile cues. Mood, drug craving and physiology were assessed at baseline, post-neutral, post-MJ and 15-min post MJ cue exposure to determine magnitude of cue- responses. For a subset of participants (n=15; 9 male), measures of craving and physiology were collected also at 30-, 90-, and 150-min post-MJ cue to examine duration of cue-effects. RESULTS In cue-response magnitude analyses, visual analog scale (VAS) items craving for, urge to use, and desire to smoke MJ, Total and Compulsivity subscale scores of the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire, anxiety ratings, and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were significantly elevated following MJ vs. neutral cue exposure. In cue-response duration analyses, desire and urge to use MJ remained significantly elevated at 30-, 90- and 150-min post MJ-cue exposure, relative to baseline and neutral cues. CONCLUSIONS Presentation of polysensory MJ cues increased MJ craving, anxiety and diastolic BP relative to baseline and neutral cues. MJ craving remained elevated up to 150-min after MJ cue presentation. This finding confirms that carry-over effects from drug cue presentation must be considered in cue reactivity studies.
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Conrod PJ, Nikolaou K. Annual Research Review: On the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:371-94. [PMID: 26889898 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence represents a period of development during which critical biological, as well as social and cognitive, changes occur that are necessary for the transition into adulthood. A number of researchers have suggested that the pattern of normative brain changes that occurs during this period not only predisposes adolescents to engage in risk behaviours, such as experimentation with drugs, but that they additionally make the adolescent brain more vulnerable to the direct pharmacological impact of substances of abuse. The neural circuits that we examine in this review involve cortico-basal-ganglia/limbic networks implicated in the processing of rewards, emotion regulation, and the control of behaviour, emotion and cognition. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS We identify certain neurocognitive and personality/comorbidity-based risk factors for the onset of substance misuse during adolescence, and summarise the evidence suggesting that these risk factors may be further impacted by the direct effect of drugs on the underlying neural circuits implicated in substance misuse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Conrod
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nikolaou
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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McHugh RK, Fulciniti F, Mashhoon Y, Weiss RD. Cue-induced craving to paraphernalia and drug images in opioid dependence. Am J Addict 2016; 25:105-9. [PMID: 26848719 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Stimuli that are repeatedly paired with substance use, such as drug paraphernalia, can themselves elicit drug craving. The aim of this study was to examine whether particular cue types elicit greater craving responses than others among individuals with opioid dependence. METHODS Participants seeking inpatient treatment for opioid dependence were recruited for a study of cue-induced craving. This sample (N = 50), included 25 primary heroin users, 20 primary prescription opioid users, and 5 users of heroin and prescription opioids equally. Participants completed a cue reactivity task, in which images of drug-related stimuli were presented on a computer screen, each followed by a question assessing state drug craving. RESULTS Overall, participants reported higher craving following paraphernalia stimuli relative to drug stimuli. However, this was moderated by opioid type; there was significantly higher craving in response to images of paraphernalia cues in the heroin group, and higher craving in response to drug cues in the prescription opioid group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight potential differences in cue reactivity to opioid paraphernalia and drug cues, which appears to be moderated by drug type. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Cue-induced craving is an important factor in relapse. This study adds further to the literature on cue-induced craving in opioid dependence, suggesting that craving may vary based on both cue type and opioid type. Future studies designed to discriminate the impact of substance of abuse, route of administration, and cue type will help to further clarify cue-induced craving in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kathryn McHugh
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Yasmin Mashhoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Roger D Weiss
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Metrik J, Aston ER, Kahler CW, Rohsenow DJ, McGeary JE, Knopik VS. Marijuana's acute effects on cognitive bias for affective and marijuana cues. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 23:339-50. [PMID: 26167716 PMCID: PMC4578985 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Marijuana produces acute increases in positive subjective effects and decreased reactivity to negative affective stimuli, though may also acutely induce anxiety. Implicit attentional and evaluative processes may explicate marijuana's ability to acutely increase positive and negative emotions. This within-subjects study examined whether smoked marijuana with 2.7-3.0% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), relative to placebo, acutely changed attentional processing of rewarding and negative affective stimuli as well as marijuana-specific stimuli. On 2 separate days, regular marijuana users (N = 89) smoked placebo or active THC cigarette and completed subjective ratings of mood, intoxication, urge to smoke marijuana, and 2 experimental tasks: pleasantness rating (response latency and perceived pleasantness of affective and marijuana-related stimuli) and emotional Stroop (attentional bias to affective stimuli). On the pleasantness rating task, active marijuana increased response latency to negatively valenced and marijuana-related (vs. neutral) visual stimuli, beyond a general slowing of response. Active marijuana also increased pleasantness ratings of marijuana images, although to a lesser extent than placebo due to reduced marijuana urge after smoking. Overall, active marijuana did not acutely change processing of positive emotional stimuli. There was no evidence of attentional bias to affective word stimuli on the emotional Stroop task with the exception of attentional bias to positive word stimuli in the subgroup of marijuana users with cannabis dependence. Marijuana may increase allocation of attentional resources toward marijuana-specific and negatively valenced visual stimuli without altering processing of positively valenced stimuli. Marijuana-specific cues may be more attractive with higher levels of marijuana craving and less wanted with low craving levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Christopher W. Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Damaris J. Rohsenow
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908
| | - John E. McGeary
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903,Rhode Island Hospital, Division of Behavior Genetics, Providence, RI
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903,Rhode Island Hospital, Division of Behavior Genetics, Providence, RI
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13
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P300 event-related potential in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent patients. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:142-8. [PMID: 26051625 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use and abuse are characterized by biases in the attentional processing of substance-related stimuli. There are no event related potential (ERP)-based studies of attentional bias for substance-related cues among methamphetamine (MA) dependent patients. The study aimed to measure changes in P300 event-related potentials elicited by MA-related words in MA-dependent individuals at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of abstinence, examining the relationship of ERP changes to craving. METHOD 26 MA-dependent patients (14 male) newly enrolled in two compulsory treatment centers in China and 29 healthy controls (15 male) were included in this study. At baseline (2-3 weeks in treatment) and after 3 and 6 months of abstinence from MA use, we obtained ERP data during a Stroop color-matching task using MA-related and neutral words. Self-reported craving was measured by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). FINDINGS Increased P300 amplitudes elicited by MA-related words were observed over left-anterior electrode sites. Abnormal P300 amplitudes declined to the normal levels of healthy controls at the end of 3 months of abstinence, and the decrease was maintained up to the end of 6 months of abstinence. The behavioral data did not show similar changes. The positive relationship between the changes of VAS scores for MA craving and the changes of P300 amplitudes over left anterior electrode sites elicited by MA-related words within the first 3 months was significant. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential use of ERP as an objective index to track changes in subjective MA craving among abstinent MA-dependent patients.
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14
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Cousijn J, van Benthem P, van der Schee E, Spijkerman R. Motivational and control mechanisms underlying adolescent cannabis use disorders: A prospective study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:36-45. [PMID: 25922296 PMCID: PMC6989823 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescents with a CUD had an attentional but no approach bias towards cannabis. Cannabis craving significantly predicted cannabis use 6 months later. These findings identify craving as a predictor of treatment outcome. This study is among the first to investigate neuropsychological mechanisms underlying adolescent CUDs.
Cannabis use disorders (CUDs) are the most prevalent substance use disorders among adolescents in treatment. Yet, little is known about the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying adolescent CUDs. Studies in adult cannabis users suggest a significant role for cognitive control and cannabis-oriented motivational processes, such as attentional bias, approach bias, and craving in CUDs. The current 6-month prospective study investigated the relationships between attentional bias, approach bias, craving, cognitive control, and cannabis use in adolescent patients in treatment for a primary or secondary CUD. Moreover, we investigated if these motivational processes and cognitive control could predict treatment progression after 6 months. Adolescents with a CUD had an attentional but no approach bias towards cannabis. In contrast to adult findings on the role of attentional bias, approach bias and cognitive control, only cannabis craving significantly correlated with current cannabis use and predicted cannabis use-related problems and abstinence from cannabis 6 months later. These findings identify craving as a predictor of treatment outcome, thereby supporting an important role for craving in the course of adolescent cannabis use and dependence. This prospective study is among the first to investigate neuropsychological mechanisms underlying adolescent CUDs, warranting future longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Cousijn
- Consortium Individual Development, Departments of Developmental and Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; ADAPT-lab, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Patty van Benthem
- Parnassia Addiction Research Center (PARC), Brijder Addiction Care, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien van der Schee
- Parnassia Addiction Research Center (PARC), Brijder Addiction Care, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Spijkerman
- Parnassia Addiction Research Center (PARC), Brijder Addiction Care, The Hague, The Netherlands
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15
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Lundahl LH, Greenwald MK. Effect of oral THC pretreatment on marijuana cue-induced responses in cannabis dependent volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 149:187-93. [PMID: 25725933 PMCID: PMC10369174 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study tested whether oral Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC: 0-, 10-, and 20-mg) pretreatment would attenuate polysensory cue-induced craving for marijuana. METHODS Cannabis dependent participants (7 males and 7 females, who smoked on average 5.4 ± 1.1 blunts daily) completed 3 experimental sessions (oral THC pretreatment dose; counterbalanced order) using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design. During each session, participants completed a baseline evaluation and were first exposed to neutral cues then marijuana cues while physiological measures and subjective ratings of mood, craving, and drug effect were recorded. RESULTS Following placebo oral THC pretreatment, marijuana (vs. neutral) cues significantly increased ratings of marijuana craving (desire and urge to use, Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ)-Compulsivity scale), anxious mood and feeling hungry. Males also reported feeling more "Down" during marijuana cues relative to females. Pretreatment with oral THC (10-mg and/or 20-mg vs. placebo) significantly attenuated marijuana cue-induced increases in craving and anxiety but not hunger. Oral THC attenuation of the cue-induced increase in MCQ-Compulsivity ratings was observed in females only. Oral THC produced statistically (but not clinically) significant increases in heart rate and decreases in diastolic blood pressure, independent of cues. CONCLUSIONS These marijuana-cue findings replicate earlier results and further demonstrate that oral THC can attenuate selected effects during marijuana multi-cue exposure, and that some of these effects may be sex-related. Results of this study suggest oral THC may be effective for reducing marijuana cue-elicited (conditioned) effects. Further study is needed to determine whether females may selectively benefit from oral THC for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie H Lundahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Mark K Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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16
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Campanella S, Pogarell O, Boutros N. Event-related potentials in substance use disorders: a narrative review based on articles from 1984 to 2012. Clin EEG Neurosci 2014; 45:67-76. [PMID: 24104954 DOI: 10.1177/1550059413495533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms that mediate the transition from occasional, controlled, drug use to the impaired control that characterizes severe dependence are still a matter of investigation. The etiology of substance use disorders (SUDs) is complex, and in this context of complexity, the concept of "endophenotype," has gained extensive popularity in recent years. The main aim of endophenotypes is to provide a simpler, more proximal target to discover the biological underpinnings of a psychiatric syndrome. In this view, neurocognitive and neurophysiological impairments that suggest functional impairments associated with SUDs have been proposed as possible endophenotypes. Because of its large amplitude and relatively easy elicitation, the most studied of the cognitive brain event-related potentials (ERPs), the P300 component, has been proposed as one possible candidate. However, if a P300 amplitude alteration is a common finding in SUDs, it is also observable in other psychiatric afflictions, suggesting that the associations found may just reflect a common measure of brain dysfunction. On this basis, it has been proposed that a multivariate endophenotype, based on a weighted combination of electrophysiological features, may provide greater diagnostic classification power than any single endophenotype. The rationale for investigating multiple features is to show that combining them provides extra useful information that is not available in the individual features, leading ultimately to a multivariate phenotype.The aim of the present article is to outline the potential usefulness of this kind of "combined electrophysiological procedure" applied to SUDs. We present a review of ERP studies, combining data from people with SUD, family members, and normal control subjects, to verify whether the combination of 4ERPs (P50, MMN, P300, and N400) may produce profiles of cortical anomalies induced by different types of SUD (alcohol vs cocaine vs cannabis vs heroin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Campanella
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicaleetd' Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Wetherill RR, Childress AR, Jagannathan K, Bender J, Young KA, Suh JJ, O’Brien CP, Franklin TR. Neural responses to subliminally presented cannabis and other emotionally evocative cues in cannabis-dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1397-407. [PMID: 24186078 PMCID: PMC6218642 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Addiction theories posit that drug-related cues maintain and contribute to drug use and relapse. Indeed, our recent study in cocaine-dependent patients demonstrated that subliminally presented cocaine-related stimuli activate reward neurocircuitry without being consciously perceived. Activation of reward neurocircuitry may provoke craving and perhaps prime an individual for subsequent drug-seeking behaviors. OBJECTIVES Using an equivalent paradigm, we tested whether cannabis cues activate reward neurocircuitry in treatment-seeking, cannabis-dependent individuals and whether activation was associated with relevant behavioral anchors: baseline cannabis craving (drug-seeking behavior) and duration of use (degree of conditioning). METHODS Twenty treatment-seeking, cannabis-dependent individuals (12 males) underwent event-related blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging during exposure to 33-ms cannabis, sexual, and aversive cues presented in a backward-masking paradigm. Drug use history and cannabis craving were assessed prior to imaging. RESULTS Participants showed increased activity to backward-masked cannabis cues in regions supporting reward detection and interoception, including the left anterior insula, left ventral striatum/amygdala, and right ventral striatum. Cannabis cue-related activity in the bilateral insula and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex was positively associated with baseline cannabis craving, and cannabis cue-related activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex was positively correlated with years of cannabis use. Neural responses to backward-masked sexual cues were similar to those observed during cannabis cue exposure, while activation to aversive cues was observed only in the left anterior insula and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the sensitivity of the brain to subliminal reward signals and support hypotheses promoting a common pathway of appetitive motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan R. Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julian Bender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jesse J. Suh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles P. O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Teresa R. Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Henry EA, Kaye JT, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE, Ito TA. Cannabis cue reactivity and craving among never, infrequent and heavy cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1214-21. [PMID: 24264815 PMCID: PMC3957117 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Substance cue reactivity is theorized as having a significant role in addiction processes, promoting compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. However, research extending this phenomenon to cannabis has been limited. To that end, the goal of the current work was to examine the relationship between cannabis cue reactivity and craving in a sample of 353 participants varying in self-reported cannabis use. Participants completed a visual oddball task whereby neutral, exercise, and cannabis cue images were presented, and a neutral auditory oddball task while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Consistent with past research, greater cannabis use was associated with greater reactivity to cannabis images, as reflected in the P300 component of the ERP, but not to neutral auditory oddball cues. The latter indicates the specificity of cue reactivity differences as a function of substance-related cues and not generalized cue reactivity. Additionally, cannabis cue reactivity was significantly related to self-reported cannabis craving as well as problems associated with cannabis use. Implications for cannabis use and addiction more generally are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Henry
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA, Tel: +1 303 990 1739, Fax: +1 303 492 2967, E-mail:
| | - Jesse T Kaye
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tiffany A Ito
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Electrophysiological evidence of early attentional bias to drug-related pictures in chronic cannabis users. Addict Behav 2014; 39:114-21. [PMID: 24126204 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of attentional bias to cannabis-related cues were investigated in a marijuana dependent group and a non-user group employing a drug Stroop task in which cannabis-related, negative and neutral images were presented. Behaviorally, cannabis users were less accurate during drug-containing blocks than non-users. Electrophysiologically, in chronic marijuana-users, an early positive ERP enhancement over left frontal scalp (EAP, 200-350ms) was present in response to drug-containing blocks relative to negative blocks. This effect was absent in the non-user group. Furthermore, drug-containing blocks gave rise to enhanced voltage of a posterior P300 (300-400ms), and a posterior sustained slow wave (LPP, 400-700ms) relative to negative blocks. However, such effects were similar between cannabis users and non-users. Brain source imaging in cannabis users revealed a generator for the EAP effect to drug stimuli in left ventromedial prefrontal cortex/medial orbitofrontal cortex, a region active in fMRI studies of drug cue-reactivity and a target of the core dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway involved in the processing of substances of abuse. This study identifies the timing and brain localization of an ERP correlate of early attentional capture to drug-related pictures in chronic marijuana users. The EAP to drug cues may identify a new electrophysiological marker with clinical implications for predicting abstinence versus relapse or to evaluate treatment interventions.
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Watson TD, Garvey KT. Neurocognitive correlates of processing food-related stimuli in a Go/No-go paradigm. Appetite 2013; 71:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Troisi JR. Perhaps More Consideration of Pavlovian-Operant Interaction May Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Behaviorally Based Drug Treatment Programs. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2013; 63:863-894. [PMID: 25346551 PMCID: PMC4205955 DOI: 10.11133/j.tpr.2013.63.4.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse remains costly. Drug-related cues can evoke cue-reactivity and craving, contributing to relapse. The Pavlovian extinction-based cue-exposure therapy (CET) has not been very successful in treating drug abuse. A functional operant analysis of complex rituals involved in CET is outlined and reinterpreted as an operant heterogeneous chain maintained by observing responses, conditioned reinforcers, and discriminative stimuli. It is further noted that operant functions are not predicated on Pavlovian processes but can be influenced by them in contributing to relapse; several empirical studies from the animal and human literature highlight this view. Cue-reactivity evoked by Pavlovian processes is conceptualized as an operant establishing/motivating operation. CET may be more effective in incorporating an operant-based approach that takes into account the complexity of Pavlovian-operant interaction. Extinction of the operant chain coupled with the shaping of alternative behaviors is proposed as an integrated therapy. It is proposed that operant-based drug abuse treatments (contingency management, voucher programs, and the therapeutic work environment) might consider incorporating cue-reactivity, as establishing/motivating operations, to increase long-term success-a hybrid approach based on Pavlovian-operant interaction.
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Feldstein Ewing SW, McEachern AD, Yezhuvath U, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE, Filbey FM. Integrating brain and behavior: evaluating adolescents' response to a cannabis intervention. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2012; 27:510-25. [PMID: 22925010 DOI: 10.1037/a0029767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Client language (change talk [CT] and counterchange talk [CCT]) is gaining increasing support as an active ingredient of psychosocial interventions. Preliminary work with adults suggests that there may be a neural basis for this. With a diverse sample of adolescent cannabis users, we evaluated the influence of CT and CCT on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response during an fMRI cannabis cue-exposure paradigm. We also investigated how BOLD activation related to treatment outcomes. Adolescent cannabis users (N = 43; 83.7% male; 53.5% Hispanic; M age = 16 years) were presented with CT and CCT derived from their prescan intervention session during the fMRI paradigm. Additionally, BOLD activation during CT (vs. CCT) was tested as a predictor of 1-month follow-up cannabis use behavior (frequency of cannabis use, cannabis problems, cannabis dependence). We observed a significant interaction, with greater activation during CT (vs. CCT) during the cannabis (but not control) cues in several areas key to self-referential processes (uncorrected p < 0.001; medial frontal gyrus, insula). Furthermore, BOLD activation during CT (vs. CCT) during cannabis (but not control) cues in areas that underlie introspection (posterior cingulate, precuneus) was significantly related to youths' 1-month follow-up cannabis use behavior (frequency of cannabis use, cannabis problems, cannabis dependence; uncorrected p < 0.001). These data indicate a unique interaction pattern, whereby CT (vs. CCT) during the cannabis (but not control) cues was associated with significantly greater activation in brain areas involved in introspection. Further, this activation was related to significantly better treatment outcomes for youth.
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Filbey FM, DeWitt SJ. Cannabis cue-elicited craving and the reward neurocircuitry. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:30-5. [PMID: 22100353 PMCID: PMC3623277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cue-elicited craving or the intense desire to consume a substance following exposure to a conditioned drug cue is one of the primary behavioral symptoms of substance use disorders (SUDs). While the concept of cue-elicited craving is well characterized in alcohol and other substances of abuse, only recently has it been described in cannabis. A review of the extant literature has established that cue-elicited craving is a powerful reinforcer that contributes to drug-seeking for cannabis. Further, emergent research has begun to identify the neurobiological systems and neural mechanisms associated with this behavior. What research shows is that while theories of THC's effects on the dopaminergic-reward system remain divergent, cannabis cues elicit neural activation in the brain's reward network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M. Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Samuel J. DeWitt
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas
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Littel M, Euser AS, Munafò MR, Franken IHA. Electrophysiological indices of biased cognitive processing of substance-related cues: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1803-16. [PMID: 22613258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) exhibit biases in the cognitive processing of substance-related stimuli. These biases facilitate the detection of substance cues and have been argued to play a causal or perpetuating role in addiction. Two electrophysiological indices of cognitive processing, the P300 and Slow Potential (SP) components of the event-related potential (ERP), are associated with the deployment of attentional resources to motivationally relevant stimuli. In the present meta-analysis P300 (300-800ms) and SP (>800ms) amplitudes are used to investigate whether SUD persons show enhanced cognitive processing of substance cues relative to neutral cues as opposed to control participants. Results indicated the P300 and SP amplitude effect sizes were significantly larger in SUD participants than controls. This result is explained by substance users' motivated attention. Additional stratified moderator analyses revealed that both P300 and SP amplitudes were not moderated by electrode site (Fz vs. Pz), type of substance used (stimulants vs. depressants), substance use status (abstinent vs. non-abstinent), age, gender and task requirements (active vs. passive paradigms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Littel
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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