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Chen SY, Zhao WW, Cheng Y, Bian C, Yan SR, Zhang YH. Effects of positive psychological interventions on positive and negative emotions in depressed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ment Health 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38654552 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2024.2332810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive psychological interventions (PPIs) are known to be effective in alleviating depression. However, the effect of PPIs on positive and negative emotions in depressed participants is not unclear. AIMS To systematically investigate the effects of PPIs on positive and negative emotions in depressed individuals. METHODS 6 databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of PPIs in individuals with depressive disorders or depressive symptoms. Hedges' g value was computed using a random-effects model to determine effect sizes. RESULTS 14 trials from 13 studies were included. Our meta-analysis showed that PPIs had significant but small effects on improving positive affect (g = 0.33, p = .02), life satisfaction (g = 0.26, p = .03), happiness (g = 0.62, p = .03) and depression (g = -0.32, p = .001), and negligible effects on improving well-being (g = 0.13, p = .24) and negative affect (g = -0.15, p = .31). Subgroup analyses of depression showed that PPIs have experienced benefits in improving depression in most subgroups. In addition, none of the subgroup analyses performed for outcomes other than depression found PPIs to be more effective than controls. CONCLUSION PPIs can improve positive affect, life satisfaction, happiness and depression in depressed individuals, but further studies are needed to validate their effects on well-being, and negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Chen
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Cheng
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Bian
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Rui Yan
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Kalokerinos EK, Moeck EK, Rummens K, Meers K, Mestdagh M. Ready for the worst? Negative affect in anticipation of a stressor does not protect against affective reactivity. J Pers 2023; 91:1123-1139. [PMID: 36271680 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lay wisdom suggests feeling negative while awaiting an upcoming stressor-anticipatory negative affect-shields against the blow of the subsequent stressor. However, evidence is mixed, with different lines of research and theory indirectly suggesting that anticipatory negative affect is helpful, harmful, or has no effect on emotional outcomes. In two studies, we aimed to reconcile these competing views by examining the affective trajectory across hours, days, and months, separating affective reactivity and recovery. METHODS In Study 1, first-year students (N = 101) completed 9 days of experience sampling (10 surveys/day) as they received their first-semester exam grades, and a follow-up survey 5 months later. In Study 2, participants (N = 73) completed 2 days of experience sampling (60 surveys/day) before and after a Trier Social Stress Test. We investigated the association between anticipatory negative affect and the subsequent affective trajectory, investigating (1) reactivity immediately after the stressor, (2) recovery across hours (Study 2) and days (Study 1), and (3) recovery after 5 months (Study 1). RESULTS Across the two studies, feeling more negative in anticipation of a stressor was either associated with increased negative affective reactivity, or unassociated with affective outcomes. CONCLUSION These results run counter to the idea that being affectively ready for the worst has psychological benefits, suggesting that instead, anticipatory negative affect can come with affective costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K Kalokerinos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ella K Moeck
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Koen Rummens
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Meers
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Merijn Mestdagh
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Daniel KE, Glazer JV, Le T, Reilley MJ, Jameson MJ, Chow PI, Ritterband LM, Shaffer KM. Associations between context and affect within the daily lives of cancer caregivers. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:542. [PMID: 37646867 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to test the association between activity, location, and social company contexts with cancer caregivers' in-the-moment affect to identify precisely when and where to deliver psychological interventions for caregivers. METHODS Current cancer caregivers (N = 25) received 8 EMA prompts per day for 7 consecutive days. At each prompt, caregivers reported their current positive affect and negative affect, as well as what they were doing, where they were located, and who they were with. Multilevel logistic regressions tested the associations between caregivers' contexts with their own person-mean-centered state (concurrent momentary level) and trait (overall weekly average) positive or negative affect. RESULTS Caregivers reported lower state negative affect, as well as higher state positive affect, when socializing (ps < .001), when at a public location (ps < .03), and when around their friends, family, spouse/partner, or care recipient (i.e., person with cancer, ps < .02), relative to when not endorsing the context. Caregivers also reported lower state negative affect when eating/drinking or engaging in leisure (ps < .01; but no parallel effects for state positive affect). Caregivers reported higher state negative affect while working, when at their workplace, or when around work colleagues (ps < .001) and lower state positive affect when at home or alone (ps < .03). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest the pertinence of a behavioral activation framework to mitigate the emotional strain of caregiving. Interventions that facilitate caregivers' ability to socialize with a range of friends and family, including their loved one with cancer, outside of the home may have the strongest positive emotional impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Daniel
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia, PO Box 801075, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jillian V Glazer
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia, PO Box 801075, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Tri Le
- Emily Couric Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J Reilley
- Emily Couric Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark J Jameson
- Avera Medical Group ENT-Head & Neck Surgery, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Philip I Chow
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia, PO Box 801075, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lee M Ritterband
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia, PO Box 801075, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Kelly M Shaffer
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia, PO Box 801075, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Ion A, Georgescu A, Iliescu D, Nye CD, Miu A. Events-Affect-Personality: A Daily Diary Investigation of the Mediating Effects of Affect on the Events-Personality Relationship. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231175363. [PMID: 37148303 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231175363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Our 10-day diary investigation anchored in dynamic personality theories, such as Whole Trait Theory examined (a) whether within-person variability in two broad personality traits Extraversion and Neuroticism is consistently predicted by daily events, (b) whether positive and negative affect, respectively partly mediate this relationship and (c) the lagged relationships between events, and next day variations in affect and personality. Results revealed that personality exhibited significant within-person variability, that positive and negative affect partly mediate the relationship between events and personality, affect accounting for up to 60% of the effects of events on personality. Additionally, we identified that event-affect congruency was accountable for larger effects compared to event-affect non-congruency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ion
- University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Christopher D Nye
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrei Miu
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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5
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von Klipstein L, Servaas MN, Lamers F, Schoevers RA, Wardenaar KJ, Riese H. Increased affective reactivity among depressed individuals can be explained by floor effects: An experience sampling study. J Affect Disord 2023; 334:370-381. [PMID: 37150221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Experience sampling studies into daily-life affective reactivity indicate that depressed individuals react more strongly to both positive and negative stimuli than non-depressed individuals, particularly on negative affect (NA). Given the different mean levels of both positive affect (PA) and NA between patients and controls, such findings may be influenced by floor/ceiling effects, leading to violations of the normality and homoscedasticity assumptions underlying the used statistical models. Affect distributions in prior studies suggest that this may have particularly influenced NA-reactivity findings. Here, we investigated the influence of floor/ceiling effects on the observed PA- and NA-reactivity to both positive and negative events. Data came from 346 depressed, non-depressed, and remitted participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). In PA-reactivity analyses, no floor/ceiling effects and assumption violations were observed, and PA-reactivity to positive events, but not negative events, was significantly increased in the depressed and remitted groups versus the non-depressed group. However, NA-scores exhibited a floor effect in the non-depressed group and naively estimated models violated model assumptions. When these violations were accounted for in subsequent analyses, group differences in NA-reactivity that had been present in the naive models were no longer observed. In conclusion, we found increased PA-reactivity to positive events but no evidence of increased NA-reactivity in depressed individuals when accounting for violations of assumptions. The results indicate that affective-reactivity results are very sensitive to modeling choices and that previously observed increased NA-reactivity in depressed individuals may (partially) reflect unaddressed assumption violations resulting from floor effects in NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lino von Klipstein
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), the Netherlands.
| | - Michelle N Servaas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), the Netherlands
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), the Netherlands
| | - Klaas J Wardenaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), the Netherlands
| | - Harriëtte Riese
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), the Netherlands
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Vogelsmeier LVDE, Vermunt JK, Bülow A, De Roover K. Evaluating Covariate Effects on ESM Measurement Model Changes with Latent Markov Factor Analysis: A Three-Step Approach. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2023; 58:262-291. [PMID: 34657547 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2021.1967715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Invariance of the measurement model (MM) between subjects and within subjects over time is a prerequisite for drawing valid inferences when studying dynamics of psychological factors in intensive longitudinal data. To conveniently evaluate this invariance, latent Markov factor analysis (LMFA) was proposed. LMFA combines a latent Markov model with mixture factor analysis: The Markov model captures changes in MMs over time by clustering subjects' observations into a few states and state-specific factor analyses reveal what the MMs look like. However, to estimate the model, Vogelsmeier, Vermunt, van Roekel, and De Roover (2019) introduced a one-step (full information maximum likelihood; FIML) approach that is counterintuitive for applied researchers and entails cumbersome model selection procedures in the presence of many covariates. In this paper, we simplify the complex LMFA estimation and facilitate the exploration of covariate effects on state memberships by splitting the estimation in three intuitive steps: (1) obtain states with mixture factor analysis while treating repeated measures as independent, (2) assign observations to the states, and (3) use these states in a discrete- or continuous-time latent Markov model taking into account classification errors. A real data example demonstrates the empirical value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Bülow
- Tilburg University
- Erasmus University Rotterdam
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7
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Smith ER, Brouder LM, Lawlor CE, Haeffel GJ. Listening to a popular upbeat song can lead to more adaptive cognitive inferences for stressful events in non-clinical adult populations. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:356-371. [PMID: 36807113 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the effect of music on idiographic cognitive inferences about stressful events. METHOD In Study 1 (n = 336), adult participants from the United States were randomly assigned to non-familiar songs that differed by lyrical content and tempo. In Studies 2 (n = 302) and 3 (n = 323), adult participants from the United States were randomly assigned to either a positive, neutral or no-song condition. RESULTS The results of Study 1 failed to support any of the study hypotheses. Given the null results, we decided to conduct a second study focused on increasing external validity and power (i.e., including fewer experimental conditions). The results of Study 2 showed that adults randomly assigned to a familiar upbeat song condition experienced an increase in positive affect and a decrease in event-specific negative cognitions. A third study was then conducted to replicate the results and rule out a potential confound. Results of Study 3 corroborated the results of Study 2. CONCLUSION Taken together (Studies 2 and 3), results indicate it may be useful for future research to test the extent to which familiar upbeat music can be helpful during cognitive restructuring activities in psychotherapy to nudge people to generate more adaptive cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Lily M Brouder
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Ciara E Lawlor
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Gerald J Haeffel
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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8
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Lee SS, Shim Y, Choi J, Choi I. Paradoxical Impacts of Social Relationship on Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2023; 24:745-767. [PMID: 36686601 PMCID: PMC9838380 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Social interaction is an important source of psychological and physical well-being during normal times. However, following the COVID-19 outbreak, which spreads rapidly from person to person, social interaction poses a fatal threat to one's health and life. Therefore, several countries including South Korea implemented an intense social distancing mandate to prevent the spread of the virus. During these unique times of pandemic, the current research investigated whether and how an individual's well-being varies as a function of their interaction with various relationship partners using experience sampling data (Study 1) and online longitudinal data (Study 2). The results indicated that being alone was more detrimental to well-being during the pandemic than before it. Specifically, interaction with close relationship partners (e.g., romantic partner, spouse, or friend) was positively related to well-being, whereas interaction with formal relationship partners (e.g., coworker, boss) was negatively linked to momentary well-being during the pandemic. Furthermore, our study showed that the association between social supports from close relationships and well-being was temporally strengthened during COVID-19 pandemic. In sum, the benefits of close relationships on well-being were stronger during the COVID-19 pandemic than before it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojin Stacey Lee
- Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yerin Shim
- Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jongan Choi
- Department of Psychology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Incheol Choi
- Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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9
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de Vries JH, Horstmann KT, Mussel P. Trajectories in life satisfaction before and during COVID-19 with respect to perceived valence and self-efficacy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-17. [PMID: 36248219 PMCID: PMC9554389 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Actions taken by governments to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic led to profound restrictions in daily lives, especially for adolescents and young adults, with closed schools and universities, travel restrictions, and reduction in social contacts. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the development of life satisfaction with assessments before and during the pandemic, including separate measurement occasions during a strict lockdown and when the implemented restrictions were relaxed again. Data are based on the German Personality Panel (GePP) with 1,920 young adults, assessed on four measurement occasions over a period of three years. Using latent change score modeling, we investigate the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to its perception as a critical life event over time. Further, we examine the influence of self-efficacy on change in life-satisfaction, as the belief in one's innate abilities has been shown to promote health related behavior and buffers against effects of negatively perceived critical life events. While average life satisfaction remained stable across time, we found a main effect of perceived positive valence and self-efficacy on latent change in life satisfaction at the within person level. Expressions of self-efficacy did not moderate the influence of the perception of the pandemic on self-reported life satisfaction. This study provides an important contribution to the recent COVID-19 literature as well as to the debate on stability and change of self-reported life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantje H. de Vries
- Division for Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. T. Horstmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - P. Mussel
- Division for Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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A Qualitative Study Exploring Negative Affect in Older Adults Residing in Long-Term Care Facilities. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1891/rtnp-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the experience of negative affect amongst older adults residing in long-term care facilities (LTCFs).Methods: A total of 38 participants aged 65 years or above from seven LTCFs in the Henan Province were interviewed in an unstructured manner by using the phenomenological research method. Data were analyzed by the Colaizzi method with NVivo11.0 software.Results: Three main themes emerged: (a) loneliness (lack of family affection, no common topic, and few entertainment activities), (b) chronic anxiety (suffering from disease, fear of death, and interpersonal tension), (c) subthreshold depression (diminished self-care ability, high economic pressure, and spousal bereavement).Conclusions: Older adults residing in LTCFs experienced the negative affect of loneliness, chronic anxiety, and subthreshold depression. By identifying the specific psychological issues of older adults, tailored practical initiatives need to be developed in order to reduce negative affect, improve psychological resilience, and enhance subjective well-being of older adults.
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11
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Kuppens P, Dejonckheere E, Kalokerinos EK, Koval P. Some Recommendations on the Use of Daily Life Methods in Affective Science. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:505-515. [PMID: 36046007 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Real-world emotions are often more vivid, personally meaningful, and consequential than those evoked in the lab. Therefore, studying emotions in daily life is essential to test theories, discover new phenomena, and understand healthy emotional functioning; in short, to move affective science forward. The past decades have seen a surge of research using daily diary, experience sampling, or ecological momentary assessment methods to study emotional phenomena in daily life. In this paper, we will share some of the insights we have gained from our collective experience applying such daily life methods to study everyday affective processes. We highlight what we see as important considerations and caveats involved in using these methods and formulate recommendations to improve their use in future research. These insights focus on the importance of (i) theory and hypothesis-testing; (ii) measurement; (iii) timescale; and (iv) context, when studying emotions in their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Koval
- KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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The Relation Between Worry and Mental Health in Nonclinical Population and Individuals with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Mestdagh M, Dejonckheere E. Ambulatory assessment in psychopathology research: Current achievements and future ambitions. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 41:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Vogelsmeier LVDE, Vermunt JK, Keijsers L, De Roover K. Latent Markov Latent Trait Analysis for Exploring Measurement Model Changes in Intensive Longitudinal Data. Eval Health Prof 2021; 44:61-76. [PMID: 33302733 PMCID: PMC7907986 DOI: 10.1177/0163278720976762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drawing inferences about dynamics of psychological constructs from intensive longitudinal data requires the measurement model (MM)-indicating how items relate to constructs-to be invariant across subjects and time-points. When assessing subjects in their daily life, however, there may be multiple MMs, for instance, because subjects differ in their item interpretation or because the response style of (some) subjects changes over time. The recently proposed "latent Markov factor analysis" (LMFA) evaluates (violations of) measurement invariance by classifying observations into latent "states" according to the MM underlying these observations such that MMs differ between states but are invariant within one state. However, LMFA is limited to normally distributed continuous data and estimates may be inaccurate when applying the method to ordinal data (e.g., from Likert items) with skewed responses or few response categories. To enable researchers and health professionals with ordinal data to evaluate measurement invariance, we present "latent Markov latent trait analysis" (LMLTA), which builds upon LMFA but treats responses as ordinal. Our application shows differences in MMs of adolescents' affective well-being in different social contexts, highlighting the importance of studying measurement invariance for drawing accurate inferences for psychological science and practice and for further understanding dynamics of psychological constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeroen K Vermunt
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, 7899Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Keijsers
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences; Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies/Clinical Child and Family Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim De Roover
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, 7899Tilburg University, The Netherlands
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Jia R, Ayling K, Chalder T, Massey A, Broadbent E, Coupland C, Vedhara K. Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040620. [PMID: 32933965 PMCID: PMC7493070 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous pandemics have resulted in significant consequences for mental health. Here, we report the mental health sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in a UK cohort and examine modifiable and non-modifiable explanatory factors associated with mental health outcomes. We focus on the first wave of data collection, which examined short-term consequences for mental health, as reported during the first 4-6 weeks of social distancing measures being introduced. DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey. SETTING Community cohort study. PARTICIPANTS N=3097 adults aged ≥18 years were recruited through a mainstream and social media campaign between 3 April 2020 and 30 April 2020. The cohort was predominantly female (n=2618); mean age 44 years; 10% (n=296) from minority ethnic groups; 50% (n=1559) described themselves as key workers and 20% (n=649) identified as having clinical risk factors putting them at increased risk of COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Depression, anxiety and stress scores. RESULTS Mean scores for depression ([Formula: see text] =7.69, SD=6.0), stress ([Formula: see text] =6.48, SD=3.3) and anxiety ([Formula: see text] = 6.48, SD=3.3) significantly exceeded population norms (all p<0.0001). Analysis of non-modifiable factors hypothesised to be associated with mental health outcomes indicated that being younger, female and in a recognised COVID-19 risk group were associated with increased stress, anxiety and depression, with the final multivariable models accounting for 7%-14% of variance. When adding modifiable factors, significant independent effects emerged for positive mood, perceived loneliness and worry about getting COVID-19 for all outcomes, with the final multivariable models accounting for 54%-57% of total variance. CONCLUSIONS Increased psychological morbidity was evident in this UK sample and found to be more common in younger people, women and in individuals who identified as being in recognised COVID-19 risk groups. Public health and mental health interventions able to ameliorate perceptions of risk of COVID-19, worry about COVID-19 loneliness and boost positive mood may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kieran Ayling
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Massey
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Broadbent
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carol Coupland
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kavita Vedhara
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Wang D, Schneider S, Schwartz JE, Stone AA. Heightened Stress in Employed Individuals Is Linked to Altered Variability and Inertia in Emotions. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1152. [PMID: 32612555 PMCID: PMC7309515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has been widely recognized as a key factor contributing to health outcomes and psychological well-being. While some growing evidence points to stress as having an effect on emotion dynamics characteristics, there has yet to be a test of how global perceptions of stress are associated with not only average levels of emotions but also the variability in the intensity of the emotions, as well as how emotions linger (inertia), and whether these characteristics differ by age. In an effort to better understand how stress influences the emotional experiences of individuals, we examined associations between perceived stress levels and emotion dynamics indices in a sample of 859 working individuals over 24 h. Participants ranged in age from 21 to 81 years. Each participant was prompted at approximately 28 min intervals throughout a 24 h period to report intensity of emotional states. Overall, individuals who were more stressed experienced lower mean levels of positive emotions (with the exception of higher levels of excitement) and higher mean levels of negative emotions. They also experienced more pronounced variability in both positive and negative emotions, and greater inertia in negative emotions. We also found some evidence for age-related differences in mean levels and variability in certain emotions. The relationship of emotion dynamics indices to stress levels was not moderated by age. Many of the stress–emotion dynamics associations did not remain statistically significant upon controlling for the mean level of momentary emotions, indicating that the mean is a large component in the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wang
- Center for Self-Report Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Center for Self-Report Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Arthur A Stone
- Center for Self-Report Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Koval P, Kalokerinos EK, Verduyn P, Greiff S. Introduction to the Special Issue. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Koval
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Verduyn
- Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Greiff
- Cognitive Science and Assessment (COSA), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Reply to: Context matters for affective chronometry. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:690-693. [PMID: 32341492 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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