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Parental Expressed Emotion, Parenting Stress, and Behavioral Problems of Young Children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022:10.1007/s10578-021-01310-7. [PMID: 35083589 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations of parents' expressed emotion (EE) and parenting stress, with behavioral problems of children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, idiopathic autism (iASD) and typically developing (TD) children. Parents of children aged 3-8 years completed the five-minute-speech-sample (FMSS), parental stress index and children behavioral checklist. Parents' FMSS-EE-criticism was higher among parents of children with 22q11DS and iASD compared to parents of TD children. FMSS-EE scores predicted children's behavioral problems, above and beyond parenting stress. The associations between FMSS-EE, parenting stress and children's behavioral problems were consistent across 22q11DS, iASD and TD children. These findings highlight the need for targeting parents' EE and parenting stress as integral elements in the screening and prevention of behavioral problems of young children with 22q11DS and iASD.
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Condat A, Mamou G, Lagrange C, Mendes N, Wielart J, Poirier F, Medjkane F, Brunelle J, Drouineaud V, Rosenblum O, Gründler N, Ansermet F, Wolf JP, Falissard B, Cohen D. Transgender fathering: Children's psychological and family outcomes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241214. [PMID: 33211742 PMCID: PMC7676740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical advances in assisted reproductive technology have created new ways for transgender persons to become parents outside the context of adoption. The limited empirical data does not support the idea that trans-parenthood negatively impacts children’s development. However, the question has led to lively societal debates making the need for evidence-based studies urgent. We aimed to compare cognitive development, mental health, gender identity, quality of life and family dynamics using standardized instruments and experimental protocols in 32 children who were conceived by donor sperm insemination (DSI) in French couples with a cisgender woman and a transgender man, the transition occurring before conception. We constituted two control groups matched for age, gender and family status. We found no significant difference between groups regarding cognitive development, mental health, and gender identity, meaning that neither the transgender fatherhood nor the use of DSI had any impact on these characteristics. The results of the descriptive analysis showed positive psycho-emotional development. Additionally, when we asked raters to differentiate the family drawings of the group of children of trans-fathers from those who were naturally conceived, no rater was able to differentiate the groups above chance levels, meaning that what children expressed through family drawing did not indicate cues related to trans-fatherhood. However, when we assessed mothers and fathers with the Five-Minute Speech Sample, we found that the emotions expressed by transgender fathers were higher than those of cisgender fathers who conceived by sex or by DSI. We conclude that the first empirical data regarding child development in the context of trans-parenthood are reassuring. We believe that this research will also improve transgender couple care and that of their children in a society where access to care remains difficult in this population. However, further research is needed with adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Condat
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- CESP INSERM 1018, ED3C, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Grégor Mamou
- Clinique Dupré, Fondation Santé des Etudiants de France, Sceaux, France
| | - Chrystelle Lagrange
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Mendes
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Service Biologie de la Reproduction–CECOS, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Joy Wielart
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Poirier
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - François Medjkane
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Brunelle
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Ouriel Rosenblum
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Service Biologie de la Reproduction–CECOS, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nouria Gründler
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Service Biologie de la Reproduction–CECOS, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - François Ansermet
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, Département de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Wolf
- Service Biologie de la Reproduction–CECOS, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - David Cohen
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Rea HM, Factor RS, Kao W, Shaffer A. A Meta-analytic Review of the Five Minute Speech Sample as a Measure of Family Emotional Climate for Youth: Relations with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomatology. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:656-669. [PMID: 32048112 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Five Minute Speech Sample's (FMSS) measure of parental expressed emotion (EE), defined as criticism (CRIT) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI), has been increasingly used to measure family emotional climate in relation to youth psychopathological development. As CRIT and EOI were defined based on adults, a meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to analyze the presence and strength of an effect among maternal CRIT and EOI with youth internalizing and externalizing problems. A random effects model was used to analyze the 42 studies on families of youth (aged 1.5 to 19). There was a small, significant relation among maternal CRIT with youth internalizing and externalizing problems and among EOI with youth internalizing problems. EOI was not significantly related to externalizing problems. The current study suggests that the FMSS measure of CRIT is a more robust correlate of youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms than EOI, but EOI does relate to internalizing behaviors. Few moderators emerged, highlighting a continued need to identify factors accounting for heterogeneity. The current results suggest that the FMSS measure of CRIT may be a valuable measure of the family emotional climate in families of youth, but care should be taken when including analyses on EOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rea
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Reina S Factor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Wesley Kao
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Anne Shaffer
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Berzenski SR, Madden AR, Yates TM. Childhood emotional abuse characteristics moderate associations with adult psychopathology and caregiving. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 87:77-87. [PMID: 29945739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the consequences of childhood maltreatment for adult adjustment become increasingly established in the literature, investigations of individual differences in these effects must evolve to examine more nuanced components of the maltreatment experience. This is particularly true for studies of childhood emotional abuse (CEA), which represents an umbrella label for numerous qualitatively different experiences. The present study examined the distinct contributions and potential interactive effects of CEA frequency and intensity on adult psychopathology, caregiving behaviors, and caregivers' representations of the caregiver-child relationship in a diverse sample of 62 female caregivers of 4-year-old children, all of whom had experienced CEA. Frequency and intensity emerged as orthogonal characteristics of CEA with differential effects on adult adaptation. Higher CEA frequency predicted increased adult psychopathology, whereas higher CEA intensity predicted increased boundary dissolution in caregivers' representations. Further, an interaction between frequency and intensity predicted negativity in caregivers' representations, such that higher frequency of high intensity, but not low intensity, CEA predicted decreased negativity. Neither frequency nor intensity of CEA predicted observed caregiving behaviors. These results provide evidence that characteristics of CEA signal important differences in its experience, with differential implications for later adjustment. The specific differences in caregiving representations associated with high vs. low intensity CEA suggest that diverging mechanisms by which these experiences eventuate in adult outcomes should also be investigated. Above all, this study suggests that the measurement of CEA, and childhood maltreatment broadly, will benefit from enhanced attention to specific characteristics of individuals' experiences.
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Arroyo A, Segrin C, Andersen KK. Examining the Role of Expressed Emotion in the Intergenerational Transmission of Mental Health Problems. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to test a model of the intergenerational transmission of mental health problems (indicated by depression, anxiety, and loneliness) in which expressed emotion (indicated by criticism and emotional involvement) was specified as a mediator of mental health problems over multiple family generations. Method: The sample consisted of three generations of grandmothers, mothers, and daughters (N = 242 family triads), wherein participants completed online surveys in which they self-reported on their own mental health problems and perceptions of their mothers’ expressed emotion. Results: Results revealed only modest evidence of direct effects for the intergenerational transmission of mental health problems. However, there were a number of significant indirect effects, with all of these effects occurring through the criticism component of expressed emotion. Discussion: This research identified expressed emotion as both a risk factor for offspring's mental health problems as well as a behavior typical of parents with mental health problems. Specifically, the results revealed that mental health problems are intergenerationally transmitted via critical parent-child interactions.
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