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Geraci A, Cancellieri UG. Preschoolers' retrospective and prospective judgements of immanent justice following distributive actions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 42:149-165. [PMID: 38173176 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Prior research provided evidence for retrospective and prospective judgements of immanent justice in adults, but the developmental origins of judgements of immanent justice remain unknown. Both retrospective and prospective judgements were investigated in preschool age, using explicit and implicit measures. In Experiment 1, 2.5- and 4-year-olds were first shown events in which one agent distributed resources fairly or unfairly, and then they saw test events in which both distributors were damaged by a misfortune. Later, they were presented with a verbal task, in which they had to respond to two questions on evaluation of the deservingness, by using explicit measures. All children were likely to approve of deserved outcomes when deeds and outcomes were congruent (i.e., unfair distributor-misfortune), and only older ones were likely to disapprove when they were incongruent (i.e., fair distributor-misfortune). In Experiment 2, 4-year-olds after seeing familiarization events of Experiment 1, were presented with two verbal questions to explore prospective judgements of immanent justice, by using explicit measures. In Experiment 3, 4-year-olds were first shown familiarization events of Experiment 1 and listened to respective narratives, then before the outcome was revealed they were assessed with a reaching task to investigate prospective judgements of immanent justice, by using implicit measures. Children reached the image depicting a bad outcome for the unfair distributor, and that illustrated a good outcome for the fair distributor. The results of the last two experiments demonstrated a fine ability to make prospective judgements at 4 years of life, and found that they were to be more prone to apply immanent justice reasoning to positive outcomes following good actions. Taken together, these results provide new evidence for preschoolers' retrospective and prospective judgements of immanent justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Geraci
- Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners 'Dante Alighieri' of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Uberta Ganucci Cancellieri
- Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners 'Dante Alighieri' of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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2
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How belief in a just world leads to prosocial behaviours: The role of communal orientation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Murayama A, Miura A, Furutani K. Cross‐cultural comparison of engagement in ultimate and immanent justice reasoning. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Murayama
- Department of International Studies Kindai University Osaka Japan
| | - Asako Miura
- Department of Human Sciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Kaichiro Furutani
- Faculty of Business Administration Hokkai‐Gakuen University Sapporo Japan
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Linhares LV, Torres ARR, Pereira CR. Live by the sword, die by the sword: Measuring belief in a just world with popular sayings. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Hafer CL, Weissflog M, Drolet CE, Segalowitz SJ. The Relation Between Belief in a Just World and Early Processing of Deserved and Undeserved Outcomes: An ERP Study. Soc Neurosci 2022; 17:95-116. [PMID: 35125043 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2038262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine how quickly people in general, and certain people in particular, process deservingness-relevant information. Female university students completed individual difference measures, including individual differences in the belief in a just world (BJW), a belief that people get what they deserve. They then read stories in which an outcome was deserved, undeserved, or neither deserved nor undeserved (i.e., "neutral") while their ERPs were recorded with scalp electrodes. We found no overall differentiation between early ERP responses (< 300 ms post stimulus onset) to deserved, undeserved, and neutral outcomes. However, BJW correlated with the difference between early ERP responses to these forms of information (rs from |.44| to |.61|; ps from .018 to < .001). The early nature of our effects (e.g., 96 ms after stimulus onset) suggests individual differences in socially-relevant information processing that begins before conscious evaluation of the stimuli. Potential underlying processes include automatic attention to schema-relevant information and to unexpected (and therefore salient) information and automatic processing of belief-consistent information. Our research underscores the importance of the concept of deservingness in human information processing as well as the utility of ERP technology and robust statistical analyses in investigations of complex social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline E Drolet
- Caroline E. Drolet is now at the Neuroscience Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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Murayama A, Miura A. Religiosity and Immanent Justice Reasoning: A Replication Study in Japan and the U.S. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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White CJM, Willard AK, Baimel A, Norenzayan A. Cognitive Pathways to Belief in Karma and Belief in God. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e12935. [PMID: 33448015 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supernatural beliefs are ubiquitous around the world, and mounting evidence indicates that these beliefs partly rely on intuitive, cross-culturally recurrent cognitive processes. Specifically, past research has focused on humans' intuitive tendency to perceive minds as part of the cognitive foundations of belief in a personified God-an agentic, morally concerned supernatural entity. However, much less is known about belief in karma-another culturally widespread but ostensibly non-agentic supernatural entity reflecting ethical causation across reincarnations. In two studies and four high-powered samples, including mostly Christian Canadians and mostly Hindu Indians (Study 1, N = 2,006) and mostly Christian Americans and Singaporean Buddhists (Study 2, N = 1,752), we provide the first systematic empirical investigation of the cognitive intuitions underlying various forms of belief in karma. We used path analyses to (a) replicate tests of the previously documented cognitive predictors of belief in God, (b) test whether this same network of variables predicts belief in karma, and (c) examine the relative contributions of cognitive and cultural variables to both sets of beliefs. We found that cognitive tendencies toward intuitive thinking, mentalizing, dualism, and teleological thinking predicted a variety of beliefs about karma-including morally laden, non-agentic, and agentic conceptualizations-above and beyond the variability explained by cultural learning about karma across cultures. These results provide further evidence for an independent role for both culture and cognition in supporting diverse types of supernatural beliefs in distinct cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiyana K Willard
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London
| | - Adam Baimel
- Department of Psychology, Health and Professional Development, Oxford Brookes University
| | - Ara Norenzayan
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia
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Spinner L, Cameron L, Ferguson HJ. Children's and parents' looking preferences to gender-typed objects: Evidence from eye tracking. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 199:104892. [PMID: 32682100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Differences between children's and parents' implicit and explicit gender stereotypes were investigated in two experiments. For the first time, the visual world paradigm compared parents' and 7-8-year-old children's looking preferences toward masculine- and feminine-typed objects stereotypically associated with a story character's gender. In Experiment 1 participants listened to sentences that included a verb that inferred intentional action with an object (e.g., "Lilly/Alexander will play with the toy"), and in Experiment 2 the verb was replaced with a neutral verb (e.g., "Lilly/Alexander will trip over the toy"). A questionnaire assessed participants' explicit gender stereotype endorsement (and knowledge [Experiment 2]) of children's toys. Results revealed that parents and children displayed similar implicit stereotypes, but different explicit stereotypes, to one another. In Experiment 1, both children and parents displayed looking preferences toward the masculine-typed object when the story character was male and looking preferences toward the feminine-typed object when the character was female. No gender effects were found with a neutral verb in Experiment 2, reinforcing the impact of gender stereotypes on implicit processing and showing that the effects are not simply driven by gender stereotypic name-object associations. In the explicit measure, parents did not endorse the gender stereotypes related to toys but rather appeared to be egalitarian, whereas children's responses were gender stereotypic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Spinner
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK.
| | - Lindsey Cameron
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK
| | - Heather J Ferguson
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK
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Gantman A, Devraj-Kizuk S, Mende-Siedlecki P, Van Bavel JJ, Mathewson KE. The time course of moral perception: an ERP investigation of the moral pop-out effect. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:235-246. [PMID: 32364227 PMCID: PMC7304512 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are highly attuned to perceptual cues about their values. A growing body of evidence suggests that people selectively attend to moral stimuli. However, it is unknown whether morality is prioritized early in perception or much later in cognitive processing. We use a combination of behavioral methods and electroencephalography to investigate how early in perception moral words are prioritized relative to non-moral words. The behavioral data replicate previous research indicating that people are more likely to correctly identify moral than non-moral words in a modified lexical decision task. The electroencephalography data reveal that words are distinguished from non-words as early as 200 ms after onset over frontal brain areas and moral words are distinguished from non-moral words 100 ms later over left-posterior cortex. Further analyses reveal that differences in brain activity to moral vs non-moral words cannot be explained by differences in arousal associated with the words. These results suggest that moral content might be prioritized in conscious awareness after an initial perceptual encoding but before subsequent memory processing or action preparation. This work offers a more precise theoretical framework for understanding how morality impacts vision and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gantman
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | | | - Peter Mende-Siedlecki
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Kyle E Mathewson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
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Hafer CL, Drolet CE, Davis EE, Segalowitz SJ, Shulman EP. Evidence of a Processing Advantage for Deservingness-Relevant Information. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We investigated processing speed for deservingness-relevant versus deservingness-irrelevant information. Female students read stories involving deserved, undeserved, or neutral outcomes. We recorded participants’ reaction time (RT) in processing the outcomes. We also measured individual differences in “belief in a just world” as a proxy for deservingness schematicity. RTs for deserved and undeserved outcomes were faster than for neutral outcomes, B = −8.45, p = .011, an effect that increased the stronger the belief in a just world (e.g., B = −3.18, p = .006). These findings provide novel evidence that the construct of deservingness is central in human social relations, and suggest both universal and particularistic schemas for deservingness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L. Hafer
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline E. Drolet
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emily E. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Dawtry RJ, Cozzolino PJ, Callan MJ. I Blame Therefore It Was: Rape Myth Acceptance, Victim Blaming, and Memory Reconstruction. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 45:1269-1282. [PMID: 30632448 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218818475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the causal order of relationships between rape myth acceptance (RMA), victim blaming, and memory reconstruction. In Study 1, RMA-congruent memory (or alternatively, victim blaming) mediated the relationship between RMA and victim blaming (memory reconstruction). In Study 2, similar relationships emerged between RMA, victim blaming, and memory reconstruction. Although no mediation of RMA occurred in Study 2 independently, a mini meta-analysis of Studies 1 and 2 data replicated both patterns of mediation observed in Study 1. In Study 3, memory accuracy for neutral details of a rape scenario was unrelated to RMA. Manipulating memory to be more (vs. less) RMA congruent had no effect on victim blaming (Study 4), although manipulating perceived victim blameworthiness (Studies 5 and 6) produced RMA-congruent memory reconstruction when the victim was more (vs. less) blameworthy. The results suggest that, via victim blaming, RMA motivates a memory reconstruction process that explains and justifies victim blaming after the fact.
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Harvey AJ, Callan MJ, Sutton RM, Foulsham T, Matthews WJ. Selective exposure to deserved outcomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Firestone C, Scholl BJ. ‘Moral Perception’ Reflects Neither Morality Nor Perception. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:75-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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See for Yourself: Perception Is Attuned to Morality. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:76-77. [PMID: 26739539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gantman AP, Van Bavel JJ. Moral Perception. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:631-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hansen BC, Rakhshan PJ, Ho AK, Pannasch S. Looking at others through implicitly or explicitly prejudiced eyes. VISUAL COGNITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2015.1063554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Callan MJ, Kay AC, Dawtry RJ. Making sense of misfortune: deservingness, self-esteem, and patterns of self-defeat. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 107:142-162. [PMID: 24956317 PMCID: PMC4076324 DOI: 10.1037/a0036640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on theorizing and research suggesting that people are motivated to view their world as an orderly and predictable place in which people get what they deserve, the authors proposed that (a) random and uncontrollable bad outcomes will lower self-esteem and (b) this, in turn, will lead to the adoption of self-defeating beliefs and behaviors. Four experiments demonstrated that participants who experienced or recalled bad (vs. good) breaks devalued their self-esteem (Studies 1a and 1b), and that decrements in self-esteem (whether arrived at through misfortune or failure experience) increase beliefs about deserving bad outcomes (Studies 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b). Five studies (Studies 3-7) extended these findings by showing that this, in turn, can engender a wide array of self-defeating beliefs and behaviors, including claimed self-handicapping ahead of an ability test (Study 3), the preference for others to view the self less favorably (Studies 4-5), chronic self-handicapping and thoughts of physical self-harm (Study 6), and choosing to receive negative feedback during an ability test (Study 7). The current findings highlight the important role that concerns about deservingness play in the link between lower self-esteem and patterns of self-defeating beliefs and behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron C Kay
- The Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
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Gantman AP, Van Bavel JJ. The moral pop-out effect: Enhanced perceptual awareness of morally relevant stimuli. Cognition 2014; 132:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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