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Marini M, Ansani A, Demichelis A, Mancini G, Paglieri F, Viola M. Real is the new sexy: the influence of perceived realness on self-reported arousal to sexual visual stimuli. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:348-360. [PMID: 38226595 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2296581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
As state-of-art technology can create artificial images that are indistinguishable from real ones, it is urgent to understand whether believing that a picture is real or not has some import over affective phenomena such as sexual arousal. Thus, in two pre-registered online studies, we tested whether 60 images depicting models in underwear elicited higher self-reported sexual arousal when believed to be (N = 57) or presented as (N = 108) real photographs as opposed to artificially generated. In both cases, Realness correlated with significantly higher scores on self-reported sexual arousal. Consistently with the literature on downregulation of emotional response to fictional works, our result indicates that sexual images that are perceived to be fake are less arousing than those believed to portray real people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marini
- IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ansani
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Philosophy, Communication, and Performing Arts, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Paglieri
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Viola
- Department of Philosophy, Communication, and Performing Arts, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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2
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Petsko CD, Vogler S. Is Men's Heterosexuality Perceived as More Precarious Than Women's? An Intersectional, Race-by-Gender Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:766-779. [PMID: 36680465 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
People perceive men's masculinity to be more precarious, or easier to lose, than women's femininity. In the present article, we investigated (a) whether men's heterosexuality is likewise perceived to be more precarious than women's, and if so, (b) whether this effect is exaggerated when the targets in question are Black rather than White. To investigate these questions, we conducted three experiments (one of which was conducted on a probability-based sample of U.S. adults; total N = 3,811) in which participants read about a target person who either did or did not engage in a single same-sex sexual behavior. Results revealed that participants questioned the heterosexuality of men more than the heterosexuality of women when they engaged (vs. did not engage) in same-sex sexual behavior. Surprisingly, these effects were not moderated by whether targets were Black versus White. Results are interpreted in light of recent models of intersectional stereotyping.
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3
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Çınar Ç, Perone P, Tybur JM. Four studies yield limited evidence for prepared (disgust) learning via evaluative conditioning. Appetite 2024; 196:107256. [PMID: 38342314 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Prepared learning accounts suggest that specialized learning mechanisms increase the retention of associations linked to ancestrally-prevalent threats. Few studies have investigated specialized aversion learning for pathogen threats. In four pre-registered studies (N's = 515, 495, 164, 175), we employed an evaluative conditioning procedure to test whether foods (versus non-foods) are more readily associated with negative content associated with pathogens than negative content not associated with pathogens. Participants saw negatively valenced (either pathogen-relevant or -irrelevant), neutral or positively-valenced stimuli paired with meats and plants (in Studies 1 and 2) and with meats and abstract shapes (in Studies 3 and 4). They then evaluated each stimulus explicitly via self-reports (Studies 1-4) and implicitly via an Affect Misattribution Procedure (Studies 3 and 4). Linear mixed models revealed general evaluative conditioning effects, but inconsistent evidence for specialized (implicit or explicit) learning for a food-pathogen association. However, results from a mega-analysis across studies revealed stronger conditioning effects for meats paired with pathogen-relevant negative stimuli than pathogen-irrelevant negative stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Çınar
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Paola Perone
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; TNO Human Performance, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Menut A, Brysbaert M, Casalis S. Do French speakers have an advantage in learning English vocabulary thanks to familiar suffixes? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241245685. [PMID: 38531687 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241245685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that languages from nearby families are easier to learn as second languages (L2) than languages from more distant families, attributing this difference to the presence of shared elements between the native language (L1) and L2. Building on this idea, we hypothesised that suffixes present in L1 might facilitate complex word acquisition in L2. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 76 late French-English bilinguals and tasked them with learning a set of 80 English-derived words containing suffixes that also exist in French (e.g., -able) or are unique to English (e.g., -ness). Consolidation of the learned words was assessed 1 week after the last learning session. The results showed a significant learning effect across the learning trials and consolidation, suggesting that the bilingual participants were able to acquire the derived words. However, contrary to our hypothesis, suffixes also existing in French did not give a significant advantage over English-unique suffixes. Further analysis revealed that this was due to variations in the consistency of familiar suffixes from L1. While some translation pairs shared the same suffix (e.g., amazement-étonnement), others had different suffixes (e.g., slippage-glissement). The type of translation pair with inconsistent suffix overlap (slippage-glissement) carried learning costs, preventing the bilingual participants from benefitting from the presence of familiar suffixes in L2 words. These findings suggest that shared information can be used effectively for L2 learning only if the mapping between L1 and L2 is consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Menut
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Cedex, France
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marc Brysbaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Séverine Casalis
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Cedex, France
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5
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Reggev N. Motivation and prediction-driven processing of social memoranda. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105613. [PMID: 38437974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Social semantic memory guides many aspects of behavior. Individuals rely on acquired and inferred knowledge about personal characteristics and group membership to predict the behavior and character of social targets. These predictions then determine the expectations from, the behavior in, and the interpretations of social interactions. According to predictive processing accounts, mnemonic and attentional mechanisms should enhance the processing of prediction-violating events. However, empirical findings suggest that prediction-consistent social events are often better remembered. This mini-review integrates recent evidence from social and non-social memory research to highlight the role of motivation in explaining these discrepancies. A particular emphasis is given to the continuous nature of prediction-(in)consistency, the epistemic tendency of perceivers to maintain or update their knowledge, and the dynamic influences of motivation on multiple steps in prediction-driven social memory. The suggested framework provides a coherent outlook of existing work and offers promising future directions to better understand the ebb and flow of social memoranda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Reggev
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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6
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Guo Y, Dhaliwal J, Rights JD. Disaggregating level-specific effects in cross-classified multilevel models. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3023-3057. [PMID: 37993674 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In psychology and other fields, data often have a cross-classified structure, whereby observations are nested within multiple types of non-hierarchical clusters (e.g., repeated measures cross-classified by persons and stimuli). This paper discusses ways that, in cross-classified multilevel models, slopes of lower-level predictors can implicitly reflect an ambiguous blend of multiple effects (for instance, a purely observation-level effect as well as a unique between-cluster effect for each type of cluster). The possibility of conflating multiple effects of lower-level predictors is well recognized for non-cross-classified multilevel models, but has not been fully discussed or clarified for cross-classified contexts. Consequently, in published cross-classified modeling applications, this possibility is almost always ignored, and researchers routinely specify models that conflate multiple effects. In this paper, we show why this common practice can be problematic, and show how to disaggregate level-specific effects in cross-classified models. We provide a novel suite of options that include fully cluster-mean-centered, partially cluster-mean-centered, and contextual effect models, each of which provides a unique interpretation of model parameters. We further clarify how to avoid both fixed and random conflation, the latter of which is widely misunderstood even in non-cross-classified models. We provide simulation results showing the possible deleterious impact of such conflation in cross-classified models, and walk through pedagogical examples to illustrate the disaggregation of level-specific effects. We conclude by considering additional model complexities that can arise with cross-classification, providing guidance for researchers in choosing among model specifications, and describing newly available software to aid researchers who wish to disaggregate effects in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jeneesha Dhaliwal
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Jason D Rights
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
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7
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Peters KJ, Maslovat D, Carlsen AN. Visual perceptual processing is unaffected by cognitive fatigue. Conscious Cogn 2024; 119:103666. [PMID: 38387139 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive fatigue (CF) can lead to an increase in the latency of simple reaction time, although the processes involved in this delay are unknown. One potential explanation is that a longer time may be required for sensory processing of relevant stimuli. To investigate this possibility, the current study used a visual inspection time task to measure perceptual processing speed before and after a CF (math and memory) or non-fatiguing (documentary film) intervention. Subjective fatigue and simple reaction time significantly increased following the CF, but not the non-fatiguing intervention, confirming that CF was induced. Conversely, there was no effect of CF on inspection time task performance. It was therefore concluded that the speed of perceptual processing is not significantly impacted by CF, and thus is unlikely to underlie CF-related reaction time increases. Instead, increases in simple reaction time latency in CF may be due to delays in response preparation or initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Peters
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Dana Maslovat
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Anthony N Carlsen
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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8
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Barbosa Escobar F, Wang QJ. Inducing Novel Sound-Taste Correspondences via an Associative Learning Task. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13421. [PMID: 38500336 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The interest in crossmodal correspondences, including those involving sounds and involving tastes, has experienced rapid growth in recent years. However, the mechanisms underlying these correspondences are not well understood. In the present study (N = 302), we used an associative learning paradigm, based on previous literature using simple sounds with no consensual taste associations (i.e., square and triangle wave sounds at 200 Hz) and taste words (i.e., sweet and bitter), to test the influence of two potential mechanisms in establishing sound-taste correspondences and investigate whether either learning mechanism could give rise to new and long-lasting associations. Specifically, we examined an emotional mediation account (i.e., using sad and happy emoji facial expressions) and a transitive path (i.e., sound-taste correspondence being mediated by color, using red and black colored squares). The results revealed that the associative learning paradigm mapping the triangle wave tone with a happy emoji facial expression induced a novel crossmodal correspondence between this sound and the word sweet. Importantly, we found that this novel association was still present two months after the experimental learning paradigm. None of the other mappings, emotional or transitive, gave rise to any significant associations between sound and taste. These findings provide evidence that new crossmodal correspondences between sounds and tastes can be created by leveraging the affective connection between both dimensions, helping elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations. Moreover, these findings reveal that these associations can last for several weeks after the experimental session through which they were induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barbosa Escobar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen
- Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School
| | - Qian Janice Wang
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen
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9
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Martin SE, Hughes TD, Roller J, Ferreri SP. Assessing pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of opioid management within different patient populations. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:414-421.e1. [PMID: 38049067 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial disparities in drug overdose exist, with black, indigenous, and Hispanic individuals experiencing higher rates of opioid overdose deaths. Opioid use disorder prevention services, such as opioid deprescribing and naloxone dispensing, have been identified as ways to prevent opioid overdose. Pharmacists can help use these strategies, but racial disparities in use exist. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate North Carolina (NC) pharmacist knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of opioid management practices, including opioid deprescribing and naloxone dispensing, across different racial and ethnic groups. METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional study conducted through a Web-based KAP survey distributed via e-mail to all NC pharmacists using a modified Dillman's method. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographics and pharmacist KAP data. Attitudes data were further analyzed using one-way analysis of variance tests and Tukey's post hoc analyses. RESULTS After applying exclusion criteria, 527 participants were eligible for analysis; 254 of these individuals completed the entire survey. The survey response rate was 15.3% and respondents were mostly female (59.1%) and white (86.6%). Approximately half of pharmacists knew the correct opioid morphine milliequivalent cutoffs considered to be high risk (47.7%) and not to be exceeded (51.9%). When asked about chronic opioid statistics within the United States, respondents overestimated that 23.70% of patients on chronic opioid therapy receive naloxone (SD = 18.93%). Pharmacists believed that black patients were more likely to adhere to an opioid taper than any other race or ethnicity and Hispanic patients were more likely to adhere to naloxone treatment than any other race or ethnicity. Finally, 91% of pharmacists knew what an opioid taper was, but 77% of pharmacists had never designed one. CONCLUSIONS Gaps in knowledge may contribute to further disparities in opioid management. Pharmacists' attitudes may contribute to biases in opioid management practices and practices related to opioid deprescribing may limit the pharmacists' current role. More education is needed so pharmacists can play an increased role in opioid management across all patient populations.
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10
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Nebe S, Kretzschmar A, Brandt MC, Tobler PN. Characterizing Human Habits in the Lab. COLLABRA. PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 10:92949. [PMID: 38463460 PMCID: PMC7615722 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.92949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Habits pose a fundamental puzzle for those aiming to understand human behavior. They pervade our everyday lives and dominate some forms of psychopathology but are extremely hard to elicit in the lab. In this Registered Report, we developed novel experimental paradigms grounded in computational models, which suggest that habit strength should be proportional to the frequency of behavior and, in contrast to previous research, independent of value. Specifically, we manipulated how often participants performed responses in two tasks varying action repetition without, or separately from, variations in value. Moreover, we asked how this frequency-based habitization related to value-based operationalizations of habit and self-reported propensities for habitual behavior in real life. We find that choice frequency during training increases habit strength at test and that this form of habit shows little relation to value-based operationalizations of habit. Our findings empirically ground a novel perspective on the constituents of habits and suggest that habits may arise in the absence of external reinforcement. We further find no evidence for an overlap between different experimental approaches to measuring habits and no associations with self-reported real-life habits. Thus, our findings call for a rigorous reassessment of our understanding and measurement of human habitual behavior in the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Nebe
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André Kretzschmar
- Individual Differences and Assessment, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maike C. Brandt
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe N. Tobler
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Voormann A, Meyer-Grant CG, Rothe-Wulf A, Klauer KC. Do moments of inattention during study cause the error-speed effect for targets in recognition-memory tasks? Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02475-7. [PMID: 38409500 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The error-speed effect - characterized by a decreased performance in a second recognition task for stimuli that elicited fast error responses in a first recognition task - has so far been predominantly interpreted as evidence for the existence of misleading memory information. However, this neglects a possible alternative explanation, namely that the effect may instead be caused by moments of inattention during study. Here, we introduce a manipulation that allowed us to distinguish between words from the study phase that participants most certainly paid attention to and those they did not. We hypothesized that if moments of inattention cause the error-speed effect, this effect should disappear when considering only targets that verifiably received attention during study. However, our results (N = 89) suggest that this is not the case: The error-speed effect still occurs for targets that participants attended to during study and thus indeed seems to be caused by misleading memory evidence rather than by moments of inattention during study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Voormann
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Houts AR, Levine WH. The impact of implicit narrator reliability on production of information. Mem Cognit 2024; 52:390-400. [PMID: 37759074 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous research established that readers acquire accurate and inaccurate information from fiction. The current study explored factors that might moderate these effects. Participants read fictional stories that each contained three assertions. The first two assertions in each story were either correct information or implausible misinformation, allowing a manipulation of the (implicit) credibility of the narrator. The last assertion in each story was the critical one, and was correct information, implausible misinformation, or plausible misinformation. After reading, participants answered general knowledge questions that were related to the critical assertions they encountered during reading. Encountering misinformation led to lower accuracy than being presented with correct information, and being presented with plausible misinformation led to higher production of that misinformation. The narrator credibility manipulation interacted with the type of critical assertion: When the critical assertion was presented accurately in a story, credible narrators presenting true critical assertions led to greater accuracy on the general knowledge test than when noncredible narrators presented this same information. These findings are discussed with respect to theories of validation during language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Ray Houts
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - William H Levine
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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13
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Lockrow AW, Setton R, Spreng KAP, Sheldon S, Turner GR, Spreng RN. Taking stock of the past: A psychometric evaluation of the Autobiographical Interview. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:1002-1038. [PMID: 36944860 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) involves a rich phenomenological re-experiencing of a spatio-temporal event from the past, which is challenging to objectively quantify. The Autobiographical Interview (AI; Levine et al. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 677-689, 2002) is a manualized performance-based assessment designed to quantify episodic (internal) and semantic (external) features of recalled and verbally conveyed prior experiences. The AI has been widely adopted, yet has not undergone a comprehensive psychometric validation. We investigated the reliability, validity, association to individual differences measures, and factor structure in healthy younger and older adults (N = 352). Evidence for the AI's reliability was strong: the subjective scoring protocol showed high inter-rater reliability and previously identified age effects were replicated. Internal consistency across timepoints was robust, suggesting stability in recollection. Central to our validation, internal AI scores were positively correlated with standard, performance-based measures of episodic memory, demonstrating convergent validity. The two-factor structure for the AI was not well supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Adjusting internal and external detail scores for the number of words spoken (detail density) improved trait estimation of AM performance. Overall, the AI demonstrated sound psychometric properties for inquiry into the qualities of autobiographical remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber W Lockrow
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Roni Setton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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14
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Spampatti T, Hahnel UJJ, Trutnevyte E, Brosch T. Psychological inoculation strategies to fight climate disinformation across 12 countries. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:380-398. [PMID: 38036655 PMCID: PMC10896732 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Decades after the scientific debate about the anthropogenic causes of climate change was settled, climate disinformation still challenges the scientific evidence in public discourse. Here we present a comprehensive theoretical framework of (anti)science belief formation and updating to account for the psychological factors that influence the acceptance or rejection of scientific messages. We experimentally investigated, across 12 countries (N = 6,816), the effectiveness of six inoculation strategies targeting these factors-scientific consensus, trust in scientists, transparent communication, moralization of climate action, accuracy and positive emotions-to fight real-world disinformation about climate science and mitigation actions. While exposure to disinformation had strong detrimental effects on participants' climate change beliefs (δ = -0.16), affect towards climate mitigation action (δ = -0.33), ability to detect disinformation (δ = -0.14) and pro-environmental behaviour (δ = -0.24), we found almost no evidence for protective effects of the inoculations (all δ < 0.20). We discuss the implications of these findings and propose ways forward to fight climate disinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobia Spampatti
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ulf J J Hahnel
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Brosch
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Çınar Ç, Perone P, Tybur JM. WITHDRAWN: Four studies Yield limited evidence for prepared (disgust) learning via evaluative conditioning. Appetite 2024; 193:107047. [PMID: 37769850 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Çınar
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paola Perone
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Rivera GN, Kim J, Kelley NJ, Hicks J, Schlegel RJ. Liking Predicts Judgments of Authenticity in Real-Time Interactions More Robustly Than Personality States or Affect. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672231218758. [PMID: 38193399 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231218758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We conducted three studies involving small group interactions (N = 622) that examined whether Big Five personality states, affect, and/or liking predict judgments of others' authenticity. Study 1 (n = 119) revealed that neither self-rated personality states nor affect predicted other-rated authenticity. Instead, other-rated liking was the only predictor of other-rated authenticity. Study 2 (n = 281) revealed that other-rated personality states and affect were significant predictors of other-rated authenticity, but other-rated liking was a more important factor in predicting other-rated authenticity than specific behaviors or affect. Based on these results, Study 3 (n = 222) examined whether experimental manipulation of likability had a causal effect on other-ratings of authenticity. Likable actors were indeed judged as more authentic. Together, this suggests that we judge people we like as more authentic and that likability may be more important than the "objective" content of behavior.
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Bott A, Brockmann L, Denneberg I, Henken E, Kuper N, Kruse F, Degner J. Spontaneous Trait Inferences From Behavior: A Systematic Meta-Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:78-102. [PMID: 35751144 PMCID: PMC10676050 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that people spontaneously infer traits from behavioral information, thus forming impressions of actors' personalities. Such spontaneous trait inferences (STI) have been examined in a wide range of studies in the last four decades. Here, we provide the first systematic meta-analysis of this vast literature. We included data from k = 86 publications, with overall N = 13,630 participants. The average STI effect was moderate to large (dz = 0.59) and showed substantial heterogeneity. The type of experimental paradigm significantly moderated the STI effect size, with larger effects in long-term memory-based paradigms compared with working memory-based paradigms. Generally, STI effects were robust to various methodological variations and also to potential concerns of publication bias. Contrary to expectations, cultural background (independent vs. interdependent) did not emerge as a significant moderator of STI effects. We discuss these findings with respect to their theoretical relevance and derive implications for future research and theorizing.
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18
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Santistevan AC, Moadab G, Fiske O, Nord CM, Isaacowitz DM, Bliss-Moreau E. Cardiac psychophysiological tuning to socioaffective content is disrupted in aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14410. [PMID: 37850617 PMCID: PMC10842326 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging ushers in numerous disruptions to autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Although the effects of aging on ANS function at rest are well characterized, there is surprising variation in reports of age-related differences in ANS reactivity to psychosocial stressors, with some reports of decreases and other reports of increases in reactivity with age. The sources of variation in age-related differences are largely unknown. Nonhuman primate models of socioaffective aging may help to uncover sources of this variation as nonhuman primates share key features of human ANS structure and function and researchers have precise control over the environments in which they age. In this report, we assess how response patterns to dynamic socioaffective stimuli in the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ANS differ in aged compared to middle-aged monkeys. We find that respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a cardiac indicator of activity in the parasympathetic branch of the ANS, exhibits age-related disruptions in responding while monkeys view videos of conspecifics. This suggests that there are evolutionarily conserved mechanisms responsible for the patterns of affective aging observed in humans and that aged rhesus monkeys are a robust translational model for human affective aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Santistevan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gilda Moadab
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Olivia Fiske
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christina M Nord
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Derek M Isaacowitz
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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19
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Timme S, Brand R. Exercise as the sum of our choices between behavioral alternatives: The Decisional Preferences in Exercising (DPEX) test. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102509. [PMID: 38065658 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Exercising can be theorized as the result of choosing one behavior over alternative behaviors. The Decisional Preferences in Exercising (DPEX) test is a computerized, easy-to-use, publicly available (open source Python code: https://osf.io/ahbjr/) and highly adaptive research tool based on this rationale. In the DPEX, participants are asked to choose between two images by pressing a key on the computer keyboard, one showing a physical exercise and the other showing a non-exercise behavioral alternative in a series of trials. Combinations are randomly assembled from two definable pools of stimuli trial-per-trial. The test can be scored either based on a crossed random effects model (facilitating the use of different stimulus material in different studies without compromising the comparability of test scores) or with a simple proportion score. Data from diverse study samples (N = 451) showed strong correlations of DPEX scores with past and future exercise behavior (r = 0.42 and 0.47 respectively) as well as with affective experiences with exercise (e.g., 'pleasure-displeasure': r = 0.47). DPEX test scores discriminated between exercisers and non-exercisers according to receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. The DPEX may be used to examine research questions derived from dual process theories, the effects of psychological states on behavioral choices can be tested, or the effects of behavior change interventions can be evaluated. The DPEX helps to avoid common method bias in the assessment of exercise behavior, for example, when psychological variables are measured with questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinika Timme
- Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralf Brand
- Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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20
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Li W, Germine LT, Mehr SA, Srinivasan M, Hartshorne J. Developmental psychologists should adopt citizen science to improve generalization and reproducibility. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2024; 33:e2348. [PMID: 38515737 PMCID: PMC10957098 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Widespread failures of replication and generalization are, ironically, a scientific triumph, in that they confirm the fundamental metascientific theory that underlies our field. Generalizable and replicable findings require testing large numbers of subjects from a wide range of demographics with a large, randomly-sampled stimulus set, and using a variety of experimental parameters. Because few studies accomplish any of this, meta-scientists predict that findings will frequently fail to replicate or generalize. We argue that to be more robust and replicable, developmental psychology needs to find a mechanism for collecting data at greater scale and from more diverse populations. Luckily, this mechanism already exists: Citizen science, in which large numbers of uncompensated volunteers provide data. While best-known for its contributions to astronomy and ecology, citizen science has also produced major findings in neuroscience and psychology, and increasingly in developmental psychology. We provide examples, address practical challenges, discuss limitations, and compare to other methods of obtaining large datasets. Ultimately, we argue that the range of studies where it makes sense *not* to use citizen science is steadily dwindling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Laura Thi Germine
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
| | - Samuel A. Mehr
- Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Joshua Hartshorne
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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21
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Bussu G, Portugal AM, Wilsson L, Kleberg JL, Falck-Ytter T. Manipulation of phasic arousal by auditory cues is associated with subsequent changes in visual orienting to faces in infancy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22072. [PMID: 38086954 PMCID: PMC10716513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This eye-tracking study investigated the effect of sound-induced arousal on social orienting under different auditory cue conditions in 5-month-old (n = 25; n = 13 males) and 10-month-old infants (n = 21; n = 14 males) participating in a spontaneous visual search task. Results showed: (1) larger pupil dilation discriminating between high and low volume (b = 0.02, p = 0.007), but not between social and non-social sounds (b = 0.004, p = 0.64); (2) faster visual orienting (b = - 0.09, p < 0.001) and better social orienting at older age (b = 0.94, p < 0.001); (3) a fast habituation effect on social orienting after high-volume sounds (χ2(2) = 7.39, p = 0.025); (4) a quadratic association between baseline pupil size and target selection (b = - 1.0, SE = 0.5, χ2(1) = 4.04, p = 0.045); (5) a positive linear association between pupil dilation and social orienting (b = 0.09, p = 0.039). Findings support adaptive gain theories of arousal, extending the link between phasic pupil dilation and task performance to spontaneous social orienting in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bussu
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Von Kraemers Alle 1C, 754 32, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ana Maria Portugal
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Von Kraemers Alle 1C, 754 32, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lowe Wilsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundin Kleberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terje Falck-Ytter
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Von Kraemers Alle 1C, 754 32, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Lozano EB, Fraley RC. Anxious to detect deceit: an empirical investigation of social defense theory. Attach Hum Dev 2023; 25:598-612. [PMID: 37933999 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2023.2272252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Social Defense Theory (SDT) states that anxious attachment reflects an adaptive sentinel strategy, whereby anxious people should be better able to detect lies than secure people. Existing research on this issue, however, has not been able to evaluate whether heightened lie detection among anxious individuals is due to an actual ability or a bias to assume that others are lying (one that pays off when others are, in fact, lying). We addressed this issue in a study in which 254 adults had to determine whether people in videos were lying or telling the truth about their experiences. Contrary to the predictions of SDT, highly anxious people did not have a heightened ability to separate lies from truths, but were biased to assume that others were lying regardless of the authenticity of their statements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Lozano
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Northstate University, College of Health Sciences, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
| | - R Chris Fraley
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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23
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von Hecker U, Müller E, Kirian Dill S, Christoph Klauer K. Mental representation of equivalence and order. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2779-2793. [PMID: 36655931 PMCID: PMC10845814 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231153974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With mental models based on relational information, the present research shows that the semantics expressed by the relation can determine the structural properties of the constructed model. In particular, we demonstrate a reversal of the classical, well-replicated symbolic distance effect (SDE), as a function of relational semantics. The classical SDE shows that responses are more accurate, and faster, the wider the distance between queried elements on a mentally constructed rank order. We replicate this effect in a study using a relation that expresses a rank hierarchy ("older than," Experiment 4). In contrast, we obtain a clear reversal of the same effect for accuracy data when the relation expresses a number of equivalence classes ("is from the same city," Experiments 1-3). In Experiment 3, we find clear evidence of a reversed SDE for accuracy and latency in the above standard condition, and flat curves of means, across pair distances, for accuracy and latency in a condition that makes equivalence classes salient from the beginning. We discuss these findings in the context of a process model of equivalence class formation based on learned piecemeal information.
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24
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Do SF, Warren C. Is laughter the best marketing? Why this is the wrong question. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 54:101694. [PMID: 37837956 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Humor is often described as a miracle pill for marketers, yet the effects of humor on advertising, content marketing, service, and other marketing functions are wildly inconsistent. Before scholars can know whether a pun, prank, meme, or laugh will attract sales, clicks, or five-star reviews, they need to understand why the effects of humor appear to vary. Humor has different effects because scholars have treated humor as different constructs while studying how it influences different marketing outcomes with different types of stimuli in different of situations on different types of people. Only by recognizing these differences can scholars begin to understand when, why, and how humor can benefit marketers. To navigate this complexity, researchers need to develop a theory of humor that can help explain how different attempts to be humorous influence different consumers in different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydni Fomas Do
- Eller College of Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Caleb Warren
- Eller College of Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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25
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Mooshammer C, Bobeck D, Hornecker H, Meinhardt K, Olina O, Walch MC, Xia Q. Does Orkish Sound Evil? Perception of Fantasy Languages and Their Phonetic and Phonological Characteristics. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 2023:238309231202944. [PMID: 38018568 DOI: 10.1177/00238309231202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Constructed languages, frequently invented to support world-building in fantasy and science fiction genres, are often intended to sound similar to the characteristics of the people who speak them. The aims of this study are (1) to investigate whether some fictional languages, such as Orkish whose speakers are portrayed as villainous, are rated more negatively by listeners than, for example, the Elvish languages, even when they are all produced without emotional involvement in the voice; and (2) to investigate whether the rating results can be related to the sound structure of the languages under investigation. An online rating experiment with three 7-point semantic differential scales was conducted, in which three sentences from each of 12 fictional languages (Neo-Orkish, Quenya, Sindarin, Khuzdul, Adûnaic, Klingon, Vulcan, Atlantean, Dothraki, Na'vi, Kesh, ʕuiʕuid) were rated, spoken by a female and a male speaker. The results from 129 participants indicate that Klingon and Dothraki do indeed sound more unpleasant, evil, and aggressive than the Elvish languages Sindarin and Quenya. Furthermore, this difference in rating is predicted by certain characteristics of the sound structure, such as the percentage of non-German sounds and the percentage of voicing. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to theories of language attitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mooshammer
- Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Bobeck
- Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Hornecker
- Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Kierán Meinhardt
- Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Olina
- Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Christin Walch
- Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Qiang Xia
- Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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26
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Jalalian P, Golubickis M, Sharma Y, Neil Macrae C. Learning about me and you: Only deterministic stimulus associations elicit self-prioritization. Conscious Cogn 2023; 116:103602. [PMID: 37952404 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-relevant material has been shown to be prioritized over stimuli relating to others (e.g., friend, stranger), generating benefits in attention, memory, and decision-making. What is not yet understood, however, is whether the conditions under which self-related knowledge is acquired impacts the emergence of self-bias. To address this matter, here we used an associative-learning paradigm in combination with a stimulus-classification task to explore the effects of different learning experiences (i.e., deterministic vs. probabilistic) on self-prioritization. The results revealed an effect of prior learning on task performance, with self-prioritization only emerging when participants acquired target-related associations (i.e., self vs. friend) under conditions of certainty (vs. uncertainty). A further computational (i.e., drift diffusion model) analysis indicated that differences in the efficiency of stimulus processing (i.e., rate of information uptake) underpinned this self-prioritization effect. The implications of these findings for accounts of self-function are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Jalalian
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Marius Golubickis
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Yadvi Sharma
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - C Neil Macrae
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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27
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Day SE, Krumhuber EG, Shore DM. The reciprocal relationship between smiles and situational contexts. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:1230-1247. [PMID: 37776238 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2258488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSmiles provide information about a social partner's affect and intentions during social interaction. Although always encountered within a specific situation, the influence of contextual information on smile evaluation has not been widely investigated. Moreover, little is known about the reciprocal effect of smiles on evaluations of their accompanying situations. In this research, we assessed how different smile types and situational contexts affected participants' social evaluations. In Study 1, 85 participants rated reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles embedded within either enjoyable, polite, or negative (unpleasant) situations. Context had a strong effect on smile ratings, such that smiles in enjoyable situations were rated as more genuine and joyful, as well as indicating less superiority than those in negative situations. In Study 2, 200 participants evaluated the situations that these smiles were perceived within (rather than the smiles themselves). Although situations paired with reward (vs. affiliation) smiles tended to be rated more positively, this effect was absent for negative situations. Ultimately, the findings point toward a reciprocal relationship between smiles and contexts, whereby the face influences evaluations of the situation and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Day
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva G Krumhuber
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Danielle M Shore
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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28
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Volz S, Reinhard MA, Müller P. Is It the Judge, the Sender, or Just the Individual Message? Disentangling Person and Message Effects on Variation in Lie-Detection Judgments. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1368-1387. [PMID: 36791692 PMCID: PMC10623609 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221149943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that people differ more in their ability to lie than in their ability to detect lies. However, because studies have not treated senders and messages as separate entities, it is unclear whether some senders are generally more transparent than others or whether individual messages differ in their transparency of veracity regardless of senders. Variance attributable to judges, senders, and messages was estimated simultaneously using multiple messages from each sender (totaling more than 45,000 judgments). The claim that the accuracy of a veracity judgment depends on the sender was not supported. Messages differed in their detectability (21% explained variance), but senders did not. Message veracity accounted for most message variation (16.8% of the total variance), but other idiosyncratic message characteristics also contributed significantly. Consistent with the notion that a (mis)match between sender demeanor and veracity determines accuracy, lie and truth detectability differed individually within senders. Judges primarily determined variance in lie-versus-truth classifications (12%) and in confidence (46%) but played no role regarding judgment accuracy (< 0.01%). This work has substantial implications for the design and direction of future research and underscores the importance of separating senders and messages when developing theories and testing derived hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Volz
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel
| | | | - Patrick Müller
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Building Physics, and Business, University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart
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29
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Hester N, Hehman E. Dress is a Fundamental Component of Person Perception. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:414-433. [PMID: 36951208 PMCID: PMC10559650 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231157961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT Clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and accessories influence first impressions. However, target dress is notably absent from current theories and models of person perception. We discuss three reasons for this minimal attention to dress in person perception: high theoretical complexity, incompatibility with traditional methodology, and underappreciation by the groups who have historically guided research in person perception. We propose a working model of person perception that incorporates target dress alongside target face, target body, context, and perceiver characteristics. Then, we identify four types of inferences for which perceivers rely on target dress: social categories, cognitive states, status, and aesthetics. For each of these, we review relevant work in social cognition, integrate this work with existing dress research, and propose future directions. Finally, we identify and offer solutions to the theoretical and methodological challenges accompanying the psychological study of dress. PUBLIC ABSTRACT Why is it that people often agonize over what to wear for a job interview, a first date, or a party? The answer is simple: They understand that others' first impressions of them rely on their clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and accessories. Many people might be surprised, then, to learn that psychologists' theories about how people form first impressions of others have little to say about how people dress. This is true in part because the meaning of clothing is so complex and culturally dependent. We propose a working model of first impressions that identifies four types of information that people infer from dress: people's social identities, mental states, status, and aesthetic tastes. For each of these, we review existing research on clothing, integrate this research with related work from social psychology more broadly, and propose future directions for research.
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30
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Ten Brinke L, Raymundo I, Mukherjee M, Carney DR. Some Evidence That Truth-Tellers Are More Attractive Than Liars. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231207567. [PMID: 37888143 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231207567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of deception, people rarely doubt others' sincerity. However, indirect evaluations of liars and truth-tellers may differ even in the absence of suspicion about veracity. Across three studies, we provide evidence for the truth attraction effect in two samples of target stimuli and three samples of participant judges. Target people are perceived as more attractive when telling the truth versus when they lie, an effect mediated by target warmth and openness. The truth attraction effect is stronger for female targets (vs. males); however, it is unaffected by the gender of the judge. Findings suggest people may be more likely to approach truth-tellers versus liars, even when not actively judging veracity. We discuss the challenges and benefits of treating both targets and participants as random factors in linear mixed-effect analyses and join the chorus of calls to increase the number of target stimuli in deception research.
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31
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Jaeger B, Wilks M. The Relative Importance of Target and Judge Characteristics in Shaping the Moral Circle. Cogn Sci 2023; 47:e13362. [PMID: 37807673 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
People's treatment of others (humans, nonhuman animals, or other entities) often depends on whether they think the entity is worthy of moral concern. Recent work has begun to investigate which entities are included in a person's moral circle, examining how certain target characteristics (e.g., species category, perceived intelligence) and judge characteristics (e.g., empathy, political orientation) shape moral inclusion. However, the relative importance of target and judge characteristics in predicting moral inclusion remains unclear. When predicting whether a person will deem an entity worthy of moral consideration, how important is it to know who is making the judgment (i.e., characteristics of the judge), who is being judged (i.e., characteristics of the target), and potential interactions between the two factors? Here, we address this foundational question by conducting a variance component analysis of the moral circle. In two studies with participants from the Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia (N = 836), we test how much variance in judgments of moral concern is explained by between-target differences, between-judge differences, and by the interaction between the two factors. We consistently find that all three components explain substantial amounts of variance in judgments of moral concern. Our findings provide two important insights. First, an increased focus on interactions between target and judge characteristics is needed, as these interactions explain as much variance as target and judge characteristics separately. Second, any theoretical account that aims to provide an accurate description of moral inclusion needs to consider target characteristics, judge characteristics, and their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matti Wilks
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
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Smeding A, Gautheron F, Quinton JC. When ethics also matter: Influence of taste, health, and ethical attributes on food decisions traced with a novel mouse-tracking paradigm. Appetite 2023; 189:107006. [PMID: 37597772 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which food attributes influence food decisions is a matter of public health and a lever for interventions promoting healthy diets. Research shows that food decisions are strongly influenced by taste, with health having a weaker and later influence in the food decision process. Yet, the influence of other food attributes and specifically ethical attributes in food decision processes-as traceable in mouse-tracking data-has not been investigated. Furthermore, past research tracing food decision processes with classical mouse-tracking tools has artificially reduced the occurrence of neutral food items, particularly on the taste attribute. This represents an important limitation as neutral items on taste are particularly likely to be influenced by higher-order level attributes, such as health, but also ethics. Extending previous research, two preregistered studies (Study 1, N = 77; Study 2, N = 92) aimed at filling these gaps using a novel one-dimensional mouse-tracking paradigm. Results showed that taste, health, and ethics all influenced food decisions and interacted over time during decision processes. Taste still had the strongest influence, hence replicating previous findings with the present novel mouse-tracking paradigm. Of importance, ethics and health also influenced decisions-and sometimes had an early significant effect-especially for food items rated as neutral on taste. Beyond these effects and taking full advantage of the use of mixed effects models for all analyses, graphical representations of the influence of taste, health, and ethical attributes for all individual food items were provided. Results are discussed considering previous findings and suggested levers for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annique Smeding
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, 73011, Chambéry, France.
| | - Flora Gautheron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, 38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LJK, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Parma JO, Bacelar MFB, Cabral DAR, Recker RS, Orsholits D, Renaud O, Sander D, Krigolson OE, Miller MW, Cheval B, Boisgontier MP. Relationship between reward-related brain activity and opportunities to sit. Cortex 2023; 167:197-217. [PMID: 37572531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested whether energy-minimizing behaviors evoke reward-related brain activity that promotes the repetition of these behaviors via reinforcement learning processes. Fifty-eight healthy young adults in a standing position performed a task where they could earn a reward either by sitting down or squatting while undergoing electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. Reward-prediction errors were quantified as the amplitude of the EEG-derived reward positivity. Results showed that reward positivity was larger on reward versus no reward trials, confirming the validity of our paradigm to measure evoked reward-related brain activity. However, results showed no evidence that sitting (versus standing and squatting) trials led to larger reward positivity. Moreover, we found no evidence suggesting that this effect was moderated by typical physical activity, physical activity on the day of the study, or energy expenditure during the experiment. However, at the behavioral level, results showed that the probability of choosing the stimulus more likely to lead to sitting than standing increased as the number of trials increased. In addition, results revealed that the probability of changing the selected stimulus was higher when the previous trial was a stand trial relative to a sit trial. In sum, neural results showed no evidence supporting the theory that opportunities to minimize energy expenditure are rewarding. However, behavioral findings suggested participants tend to choose the less effortful behavioral alternative and were therefore consistent with the theory of effort minimization (TEMPA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dan Orsholits
- Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES-Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Renaud
- Methodology and Data Analysis, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthew W Miller
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, AL, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, USA.
| | - Boris Cheval
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Ecole Normale Supérieure Rennes, Bruz, France; Laboratory VIPS2, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
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Pauels E, Schneider IK, Schwarz N. Close to the same: Similarity influences remembered distance between stimuli. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1814-1828. [PMID: 36988892 PMCID: PMC10716182 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Six preregistered studies show that the degree of similarity of two objects biases people's spatial memory of these objects. When objects are high in similarity, people remember having seen them closer together in space than when they are low in similarity. All six studies provide correlational evidence, showing that the more similar participants rated two stimuli, the smaller they remembered the distance between them. This was true for both conceptual and perceptual similarity (Study 3). Furthermore, Studies 2, 4A, and 4B provide evidence of causality by manipulating similarity experimentally. Replicating the correlational findings, highly similar stimuli were remembered as closer together than stimuli low in similarity. This pattern was found across different stimulus categories and similarity dimensions. Overall, these findings show that the similarity of stimuli influences perceivers' reconstruction of their spatial locations.
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Rottman J, Foster-Hanson E, Bellersen S. One strike and you're a lout: Cherished values increase the stringency of moral character attributions. Cognition 2023; 239:105570. [PMID: 37536142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Moral dilemmas are inescapable in daily life, and people must often choose between two desirable character traits, like being a diligent employee or being a devoted parent. These moral dilemmas arise because people hold competing moral values that sometimes conflict. Furthermore, people differ in which values they prioritize, so we do not always approve of how others resolve moral dilemmas. How are we to think of people who sacrifice one of our most cherished moral values for a value that we consider less important? The "Good True Self Hypothesis" predicts that we will reliably project our most strongly held moral values onto others, even after these people lapse. In other words, people who highly value generosity should consistently expect others to be generous, even after they act frugally in a particular instance. However, reasoning from an error-management perspective instead suggests the "Moral Stringency Hypothesis," which predicts that we should be especially prone to discredit the moral character of people who deviate from our most deeply cherished moral ideals, given the potential costs of affiliating with people who do not reliably adhere to our core moral values. In other words, people who most highly value generosity should be quickest to stop considering others to be generous if they act frugally in a particular instance. Across two studies conducted on Prolific (N = 966), we found consistent evidence that people weight moral lapses more heavily when rating others' membership in highly cherished moral categories, supporting the Moral Stringency Hypothesis. In Study 2, we examined a possible mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Although perceptions of hypocrisy played a role in moral updating, personal moral values and subsequent judgments of a person's potential as a good cooperative partner provided the clearest explanation for changes in moral character attributions. Overall, the robust tendency toward moral stringency carries significant practical and theoretical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rottman
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, United States of America.
| | | | - Sam Bellersen
- Department of Philosophy, Franklin and Marshall College, United States of America
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Gogan T, Beaudry J, Oldmeadow J. Knowledge of identity reduces variability in trait judgements across face images. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2053-2067. [PMID: 36259873 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221136118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Faces vary from image to image, eliciting different judgements of traits and often different judgements of identity. Knowledge that two face images belong to the same person facilitates the processing of identity information across images, but it is unclear if this also applies to trait judgements. In this preregistered study, participants (N = 100) rated the same 340 face images on perceived trustworthiness, dominance, or attractiveness presented in randomised order and again later presented in sets consisting of the same identity. We also explored the role of implicit person theory beliefs in the variability of social judgements across images. We found that judgements of trustworthiness varied less when images were presented in sets consisting of the same identity than in randomised order and were more consistent for images presented later in a set than those presented earlier. However, knowledge of identity had little effect on perceptions of dominance and attractiveness. Finally, implicit person theory beliefs were not associated with variability in social judgements and did not account for effects of knowledge of identity. Our findings suggest that knowledge of identity and perceptual familiarity stabilises judgements of trustworthiness, but not perceptions of dominance and attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Gogan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Beaudry
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
- Research Development and Support, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Julian Oldmeadow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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Garrett N, Sharot T. There is no belief update bias for neutral events: failure to replicate Burton et al. (2022). JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 35:876-886. [PMID: 38013976 PMCID: PMC10591604 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2245112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In a recent paper, Burton et al. claim that individuals update beliefs to a greater extent when learning an event is less likely compared to more likely than expected. Here, we investigate Burton's et al.'s, findings. First, we show how Burton et al.'s data do not in fact support a belief update bias for neutral events. Next, in an attempt to replicate their findings, we collect a new data set employing the original belief update task design, but with neutral events. A belief update bias for neutral events is not observed. Finally, we highlight the statistical errors and confounds in Burton et al.'s design and analysis. This includes mis-specifying a reinforcement learning approach to model the data and failing to follow standard computational model fitting sanity checks such as parameter recovery, model comparison and out of sample prediction. Together, the results find little evidence for biased updating for neutral events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Garrett
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Tali Sharot
- Affective Brain Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Chen JM, Meyers C, Pauker K, Gaither SE, Hamilton DL, Sherman JW. Intergroup Context Moderates the Impact of White Americans' Identification on Racial Categorization of Ambiguous Faces. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231190264. [PMID: 37559509 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231190264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined how the number of groups in a categorization task influences how White Americans categorize ambiguous faces. We investigated the strength of identity-driven ingroup overexclusion-wherein highly identified perceivers overexclude ambiguous members from the ingroup-proposing that, compared with dichotomous tasks (with only the ingroup and one outgroup), tasks with more outgroups attenuate identity-driven ingroup overexclusion (a dilution effect). Fourteen studies (n = 4,001) measured White Americans' racial identification and their categorizations of ambiguous faces and manipulated the categorization task to have two groups, three groups, or an unspecified number of groups (open-ended). In all three conditions, participants overexcluded faces from the White category on average. There was limited support for the dilution effect: identity-driven ingroup overexclusion was absent in the three-group task and only weakly supported in the open-ended task. The presence of multiple outgroups may dampen the impact of racial identity on race perceptions among White Americans.
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Omondi C, Chou A, Fond KA, Morioka K, Joseph NR, Sacramento JA, Iorio E, Torres-Espin A, Radabaugh HL, Davis JA, Gumbel JH, Russell Huie J, Ferguson AR. Improving rigor and reproducibility in western blot experiments with the blotRig analysis software. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551674. [PMID: 37577570 PMCID: PMC10418285 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Western blot is a popular biomolecular analysis method for measuring the relative quantities of independent proteins in complex biological samples. However, variability in quantitative western blot data analysis poses a challenge in designing reproducible experiments. The lack of rigorous quantitative approaches in current western blot statistical methodology may result in irreproducible inferences. Here we describe best practices for the design and analysis of western blot experiments, with examples and demonstrations of how different analytical approaches can lead to widely varying outcomes. To facilitate best practices, we have developed the blotRig tool for designing and analyzing western blot experiments to improve their rigor and reproducibility. The blotRig application includes functions for counterbalancing experimental design by lane position, batch management across gels, and analytics with covariates and random effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleopa Omondi
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Austin Chou
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kenneth A. Fond
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kazuhito Morioka
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nadine R. Joseph
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Sacramento
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Emma Iorio
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Abel Torres-Espin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Hannah L. Radabaugh
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jacob A. Davis
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jason H. Gumbel
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - J. Russell Huie
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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McManus RM, Dungan JA, Jiang K, Young L. How unexpected events are processed in theory of mind regions: A conceptual replication. Soc Neurosci 2023; 18:155-170. [PMID: 37248725 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2023.2218620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent research in social neuroscience has postulated that Theory of Mind (ToM) regions play a role in processing social prediction error (PE: the difference between what was expected and what was observed). Here, we tested whether PE signal depends on the type of prior information people use to make predictions - an agent's prior mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, preferences) or an agent's prior behavior - as well as the type of information that confirms or violates such predictions. That is, does prior information about mental states (versus behavior) afford stronger predictions about an agent's subsequent mental states or behaviors? Additionally, when information about an agent's prior mental states or behavior is available, is PE signal strongest when information about an agent's subsequent mental state (vs behavior) is revealed? In line with prior research, results suggest that DMPFC, LTPJ, and RTPJ are recruited more for unexpected than expected outcomes. However, PE signal does not seem to discriminate on the basis of prior or outcome information type. These findings suggest that ToM regions may flexibly incorporate any available information to make predictions about, monitor, and perhaps explain, inconsistencies in social agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M McManus
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James A Dungan
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
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Boynton MH, Sanzo N, Brothers W, Kresovich A, Sutfin EL, Sheeran P, Noar SM. Perceived effectiveness of objective elements of vaping prevention messages among adolescents. Tob Control 2023; 32:e228-e235. [PMID: 35534230 PMCID: PMC9643679 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, vaping prevention campaigns have proliferated in response to a surge of e-cigarette use among adolescents in the USA. To date, the research literature has provided minimal guidance as to what vaping prevention message elements have the greatest potential for discouraging vaping, are ineffective or have unintended negative effects. The purpose of the current study was to identify and test a large set of vaping prevention ads used by federal, state, local and non-governmental agencies, examining how objectively coded message elements of vaping prevention messages might affect youth. METHODS A convenience sample of adolescents (N=1501) completed an online survey with each participant rating seven randomly selected vaping prevention ads from a pool of 220 ads on perceived message effectiveness (PME) and vaping appeal. Ads were coded on 37 objective elements in three message categories: themes, imagery and other features. Analyses examined how objective elements predicted PME. RESULTS Addiction, chemicals, negative health symptoms and effects, and cigarette comparison themes were associated with higher PME, as were graphic images and warning symbols. Industry targeting, environmental impact, flavour themes, images of food and people's faces were associated with lower PME, as were hashtags, statistics and first-person language or the word 'teen'. Most elements were not associated with appeal, but ads with a flavour theme were associated with increased vaping appeal. CONCLUSION Promising vaping prevention messages focus on the adverse consequences of vaping, use negative imagery and avoid speaking for teens using their vernacular or perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella H Boynton
- Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- NC TraCS Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nora Sanzo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Whitney Brothers
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alex Kresovich
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin L Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paschal Sheeran
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seth M Noar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Geukes K, Hecht V, Utesch T, Bläsing B, Back MD. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the fairest dancer of them all? A naturalistic lens model study on the judgment of dance performance. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 67:102436. [PMID: 37665889 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Success as a dancer is closely associated with positive dance judgments by perceivers. Although dancers' physical appearance (attractiveness, style) might affect dance judgments beyond dance-specific attributes (technique, expression), they have largely been unconsidered in previous studies. To contribute to a comprehensive explanation of real-life dance judgments, we applied the lens model, an approach explicitly developed to explain the emergence of social judgments by multiple attributes. Therefore, video-records of 70 solo performances were (1) rated regarding dancers' physical appearance, technique, and expression and (2) judged by 33 perceivers. Results of cross-classified mixed-effects models revealed that attributes of all domains were significantly related to dance judgements. Considered simultaneously, however, only dance-specific attributes contributed to the prediction of dance judgments. Additional moderation analyses underscored the importance of perceivers' expertise in judging dance. We discuss the lens model as suitable framework for a naturalistic approach to the study of aesthetic experiences and sports performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Hecht
- University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - B Bläsing
- Technical University, Dortmund, Germany
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43
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Polman E, Maglio SJ. Improving the Generalizability of Behavioral Science by Using Reality Checks: A Tool for Assessing Heterogeneity in Participants' Consumership of Study Stimuli. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:955-975. [PMID: 36459681 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221134575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In attempting to draw bigger conclusions, researchers in psychology open their labs to more diverse groups of people. Yet even the most far-reaching theories must be tested with specific stimuli, materials, and methodology. To the extent that a study's stimuli are familiar beyond the lab to groups of people writ large, an experiment is said to have mundane realism-a type of external validity. We propose that an experiment's stimuli will vary in their relevance to each individual participant (such as how much they consume the stimuli outside the lab) and can be assessed using a tool: reality checks. We found that accounting for a study's mundane realism, at the individual level, significantly altered a study's results-which we found to be the case in testing well-established findings in psychology and behavioral economics. Our work suggests that measuring mundane realism (in addition to creating it) is a useful way of testing effects in psychology among the participants for whom the studies' scenarios and decisions will matter most outside of the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Polman
- Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Sam J Maglio
- Department of Management, University of Toronto Scarborough
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
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Carruth NP, Ramos JA, Miyake A. Does willpower mindset really moderate the ego-depletion effect? A preregistered replication of Job, Dweck, and Walton (2010). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287911. [PMID: 37384732 PMCID: PMC10310002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports a preregistered study in which we attempted to replicate the results of an influential study on the ego-depletion effect reported by Job, Dweck, and Walton in 2010. The original Job et al. study (Study 1, N = 60) provided evidence that the ego-depletion effect-a performance decrease on a self-control task after performing another self-control task-occurs only for individuals who hold a belief that their willpower is limited. This moderation of the ego-depletion effect by one's willpower mindset (limited vs. nonlimited) has been interpreted as evidence against a prevalent limited-resource account of self-control. Although this alternative account of the ego-depletion effect has become well-known, the statistical evidence of the original study was on shaky ground. We therefore conducted a preregistered replication of the original study with some methodological improvements. As in the original study, participants (N = 187) performed a self-control task (Stroop color-word interference task) after performing the control or depletion version of a letter cancelation task. Despite extensive analyses, we failed to replicate the original results: There was neither a significant main effect of ego depletion nor a significant moderation of this ego-depletion effect by individual differences in willpower mindset. Together with other recent failures to replicate the original moderation effect, our results cast doubts on the claim that an individual's view of whether willpower is limited or not affects one's susceptibility to the ego-depletion effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Carruth
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jairo A. Ramos
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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Freiburger E, Sim M, Halberstadt AG, Hugenberg K. A Race-Based Size Bias for Black Adolescent Boys: Size, Innocence, and Threat. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231167978. [PMID: 37158215 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We adopted an intersectional stereotyping lens to investigate whether race-based size bias-the tendency to judge Black men as larger than White men-extends to adolescents. Participants judged Black boys as taller than White boys, despite no real size differences (Studies 1A and 1B), and even when boys were matched in age (Study 1B). The size bias persisted when participants viewed computer-generated faces that varied only in apparent race (Study 2A) and extended to perceptions of physical strength, with Black boys judged as stronger than White boys (Study 2B). The size bias was associated with threat-related perceptions, including beliefs that Black boys were less innocent than White boys (Study 3). Finally, the size bias was moderated by a valid threat signal (i.e., anger expressions, Studies 4A and 4B). Thus, adult-like threat stereotypes are perpetrated upon Black boys, leading them to be erroneously perceived as more physically formidable than White boys.
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Nestorova T, Brandner M, Gingras B, Herbst CT. Vocal Vibrato Characteristics in Historical and Contemporary Opera, Operetta, and Schlager. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(22)00428-3. [PMID: 37080891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Vibrato is a core aesthetic element in singing. It varies considerably by both genre and era. Though studied extensively in Western classical singing over the years, there is a dearth of studies on vibrato in contemporary commercial music. In addressing this research gap, the objective of this study was to find and investigate common crossover song material from the opera, operetta, and Schlager singing styles from the historical early 20th to the contemporary 21st century epochs. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS A total of 51 commercial recordings of two songs, "Es muss was Wunderbares sein" by Ralph Benatzky, and "Die ganze Welt ist himmelblau" by Robert Stolz, from "The White Horse Inn" ("Im weißen Rößl") were collected from opera, operetta, and Schlager singers. Each sample was annotated using Praat and analyzed in a custom Matlab- and Python-based algorithmic approach of singing voice separation and sine wave fitting novel to vibrato research. RESULTS With respect to vibrato rate and extent, the three most notable findings were that (1) fo and vibrato were inherently connected; (2) Schlager, as a historical aesthetic category, has unique vibrato characteristics, with higher overall rate and lower overall extent; and (3) fo and vibrato extent varied over time based on the historical or contemporary recording year for each genre. CONCLUSIONS Though these results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size, conducting such acoustical analysis is relevant for voice pedagogy. This study sheds light on the complexity of vocal vibrato production physiology and acoustics while providing insight into various aesthetic choices when performing music of different genres and stylistic time periods. In the age of crossover singing training and commercially available recordings, this investigation reveals important distinctions regarding vocal vibrato across genres and eras that bear beneficial implications for singers and teachers of singing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Brandner
- Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics, University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz, Styria, Austria
| | | | - Christian T Herbst
- Mozarteum University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Shenandoah University, Winchester, Virginia.
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Kajimura S, Hoshino T, Murayama K. Stimulus-specific random effects inflate false-positive classification accuracy in multivariate-voxel-pattern-analysis: A solution with generalized mixed-effects modelling. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119901. [PMID: 36706939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
When conducting multivariate-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), researchers typically compute the average accuracy for each subject and statistically test if the average accuracy is different from the chance level across subjects (by-subject analysis). We argue that this traditional by-subject analysis leads to inflated Type-1 error rates, regardless of the type of machine learning method used (e.g., support vector machine). This is because by-subject analysis does not consider the variance attributed to the idiosyncratic features of the stimuli that have a common influence on all subjects (i.e., the random stimulus effect). As a solution, we proposed the use of generalized linear mixed-effects modelling to evaluate average accuracy. This method only requires post-classification data (i.e., it does not consider the type of classification methods used) and is easily implemented in the analysis pipeline with common statistical software (SPSS, R, Python, etc.). Using both statistical simulation and real fMRI data analysis, we demonstrated that the traditional by-subject method indeed increases Type-1 error rates to a considerable degree, while generalized mixed-effects modelling that incorporates random stimulus effects can indeed maintain the nominal Type-1 error rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kajimura
- Faculty of Information and Human Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasakihashigami-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | | | - Kou Murayama
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK
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Epifania OM, Robusto E, Anselmi P. Is the performance at the implicit association test sensitive to feedback presentation? A Rasch-based analysis. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:737-750. [PMID: 35804071 PMCID: PMC10017590 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is commonly used for the indirect assessment of psychological constructs. While the features of the IAT that might influence the performance of the respondents have been extensively investigated, the effect of informing the respondents about the correctness of their responses (i.e., feedback presentation) has been poorly addressed so far. The study addresses this issue by presenting an across-domain (implicit prejudice and food preference) Rasch-based analysis of IAT data obtained with and without feedback presentation. Results showed that speed was influenced by the interaction between feedback presentation and associative condition, whereas accuracy was influenced by the associative condition. This result varied across-domain. Results suggested that IATs administered with feedback presentation provide more accurate information on the construct of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia M Epifania
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy.
| | - Egidio Robusto
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy
| | - Pasquale Anselmi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy
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Oktar K, Lerner A, Malaviya M, Lombrozo T. Philosophy instruction changes views on moral controversies by decreasing reliance on intuition. Cognition 2023; 236:105434. [PMID: 36963272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
What changes people's judgments on moral issues, such as the ethics of abortion or eating meat? On some views, moral judgments result from deliberation, such that reasons and reasoning should be primary drivers of moral change. On other views, moral judgments reflect intuition, with reasons offered as post-hoc rationalizations. We test predictions of these accounts by investigating whether exposure to a moral philosophy course (vs. control courses) changes moral judgments, and if so, via what mechanism(s). In line with deliberative accounts of morality, we find that exposure to moral philosophy changes moral views. In line with intuitionist accounts, we find that the mechanism of change is reduced reliance on intuition, not increased reliance on deliberation; in fact, deliberation is related to increased confidence in judgments, not change. These findings suggest a new way to reconcile deliberative and intuitionist accounts: Exposure to reasons and evidence can change moral views, but primarily by discounting intuitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Oktar
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, United States of America.
| | - Adam Lerner
- Department of Philosophy, Princeton University, United States of America
| | - Maya Malaviya
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, United States of America
| | - Tania Lombrozo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, United States of America
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Russo D, Hanel PHP, Altnickel S, van Berkel N. Satisfaction and performance of software developers during enforced work from home in the COVID-19 pandemic. EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2023; 28:53. [PMID: 36915711 PMCID: PMC9996595 DOI: 10.1007/s10664-023-10293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns, the daily lives of software engineers were heavily disrupted as they were abruptly forced to work remotely from home. To better understand and contrast typical working days in this new reality with work in pre-pandemic times, we conducted one exploratory (N = 192) and one confirmatory study (N = 290) with software engineers recruited remotely. Specifically, we build on self-determination theory to evaluate whether and how specific activities are associated with software engineers' satisfaction and productivity. To explore the subject domain, we first ran a two-wave longitudinal study. We found that the time software engineers spent on specific activities (e.g., coding, bugfixing, helping others) while working from home was similar to pre-pandemic times. Also, the amount of time developers spent on each activity was unrelated to their general well-being, perceived productivity, and other variables such as basic needs. Our confirmatory study found that activity-specific variables (e.g., how much autonomy software engineers had during coding) do predict activity satisfaction and productivity but not by activity-independent variables such as general resilience or a good work-life balance. Interestingly, we found that satisfaction and autonomy were significantly higher when software engineers were helping others and lower when they were bugfixing. Finally, we discuss implications for software engineers, management, and researchers. In particular, active company policies to support developers' need for autonomy, relatedness, and competence appear particularly effective in a WFH context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Russo
- Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Niels van Berkel
- Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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