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Finke JB, Opdensteinen KD, Klucken T, Schächinger H. Close(d) to you? Avoidant attachment is associated with attenuated pupil responsivity to social stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 192:26-34. [PMID: 37558096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Insecure attachment is thought to impair romantic relationships, presumably also contributing to mental health problems. Previous research has suggested a link to biased automatic processing of social information, potentially reflected in pupil dilation responses. To address this hypothesis, 37 adults were presented with attachment-related, emotional pictures of erotic couples, everyday couples, or interpersonal violence after assessment with the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale. Considerable variation in self-reported attachment behaviors regarding both attachment anxiety and avoidance was observed in our sample. Overall, pupil dilation was most pronounced during viewing of erotica and violence-related pictures. Relative to nature pictures as control, attachment avoidance was associated with attenuated pupillary responses to social content. However, this was not significant with erotica. For pictures of violence, this avoidant bias was also evident in reduced subjective arousal. In contrast, attachment anxiety was unrelated to differential pupil dilation. Our findings, although preliminary, suggest that previous attachment-related experiences may bias the processing of social stimuli, which in turn may be reflected in altered patterns of pupillary responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B Finke
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
| | - Kim D Opdensteinen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schächinger
- Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Gibbons H, Schmuck J, Schnuerch R. Of ugly gains and happy losses: An event-related potential study of interactions of the intrinsic and acquired valence of emotional pictures. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108627. [PMID: 37423510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, event-related potential research on the processing of intrinsic and acquired valence has made great progress, but the two dimensions rarely varied simultaneously. Only that way, however, can we investigate whether the acquisition of extrinsic valence varies with intrinsic valence and whether intrinsic and acquired valence share the same brain mechanisms. Forty-five participants performed associative learning of gains and losses, using pictures varying on intrinsic valence (positive, negative) and outcome (90 % gain, 50 %/50 %, 90 % loss). 64-channel EEG was recorded. During acquisition, one picture from each valence/outcome combination was repeatedly presented, followed by abstract outcome information (+10 ct, -10 ct) at the predefined probability. In the test phase, participants pressed buttons to earn the real gains and avoid the real losses associated with the pictures. Here, effects of outcome and/or its congruence with intrinsic valence were observed for RT, error rate, frontal theta power, posterior P2, P300, and LPP. Moreover, outcome systematically affected post-test valence and arousal ratings. During acquisition, a contingency effect (90 % > 50 %) on amplitude of a frontal negative slow wave accompanied the progress of learning, independently of outcome, valence, and congruence. The relative absence of outcome effects during acquisition suggests "cold" semantic rather than genuinely affective processing of gains and losses. However, with real gains and losses in the test phase, "hot" affective processing took place, and outcome and its congruence with intrinsic valence influenced behavior and neural processing. Finally, the data suggest both shared and distinct brain mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Gibbons
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jonas Schmuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Schnuerch
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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Pang L, Xie X, Lin Y. POMS and eye movement: Two indicators for performance in athletics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17860. [PMID: 37455956 PMCID: PMC10344765 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regularly and scientifically participating in athletics is beneficial for physical and mental health. Mood or emotions are important component of psychology and a major indicator of physical and mental health. Positive and negative mood or emotions can have a strong impact on physical responsiveness. The aim of the present study was to explore whether mood or emotional state influence performance in athletics. Methods Mood, analyzed by Profile of Mood States, and emotional state, reflected by eye movement (looking at times and length), were used to predict track or field performance in training and competition. Results 1. The profile of track training (except 3rd week) resembled an iceberg profile (highest vigor scores) and the profile on the 3rd week resembled a "melting" iceberg profile, in which positive mood (vigor and self-esteem) was decreased and negative mood, particularly depression and anger, was significantly increased. The profile of field training almost overlapped, with the exception of depression decreasing markedly on the 3rd and 4th weeks. 2. Positive mood overpowered negative mood, particularly following a track competition; positive emotions exceed negative emotions following track and field competition. 3. The results of the regression analysis showed that an improvement in track performance was negatively correlated with a rise in total mood disturbance (TMD), and field performances were positively correlated with positivity of emotion, as tested by eye movement. 4. Good performance in track events appeared to be associated with decreased vigor and increased fatigue during 3rd and 4th track training; decreased depression and fatigue, and increased vigor as well as low observe length of watching negative emotional pictures (NEPs) before track competition. A good performance in field events appeared to be associated with anger decrease and confusion increase, increased fixation counts of watching positive emotional pictures (PEPs), and decreased fixation and observe counts of watching NEPs before field competition. Conclusions The present study proved that different indicators appeared to measure different sport performances: More indicators of Profile of Mood States inclined to predict track performance, while more eye movement indicators could predict field performance. Mixed methods could provide a better understanding of performance than a single approach alone. These findings provided theoretical support and supplementary data for practical applications in the design of comprehensive training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pang
- The College of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
- Sports Science Research Center, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Xinyi Xie
- The College of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Yigang Lin
- The College of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
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Wu X, Jia H, Liu X, Wang E. Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for valence-space congruency effect of emotional pictures in a spatial Stroop task. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 189:30-41. [PMID: 37100226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that people implicitly associate the emotional valence of abstract words with vertical position (i.e., positive words up, negative words down), resulting in the so-called valence-space congruency effect. Research has demonstrated that there is a valence-space congruency effect when it comes to emotional words. It's interesting to see that whether the emotional pictures with different levels of valence are mapped to distinct vertical space positions. Here, the event-related potential (ERP) and time-frequency techniques were employed to investigate the neural basis of the valence-space congruency effect of emotional pictures in a spatial Stroop task. Firstly, this study showed that the reaction time of the congruent condition (i.e., positive pictures in the top and negative pictures in the bottom of the screen) was significantly shorter than that of the incongruent condition (i.e., positive pictures in the bottom and negative pictures in the top of the screen), suggesting that exposure to stimuli with positive or negative valence, regardless of whether these stimuli were comprised of words or pictures, would be enough to invoke the vertical metaphor. Moreover, we found that the congruency between the vertical position and the valence of emotional pictures could significantly modulate the amplitude of the P2 component and the Late Positive Component (LPC) in ERP waveforms, as well as the post-stimulus alpha-ERD in the time-frequency plane. This study has conclusively demonstrated the presence of a space-valence congruency effect in emotional pictures and has elucidated the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms associated with the valence-space metaphor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangci Wu
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Huibin Jia
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaifeng University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Enguo Wang
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Ligeza TS, Maciejczyk M, Wyczesany M, Wagner H, Roesmann K, Junghofer M. Acute aerobic exercise enhances pleasant compared to unpleasant visual scene processing. Brain Cogn 2020; 143:105595. [PMID: 32544794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although acute aerobic exercise benefits different aspects of emotional functioning, it is unclear how exercise influences the processing of emotional stimuli and which brain mechanisms support this relationship. We assessed the influence of acute aerobic exercise on valence biases (preferential processing of negative/positive pictures) by performing source reconstructions of participants' brain activity after they viewed emotional scenes. Twenty-four healthy participants (12 women) were tested in a randomized and counterbalanced design that consisted of three experimental protocols, each lasting 30 min: low-intensity exercise (Low-Int); moderate-intensity exercise (Mod-Int); and a seated rest condition (REST). After each of the protocols, participants viewed negative and positive pictures, during which event-related magnetic fields were recorded. Analyses revealed that exercise strongly impacted the valence processing of emotional scenes within a widely distributed left hemispheric spatio-temporal cluster between 190 and 310 ms after picture onset. Brain activity in this cluster showed that a negativity bias at REST (negative > positive picture processing) diminished after the Low-Int condition (positive = negative) and even reversed to a positivity bias after the Mod-Int condition (positive > negative). Thus, acute aerobic exercise of low and moderate intensities induces a positivity bias which is reflected in early, automatic processes.
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Lin H, Xiang J, Li S, Liang J, Zhao D, Yin D, Jin H. Cued uncertainty modulates later recognition of emotional pictures: An ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 116:68-76. [PMID: 28323026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that uncertainty about the emotional content of an upcoming event modulates event-related potentials (ERPs) during the encoding of the event, and this modulation is affected by whether there are cues (i.e., cued uncertainty) or not (i.e., uncued uncertainty) prior to the encoding of the uncertain event. Recently, we showed that uncued uncertainty affected ERPs in later recognition of the emotional event. However, it is as yet unknown how the ERP effects of recognition are modulated by cued uncertainty. To address this issue, participants were asked to view emotional (negative and neutral) pictures that were presented after cues. The cues either indicated the emotional content of the pictures (the certain condition) or not (the cued uncertain condition). Subsequently, participants had to perform an unexpected old/new task in which old and novel pictures were shown without any cues. ERP data in the old/new task showed smaller P2 amplitudes for neutral pictures in the cued uncertain condition compared to the certain condition, but this uncertainty effect was not observed for negative pictures. Additionally, P3 amplitudes were generally enlarged for pictures in the cued uncertain condition. Taken together, the present findings indicate that cued uncertainty alters later recognition of emotional events in relevance to feature processing and attention allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521 Guangzhou, China; Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, 510521, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- Shaxi Primary School, 518000 Shenzhen, China; Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Saili Li
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, 510303 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521 Guangzhou, China
| | - Desheng Yin
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Center of Cooperative Innovation for Assessment and Promotion of National Mental Health, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, 300074 Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Center of Cooperative Innovation for Assessment and Promotion of National Mental Health, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, 300074 Tianjin, China.
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Thigpen NN, Keil A, Freund AM. Responding to emotional scenes: effects of response outcome and picture repetition on reaction times and the late positive potential. Cogn Emot 2016; 32:24-36. [PMID: 27922339 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1266305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Processing the motivational relevance of a visual scene and reacting accordingly is crucial for survival. Previous work suggests the emotional content of naturalistic scenes affects response speed, such that unpleasant content slows responses whereas pleasant content accelerates responses. It is unclear whether these effects reflect motor-cognitive processes, such as attentional orienting, or vary with the function/outcome of the motor response itself. Four experiments manipulated participants' ability to terminate the picture (offset control) and, thereby, the response's function and motivational value. Attentive orienting was manipulated via picture repetition, which diminishes orienting. A total of N = 81 participants completed versions of a go/no-go task, discriminating between distorted versus intact pictures drawn from six content categories varying in positive, negative, or neutral valence. While all participants responded faster with repetition, only participants without offset control exhibited slower responses to unpleasant and accelerated responses to pleasant content. Emotional engagement, measured by the late positive potential, was not modulated by attentional orienting (repetition), suggesting that the interaction between repetition and offset control is not due to altered emotional engagement. Together, results suggest that response time changes as a function of emotional content and sensitivity to attention orienting depends on the motivational function of the motor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina N Thigpen
- a Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Andreas Keil
- a Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Alexandra M Freund
- b University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Ellenbogen MA, Linnen AM, Cardoso C, Joober R. Intranasal oxytocin attenuates the human acoustic startle response independent of emotional modulation. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:1169-77. [PMID: 25082371 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin promotes social affiliation in humans. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon require further elucidation. The present study investigated the influence of intranasal oxytocin on basic emotional processing in men and women, using an emotion-modulated startle response paradigm. Eighty-four participants self-administered 24 IU of intranasal oxytocin or saline and completed an assessment of the acoustic startle reflex, using electromyography (EMG), with varying emotional foregrounds. Oxytocin had no impact on the affective modulation of the startle eye blink response, but significantly diminished the acoustic startle reflex irrespective of the emotional foreground. The results suggest that oxytocin facilitates prosocial behavior, in part, by attenuating basic physiological arousal. The dampening effect of oxytocin on EMG startle could possibly be used as an inexpensive marker of oxytocin's effect on limbic brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Ellenbogen
- Centre for Research in Human Development, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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