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Ferracioli-Gama MDC, Martins JDN, Pellegrini AM, Hiraga CY. Effect of verbal cues on the coupling and stability of anti-phase bimanual coordination pattern in children with probable developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 94:103183. [PMID: 38364766 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The study of the emergence and stability of bimanual and interlimb coordination patterns in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) has shown that they encounter greater difficulties in coupling their limbs compared to typically developing (TD) children. Verbal cues have been identified as strategies to direct children's attention to more relevant task information, thus potentially improving motor performance. Consequently, this study investigated the effect of providing verbal cues on the execution of bimanual tasks in children with and without probable DCD. Twenty-eight children aged 9-10, matched by age and gender, were divided into two groups: pDCD [n = 14] and TD. The children performed bilateral trajectory movements with both hands (horizontal back-and-forth), holding a pen on a tablet, in anti-phase (180°) coordination pattern, in two conditions: No cues and Verbal cues. In the last condition, children received verbal cues to maintain the anti-phase pattern even with an increase in hand oscillation frequency. Relative phase and variability of relative phase between the hands were calculated for analysis of pattern coupling and stability. Hand cycles, movement amplitude, and tablet pressure force were calculated to analyze pattern control parameters. All these variables were compared between groups and conditions. The results indicated that despite the pDCD group showing greater variability in the anti-phase coordination pattern compared to the TD group, both groups performed better in the Verbal cues than the No cues condition. Furthermore, the pDCD group exhibited more hand movement cycles and applied greater pressure force compared to the TD group, suggesting different motor control strategies during the bimanual task. It is suggested that the use of verbal cues during bimanual task execution improves children's performance, potentially by promoting interaction between attention, as a cognitive function, and intrinsic coordination dynamics, thereby reducing variability in the perceptual-motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Castro Ferracioli-Gama
- Federal University of Ceara, Av. Mister Hull, S/N, Parque Esportivo - Bloco 320, Campus do Pici, CEP 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - José Davi Nunes Martins
- Federal University of Ceara, Av. Mister Hull, S/N, Parque Esportivo - Bloco 320, Campus do Pici, CEP 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Pellegrini
- Sao Paulo State University, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Yukiko Hiraga
- Sao Paulo State University, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Cherkasova MV, Clark L, Barton JJS, Stoessl AJ, Winstanley CA. Risk-promoting effects of reward-paired cues in human sign- and goal-trackers. Behav Brain Res 2024; 461:114865. [PMID: 38220058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Animal research suggests trait-like individual variation in the degree of incentive salience attribution to reward-predictive cues, defined phenotypically as sign-tracking (high) and goal-tracking (low incentive salience attribution). While these phenotypes have been linked to addiction features in rodents, their translational validity is less clear. Here, we examined whether sign- and goal-tracking in healthy human volunteers modulates the effects of reward-paired cues on decision making. Sign-tracking was measured in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm as the amount of eye gaze fixation on the reward-predictive cue versus the location of impending reward delivery. In Study 1 (Cherkasova et al., 2018), participants were randomly assigned to perform a binary choice task in which rewards were either accompanied (cued, n = 63) or unaccompanied (uncued, n = 68) by money images and casino jingles. In Study 2, participants (n = 58) performed cued and uncued versions of the task in a within-subjects design. Across both studies, cues promoted riskier choice. Sign-tracking was not associated with risky choice in either study. Goal-tracking rather than sign-tracking was significantly associated with greater risk-promoting effects of cues in Study 1 but not in Study 2, although the direction of findings was consistent across both studies. These findings are at odds with the notion of sign-trackers being preferentially susceptible to the influence of reward cues on behavior and point to the role of mechanisms besides incentive salience in mediating such influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V Cherkasova
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Luke Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catharine A Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Ede J, Hutton R, Watkinson P, Kent B, Endacott R. Improving escalation of deteriorating patients through cognitive task analysis: Understanding differences between work-as-prescribed and work-as-done. Int J Nurs Stud 2024; 151:104671. [PMID: 38237323 PMCID: PMC10882274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate care escalation requires the detection and communication of in-hospital patient deterioration. Although deterioration in the ward environment is common, there continue to be patient deaths where problems escalating care have occurred. Learning from the everyday work of health care professionals (work-as-done) and identifying performance variability may provide a greater understanding of the escalation challenges and how they overcome these. The aims of this study were to i) develop a representative model detailing escalation of care ii) identify performance variability that may negatively or positively affect this process and iii) examine linkages between steps in the escalation process. METHODS Thirty Applied Cognitive Task Analysis interviews were conducted with clinical experts (>4 years' experience) including Ward Nurses (n = 7), Outreach or Sepsis Nurses (n = 8), Nurse Manager or Consultant (n = 6), Physiotherapists (n = 4), Advanced Practitioners (n = 4), and Doctor (n = 1) from two National Health Service hospitals and analysed using Framework Analysis. Task-related elements of care escalation were identified and represented in a Functional Resonance Analysis Model. FINDINGS The NEWS2's clinical escalation response constitutes eight unique tasks and illustrates work-as-prescribed, but our interview data uncovered an additional 24 tasks (n = 32) pertaining to clinical judgement, decisions or processes reflecting work-as-done. Over a quarter of these tasks (9/32, 28 %) were identified by experts as cognitively challenging with a high likelihood of performance variability. Three out of the nine variable tasks were closely coupled and interdependent within the Functional Resonance Analysis Model ('synthesising data points', 'making critical decision to escalate' and 'identifying interim actions') so representing points of potential escalation failure. Data assimilation from different clinical information systems with poor usability was identified as a key cognitive challenge. CONCLUSION Our data support the emphasis on the need to retain clinical judgement and suggest that future escalation protocols and audit guidance require in-built flexibility, supporting staff to incorporate their expertise of the patient condition and the clinical environment. Improved information systems to synthesise the required data surrounding an unwell patient to reduce staff cognitive load, facilitate decision-making, support the referral process and identify actions are required. Fundamentally, reducing the cognitive load when assimilating core escalation data allows staff to provide better and more creative care. Study registration (ISRCTN 38850) and ethical approval (REC Ref 20/HRA/3828; CAG-20CAG0106).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ede
- Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
| | - R Hutton
- UWE Psychology, University of West England, United Kingdom
| | - P Watkinson
- Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - B Kent
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - R Endacott
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research, London, United Kingdom; Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, United Kingdom
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Watts HE, Cornelius JM. Toward understanding the endocrine regulation of diverse facultative migration strategies. Horm Behav 2024; 158:105465. [PMID: 38061233 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Migration is an important event in the annual cycle of many animals that facilitates the use of resources that vary across space and time. It can occur with regular and predictable timing, as in obligate migration, or with much greater flexibility, as in facultative migration. Most research aimed at understanding the endocrine mechanisms regulating the transition to a migratory stage has focused on obligate migration, whereas less is known about facultative forms of migration. One challenge for research into the endocrine regulation of facultative migration is that facultative migrations encompass a diverse array of migratory movements. Here, we present a framework to describe and conceptualize variation in facultative migrations that focuses on conditions at departure. Within the context of this framework, we review potential endocrine mechanisms involved in the initiation of facultative migrations in vertebrates. We first focus on glucocorticoids, which have been the subject of most research on the topic. We then examine other potential hormones and neurohormones that have received less attention, but are exciting candidates to consider. We conclude by highlighting areas where future research is particularly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Jamie M Cornelius
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Beasley MM, Pilz EM, Kearns DN. A test of the role of stimulus-response and stimulus-outcome associations in the effects of intermittent-access training. Behav Processes 2024; 214:104984. [PMID: 38103808 PMCID: PMC10842382 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased reinforcer motivation in rats has been repeatedly demonstrated following intermittent-access (IntA) training, where the reinforcer is only available for brief periods during a session, compared to continuous-access (ContA) training where the reinforcer is available throughout the session. The present study investigated whether different associations learned during training on the two procedures contributes to the effect. Two experiments tested the importance of the stimulus-response (S-R) and stimulus-outcome (S-O) associations between the IntA availability cues and the training response and reinforcer, respectively. In Exp. 1, separate groups of rats were trained to lever press for saccharin on the IntA or ContA procedures. Increased motivation for saccharin was observed in the IntA group on a later progressive ratio test where nosepoking was the operant (but not when lever pressing was the operant). The outcome of the nosepoke test suggests that a potential S-R association formed during IntA training was not critical for the effect. In Exp. 2, increased saccharin motivation (on nosepoke tests) after IntA training (with lever pressing) was observed regardless of the presence or absence of IntA availability cues, indicating that the S-O association formed during training is not critical for the effect either. Overall, these results suggest that the elemental associations learned on IntA procedures may not be what drives increased motivation observed after IntA training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Beasley
- Psychology Department, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emma M Pilz
- Psychology Department, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - David N Kearns
- Psychology Department, American University, Washington, DC, United States.
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Milivojevic V, Sinha R. Laboratory and Real-World Experimental Approaches to Understanding Alcohol Relapse. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37985542 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is highly prevalent and high risk of relapse remains a significant treatment challenge. Therefore, the utility of human laboratory models of relapse to further the understanding of psychobiological mechanisms that precipitate relapse risk and allow testing of novel interventions could be of benefit in expediting the development of effective treatments to target high relapse risk. Stress is a risk factor for the development of AUD and for relapse, and furthermore, chronic alcohol use leads to adaptations in central and peripheral stress biology. Here, we review our efforts to assess the integrity of these stress pathways in individuals with alcohol use disorder and whether adaptations in these systems play a role in relapse risk. Using validated human laboratory procedures to model two of the most common situations that contribute to relapse risk, namely stress and alcohol cues, we review how such models in the laboratory can predict subsequent relapse, and how we can measure specific identified biobehavioral markers of relapse effectively and ecologically in the real world. Finally, we discuss the significant implications of these findings for the development of novel and effective interventions that target stress dysregulation and craving as risk factors to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Milivojevic
- Department of Psychiatry, The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Blaine SK, Ridner CM, Campbell BR, Crone L, Claus ED, Wilson JR, West SN, McClanahan AJ, Siddiq AS, Layman IM, Macatee R, Ansell EB, Robinson JL, Beck DT. IL-6, but not TNF-α, response to alcohol cues and acute consumption associated with neural cue reactivity, craving, and future drinking in binge drinkers. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 31:100645. [PMID: 37484196 PMCID: PMC10362517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and design Preclinical studies suggest learned immune system responses to alcohol cues and consumption may contribute to alcohol's pharmacodynamic properties and/or Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) pathogenesis. Mechanistically, these immune alterations may be associated with increased craving and alcohol consumption, both acutely and over time. We sought to characterize this relationship in a randomized, counter-balanced, crossover neuroimaging experiment which took place between June 2020-November 2021. Methods Thirty-three binge drinkers (BD) and 31 non-binge, social drinkers (SD), matched for demographic and psychological variables, were exposed to alcohol cues and water cues in two separate 7 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. Each scan was followed by the Alcohol Taste Test (ATT) of implicit motivation for acute alcohol. Craving measures and blood cytokine levels were collected repeatedly during and after scanning to examine the effects of alcohol cues and alcohol consumption on craving levels, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. A post-experiment one-month prospective measurement of participants' "real world" drinking behavior was performed to approximate chronic effects. Results BD demonstrated significantly higher peak craving and IL-6 levels than SD in response to alcohol cues and relative to water cues. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VmPFC) signal change in the alcohol-water contrast positively related to alcohol cue condition craving and IL-6 levels, relative to water cue condition craving and IL-6 levels, in BD only. Additionally, peak craving and IL-6 levels were each independently related to ATT alcohol consumption and the number of drinks consumed in the next month for BD, again after controlling for craving and IL-6 repones to water cues. However, TNF-α release in the alcohol cue condition was not related to craving, neural activation, IL-6 levels, immediate and future alcohol consumption in either group after controlling for water cue condition responses. Conclusions In sum, BD show greater craving and IL-6 release in the alcohol cue condition than SD, both of which were associated with prefrontal cue reactivity, immediate alcohol consumption, and future alcohol consumption over the subsequent 30 days. Alcohol associated immune changes and craving effects on drinking behavior may be independent of one another or may be indicative of a common pathway by which immune changes in BD could influence motivation to consume alcohol. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT04412824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K. Blaine
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Clayton M. Ridner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Lily Crone
- College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Eric D. Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Juliet R. Wilson
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Summer N. West
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Anna S. Siddiq
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Isaak M.P. Layman
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard Macatee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Emily B. Ansell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Darren T. Beck
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Wiggins MW, Lim D, Porte M, Bayl-Smith P. Cue utilization and pool lifeguarding. J Safety Res 2023; 85:391-397. [PMID: 37330888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amongst pool lifeguards, the capacity to identify drowning swimmers quickly and accurately depends on the interpretation of critical cues. However, assessing the capacity for cue utilization amongst lifeguards at present is costly, time-consuming, and largely subjective. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between cue utilization and the detection of drowning swimmers in a series of virtual public swimming pool scenarios. METHOD Eighty-seven participants with or without lifeguarding experience engaged in three virtual scenarios, two of which were target scenarios where drowning events occurred within a 13 minute or 23 minute period of watch. Cue utilization was assessed using the pool lifeguarding edition of the EXPERTise 2.0 software following which 23 participants were classified with higher cue utilization, while the remaining participants were classified with lower cue utilization. RESULTS The results revealed that participants with higher cue utilization were more likely to have acquired experience as a lifeguard, were more likely to detect the drowning swimmer within a three minute period, and, in the case of the 13 minute scenario, recorded a greater dwell time on the drowning victim prior to the drowning event. CONCLUSION The results suggest that cue utilization is associated with drowning detection performance in a simulated environment and could be employed as a basis for assessments of performance amongst lifeguards in the future. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Measures of cue utilization are associated with the timely detection of drowning victims in virtual pool lifeguarding scenarios. Employers and trainers of lifeguards can potentially augment existing lifeguarding assessment programs to quickly and cost-effectively identify the capabilities of lifeguards. This is especially useful for new lifeguards or where pool lifeguarding is a seasonal activity that might be associated with skill decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Wiggins
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - David Lim
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Meredith Porte
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Piers Bayl-Smith
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Australia
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Klaver EC, van Vugt JPP, Bloem BR, van Wezel RJA, Nonnekes J, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC. Good vibrations: tactile cueing for freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2023:10.1007/s00415-023-11663-9. [PMID: 36944760 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cueing strategies can alleviate freezing of gait (FOG) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). We evaluated tactile cueing delivered via vibrating socks, which has the benefit of not being noticeable to bystanders. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of tactile cueing compared to auditory cueing on FOG. METHODS Thirty-one persons with PD with FOG performed gait tasks during both ON and OFF state. The effect of open loop and closed loop tactile cueing, as delivered by vibrating socks, was compared to an active control group (auditory cueing) and to a baseline condition (uncued gait). These four conditions were balanced between subjects. Gait tasks were videotaped and annotated for FOG by two experienced raters. Motion data were collected to analyze spatiotemporal gait parameters. Responders were defined as manifesting a relative reduction of > 10% in the percent time frozen compared to uncued gait. RESULTS The average percent time frozen during uncued gait was 11.2% in ON and 21.5% in OFF state. None of the three tested cueing modalities affected the percentage of time frozen in either the ON (p = 0.20) or OFF state (p = 0.12). The number of FOG episodes and spatiotemporal gait parameters were also not affected. We found that 22 out of 31 subjects responded to cueing, the response to the three types of cueing was highly individual. CONCLUSIONS Cueing did not improve FOG at the group level; however, tactile as well as auditory cueing improved FOG in many individuals. This highlights the need for a personalized approach when using cueing to treat FOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Klaver
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, P.O. Box 9102, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J P P van Vugt
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - B R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R J A van Wezel
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, P.O. Box 9102, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MedTech Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J Nonnekes
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M C Tjepkema-Cloostermans
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- MedTech Centre, Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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O'Connell KA, Nicholas TB, Palmer MH. Toileting behaviors, urinary cues, overactive bladder, and urinary incontinence in older women. Int Urogynecol J 2023; 34:707-716. [PMID: 35588320 PMCID: PMC9118828 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-022-05228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Overactive bladder (OAB) and urinary incontinence (UI) are prevalent in older women. We investigated relations of toileting behaviors and urinary urge cues to OAB and UI in women ≥ 65 years. We tested mediation hypotheses that toileting behaviors lead to higher sensitivity to urinary urge cues (the mediator), which leads to both OAB and UI. METHODS An e-panel was recruited to respond to an electronic survey that included demographic information, Urinary Cues Scale version 2, Toileting Behaviors-Women's Elimination Behaviors (TB-WEB) scale, and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Forms for Urinary Incontinence (ICIQ-SF-UI) and Overactive Bladder (ICIQ-SF-OAB). Descriptive statistics were conducted; correlation matrices were created to explore relationships among major variables. Regression analyses were conducted to test our mediation hypotheses. RESULTS There were 338 respondents with average age 70.9 (SD + 5.55) years. Most were white, overweight or obese, and had UI. Urinary urge cues fully mediated the relationship of TB-WEB with OAB. Urinary urge cues partially mediated the relationship of TB-WEB with UI; the direct effect of toileting behaviors on UI remained significant. Age and body mass index had significant partial correlations with UI but not with OAB. DISCUSSION Toileting behaviors appear to contribute to sensitivity to urinary cues, which are related to both OAB and UI. Toileting behaviors have indirect effects on OAB and both indirect and direct effects on UI. Interventions to change toileting behaviors and extinguish urinary cues are needed. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral and conditioning factors contribute to UI in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A O'Connell
- Nursing Education, Teachers College Columbia University, 525 W. 120th Street, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Taylor B Nicholas
- Clinical Psychology, Teachers College Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary H Palmer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Abstract
RATIONALE Stress may contribute to relapse to alcohol use in part by enhancing reactivity to cues previously paired with alcohol. Yet, standard models of stress-induced reinstatement generally use contingent presentations of alcohol-paired cues to reinforce instrumental behaviors, making it difficult to isolate the ability of cues to invigorate alcohol-seeking. OBJECTIVE Here we sought to test the impact of stress on behavioral responses to alcohol-paired cues, using a model of stress-induced reinstatement of Pavlovian conditioned approach, inspired by Nadia Chaudhri's work on context-induced reinstatement. METHODS Long Evans rats were trained to associate one auditory cue with delivery of alcohol or sucrose and an alternative auditory cue with no reward. Following extinction training, rats were exposed to a stressor prior to being re-exposed to the cues under extinction conditions. We assessed the effects of yohimbine, intermittent footshock and olfactory cues paired with social defeat on responses to alcohol-paired cues and the effects of yohimbine on responses to sucrose-paired cues. RESULTS The pharmacological stressor, yohimbine, enhanced alcohol seeking in a Pavlovian setting, but not in a cue-selective manner. Intermittent footshock and social defeat cues did not enhance alcohol seeking in this paradigm. CONCLUSIONS While yohimbine elicited reinstatement of reward-seeking in a Pavlovian setting, these effects may be unrelated to activation of stress systems or to interactions with specific cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Armstrong
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Hailey Rosenthal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Nakura Stout
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Richard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.
- Medical Discovery Team On Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.
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Hallez L, Vansteenbeeck H, Boen F, Smits T. Persuasive packaging? The impact of packaging color and claims on young consumers' perceptions of product healthiness, sustainability and tastiness. Appetite 2023; 182:106433. [PMID: 36567019 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Following the increasing importance of healthiness and sustainability for many consumers, manufacturers increasingly try to give products a healthier or eco-friendlier image, for instance through packaging design. We conducted two experiments to investigate how visual (i.e., colors) and textual (i.e., claims) packaging elements shape perceptions of product healthiness, sustainability and tastiness. Additionally, the studies investigated whether these packaging elements impact the likelihood that these products are selected in a choice task. Study 1 (N = 202) had a mixed design, with packaging color (warm versus cool) and a nutrition claim (present versus absent) as within-subjects manipulations. Young consumers chose between four beverages, and subsequently evaluated these beverages. Study 2 (N = 211) had a similar design and procedure, but focused on the impact of an ecological claim on the evaluation of snacks. In line with our hypotheses, cool packaging colors (i.e., green and blue) increased perceptions that food and drinks were healthy and sustainable. However, in Study 1, cool packaging colors also resulted in lower tastiness expectations, and a lower likelihood that the product was selected. We also found that a simple nutrition/ecological claim made products seem overall healthier and more sustainable. Additionally, contrary to many previous studies, we did not find that these claims affected taste expectations. Our studies highlight the importance of package design as a factor that can influence perceptions of food and drink products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Hallez
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 - box 3603, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Helena Vansteenbeeck
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 - box 3603, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Filip Boen
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 - box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tim Smits
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 - box 3603, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Seebacher B, Reindl M, Kahraman T. Factors and strategies affecting motor imagery ability in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Physiotherapy 2023; 118:64-78. [PMID: 36184292 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although growing evidence has shown beneficial effects of motor imagery (MI) training in different populations including people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), not all patients with neurological diseases may benefit from MI. OBJECTIVES To investigate factors and strategies affecting and enhancing MI ability in pwMS. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, Web of Science and REHABDATA databases, clinical trials registries, dissertation repositories, study bibliographies and internet search engines were searched through August 2021. STUDY SELECTION Any study type but single case studies investigating factors or strategies contributing to MI ability in pwMS. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Case-Control and Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies and Cochrane RoB-2.0 tool for randomised trials. A qualitative synthesis was performed summarising main results. RESULTS Eight databases, 4 trial registries, 9 dissertation repositories, and 1 internet search engine were searched. Fourteen studies including 366 pwMS and 236 healthy controls were included. Most frequently, cognitive impairment was reported as a negative factor influencing MI ability in pwMS. Other negative factors were cognitive fatigue and disability. Inconsistent evidence was found on the contribution of MS phenotype, anxiety, and depression. Using a theory-based MI framework and familiarisation to MI and external cueing may enhance MI ability. LIMITATIONS Eligible studies were highly heterogeneous. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS Cognitive impairment, cognitive fatigue and disability negatively influence MI ability in pwMS. Visual and/or auditory cueing of MI are strategies for facilitating MI ability. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42020173081 CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seebacher
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Rehabilitation Research, Rehab Centre Münster, Austria.
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Turhan Kahraman
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey
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14
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Uguen M, Nicastro KR, Zardi GI, Gaudron SM, Spilmont N, Akoueson F, Duflos G, Seuront L. Microplastic leachates disrupt the chemotactic and chemokinetic behaviours of an ecosystem engineer (Mytilus edulis). Chemosphere 2022; 306:135425. [PMID: 35809744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The massive contamination of the environment by plastics is an increasing global scientific and societal concern. Knowing whether and how these pollutants affect the behaviour of keystone species is essential to identify environmental risks effectively. Here, we focus on the effect of plastic leachates on the behavioural response of the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis, an ecosystem engineer responsible for the creation of biogenic structures that modify the environment and provide numerous ecosystem functions and services. Specifically, we assess the effect of virgin polypropylene beads on mussels' chemotactic (i.e. a directional movement in response to a chemical stimulus) and chemokinetic (i.e. a non-directional change in movement properties such as speed, distance travelled or turning frequency in response to a chemical stimulus) responses to different chemical cues (i.e. conspecifics, injured conspecifics and a predator, the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus). In the presence of predator cues, individual mussels reduced both their gross distance and speed, changes interpreted here as an avoidance behaviour. When exposed to polypropylene leachates, mussels moved less compared to control conditions, regardless of the cues tested. Additionally, in presence of crab cues with plastic leachates, mussels significantly changed the direction of movement suggesting a leachate-induced loss of their negative chemotaxis response. Taken together, our results indicate that the behavioural response of M. edulis is cue-specific and that its anti-predator behaviour as well as its mobility are impaired when exposed to microplastic leachates, potentially affecting the functioning of the ecosystem that the species supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Uguen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Katy R Nicastro
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, F-59000, Lille, France; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; CCMAR-Centro de Ciencias do Mar, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Gerardo I Zardi
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Sylvie M Gaudron
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, F-59000, Lille, France; Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Spilmont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Fleurine Akoueson
- ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Uni. Liège, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Guillaume Duflos
- ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurent Seuront
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, F-59000, Lille, France; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; Department of Marine Resources and Energy, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
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15
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Fowler EK, Leigh S, Rostant WG, Thomas A, Bretman A, Chapman T. Memory of social experience affects female fecundity via perception of fly deposits. BMC Biol 2022; 20:244. [PMID: 36310170 PMCID: PMC9620669 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animals can exhibit remarkable reproductive plasticity in response to their social surroundings, with profound fitness consequences. The presence of same-sex conspecifics can signal current or future expected competition for resources or mates. Plastic responses to elevated sexual competition caused by exposure to same-sex individuals have been well-studied in males. However, much less is known about such plastic responses in females, whether this represents sexual or resource competition, or if it leads to changes in investment in mating behaviour and/or reproduction. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster to measure the impact of experimentally varying female exposure to other females prior to mating on fecundity before and after mating. We then deployed physical and genetic methods to manipulate the perception of different social cues and sensory pathways and reveal the potential mechanisms involved. Results The results showed that females maintained in social isolation prior to mating were significantly more likely to retain unfertilised eggs before mating, but to show the opposite and lay significantly more fertilised eggs in the 24h after mating. More than 48h of exposure to other females was necessary for this social memory response to be expressed. Neither olfactory nor visual cues were involved in mediating fecundity plasticity—instead, the relevant cues were perceived through direct contact with the non-egg deposits left behind by other females. Conclusions The results demonstrate that females show reproductive plasticity in response to their social surroundings and can carry this memory of their social experience forward through mating. Comparisons of our results with previous work show that the nature of female plastic reproductive responses and the cues they use differ markedly from those of males. The results emphasise the deep divergence in how each sex realises its reproductive success. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01438-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. K. Fowler
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - S. Leigh
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - W. G. Rostant
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - A. Thomas
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - A. Bretman
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - T. Chapman
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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16
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Carreño D, Lotfipour S. Male and Female Sprague Dawley Rats Exhibit Equivalent Natural Reward, Nicotine Self-Administration, Extinction, and Reinstatement During Adolescent-Initiated Behaviors. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 25:1039-1046. [PMID: 36208287 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The initiation of nicotine and tobacco use peaks during adolescence. How adolescent males and females differ based on the acquisition of nicotine use and nicotine-seeking behavior is less understood. Our current studies develop a preclinical intravenous self-administration and reinstatement paradigm in male and female Sprague Dawley rats to evaluate how sex impacts the acquisition of nicotine self-administration and nicotine-seeking, when behavior is initiated during adolescence. METHODS Male and female adolescent rats were food trained under fixed-ratio one (FR1) schedule of reinforcement and progressively increased to FR5. Animals were implanted with catheters and began nicotine self-administration (0.015 mg/kg/infusion) at FR5 during adolescence on postnatal day 34. Upon reaching stable reinforced responding, animals were tested for progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement followed by extinction via the removal of drug and associated cues for a minimum of 5 days or until responding was reduced to ≤25% of baseline. Reinstatement testing began for cue only, nicotine only, and a combination of nicotine plus cues using a Latin square design. Animals returned to extinction conditions for two-days minimum between testing. RESULTS No sex differences were observed for natural rewards, acquisition and progressive ratio schedules of nicotine self-administration, days to extinction, or reinstatement condition. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that sex does not impact natural rewards, nicotine reinforcement, reward, and reinstatement, when behavior is initiated during adolescence. Our study offers a feasible approach for assessing nicotine-seeking in male and female Sprague Dawley rats during unique developmental window of adolescence. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates the impact of nicotine and associated cues in the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in male and female rats when behavior is initiated during adolescence. Findings support the equivalent impact of nicotine and the nonpharmacological stimuli of cues between male and female adolescent rats that began nicotine self-administration during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carreño
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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17
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Carpio MJ, Gao R, Wooner E, Cayton CA, Richard JM. Alcohol availability during withdrawal gates the impact of alcohol vapor exposure on responses to alcohol cues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3103-3116. [PMID: 35881146 PMCID: PMC9526241 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor inhalation is a widely used model of alcohol dependence, but the impact of CIE on cue-elicited alcohol seeking is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Here, we assessed the effects of CIE on alcohol-seeking elicited by cues paired with alcohol before or after CIE vapor inhalation. METHODS In experiment 1, male and female Long-Evans rats were trained in a discriminative stimulus (DS) task, in which one auditory cue (the DS) predicts the availability of 15% ethanol and a control cue (the NS) predicts no ethanol. Rats then underwent CIE or served as controls. Subsets of each group received access to oral ethanol twice a week during acute withdrawal. After CIE, rats were presented with the DS and NS cues under extinction and retraining conditions to determine whether they would alter their responses to these cues. In experiment 2, rats underwent CIE prior to training in the DS task. RESULTS CIE enhanced behavioral responses to cues previously paired with alcohol, but only in rats that received access to alcohol during acute withdrawal. When CIE occurred before task training, male rats were slower to develop cue responses and less likely to enter the alcohol port, even though they had received alcohol during acute withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CIE vapor inhalation alone does not potentiate the motivational value of alcohol cues but that an increase in cue responses requires alcohol experience during acute withdrawal. Furthermore, under some conditions, CIE may disrupt responses to alcohol-paired cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carpio
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
- Medical Discovery Team On Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Runbo Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
- Medical Discovery Team On Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Erica Wooner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
- Medical Discovery Team On Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Christelle A Cayton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
- Medical Discovery Team On Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Richard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.
- Medical Discovery Team On Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.
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18
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Fowler EK, Leigh S, Bretman A, Chapman T. Plastic responses of males and females interact to determine mating behavior. Evolution 2022; 76:2116-2129. [PMID: 35880536 PMCID: PMC9544784 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Individuals can respond plastically to variation in their social environment. However, each sex may respond to different cues and contrasting aspects of competition. Theory suggests that the plastic phenotype expressed by one sex can influence evolutionary dynamics in the other, and that plasticity simultaneously expressed by both sexes can exert sex-specific effects on fitness. However, data are needed to test this theory base. Here, we examined whether the simultaneous expression of adaptive plasticity by both sexes of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies in response to their respective social environments interacts to determine the value of key reproductive traits (mating latency, duration, and fecundity). To vary social environments, males were kept alone, or with same sex rivals, and females were kept alone, in same-sex, or mixed-sex groups. Matings were then conducted between individuals from all of these five social treatments in all combinations, and the resulting reproductive traits measured in both "choice" and "no-choice" assays. Mating latency was determined by an interaction between the plastic responses of both sexes to their social environments. Interestingly, the mating latency response occurred in opposing directions in the different assays. In females exposed to same-sex social treatments, mating latency was more rapid with rival treatment males in the choice assays, but slower with those same males in no-choice assays. In contrast, mating duration was determined purely by responses of males to their social environments, and fecundity purely by responses of females. Collectively, the results show that plastic responses represent an important and novel facet of sexual interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Fowler
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
| | - Stewart Leigh
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda Bretman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
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Beretta VS, Santos PCR, Orcioli-Silva D, Jaimes DAR, Pereira MP, Barbieri FA, Gobbi LTB. Cumulative additional information does not improve the neuromuscular control during postural responses to perturbations in postural instability/gait disorders subtype of Parkinson's disease. Exp Gerontol 2022; 166:111892. [PMID: 35811017 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural response impairments in postural instability and gait disorders (PIGD) subtype patients may be attributed to Parkinson's disease (PD)-deterioration in central-set (programing/modulating of central outputs during motor responses). Although additional information improves some PD motor impairments, an unanswered question is whether additional information can benefit postural response in PIGD subtype. OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of cumulative additional information on postural responses after perturbation in PIGD and neurologically healthy older adults (CG). METHODS Perturbations were applied in 16 PIGD and 19 CG by the support-base translation. Participants performed 3 blocks of 5 trials without additional information (B1-B3, Day 1) and 5 trials of each cumulative additional information (C1-C4, Day 2): information about perturbation (C1), visual (C2), verbal (C3), and somatosensory information (C4). Electromyography and center of pressure (CoP) parameters were analyzed by ANOVAs with Group (PIGD × CG) and Block (B1 × B2 × B3) and with Group (PIGD × CG) and Condition (B3 × C1 × C2 × C3 × C4). RESULTS PIGD decreased the range of CoP in B3 while CG decreased both range of CoP and the integral of antagonist's muscle activity (iEMG) in B2. Also, PIGD decreased the recovery time in C4 while CG increased the iEMG of agonist's muscle in C2 and antagonist's muscle in all conditions except C2. CONCLUSION Additional information provided before postural control assessment influences the postural response in PIGD and CG differently. PIGD demonstrated inflexibility of central-set in modulating the neuromuscular control regardless of additional information. CG presents a flexible system evidenced by the increase of agonist muscle iEMG when provided visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Spiandor Beretta
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Rocha Santos
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | - Diego Orcioli-Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil; University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Diego Alejandro Rojas Jaimes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil; University of San Buenaventura Medellin, Graduate Program in Physical Education and Sports, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Pinto Pereira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil.
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20
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Chen Q. Metacomprehension Monitoring Accuracy: Effects of Judgment Frames, Cues and Criteria. J Psycholinguist Res 2022; 51:485-500. [PMID: 35084648 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of judgment frames, cues, and test criteria on the accuracy of metacomprehension monitoring. The design was a 2 (rating comprehension vs. predicting performance) × 2 (memory cues vs. comprehension cues) × 2 (detailed questions test vs. inferential questions test) mixed design with judgment frames and cues as the between-subjects factors and test criteria as the within-subjects factor. The results showed that the influence of judgment frames on accuracy was moderated by the test criteria. The readers' monitoring was more accurate in rating comprehension than predicting performance when inferential questions were used as the criteria; when detailed questions were used as the criteria, this situation was reversed. The interaction effect of judgment cues and criteria on metacomprehension monitoring accuracy was significant. When readers predicted their performances on a test, those who received memory cues were more accurate than those who received comprehension cues. However, when readers rated their comprehension, those who received comprehension cues were more accurate than those who received memory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishan Chen
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, 510631, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China.
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Samane S, Yadollah ZP, Marzieh H, Karimollah HT, Reza ZM, Afsaneh A, Als H. Cue-based feeding and short-term health outcomes of premature infants in newborn intensive care units: a non-randomized trial. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:23. [PMID: 34991513 PMCID: PMC8734045 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-03077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feedings based on behavioral cues is a method relying on infants' behavioral expressions of readiness to feed. The objective of this interventional study was to determine the effect of cue-based feeding on the short-term health outcomes of preterm infants. METHODS This quasi-experimental study utilized a historical or phase lag design. It involved 60 preterm infants admitted to an Iranian referral hospital's Level III-Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) from April 2017 until January 2018. The experimental group (n = 30) received a three-step intervention of offering behavioral-cue-based oral (BCBO) feedings: Step 1 - One BCBO feeding every 12 hours for 3 days; Step 2 - Two BCBO feedings every 12 h for 3 days; and Step 3 - All feedings as BCBO feedings for 3 days. The control group received standard care feedings. Group difference data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS The infants' mean weight at time of discharge for the intervention and control groups were 1492.79 ± 21.65 g and 1395.71 ± 17.61 g (P = .003) respectively. The mean durations of achieving full oral feedings in the intervention and control groups were 17 ± 6 and 20 ± 11 days, respectively (P = .19). The mean frequencies of hypoxia were 1 ± 1.54 and 5 ± 9.31 respectively (P = .03) and of gavage feedings 725 ± 584 and 1846 ± 2097 respectively (P = .009). No apnea events were reported for the intervention group; the frequency of apnea in the control group was 1 ± 2.11 (P = .16). CONCLUSION The findings indicate that cue-based feeding is beneficial for preterm infants. Therefore, it is recommended that nurses employ cue-based feeding in the NICU. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCTID: IRCT20170828035962N2. Registered 27 may 2018 - Retrospectively registered, https://en.irct.ir/trial/27024 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefatbaqa Samane
- Master of Newborn Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahed Pasha Yadollah
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hasanpour Marzieh
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing Education Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajian- Tilaki Karimollah
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zarkesh Mohammad Reza
- Department of Neonatology, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arzani Afsaneh
- Center for Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases, Health Research Institute, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Heidelise Als
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Neurobehavioral Infant and Child Studies, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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McAlpine T, Mullan BA. The role of environmental cues in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption using a temporal self-regulation theory framework. Appetite 2021;:105828. [PMID: 34856325 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is related to adverse health outcomes such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes. The present research further examined the utility of the temporal self-regulation theory in predicting sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. In addition, the research aimed to identify salient cues that trigger intake. Two-hundred and eighty-seven participants were recruited using convenience sampling in US and Australian populations. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used, and the final model accounted for 27.1% of the variance in consumption, providing partial support for the temporal self-regulation theory (ƒ2 = 0.37). Intention accounted for a significant 7.0% of variance (R2 = 0.07, p < .001), behavioural prepotency variables (past behaviour, habit, and cues) together combined for an additional 15.1% of variance (R2 = 0.15, p < .001), but neither measure of self-regulatory capacity (trait self-control, inhibition) was a significant predictor. No cues emerged as unique predictors, however the findings suggest that consumption may be influenced by a combination of cues across different situations. Behavioural prepotency moderated the intention-behaviour relationship such that as behavioural prepotency increased, the greater the influence intention had on behaviour. Further support for the role of both intention and automatic processes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was garnered, but more research is needed to identify when specific cues influence consumption most.
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23
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Mattes K, Popova V, Evans JR. Deception Detection in Politics: Can Voters Tell When Politicians are Lying? Polit Behav 2021; 45:395-418. [PMID: 34456405 PMCID: PMC8378529 DOI: 10.1007/s11109-021-09747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate voters' unaided perceptions of whether politicians are lying. We conduct an experiment in which participants attempt to uncover politicians' dishonesty by watching videos of their speeches. We find that verbal cues (specifically, the amount of detail in the speech) and general demeanor cues explain the success (failure) of veracity judgments far better than paraverbal and nonverbal cues. We also find evidence of a truth bias-people are more likely to judge statements to be true than false-despite the political setting, where voters might have been more skeptical. However, gender plays a deterministic role for veracity judgments in political context; female politicians are more likely to be judged as honest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Mattes
- Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
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24
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Saraiya TC, Jarnecke AM, Jones J, Brown DG, Brady KT, Back SE. Laboratory-induced stress and craving predict opioid use during follow-up among individuals with prescription opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108755. [PMID: 34052686 PMCID: PMC8282754 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid use disorder (OUD) remains a public health crisis in the USA. Although stress and craving are common precipitants of substance use, no research to date has investigated the impact of laboratory-induced stress and craving on subsequent opioid use. METHOD Participants (N = 31) were individuals with prescription OUD who completed a human laboratory study followed by a one-month follow-up visit. Participants were randomly assigned to either a stress task (i.e., Trier Social Tress Task; TSST) or a no-stress condition, and then all participants completed an opioid cue paradigm. Measures of subjective (e.g., stress, craving), and neuroendocrine (e.g., cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone) reactivity were assessed before and after each task. Survival and regression models tested the association between reactivity to the laboratory tasks and a) time to first opioid use and b) amount of opioid use during follow-up. RESULTS On average, participants first used opioids 3.65 (SD = 2.08) days following the study. Craving after the opioid cue paradigm (B = 0.44, Exp(B) = 1.55, 95 % CI [1.06, 2.28], p = .02) and after the TSST/no-stress condition plus opioid cue paradigm (B = 1.06, Exp(B) = 2.88, 95 % CI [1.70, 4.85], p < .001) predicted time to first use. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between randomization to the TSST, stress reactivity, and amount of opioids used. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that elevated cue-induced craving, either in the context of a stressor or not, is associated with shortened time to opioid use, whereas stress reactivity impacts the amount of opioids consumed. Preliminary findings add to the literature on stress, craving and opioid use and implicate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya C Saraiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Amber M Jarnecke
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Delisa G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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25
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Abstract
Cooperation is crucial for the success of social interactions. Given its importance, humans should readily be able to use available cues to predict how likely others are to cooperate. Here, we review the empirical literature on how accurate such predictions are. To this end, we distinguish between three classes of cues: behavioral (including past decisions), personal (including gender, attractiveness, and group membership) and situational (including the benefits to cooperation and the ability to communicate with each other). We discuss (i) how each cue correlates with future cooperative decisions and (ii) whether people correctly anticipate each cue's predictive value. We find that people are fairly accurate in interpreting behavioral and situational cues. However, they often misperceive the value of personal cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Hilbe
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
| | - Oliver P Hauser
- Department of Economics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PU, UK.
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26
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Warlow SM, Berridge KC. Incentive motivation: 'wanting' roles of central amygdala circuitry. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113376. [PMID: 34023307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) mediates positively-valenced reward motivation as well as negatively-valenced fear. Optogenetic or neurochemical stimulation of CeA circuitry can generate intense incentive motivation to pursue and consume a paired natural food, sex, or addictive drug reward, and even create maladaptive 'wanting what hurts' such as attraction to a shock rod. Evidence indicates CeA stimulations selectively amplify incentive motivation ('wanting') but not hedonic impact ('liking') of the same reward. Further, valence flips can occur for CeA contributions to motivational salience. That is, CeA stimulation can promote either incentive motivation or fearful motivation, even in the same individual, depending on situation. These findings may carry implications for understanding CeA roles in neuropsychiatric disorders involving aberrant motivational salience, ranging from addiction to paranoia and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M Warlow
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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27
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Lutz JA, Childs E. Alcohol conditioned contexts enhance positive subjective alcohol effects and consumption. Behav Processes 2021; 187:104340. [PMID: 33545315 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Associations between alcohol and the places it is consumed are important at all stages of alcohol abuse and addiction. However, it is not clear how the associations are formed in humans or how they influence drinking, and there are few effective strategies to prevent their pathological effects on alcohol use. We used a human laboratory model to study the effects of alcohol environments on alcohol consumption. Healthy regular binge drinkers completed conditioned place preference (CPP) with 0 vs. 80 mg/100 mL alcohol (Paired Group). Control participants (Unpaired Group) completed sessions without explicit alcohol-room pairings. After conditioning, participants completed alcohol self-administration in either the alcohol- or no alcohol-paired room. Paired group participants reported greater subjective stimulation and euphoria, and consumed more alcohol in the alcohol-paired room in comparison to the no alcohol-paired room, and controls tested in either room. Moreover, the strength of conditioning significantly predicted drinking; participants who exhibited the strongest CPP consumed the most alcohol in the alcohol-paired room. This is the first empirical evidence that laboratory-conditioned alcohol environments directly influence drinking. The results also confirm the viability of the model to examine the mechanisms by which alcohol environments stimulate drinking and to test strategies to counteract their influence on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lutz
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, 1601 W Taylor St MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Emma Childs
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, 1601 W Taylor St MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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28
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Kaminska B, Caballero JP, Moorman DE. Integration of value and action in medial prefrontal neural systems. Int Rev Neurobiol 2020; 158:57-82. [PMID: 33785156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in regulating cognition, emotion, and behavior. mPFC neurons are activated in diverse experimental paradigms, raising the questions of whether there are specific task elements or dimensions encoded by mPFC neurons, and whether these encoded parameters are selective to neurons in particular mPFC subregions or networks. Here, we consider the role of mPFC neurons in processing appetitive and aversive cues, outcomes, and related behaviors. mPFC neurons are strongly activated in tasks probing value and outcome-associated actions, but these responses vary across experimental paradigms. Can we identify specific categories of responses (e.g., positive or negative value), or do mPFC neurons exhibit response properties that are too heterogeneous/complex to cluster into distinct conceptual groups? Based on a review of relevant studies, we consider what has been done and what needs to be further explored in order to address these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaminska
- Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jessica P Caballero
- Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - David E Moorman
- Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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29
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Kypriotakis G, Cinciripini PM, Versace F. Modeling neuroaffective biomarkers of drug addiction: A Bayesian nonparametric approach using dirichlet process mixtures. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108753. [PMID: 32428623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The properties of neurophysiological processes related to addiction have received much attention in the literature. However, empirical evidence of meaningful and useful characterization of these processes is limited. Recent studies have found that electrophysiological responses to emotional and drug-related cues can be used to create profiles that reliably predict smoking relapse. NEW METHOD This paper evaluates the validity of classifying electrophysiological responses into distinct profiles using a Bayesian dirichlet process mixture (DPM) model. The DPM is a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) method to modeling unknown number of profiles characterized by uncertainty in cluster membership and in cluster number. RESULTS The DPM model confirmed previously identified neuroaffective reactivity profiles, but also revealed a finer level of granularity in the clustering. Specifically, in addition to the two clusters previously identified in the literature, the BNP methods identified a cluster of individuals showing similar responses to smoking, pleasant, neutral and unpleasant cues. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS BNP models provide an alternative to the k-mean clustering approach to modeling EEG-based neuroaffective profiles. Unlike k-means clustering, BNP models compute the probability that a subject belongs to a cluster while taking into consideration uncertainty in the number of clusters. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the reliability of the two clusters previously identified in these data, but also provide new insights by revealing a cluster that presented similar responses to stimuli with different contents. This finding may be related to the uncertainty in classification or overlapping brain-reactivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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30
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Abstract
Composting systems are poised to make a significant impact on waste-management strategies and greatly contribute to global sustainability efforts. However, risk of contamination by potentially detrimental compounds must be overcome before these systems can be widely adopted. Behavior analytic approaches to waste disposal adherence have consisted of antecedent and consequence strategies; many such strategies require continual oversight and significant investment of resources to maintain effectiveness. This project describes a field study that investigated a purely antecedent-based approach to nudge proper organic recycling on a university campus. Using a multiple-baseline design across dining sites, we demonstrate the efficacy of enhanced compost bins (i.e., green colored bins with a hinged door and an accompanying placard indicating site-specific materials that can and cannot be composted) to reduce product contamination by inorganic or unsuitable organic refuse. Implications for future research and suggestions for university implementation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Szczucinski
- University of Kansas, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Brett W Gelino
- University of Kansas, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Christopher J Cintron
- University of Kansas, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Amel Becirevic
- University of Kansas, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Derek D Reed
- University of Kansas, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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31
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Vena A, Miloslavich K, Cao D, King A. Cue salience of the use of an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) device marketed to women. Addict Behav 2020; 100:106116. [PMID: 31622947 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive exposure to the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) has been shown to generalize as a smoking cue. As young adult women in particular are increasingly targeted by ENDS distributors, the present study examined whether passive exposure to the use of a female-marketed ENDS product selectively enhanced smoking urge, cigarette and e-cigarette desire, and smoking behavior among women (vs men) smokers. METHODS Using a mixed design, young adult smokers (n = 64; mean age 28.2 yrs.; ≥5 cigarettes/day) observed a study confederate drink bottled water (control cue) and then vape a female-marketed tank-based ENDS (active cue). Main measures were the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (BQSU) and visual analog scales (VAS) for cigarette and e-cigarette desire pre- and post-cue exposure, followed by a smoking latency task. RESULTS Compared to the control cue, the female-marketed ENDS cue increased smoking urge and desire for cigarettes and e-cigarettes to a similar extent in women and men. It also affected subsequent smoking behavior similarly between the sexes, with 68% of men and 58% of women opting to smoke (vs. obtaining monetary reinforcers). CONCLUSIONS Both women and men were sensitive to the use of the female-marketed ENDS as a smoking cue. Consistent with prior work by our group, findings demonstrate the cue salience of ENDS, which may be attributable to the aspects of vaping that resemble traditional smoking (e.g. hand-to-mouth and inhalation and exhalation behaviors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Vena
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Krista Miloslavich
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dingcai Cao
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrea King
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA.
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32
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Kotlyar M, Vogel RI, Dufresne SR, Mills AM, Vuchetich JP. Effect of nicotine lozenge use prior to smoking cue presentation on craving and withdrawal symptom severity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107706. [PMID: 31757519 PMCID: PMC7461336 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokers are often advised to use nicotine lozenge after cravings or withdrawal symptoms are present, which may be too late to prevent lapses. This study assesses if lozenge use prior to smoking cue exposure attenuates cue-induced increases in symptom severity. METHODS In this randomized, cross-over study, participants completed three laboratory sessions at which they proceeded through 4 "rooms" in a virtual reality environment. The first and last "rooms" contained neutral cues and the others contained smoking cues. At one session, a 4 mg nicotine lozenge was not given until after cue exposure (to approximate current use: i.e., after craving and withdrawal symptoms occur). At the other two sessions either a nicotine or placebo lozenge was used 15 min before cue exposure procedures. Craving and withdrawal symptoms were measured throughout each laboratory session. RESULTS Of 58 participants randomized; 40 completed all 3 labs. Absolute levels of craving and withdrawal symptom severity during cue exposure were lower when placebo or active lozenge was used prior to cue presentation procedures vs. no treatment until after cue presentation procedures (all p-values <0.05). There were no differences among conditions in the magnitude of symptom severity increase occurring between the first neutral room and the cue rooms. CONCLUSIONS Lozenge use prior to cue exposure may minimize cue induced symptom severity but when taken 15 min prior to cues the decrease is not different than placebo. Research is needed to determine if another time-frame relative to cue exposure would be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotlyar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, United States.
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Minnesota
| | - Sheena R Dufresne
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota; 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Anne M Mills
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota; 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Janes AC, Krantz NL, Nickerson LD, Frederick BB, Lukas SE. Craving and Cue Reactivity in Nicotine-Dependent Tobacco Smokers Is Associated With Different Insula Networks. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2019; 5:76-83. [PMID: 31706906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insula has a well-established role in nicotine dependence and is a node of the salience network, which integrates internal and external information to guide behavior. Recent findings reveal that internal and external processing occurs in the ventral anterior insula (vAI) and dorsal anterior insula (dAI), respectively. Whether vAI/dAI network connectivity differentially reflects internally generated craving and externally triggered smoking cue reactivity was tested. METHODS Thirty-six male and female nicotine-dependent individuals smoked 1 hour before functional magnetic resonance imaging. Baseline craving was measured, followed by resting-state and smoking cue reactivity scans and then another assessment of craving. Craving and cue reactivity interactions were measured by focusing on specific nodes of the salience network: the vAI/dAI and anterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS Resting-state vAI/dAI networks overlapped with the prototypical salience network, yet they possessed distinct patterns, linking the vAI with nodes of the internally focused default mode network and the dAI with nodes of the external, goal-related frontoparietal network. Internally generated baseline craving was associated with enhanced vAI connectivity, whereas rostral anterior cingulate cortex reactivity to external smoking cues was associated with greater dAI connectivity. We also found that cue reactivity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex was associated with a rise in subjective cue-induced craving, whereas baseline subjective craving did not influence brain cue reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These data show that brain reactivity to smoking cues is associated with a subsequent increase in craving. In addition, separate insula networks have a role in an individual's vulnerability to internally related craving and externally triggered cue reactivity, which could guide the development of new, neurobiologically targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Nathan L Krantz
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa D Nickerson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Vena A, Howe M, Cao D, King A. The role of E-liquid vegetable glycerin and exhaled aerosol on cue reactivity to tank-based electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2083-2092. [PMID: 30796491 PMCID: PMC6626688 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) share salient features of combustible smoking, such as inhalation and exhalation behaviors, and evidence indicates that first- and second-generation ENDS generalize as smoking cues. The present study examined whether newer, tank-based third-generation ENDS ("mods") also evoke smoking urges, and whether enhancing the visibility of exhaled aerosol clouds-by increasing the e-liquid vegetable glycerin (VG) content-strengthens the cue salience of ENDS. OBJECTIVES The objective was to assess the role of exhaled aerosol clouds on ENDS cue potency using a standardized laboratory paradigm designed to mimic real-world exposures. METHODS Using a mixed design, young adult smokers (n = 50; mean age 26.5 years; ≥ 5 cigarettes/day) observed a study confederate drinking bottled water (control cue) and vaping an ENDS mod containing e-liquid with either high (73%) or low (0%) VG. Participants completed the Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (BQSU) and visual analog scales (VAS) assessing cigarette and e-cigarette desire pre- and post-cue exposure. RESULTS Increasing the e-liquid content of VG enhanced the size and visibility of the exhaled aerosol clouds and evoked a greater increase in smoking desire and a more sustained increase in e-cigarette desire relative to the low VG cue. Both cues elicited increases in smoking urges. These results remained after controlling for sex, prior ENDS experience, recent smoking behavior, and menthol preference. CONCLUSIONS Observation of tank-based ENDS use generalizes as a smoking cue and its cue salience is strengthened by increasing the e-liquid content of VG to enhance the visibility of the exhaled aerosol cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Vena
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Meghan Howe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrea King
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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35
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Cofresí RU, Grote DJ, Le EVT, Monfils MH, Chaudhri N, Gonzales RA, Lee HJ. Alcohol-associated antecedent stimuli elicit alcohol seeking in non-dependent rats and may activate the insula. Alcohol 2019; 76:91-102. [PMID: 30612041 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol self-administration produces brain and behavior adaptations that facilitate a progressive loss of control over drinking and contribute to relapse. One possible adaptation is the ability of antecedent environmental stimuli that are consistently paired with alcohol to trigger alcohol-seeking behaviors. We previously modeled this adaptation in rats using a Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which illumination of a houselight preceded the presentation of a sipper tube that produced unsweetened alcohol when licked. However, in our previous work we did not demonstrate whether this adaptation represented a consequence of repeated exposure to alcohol or the houselight, or whether it was the consequence of associative learning and memory. Thus, in the present study, we tested the associative basis of alcohol seeking in response to houselight illumination in our task using adult male rats that were not food- or water-deprived and were not dependent on alcohol. Separate groups of rats received houselight illumination that was explicitly paired or unpaired with presentation of the retractable sipper that provided access to unsweetened alcohol. Our primary dependent variable was appetitive alcohol-directed behavior: the frequency of movement toward and interaction with the hole in the wall of the chamber through which the sipper was presented during the period of houselight illumination trial before each sipper presentation. However, we also analyzed consummatory sipper licking behavior and blood ethanol concentration in the same rats. Finally, we explored the brain basis of cue-elicited alcohol seeking using c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Our findings confirmed the associative basis of cue-elicited alcohol seeking in our paradigm and mapped these onto the insular cortex, suggesting a role for this brain region in early stages of brain and behavior adaptation to regular alcohol use.
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Cogné M, Guillaud E, Guillot L, Klinger E, Glize B, Jacquin-Courtois S, Cazalets JR, Joseph PA. Association between prism adaptation and auditory cues on spatial navigation in individuals with unilateral neglect. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2019; 63:12-20. [PMID: 31009802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unilateral neglect is common among right-hemispheric stroke individuals and also concerns the auditory modality. Prism adaptation can improve auditory extinction during a dichotic listening task, but its effect during an ecological task has not been studied. OBJECTIVE The main objective was to evaluate whether lateralized cueing before and after prism adaptation improved virtual spatial navigation of stroke individuals with visual and auditory unilateral neglect. Secondary objectives were to assess spatial memory and obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of the cueing treatment by using an eye-tracker. METHODS We included 22 stroke individuals with left visual and auditory neglect, 14 individuals without neglect, and 12 healthy controls. After a familiarization task, participants underwent 3 evaluation sessions. Participants were first passively shown a path that they had then to actively reproduce by using a joystick. A path with lateralized beeping sounds indicating direction and a path without any sounds were followed in a randomized order. After prism adaptation, the participants followed a third path with lateralized beeping sounds. The time of navigation and number of trajectory mistakes were recorded. After navigation, spatial memory was assessed. Additionally, an eye-tracker was used during the navigation period. RESULTS The navigational performance of participants with neglect was significantly better with than without auditory cues, especially after prism adaptation. With auditory cues, participants without neglect reached the navigational performance of healthy controls. The spatial memory of individuals with neglect was significantly lower with auditory cues. Eye-tracking analyses showed that participants with neglect made more saccades and looked longer at the right-square angles in the absence of auditory cues. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the positive effect of auditory cues in virtual spatial navigation of individuals with visual and auditory neglect and the potentiation of the help of cues after prism adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Cogné
- Rehabilitation unit, University hospital of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; EA4136, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, rehabilitation unit, university hospital of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | | | | | - Evelyne Klinger
- ESIEA, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, 53000 Laval, France; French Institute for Research on Handicap (IFRH), 75651 Paris , France.
| | - Bertrand Glize
- Rehabilitation unit, University hospital of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; EA4136, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Sophie Jacquin-Courtois
- Inserm UMR-S 864, Espace et action, rehabilitation medicine unit, university hospital of Lyon, 16, avenue Lépine, 69676 Bron, France.
| | | | - Pierre-Alain Joseph
- Rehabilitation unit, University hospital of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; EA4136, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; French Institute for Research on Handicap (IFRH), 75651 Paris , France.
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Palmer MH, Wu JM, Marquez CS, Rupp B, Conover MM, Newman DK. "A secret club": focus groups about women's toileting behaviors. BMC Womens Health 2019; 19:44. [PMID: 30845937 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Understanding reasons for and impact of women’s toileting behaviors on bladder health is important to prevent and manage urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OAB). Methods Women, regardless of urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OAB) status, were recruited in Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Focus groups were conducted by trained female moderators and sessions were audiotaped. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire containing validated items to determine the presence of UI and OAB. Audiotapes were transcribed and content was analyzed by two investigators to identify themes. Results Twenty-four women participated (mean age 68 ± 13.4 years); most had UI (75%) or OAB (87.5%). Many women had difficulty in describing bladder health, and talked about bladder function, diseases or conditions, and control over the bladder. Four themes about toileting emerged: 1) cues/triggers/alerts women used to find and use toilets, 2) toilet cleanliness away from and at home, 3) toileting as a nuisance, and 4) situational awareness. Women described internal (e.g., sensation of heaviness) and external cues/triggers/alerts (e.g., walking by restrooms), and the trade-off between their concerns about public toilet cleanliness and the need to urinate. Some women expressed being irritated or annoyed about having to stop activities to urinate. Most women reported sitting on their home toilets, whereas, many hovered or stood over the toilet in public places. Conclusions The information gained from this study will facilitate the development of relevant public health messaging and interventions to raise public awareness about UI, OAB, and bladder health with the aim to encourage women to seek help when symptoms are present. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12905-019-0740-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hynes TJ, Thomas CS, Zumbusch AS, Samson A, Petriman I, Mrdja U, Orr A, Cutts E, Ruzindana BG, Hazari A, Zjadewicz M, Lovic V. Early life adversity potentiates expression of addiction-related traits. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:56-67. [PMID: 28899646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals sporadically and circumstantially sample addictive drugs, yet few become addicted. The individual vulnerabilities underlying the development of addiction are not well understood. Correlational findings show that early life adversity is associated with a greater propensity to develop drug addiction. However, the mechanisms by which early life adversity increases addiction vulnerability are unknown. Separate lines of research have found that several traits are associated with addiction. Here, we examined the effects of early life adversity on addiction-related traits in adulthood. We weaned male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day - PND21) and randomly assigned them to either a non-adversity group (N-ADV) or an adversity group (ADV). ADV rats experienced adversity from PND 21-35, they were: a) singly housed, b) food restricted for 12h/day, c) subjected to forced-swim sessions, and d) restrained and exposed to predator odour (1h). As adults, rats were tested for impulsivity, anxiety-like behaviour, novelty preference, and attribution of incentive salience to a reward cue. ADV rats showed enhanced novelty preference and attributed greater incentive value to a reward cue. Compared to N-ADV rats, a greater proportion of ADV rats expressed multiple addiction risk traits. Furthermore, fewer ADV rats expressed no addiction risk traits. This effect was most evident in female ADV rats.
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McCue DL, Kasper JM, A, Hommel JD. Incubation of feeding behavior is regulated by neuromedin U receptor 2 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:763-70. [PMID: 30227148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A diet of energy-dense food, characterized mainly as a high-fat diet, leads to a persistent excessive consumption defined as overeating. According to the National Institute of Health, more than 2 in 3 adults in the United States are overweight or obese, straining our healthcare system with epidemic proportions. Diets that include abstaining from high-fat foods, ironically, result in an increase in motivation and craving for said high-fat foods, defined as an incubation effect because the behavior aids in developing overeating. Previously, we have shown that modulation of neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) results in increased food intake and motivation for energy-dense foods. Here, we continue our focus on NMUR2 in the PVN, but in relation to the incubation effect on craving for high-fat food. We employed a model for incubation of craving by having rats abstain from high-fat foods for 30 days before undergoing intake of fatty food on fixed ratio and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, and then assess their response to reactivity to cues. Using this model, we compared the feeding behaviors of rats that underwent an mRNA knockdown of the NMUR2 in the PVN to controls after both underwent a 30-day abstinence from high-fat foods. Our results show knockdown of NMUR2 in the PVN blocks the incubation of feeding behavior for food-related cues and high-fat foods.
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Kim JM, Lee EN. [Usefulness of Korean Version of Behavioral Cue Checklist for Predicting of Patient Violence in Emergency Departments]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2018; 48:289-297. [PMID: 29968685 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2018.48.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a behavioral cue checklist (BCC) containing 17 items developed by Wilkes et al. (2010) for identifying potentially violent patients in emergency departments. METHODS This was a prospective observational study to evaluate the usefulness of the Korean version of a BCC (K-BCC) as an assessment tool for predicting patient violence in emergency departments, and was conducted over 4 weeks in a regional emergency medical center located in B City. A total of 1,324 patients were finally analyzed. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate whether each item of the K-BCC predicts violence, and a parsimonious set of 8 statistically significant items was selected for the tool. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the BCC showed that the area under the curve was .97 (95% confidence interval: .94~1.0). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value at the cut-off score of 2 were 75.6%, 98.9%, 68.2%, and 99.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION The K-BCC was found to be useful in predicting patient violence toward emergency department staff. This tool is simple, and fast to use and can play a significantly role identifying potentially violent patients. Owing to this advance identification, this tool can be helpful in preventing the potential for violence from manifesting as violent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Mi Kim
- (Bio)Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Nam Lee
- Department of Nursing, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.
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Mereish EH, Padovano HT, Wemm S, Miranda R Jr. Appetitive startle modulation in the human laboratory predicts Cannabis craving in the natural environment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1933-43. [PMID: 29623354 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug-related cues evoke craving and stimulate motivational systems in the brain. The acoustic startle reflex captures activation of these motivational processes and affords a unique measure of reactivity to drug cues. OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of cannabis-related cues on subjective and eye blink startle reactivity in the human laboratory and tested whether these effects predicted youth's cue-elicited cannabis craving in the natural environment. METHODS Participants were 55 frequent cannabis users, ages 16 to 24 years (M = 19.9, SD = 1.9; 55% male; 56% met criteria for cannabis dependence), who were recruited from a clinical trial to reduce cannabis use. Eye blink electromyographic activity was recorded in response to acoustic probes that elicited startle reactivity while participants viewed pleasant, unpleasant, neutral, and cannabis picture cues. Following the startle assessment, participants completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol that involved repeated assessments of cue-elicited craving in real time in their real-world environments. RESULTS Multilevel models included the presence or absence of visible cannabis cues in the natural environment, startle magnitude, and the cross-level interaction of cues by startle to test whether cue-modulated startle reactivity in the laboratory was associated with cue-elicited craving in the natural environment. Analyses showed that cannabis-related stimuli evoked an appetitive startle response pattern in the laboratory, and this effect was associated with increased cue-elicited craving in the natural environment, b = - 0.15, p = .022, 95% CI [- 0.28, - 0.02]. Pleasant stimuli also evoked an appetitive response pattern, but in this case, blunted response was associated with increased cue-elicited craving in the natural environment, b = 0.27, p < .001, 95% CI [0.12, 0.43]. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support cue-modulated startle reactivity as an index of the phenotypic expression of cue-elicited cannabis craving.
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Cofresí RU, Lee HJ, Monfils MH, Chaudhri N, Gonzales RA. Characterizing conditioned reactivity to sequential alcohol-predictive cues in well-trained rats. Alcohol 2018; 69:41-49. [PMID: 29635111 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Implicit learning about antecedent stimuli and the unconditional stimulus (US) properties of alcohol may facilitate the progressive loss of control over drinking. To model this learning, Cofresí et al. (2017) developed a procedure in which a discrete, visual conditional stimulus (houselight illumination; CS) predicted the availability of a retractable sipper that rats could lick to receive unsweetened alcohol [Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41, 608-617]. Here we investigated the possibility that houselight illumination, sipper presentation, and oral alcohol receipt might each exert control over alcohol seeking and drinking. We also determined the relationship between ingested dose and blood alcohol concentration, in order to validate the idea that the US is a post-ingestive action of alcohol. Finally, we tested a major prediction from the conditioning account of problematic drinking [Tomie, A., & Sharma, N. (2013). Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 6, 201-219], which is that once learned, responses elicited by a CS will promote drinking. We found that despite having constrained opportunities to drink alcohol during the conditioning procedure, ingested doses produced discriminable blood concentrations that supported cue conditioning. Based on our analysis of the dynamics of cue reactivity in well-trained rats, we found that houselight illumination triggered conditioned approach, sipper presentation evoked licking behavior, and alcohol receipt promoted drinking. Reactivity to these cues, which varied in terms of their temporal proximity to the alcohol US, persisted despite progressive intoxication or satiety. Additionally, rats with the greatest conditioned reactivity to the most distal alcohol cue were also the fastest to initiate drinking and drank the most. Our findings indicate that the post-ingestive effects of alcohol may condition multiple cues simultaneously in adult rats, and these multiple cues help to trigger alcohol seeking and drinking. Moreover, identification and characterization of these cues should be helpful for designing interventions that attenuate the power of these cues over behavior.
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Harrison SL, Laver KE, Ninnis K, Rowett C, Lannin NA, Crotty M. Effectiveness of external cues to facilitate task performance in people with neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil 2018. [PMID: 29523022 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1448465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine in people with neurological disorders, which method/s of providing external cues to improve task performance are most effective. Methods: Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were systematically searched. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: Twenty six studies were included. Studies examined a wide-range of cues including visual, tactile, auditory, verbal, and multi-component cues. Cueing (any type) improved walking speed when comparing cues to no cues (mean difference (95% confidence interval): 0.08 m/s (0.06-0.10), I2 = 68%, low quality of evidence). Remaining evidence was analysed narratively; evidence that cueing improves activity-related outcomes was inconsistent and rated as very low quality. It was not possible to determine which form of cueing may be more effective than others. Conclusion: Providing cues to encourage successful task performance is a core component of rehabilitation, however there is limited evidence on the type of cueing or which tasks benefit most from external cueing. Low-quality evidence suggests there may be a beneficial effect of cueing (any type) on walking speed. Sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials are needed to inform therapists of the most effective cueing strategies to improve activity performance in populations with a neurological disorder. Implications for rehabilitation Providing cues is a core component of rehabilitation and may improve successful task performance and activities in people with neurological conditions including stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis, but evidence is limited for most neurological conditions with much research focusing on stroke and Parkinson's disease. Therapists should consider using a range of different types of cues depending on the aims of treatment and the neurological condition. There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest one form of cueing is superior to other forms. Therapists should appreciate that responding optimally to cues may take many sessions to have an effect on activities such as walking. Further studies should be conducted over a longer timeframe to examine the effects of different types of cues towards task performance and activities in people with neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Harrison
- a Department of Rehabilitation, Aged and Extended Care , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia.,b NHMRC Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Kate E Laver
- a Department of Rehabilitation, Aged and Extended Care , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Kayla Ninnis
- a Department of Rehabilitation, Aged and Extended Care , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Cherie Rowett
- c Discipline of Occupational Therapy , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Natasha A Lannin
- d Department of Community and Clinical Allied Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.,e Occupational Therapy Department , Alfred Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Maria Crotty
- a Department of Rehabilitation, Aged and Extended Care , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia.,b NHMRC Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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Bernstein H, Santos M. Definitions of hunger and fullness among youth enrolled in a pediatric weight management program. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 23:167-170. [PMID: 29460794 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of obesity is multifactorial and involves the interplay of environmental, cultural, social, and biological influences. The purpose of the current paper was to describe hunger and fullness in a sample of pediatric patients seeking treatment for obesity. The goals of this study were to gain information about how youth with obesity describe their experience of being hungry and full and to explore common themes within these descriptions. Twenty-five patients entering a Stage 3 pediatric obesity program responded to the open-ended questions: "how do you know when you are hungry" and "how do you know when you are full?" The results found that the majority of youth used physical cues as a way to identify hunger and fullness cues. For identifying hunger, participants most frequently reported using cues such as their stomach growling or stomach pain as an indication that they are hungry. For identifying fullness, the majority of participants relied on discomfort. The current findings suggest that youth with obesity are able to attend to extreme physical cues (e.g., pain, sickness) of fullness but may not be aware of subtle cues that allow them to stop eating once they are satisfied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bernstein
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Obesity Center, USA
| | - Melissa Santos
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Obesity Center, USA; University of Connecticut Health Center, USA.
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Dresang HC, Turkstra LS. Implicit causality bias in adults with traumatic brain injury. J Commun Disord 2018; 71:1-10. [PMID: 29223490 PMCID: PMC5801097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury often experience impairments in pragmatic language functions. Pragmatic language has been studied primarily in connected language genres such as narratives. It may be, however, that individuals with traumatic brain injury also miss microscopic cues, such as social cues embedded in single word meanings or sentence structure. The current study examined one type of sentence-level pragmatic language cue: implicit causality bias. Implicit causality bias is the attribution of an interpersonal transitive verb action to either the subject noun phrase or object noun phrase of a sentence, and is an inherent property of English-language verbs. METHOD In this study, 19 adults with traumatic brain injury and 18 typical adults were asked to provide sensible and spontaneous completions to 96 sentence fragments. Each fragment contained one interpersonal transitive verb and two noun phrases to which the cause of the verb could be attributed. RESULTS Adults with traumatic brain injury showed significantly less implicit causality bias than typical adults, and also made more errors in assigning the causality of a clause. CONCLUSIONS These results challenge assumptions regarding intact implicit processing in adults with traumatic brain injury, and reveal mechanisms by which communication could fail in everyday social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C Dresang
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Goodnight Hall 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Lyn S Turkstra
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Goodnight Hall 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Surgery/Division of Trauma Surgery, Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Piccolo LD, Finset A, Mellblom AV, Figueiredo-Braga M, Korsvold L, Zhou Y, Zimmermann C, Humphris G. Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences (VR-CoDES): Conceptual framework and future directions. Patient Educ Couns 2017; 100:2303-2311. [PMID: 28673489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the theoretical and empirical framework of VR-CoDES and potential future direction in research based on the coding system. METHODS The paper is based on selective review of papers relevant to the construction and application of VR-CoDES. RESULTS VR-CoDES system is rooted in patient-centered and biopsychosocial model of healthcare consultations and on a functional approach to emotion theory. According to the VR-CoDES, emotional interaction is studied in terms of sequences consisting of an eliciting event, an emotional expression by the patient and the immediate response by the clinician. The rationale for the emphasis on sequences, on detailed classification of cues and concerns, and on the choices of explicit vs. non-explicit responses and providing vs. reducing room for further disclosure, as basic categories of the clinician responses, is described. CONCLUSIONS Results from research on VR-CoDES may help raise awareness of emotional sequences. Future directions in applying VR-CoDES in research may include studies on predicting patient and clinician behavior within the consultation, qualitative analyses of longer sequences including several VR-CoDES triads, and studies of effects of emotional communication on health outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS VR-CoDES may be applied to develop interventions to promote good handling of patients' emotions in healthcare encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Del Piccolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Arnstein Finset
- Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anneli V Mellblom
- Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatric Medicine, Women and Children's Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margarida Figueiredo-Braga
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; I3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Live Korsvold
- Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuefang Zhou
- University of St Andrews, Medical School, North Haugh, St Andrews, UK
| | - Christa Zimmermann
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gerald Humphris
- University of St Andrews, Medical School, North Haugh, St Andrews, UK
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Sandvik P, Nydahl M, Kihlberg I, Marklinder I. Consumers' health-related perceptions of bread - Implications for labeling and health communication. Appetite 2017; 121:285-293. [PMID: 29154885 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a wide variety of commercial bread types and the present study identifies potential pitfalls in consumer evaluations of bread from a health perspective. The aim is to describe consumers' health-related perceptions of bread by exploring which health-related quality attributes consumers associate with bread and whether there are differences with regard to age, gender and education level. A postal and web-based sequential mixed-mode survey (n = 1134, 62% responded online and 38% by paper) with open-ended questions and an elicitation task with pictures of commercial breads were used. Responses were content analyzed and inductively categorized. Three fourths (n = 844) knew of breads they considered healthy; these were most commonly described using terms such as "coarse," "whole grain," "fiber rich," "sourdough," "crisp," "less sugar," "dark," "rye," "seeds," "a commercial brand," "homemade" and "kernels." The breads were perceived as healthy mainly because they "contain fiber," are "good for the stomach," have good "satiation" and beneficial "glycemic properties." The frequency of several elicited attributes and health effects differed as a function of age group (18-44 vs. 45-80 years), gender and education level group (up to secondary education vs. university). Difficulties identifying healthy bread were perceived as a barrier for consumption especially among consumers with a lower education level. Several of the health effects important to consumers cannot be communicated on food packages and consumers must therefore use their own cues to identify these properties. This may lead to consumers being misled especially if a bread is labeled e.g., as a sourdough bread or a rye bread, despite a low content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Sandvik
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Box 560, SE-75122 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Margaretha Nydahl
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Box 560, SE-75122 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iwona Kihlberg
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Box 560, SE-75122 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingela Marklinder
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Box 560, SE-75122 Uppsala, Sweden
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Makhija SK, Robinson ME, Bader JD, Shugars DA, Litaker MS, Im HR, Rindal DB, Pihlstrom DJ, Meyerowitz C, Gordan VV, Buchberg MK, Gilbert GH. Dentists' decision strategies for suspicious occlusal caries lesions in a National Dental PBRN study. J Dent 2017; 69:83-87. [PMID: 29138112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Case presentations (vignettes) were completed by dentists in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network study "Decision Aids for the Management of Suspicious Occlusal Caries Lesions (SOCLs)". The objective was to determine dentists' decision strategies for SOCLs. METHODS 107 dentists viewed a series of 16 vignettes that represented all combinations of 4 clinical cues: color, luster, lesion roughness, and patient-level caries risk. Each vignette included a patient description and a photograph of a tooth presenting the 4 cues. Dentists were asked to decide the likelihood that a suspected lesion extended into dentin. A lens model analysis was used to examine how dentists use these cues in making their decisions. RESULTS 86% of dentists had a consistent pattern of cue use that defined their decision strategy. On average, 70% of the variance in their decisions was accounted for by their use of the 4 cues. However, there was considerable variability in the individual cues used by each dentist. The percentages of dentists who used the different cues consistently were: luster (58%), color (48%), roughness (36%), and risk (35%). 14% of dentists reliably used only color, 7% used only luster, 4% used only roughness, and 1% used only risk when making SOCL decisions. CONCLUSIONS The online vignette system suggests that clinical SOCL decision strategies are highly individualized and dentists do not use all cues available to them to make these decisions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Prior to this study, there has been little evidence about how dentists use these cues (either individually or in combination) when judging the extent of caries progression. Such knowledge would be valuable when designing interventions to help dentists maximize the likelihood of appropriate treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia K Makhija
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | | | - James D Bader
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Daniel A Shugars
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mark S Litaker
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hong R Im
- Private Practice, Austin, TX, United States
| | - D Brad Rindal
- HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Cyril Meyerowitz
- University of Rochester, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Meredith K Buchberg
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Gregg H Gilbert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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49
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Vijfhuizen M, Bok H, Matthew SM, Del Piccolo L, McArthur M. Analysing how negative emotions emerge and are addressed in veterinary consultations, using the Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences (VR-CoDES). Patient Educ Couns 2017; 100:682-689. [PMID: 27884573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the applicability, need for modifications and reliability of the VR-CoDES in a veterinary setting while also gaining a deeper understanding of clients' expressions of negative emotion and how they are addressed by veterinarians. METHODS The Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences for client cues and concerns (VR-CoDES-CC) and health provider responses (VR-CoDES-P) were used to analyse 20 audiotaped veterinary consultations. Inter-rater reliability was established. The applicability of definitions of the VR-CoDES was identified, together with the need for specific modifications to suit veterinary consultations. RESULTS The VR-CoDES-CC and VR-CoDES-P generally applied to veterinary consultations. Cue and concern reliability was found satisfactory for most types of cues, but not for concerns. Response reliability was satisfactory for explicitness, and for providing and reducing space for further disclosure. Modifications to the original coding system were necessary to accurately reflect the veterinary context and included minor additions to the VR-CoDES-CC. CONCLUSION Using minor additions to the VR-CoDES including guilt, reassurance and cost discussions it can be reliably adopted to assess clients' implicit expressions of negative emotion and veterinarians' responses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The modified VR-CoDES could be of great value when combined with existing frameworks used for teaching and researching veterinary communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Vijfhuizen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.
| | - Harold Bok
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Susan M Matthew
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lidia Del Piccolo
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Michelle McArthur
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.
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50
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Lin H, Xiang J, Li S, Liang J, Zhao D, Yin D, Jin H. Cued uncertainty modulates later recognition of emotional pictures: An ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 116:68-76. [PMID: 28323026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that uncertainty about the emotional content of an upcoming event modulates event-related potentials (ERPs) during the encoding of the event, and this modulation is affected by whether there are cues (i.e., cued uncertainty) or not (i.e., uncued uncertainty) prior to the encoding of the uncertain event. Recently, we showed that uncued uncertainty affected ERPs in later recognition of the emotional event. However, it is as yet unknown how the ERP effects of recognition are modulated by cued uncertainty. To address this issue, participants were asked to view emotional (negative and neutral) pictures that were presented after cues. The cues either indicated the emotional content of the pictures (the certain condition) or not (the cued uncertain condition). Subsequently, participants had to perform an unexpected old/new task in which old and novel pictures were shown without any cues. ERP data in the old/new task showed smaller P2 amplitudes for neutral pictures in the cued uncertain condition compared to the certain condition, but this uncertainty effect was not observed for negative pictures. Additionally, P3 amplitudes were generally enlarged for pictures in the cued uncertain condition. Taken together, the present findings indicate that cued uncertainty alters later recognition of emotional events in relevance to feature processing and attention allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521 Guangzhou, China; Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, 510521, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- Shaxi Primary School, 518000 Shenzhen, China; Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Saili Li
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, 510303 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521 Guangzhou, China
| | - Desheng Yin
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Center of Cooperative Innovation for Assessment and Promotion of National Mental Health, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, 300074 Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Center of Cooperative Innovation for Assessment and Promotion of National Mental Health, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, 300074 Tianjin, China.
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