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Dharani MK, Balamurugan J. The psychosocial impact on single mothers' well-being - A literature review. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2024; 13:148. [PMID: 38784275 PMCID: PMC11114577 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1045_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In India, single-parent families are proliferating. In particular, women are taking the lead in assuming the role. They are the most vulnerable of all the disadvantaged groups. Due to an absence of financial and social support, single mothers endure a great deal of emotional strain. So, the aim of the study is to investigate the various psychosocial factors that influence the well-being of single mothers. Additionally, this research seeks to assess the coping strategies employed by single mothers. This article reviews 80 studies on psychosocial concerns faced by single mothers, focusing on mental health, challenges, and social support. It cites 71 publications from 80 sources from Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, between 1980 and 2023. The study used keywords as a search strategy such as "single mother," "mental health," "challenges," and "social support." The results showed that the absence of financial resources, education, and social support had a negative impact on the emotional and social well-being of single mothers. Children of single mothers are more likely to struggle with addictions like alcoholism, tobacco use, delinquency, hazardous sexual behavior, and even suicidal thoughts due to dysfunctional parenting. As a result, single mothers use their religious convictions, support networks, and social networks as coping mechanisms. The study implies that premarital counseling and health education are essential for young couples to prevent family disintegration in the event of divorce and separation. To provide assistance and improve the overall quality of life for this vulnerable population, collaboration between government and nongovernment organizations is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Dharani
- Department of Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Balamurugan
- Department of Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Irwin R. Politics, law and a lack of sperm: single women and fertility treatment in the Swedish health system. Anthropol Med 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38410056 DOI: 10.1080/13648470.2023.2274684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In 2016 Swedish law was amended to allow single women to access fertility treatment with donor sperm. In this paper, based on interviews, document analysis and autoethnographic insights, I examine the implementation of this law using human rights approaches, specifically the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality framework (AAAQ Framework). While the law extended the scope of reproductive rights, the health system was unprepared. Five years on, women seek care in the private sector or continue to travel abroad due in large part to waiting times which can be up to four years in some regions. The paper also provides a meeting point between anthropology and policy analysis. The law change provides a pathway for analyzing the Swedish health system and political context, particularly the relationships between the private and public sectors and between different regions, and the balance of responsibility between national and regional levels. While many of the challenges are unique to the Swedish context, they also offer lessons for countries which have or are considering expanding access to fertility treatment for single women and other patient groups, thus demonstrating the importance of ethnographic approaches in health policy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Irwin
- Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Polyakov A, Piskopos J, Rozen G. Posthumous conception in Australia - legal and ethical considerations. Med Leg J 2023:258172231200839. [PMID: 37999639 DOI: 10.1177/00258172231200839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Posthumous conception, the ability to conceive a child after the death of one partner, is increasingly prevalent due to advances in Artificial Reproduction Technology (ART). This paper considers the complexities surrounding the practice in Australia, focusing primarily on the ethical and legal dimensions. It observes that state-based regulations in Australia create disparities in accessibility: some states prohibit the procedure without the deceased's written consent, while others permit it based on guidelines or lack explicit prohibitions. Addressing the juxtaposition of Will Theory and Interest Theory, it emphasises the ongoing debate on whether rights, particularly reproductive autonomy, outlive a person's demise. Finally, the paper highlights an evident inconsistency in Australian legislation and promotes a uniform approach across states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Polyakov
- Reproductive Services Unit, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Piskopos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Genia Rozen
- Reproductive Services Unit, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Jones C, Jadva V, Zadeh S, Golombok S. Single fathers' experiences of using egg donation and surrogacy to start a family. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:1981-1990. [PMID: 37528054 PMCID: PMC10546079 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the experiences of single men using egg donation and surrogacy as a route to parenthood? SUMMARY ANSWER The fathers mainly had a positive relationship with the surrogate and simultaneously exercised agency, and experienced challenges, during the process of surrogacy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Little is known about single men's experiences of egg donation and surrogacy arrangements. Studies have focused on single men's decision-making processes about the use of surrogacy and family functioning once these families are formed. Questions remain about how fathers experience and navigate the process of surrogacy as a single man. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study is an international, in-depth qualitative study of fathers who chose to begin a family and parent alone. Data were collected between 2018 and 2021 as part of a larger study of solo fathers with different routes to parenthood. The present study reports on 21 fathers who used surrogacy and egg donation to begin their family. The average age of the fathers was 44 years, the fathers had young children aged 6 years or younger, and lived in countries across Australia, Europe, and North America. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interview topics included fathers' experiences of the process of using egg donation and surrogacy, and navigating the relationship with the surrogate. The audio-recorded interviews lasted around 2 hours and were subsequently transcribed verbatim. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and qualitative content analysis. Most of the fathers chose an identifiable egg donor. Regarding the relationship with the surrogate, many fathers had remained in contact with her, but to differing degrees, and they generally reported positive relationships. Thematic analysis led to the identification of three themes relating to the fathers' experiences of choosing surrogacy as a single man: the ability to make choices; challenges and constraints; and special relationship. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Due to the variation between different countries regarding laws on surrogacy, contextual factors may have impacted on the experiences of single fathers, and the sample size was small. However, the research provides new insights into an area with little academic literature. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Given the growing trend of single men having children through surrogacy, the findings suggest that this new path to parenthood can be both rewarding and challenging. Single men may benefit from tailored support and counselling to help them navigate the surrogacy journey. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 208013/Z/17/Z). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER n/a.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jones
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Jadva
- UCL Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Zadeh
- Thomas Coram Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Golombok
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Girme YU, Park Y, MacDonald G. Coping or Thriving? Reviewing Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Societal Factors Associated With Well-Being in Singlehood From a Within-Group Perspective. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1097-1120. [PMID: 36534959 PMCID: PMC10475216 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221136119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Singlehood, defined as not being in a romantic relationship, is becoming increasingly common worldwide. Despite this, research on singlehood has not received remotely equivalent research attention as romantic relationships. Well-being research that has explicitly included singles has focused on whether coupled versus single people are more satisfied with their lives. However, these between-group comparisons have not attended to within-group variability among singles that can point to when and for whom singlehood is associated with thriving. In this review, we document findings from the emerging field of singlehood studies to highlight what is and is not known about factors that are associated with the well-being of single individuals from a within-group perspective. Our review examines (a) intrapersonal factors (characteristics of the individual), (b) interpersonal experiences (qualities of one's social relationships and experiences), and (c) societal influences (features related to one's broader social or cultural context) related to well-being in singlehood. We conclude by offering future directions for the conceptualization of and research on singlehood with the goal of promoting a thorough and inclusive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoobin Park
- Center for Health & Community, University of California, San Francisco
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Tippett A. Reproductive rights where conditions apply: an analysis of discriminatory practice in funding criteria against would-be parents seeking funded fertility treatment in England. HUM FERTIL 2023; 26:483-493. [PMID: 36628623 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2022.2164746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Access to in vitro fertilisation (IVF) funding in England is limited by a range of local criteria set out historically by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) (now superseded by Integrated Care Boards (ICBs)). Many of these criteria discriminate on the grounds of sexual orientation, relationship status and existing family structure. Contrary to increasing rates of IVF treatment across the UK, NHS funding for IVF treatment has decreased, in some cases rapidly, across most areas of England. This article reviews the eligibility criteria previously developed by CCGs and critically examines three major discrepancies in entitlement to funding: (i) the postcode lottery; (ii) restrictions placed upon lesbians and single women; and (iii) existing family structures as less deserving of funding. Inconsistencies in IVF funding are framed within broader discussions of discrimination and inequality within fertility funding. Recommendations for social and political change are made, alongside areas for future research engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tippett
- Hertfordshire Law School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Abd Rahim MH, Ibrahim MI, Ab Rahman A, Yaacob NM, Hashim NSF. Emotional and Behavioural Problems among Preschool Children in Northeast Peninsular Malaysia: Parent Report Version. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1828. [PMID: 37444662 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of mental health disorders among children is a serious concern. Young children who exhibit early warning signs of mental health issues are more likely to develop symptoms in the same or overlapping regions years later. The research aimed to identify emotional and behavioural problems and associated factors in Malaysian preschools. A sample of young children aged 4-6 years from public and private preschools was chosen using a multistage random sampling method. Data were collected from 18 preschools via a parent survey using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The sample involved 557 children in the SDQ assessment (92%). The overall estimated prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems was 8.4%. Peer problems were the most prevalent attribute, with a percentage of 19.7%. Conduct problems were found in 5.2%, hyperactivity problems in 5.6%, prosocial behaviours in 13.5%, and emotional problems in 6.8%. Girls showed a significant increase in behavioural and emotional problems compared to boys. Having one parent working, having more than two siblings, and having a single-parent family were associated with emotional and behavioural problems. The prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in Malaysian children was relatively low compared to data from previous studies and other Asian countries but consistent with European studies. Measuring mental health disparities in young children helps stakeholders launch local early intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hazni Abd Rahim
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ismail Ibrahim
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Azriani Ab Rahman
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Najib Majdi Yaacob
- Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Syuhada Farhanis Hashim
- Unit of Psychology Counselling, Bachok District Health Office, Kelantan State Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bachok 16300, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Zalcberg-Block S, Malka S, Zychlinski E. The experience of single mothers by choice in Israeli Jewish society. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Segal-Engelchin D, Taubman-Ben-Ari O. Editorial: Health and Well-Being Related to New Family Forms: Perspectives of Adults, Couples, Children, and Professionals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085444. [PMID: 37107726 PMCID: PMC10138934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this Special Issue is to advance our understanding of the factors that shape the experience, well-being, and mental health of individuals on their path to creating new family forms, including adults and children, and to inform the development of policies and practices designed to promote the thriving of these families. This Special Issue contains a collection of 13 papers that shed light on a range of micro- and macro-level factors contributing to the experience and outcomes of members of new family forms from various countries, such as the UK, Israel, Italy, China, Portugal, the Netherlands, the US, and Russia. The papers extend the current knowledge on the subject from a variety of perspectives, including medical, psychological, social, and digital communications. Their findings can aid professionals supporting members of new family forms to recognize the similarities and challenges they share with their counterparts in traditional heterosexual two-parent families, as well as their unique needs and strengths. They may also encourage policymakers to promote laws and policies designed to address the cultural, legal, and institutional constraints facing these families. Based on the overall picture that emerges from this Special Issue, we suggest valuable avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Segal-Engelchin
- The Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Perceived social support in solo women seeking treatment with donor gametes and in women in heterosexual couples seeking IVF-treatment with own gametes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2733. [PMID: 36792663 PMCID: PMC9931690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Solo motherhood is a family constellation that is becoming increasingly common in high income countries. The demographic characteristics of solo women entering treatment with donated sperm or embryo have been shown to be different from that of cohabiting women. The general importance of perceived social support is frequently amplified when health and quality of life are concerned, and positively affects mental health status, experienced stress, perceived self-efficacy during the transition to parenthood and during parenthood itself. The objective of the present study was to compare demographic characteristics, social network and perceived social support among solo women and cohabiting women awaiting fertility treatment. This objective was explored with a study-specific demographic and background questionnaire as well as through questions on access to practical support and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) assessing different sources of support. This study is a part of a longitudinal prospective multicenter study of solo women who awaited donation treatment in six Swedish public and private fertility clinics and a comparison group of women who were cohabiting/married to male partner and awaited in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment with the couple's own gametes. A total of 670 women were invited and 463 accepted participation (69% response rate); 207 solo women (study group) and 256 cohabiting women (comparison group). The results show significant differences in age, education, and employment between the groups. Solo women were on average 3.6 years older, had a higher level of education, a higher-income profession, and were more frequently working full time. Solo women perceived an equally high degree of social support from their families, significantly higher levels of support from friends and significantly lower support from a significant other compared to cohabiting women. Solo women expected their mother to be the most supportive person in future parenthood, while cohabiting women most often stated their cohabiting partner to fill that role. The study adds to the body of knowledge of solo women as a sociodemographic distinct group going at motherhood alone, stating a high degree of currently perceived and expected social support. The previously studied negative impact that lack of a co-parent might have, may be attenuated by the expected and perceived social support from family and friends.
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Goel Y, Mishra S. Cultural understandings of fathering and fatherhood in India: An exploration of lived experiences. CULTURE & PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1354067x231154006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conceptualization of fathers as an essential begetter survives within and through their relationship in family through ages. However, within and behind this word, a social-construct, the journey of fathers remains non-located in researches on parenting in India. Thus, this study aims to develop an indigenous conceptualization of fatherhood in the cultural realm of India from father’s and child’s perspective. Carried out in eight two-child families in Delhi, the study is done through semi-structured interviews with fathers and Draw and tell method with their elder child (7–11 years). Thematic analysis of both father’s and children’s narratives helped create seven themes within each. The themes from father’s narratives include multiple shades of “father”, ‘being a father’: a world within, learnings about ‘being a father’, father as enablers of child’s ‘becoming’, picturing ‘ideal’ fathers, cultural mountings and ‘cultures’ of fatherhood. The themes obtained from children’s narratives include father as a playtime partner, inspiring figure, mainstay, shield, involved, not-so-involved. Viewed holistically, this study holds implications for parenting practices and policy makers in positive direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukta Goel
- Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, India
| | - Shefali Mishra
- Department of Psychology, Jesus and Mary College, University of Delhi, India
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Solo mothers’ by choice transition to parenthood: Thoughts, feelings and experiences related to maternal health-services. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2022; 33:100757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2022.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Solo Fathers and Mothers: An Exploration of Well-Being, Social Support and Social Approval. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159236. [PMID: 35954593 PMCID: PMC9368669 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Research has begun to explore the experiences of single mothers by choice who choose to start a family alone and do so using donated gametes. However, very little is known about the experiences of single fathers by choice, and even less is known about how their experiences might compare to mothers in the same position. This exploratory study of single mothers (n = 19) and fathers (n = 17) by choice examined mental health and social support among mothers who used sperm donation, and fathers who used egg donation and surrogacy, to become parents. Data relating to their reasoning for pursuing solo parenthood, mental health, and social support were analyzed quantitatively. To further explore fathers’ experiences of being a solo parent, a thematic analysis was conducted exploring their descriptions of social responses to their family type. Regarding parental mental health, no statistically significant differences were found between mothers and fathers, and both groups of parents had sought out supportive networks, both before becoming a parent, and as a single parent. Fathers’ responses indicated that they received both supportive and negative reactions, although they generally perceived the majority of interactions to be positive. However, frequent references made by members of the public, or by the media, to their family type being new or different served to reproduce social scripts about normative family types. The study findings, despite the small sample size, contribute to a new understanding of the well-being and experiences of both mothers and fathers who choose to start their family and parent alone.
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Raja NS, Russell CB, Moravek MB. Assisted reproductive technology: considerations for the nonheterosexual population and single parents. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Live birth, cumulative live birth and perinatal outcome following assisted reproductive treatments using donor sperm in single women vs. women in lesbian couples: a prospective controlled cohort study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:629-637. [PMID: 35106694 PMCID: PMC8995219 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments with donor sperm have been allowed for women in lesbian relationships (WLR) since 2005 in Sweden, but for single women (SW), these became approved only recently in 2016. This study was conducted to compare the outcomes of ART treatments in SW vs. WLR. Methods This is a prospective controlled cohort study of 251 women undergoing intrauterine insemination (D-IUI) or in vitro fertilization (D-IVF) using donor sperm between 2017 and 2019 at the department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital. The cohort comprised 139 SW and 112 WLR. The main outcomes included differences in live birth rate (LBR) and cumulative live birth rate (cLBR) between the groups. The SW underwent 66 D-IUI and 193 D-IVF treatments and WLR underwent 255 D-IUI and 69 D-IVF treatments. Data on clinical characteristics, treatment protocols and clinical outcomes were extracted from the clinic’s electronic database. The outcomes of D-IUI and D-IVF were separately assessed. Results The cohort of SW was significantly older than WLR (37.6 vs. 32.4 years, P < 0.001), and more commonly underwent IVF at first treatment (83% vs. 29%, P < 0.000). Conversely, WLR underwent more frequently D-IUI as a first treatment (71% vs. 17% of SW, P < 0.001) and more often in the natural cycle (89.9% vs. 70.8%, P = 0.019), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the main outcome LBR between the two groups, or between the two different types of treatment, when adjusted for age. Perinatal outcomes and cLBR were also similar among the groups. Conclusions SW were, on average, older than WLR undergoing treatment with donor sperm. No significant differences were seen in the LBR and cLBR when adjusted for age between the two groups and between the two types of treatment (D-IVF vs. D-IUI). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NTC04602962.
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Fertility Practitioners’ Coping Strategies When Faced with Intra-Role Conflict from Screening Aspiring Single Mothers by Choice. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Women without a partner can become single mothers by choice through the use of fertility treatments. In Belgium, the decision to accept a candidate single mother by choice rests with the fertility clinic’s multidisciplinary team of fertility practitioners. As a result, the fertility practitioners fulfil a gatekeeping role. However, this can cause an intra-role conflict as the responsibility to select the best fitting candidates is at odds with the responsibility to help patients. In this explorative study, we examine how fertility practitioners cope with the strain resulting from intra-role conflict in the decision-making process regarding single motherhood by choice in Belgium. The findings showed that practitioners appear to mainly resort to problem-focused coping, by constructing a grassroots criteria list and by shifting their role from screening agent to counsellor. These results are based on ten open in-depth interviews with fertility practitioners employed in the multidisciplinary teams of fertility centers, using a reflexive interview lead.
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17
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Golombok S. Love and Truth: What Really Matters for Children Born Through Third‐Party Assisted Reproduction. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Access to fertility treatment irrespective of marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:326-330. [PMID: 33906744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This statement explores the implications of reproduction by single individuals and unmarried couples and pertains to diverse sexuality and gender (DSG) or cisgender heterosexual persons. The statement concludes that individuals and couples should have access to fertility services irrespective of marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. This document replaces the previous version of this document entitled "Access to fertility treatment by gays, lesbians, and unmarried persons: a committee opinion", published in December 2013 (Fertil Steril 2013;100:1524-7).
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Affiliation(s)
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- American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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Macmillan CM, Allan S, Johnstone M, Stokes MA. The motivations of donor-conceived adults for seeking information about, and contact with, sperm donors. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:149-158. [PMID: 34006483 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION How do the demographic characteristics, mental health experiences and disclosure experiences of donor-conceived adults shape motivations for seeking information about their sperm donors, contact with them, or both? DESIGN Sixty-nine Australian adults who conceived through sperm donors completed an online survey. Uniquely, information and contact seeking were investigated as two distinct concepts. RESULTS Participants reported a variety of demographic, mental health, disclosure and discovery experiences. Most had been motivated to seek information about their donor (88%), contact with them (71%), or both. The most commonly reported motivations for each act were for medical information, expanding their identity and curiosity. Logistic regression findings were significant for wanting medical information as a motivation for seeking donor information (P = 0.03). Endorsement of this motivation was associated with self-reported anxiety (P = 0.02) and less likely as participant age increased (P = 0.02). Motivation to contact donors for medical information was associated with self-reported anxiety (P = 0.02) and depression (P = 0.01), and more likely when the participant was raised in a household that included the recipient co-parent (P = 0.04). As years since disclosure or discovery increased, participants were less likely to report wanting medical information as a motivation (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Overall, participants were motivated to obtain information and seek contact with sperm donors. Motivations for each were similar despite participants varying in age and reporting a range of circumstances regarding disclosure, some of which were adverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Macmillan
- Department of Health Systems and Populations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Pl, Macquarie Park NSW 2113, Australia.
| | - Sonia Allan
- Department of Health Systems and Populations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Pl, Macquarie Park NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Melissa Johnstone
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 29 Wally's Walk, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mark A Stokes
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood Vic 3125, Australia
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Golombok S, Zadeh S, Freeman T, Lysons J, Foley S. Single mothers by choice: Parenting and child adjustment in middle childhood. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2021; 35:192-202. [PMID: 32940489 PMCID: PMC8054653 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Findings are presented of the second phase of a longitudinal study of families created by single mothers by choice. Forty-four single heterosexual mothers were compared with 37 partnered heterosexual mothers, all with a donor-conceived child aged around 8-10 years. Standardized interview, observational, and questionnaire measures of maternal wellbeing, mother-child relationships and child adjustment were administered to mothers, children, and teachers. There were no differences in maternal mental health, the quality of mother-child relationships or children's emotional and behavioral problems between family types. However, higher levels of parenting stress and higher levels of children's prior adjustment difficulties were each associated with children's adjustment difficulties in middle childhood irrespective of family type. The findings suggest that the presence of two parents-or of a male parent-is not essential for children to flourish, and add to the growing body of evidence that family structure is less influential in children's adjustment than the quality of family relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Furstenberg FF, Harris LE, Pesando LM, Reed MN. Kinship Practices Among Alternative Family Forms in Western Industrialized Societies. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2020; 82:1403-1430. [PMID: 34305172 PMCID: PMC8294648 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper discusses how kinship is construed and enacted in diverse forms of the family that are now part of the culturally pluralistic family system of Western societies. BACKGROUND The study is the second in a pair documenting changes over the past century in the meaning and practice of kinship in the family system of Western societies with industrialized economies. While the first paper reviewed the history of kinship studies, this companion piece shifts the focus to research explorations of kinship in alternative family forms, those that depart from the standard nuclear family structure. METHOD The review was conducted running multiple searches on Google Scholar and Web of Science directly targeting non-standard family forms, using search terms as "cohabitation and kinship," "same-sex family and kinship," and "Artificial Reproductive Technology and kinship," among others. About 70 percent of studies focused on the United States, while the remaining 30 percent focused on other industrialized Western societies. RESULTS We identified three general processes by which alternative family forms are created and discussed how kinship practices work in each of them. The first cluster of alternative family forms comes about through variations of formal marriage or its absence, including sequential marriages, plural marriages, consensual unions, single parenthood, and same-sex marriages and partnerships. The second cluster is formed as a result of alterations in the reproduction process, when a child is not the product of sexual intercourse between two people. The third cluster results from the formation of voluntary bonds that are deemed to be kinship-like, in which affiliation rests on neither biological nor legal bases. CONCLUSION Findings from this study point to a broad cultural acceptance of an inclusive approach to incorporating potential kin in "family relationships." It is largely left to individuals to decide whether they recognize or experience the diffuse sense of emotional connectedness and perceived obligation that characterizes the bond of kinship. Also, family scripts and kinship terms often borrow from the vocabulary and parenting practices observed in the standard family form in the West. Concurrently, the cultural importance of biology remains strong. IMPLICATIONS The study concludes by identifying important gaps in the kinship literature and laying out a research agenda for the future, including building a demography of kinship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F. Furstenberg
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Luca Maria Pesando
- Department of Sociology and Centre on Population Dynamics, McGill University
| | - Megan N. Reed
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
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Creux H, Diaz M, Grynberg M, Papaxanthos-Roche A, Chansel-Debordeaux L, Jimenez C, Frantz S, Chevalier N, Takefman J, Hocké C. National survey on the opinions of French specialists in assisted reproductive technologies about social issues impacting the future revision of the French Bioethics laws. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 49:101902. [PMID: 32889113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION France is known for its conservative and unique position in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). At the eve of the future revision of French Bioethics laws, we decided to conduct a national survey to examine the opinions of French specialists in ARTs about social issues. MATERIAL AND METHODS Descriptive study conducted in May 2017 in a university teaching hospital using an anonymous online questionnaire on current issues in ARTs. The questionnaire was sent by email to 650 French ARTs specialists, both clinicians and embryologists. RESULTS After 3 reminders, 408 responses were collected resulting in a participation rate of 62.7% (408/650). Concerning pre-implantation genetic testing, 80% of the physicians were in favor of expanding the indications, which in France are presently limited to incurable genetic diseases. Authorizing elective Fertility Preservation was supported by 93.4% of the specialists, but without social coverage for 86.3% of them. Concerning gamete donation, 77.4% of the French ARTs specialists were in favor of giving a financial compensation to donors, 92% promoted preserving their anonymity and 80.9% were against a directed donation. ARTs for single heterosexual women were supported by 63.4% of the French specialists and by 72.5% for lesbian couples. The legalization of surrogacy was requested by 55.2%. DISCUSSION Pending the revision of the French Bioethics laws, this survey provides an overview of the opinion of the specialists in ARTs on expanding ARTs for various social indications.Because of the evolution of social values, a more liberal and inclusive ART program is desired by the majority of ART specialists in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Creux
- Department of reproductive medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Reproductive Center, Polyclinique Saint Roch, 550 avenue du colonel André Pavelet, 34070 Montpellier, France.
| | - Marie Diaz
- Department of reproductive medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michaël Grynberg
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility Preservation, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; Department of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility Preservation, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France
| | - Aline Papaxanthos-Roche
- Department of reproductive medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Chansel-Debordeaux
- Department of reproductive medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Clément Jimenez
- Department of reproductive medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Frantz
- Department of reproductive medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Reproductive Center, Polyclinique Saint Roch, 550 avenue du colonel André Pavelet, 34070 Montpellier, France
| | - Janet Takefman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill UniversityHealth Center Reproductive Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Hocké
- Department of reproductive medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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Golombok S. The psychological wellbeing of ART children: what have we learned from 40 years of research? Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:743-746. [PMID: 32891518 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of what makes a family has changed dramatically in recent decades due to advances in reproductive technologies accompanied by changing social attitudes. But what has the impact been on children? This article presents a summary of research on parent-child relationships and the psychological adjustment of children in families created by assisted reproduction. The findings show that families with lesbian mothers, gay fathers, and single mothers by choice, and families created by donor conception and surrogacy, are just as likely to flourish as traditional families, and sometimes more so, although the children from these families will sometimes face prejudiced attitudes from others. It is concluded that the quality of family relationships and the wider social environment matter more for children's psychological wellbeing than the number, gender, sexual orientation, or biological relatedness of their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Golombok
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
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Pettersson ML, Nedstrand E, Bladh M, Svanberg AS, Lampic C, Sydsjö G. Mothers who have given birth at an advanced age - health status before and after childbirth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9739. [PMID: 32546715 PMCID: PMC7298035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Women postpone childbirth to an age when morbidity is higher and fertility has decreased and yet the knowledge of mothers' morbidity related to age remains scarce. Swedish national register data from the Medical Birth Register and National Patient Register was used to investigate the incidence of diseases listed in the International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10) in women who gave birth 2007-8. The index group consisted of women 40 years of age or older (n = 8 203) were compared to a control group of women, younger than 40 years (n = 15 569) at childbirth. The period studied was five years before childbirth to five years after. The main outcome measures were incidence of disease diagnosed in specialized hospital care. Demographical data and use of assisted reproduction (ART) were adjusted for. The results showed that older women were more likely to be single; less frequently used tobacco; were educated on a higher level; had a higher BMI and more often had used ART to become pregnant. The older women showed a higher morbidity rate. In the diagnostic groups: Neoplasms, Blood and immune system, Eye and adnexa, Ear and mastoid, Circulatory, Digestive, Skin and subcutaneous tissue, Musculoskeletal and connective tissue, and Genitourinary. The results add to the body of knowledge of a number of specific risks faced by older mothers and may be used to identify preventive actions concerning fertility and morbidity both before and after childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Lindell Pettersson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elizabeth Nedstrand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Bladh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Claudia Lampic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Public health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Sydsjö
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Armuand G, Skoog Svanberg A, Lampic C, Elenis E, Sydsjö G. Attitudes among paediatric healthcare professionals in Sweden towards sperm donation to single women: a survey study. FERTILITY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 6:9. [PMID: 32391162 PMCID: PMC7203798 DOI: 10.1186/s40738-020-00078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The number of families conceived through sperm donation to single women is increasing. However, there is limited knowledge about health care professionals’ attitudes towards solo-mothers by choice, and there is some indication that professionals’ personal opinions influence their care of individuals who use alternate ways to build a family. The primary aim of the study was to investigate attitudes towards, and experiences of, families following sperm donation to single women among healthcare professionals working in primary child healthcare. Methods Between April and November 2016 a total of 712 physicians, registered nurses and psychologists working within primary healthcare in Sweden were invited to participate in a cross-sectional online survey study. The study-specific questionnaire contained the following four domains: Attitudes towards legalization and financing, Attitudes towards the family and the child’s health, Clinical experience and Knowledge about sperm donation to single women. Results The majority of the participants were positive or neutral towards sperm donation being allowed to single women in Sweden. However, one third believed that children risk worse mental health and social stigma. Half of healthcare professionals had own clinical experience of caring for solo-mothers by choice and their children, and of these one third perceived that these families had more need of support than other parents. One out of four indicated that they did not have sufficient knowledge to be able to provide adequate care to these families. Conclusions The present results indicate that while there was a relatively large support for sperm donation being allowed to single women in Sweden among health care professionals, many expressed concerns about the child’s health, as well as low confidence in their knowledge about the specific needs in this patient group. There is a need for educational interventions targeted to healthcare professionals in primary child healthcare in order to provide adequate care to solo-mothers by choice and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Armuand
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Agneta Skoog Svanberg
- 2Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Lampic
- 3Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,4Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evangelia Elenis
- 2Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Sydsjö
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.,5Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping, County Council of Östergötland, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Chasson M, Taubman – Ben-Ari O. Personal growth of single mothers by choice in the transition to motherhood: a comparative study. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 39:301-312. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1718627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Chasson
- School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Imrie S, Jadva V, Golombok S. Psychological well-being of identity-release egg donation parents with infants. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:2219-2227. [PMID: 31681962 PMCID: PMC7034334 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the psychological health, relationship quality and perceived social support outcomes of heterosexual couples who have conceived an infant through identity-release egg donation? SUMMARY ANSWER Parents' scores on all measures were within the normal range. Egg donation mothers had poorer perceived social support, and egg donation fathers had less optimal psychological health than a comparison group of IVF parents, although these differences were associated with the older age of egg donation parents, rather than being an effect of family type. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There is limited understanding of the psychological health and couple relationship quality of egg donation parents, and no empirical data on parents' social support, during the first year of parenthood. No studies have included families who have used an identity-release egg donor. The study offers the first examination of the psychological well-being of identity-release egg donation parents. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study included 57 families created through identity-release egg donation, and a comparison group of 56 families who had used IVF with their own gametes, recruited through UK fertility clinics. Families were visited at home between October 2013 and June 2015. The sample forms part of a larger study examining family functioning in families created following fertility treatment. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD All families were heterosexual two-parent families with an infant aged 6-18 months. Mothers and fathers were administered standardised questionnaires assessing psychological health (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Trait Anxiety Inventory and Parenting Stress Index-short form), couple relationship quality (Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State) and perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Scores from the egg donation and IVF parents were within the normal range on all measures. Significant differences were found between the groups indicating less optimal social support in egg donation mothers compared to IVF mothers, and poorer psychological health in egg donation fathers compared to IVF fathers. These differences appeared to be related to the older age of egg donation parents or to twin parenthood, rather than to egg donation per se. No differences were found between the groups in the parents' relationship quality. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION It is possible that families who were managing the transition to parenthood less well may have been less likely to participate in research. Fewer IVF than egg donation fathers participated in the study, so the statistical power was lower for comparisons between fathers. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The findings are of relevance to UK clinics offering identity-release egg donation. That scores of egg donation parents on measures of psychological well-being were more similar than different to those of IVF parents should prove reassuring to individuals considering this treatment type. As less optimal outcomes were found for egg donation parents on several measures, and these were associated with parental age rather than conception type, it is recommended that clinics discuss with older patients how they may establish a social support network and signpost patients to appropriate post-natal support. STUDY FUNDING, COMPETING INTERESTS This research was supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award [097857/Z/11/Z] and a CHESS-ESRC studentship. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Imrie
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - V Jadva
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - S Golombok
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, UK
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Porta DD, Leão FE, Antoniazzi MP, Siqueira AC. Vivências e Expectativas de Mulheres Solteiras Habilitadas para Adotar. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e35nspe10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Este estudo objetivou conhecer a vivência de mulheres solteiras que estão na fila de espera para adoção. Participaram três mulheres com idades acima de 50 anos, boa escolaridade e boas condições financeiras. Foram utilizados um questionário sociodemográfico e uma entrevista. A análise de conteúdo evidenciou que as mulheres se sentiam preparadas para serem mães, afirmando que não precisavam de apoio para o cuidado do filho. As características da criança eram semelhantes às do perfil predominante dos casais adotantes e diferentes do perfil dos jovens elegíveis à adoção, favorecendo a morosidade do processo. São apresentadas propostas de aprimoramento do processo de adoção, como melhoramento no trabalho das equipes técnicas e maior debate quanto às características das crianças.
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Boivin J, Buntin L, Kalebic N, Harrison C. What makes people ready to conceive? Findings from the International Fertility Decision-Making Study. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2018; 6:90-101. [PMID: 30547108 PMCID: PMC6282098 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated fertility decision-making in people currently trying to conceive, and examined whether factors that make people ready to conceive differ by gender and country. The study used data from the International Fertility Decision-Making Study, a cross-sectional study of 10,045 participants (1690 men and 8355 women) from 79 countries. Respondents were aged 18-50 years (mean 31.8 years), partnered and had been trying to conceive for > 6 months (mean 2.8 years). Respondents indicated their need for parenthood; their own/partner's desire for a child; and the influence of certain preconditions, motivational forces and subjective norms in relation to readiness to conceive. Factor analysis of preconditions and motivational forces revealed four decisional factors: social status of parents, economic preconditions, personal and relational readiness, and physical health and child costs. Significant gender differences were found for desire for a child, decisional factors and subjective norms. Compared with men, women had higher personal desire for a child, and rated economic and personal and relational readiness as more influential. Men were more likely to rate subjective norms and social status of parents as more influential. Country comparisons found significant differences in personal desire for a child, partner's desire for a child, need for parenthood, preconditions, motivational forces and subjective norms. The results demonstrate that some decisional factors have a universal association with starting families (e.g. desire for a child), whilst the influence of others (e.g. personal and relational readiness) is dependent on contextual factors. These findings support the need for contemporary, prospective and international research on reproductive decision-making, and emphasize the need for effective fertility policies to take contextual factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Boivin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Attachment theory grows up: a developmental approach to pair bonds. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 25:139-143. [PMID: 30029043 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of Bowlby's Attachment Theory (AT) to sexual pair bonds has sparked wide ranging investigations which largely support, and further elaborate, key tenets of AT. Most notably, adults, like children, derive security from, and function optimally, when they feel they have the commitment of a loving other. Recent neuroscience findings further support the premise that parent-child and sexual pair bonds share some of the same neural architecture and physiology. The application of AT to adult pair bonds has also provoked controversy and raised empirical questions that warrant greater attention. Some of these questions include whether platonic friendships or kin can serve at least some of the functions of sexual partnerships in adulthood, and when, in the course of their development, do sexual relationships become pair bonds. Attention to key differences between infant and adult attachment, and the application of a developmental approach to pair bonds, would lead to productive directions for future research.
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Stack RJ, Meredith A. The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help. JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 2018; 39:233-242. [PMID: 29755247 PMCID: PMC5932102 DOI: 10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children's basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jayne Stack
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alex Meredith
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Golombok S. Parenting in new family forms. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 15:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zadeh S, Freeman T, Golombok S. 'What Does Donor Mean to a Four-Year-Old?': Initial Insights into Young Children's Perspectives in Solo Mother Families. CHILDREN & SOCIETY 2017; 31:194-205. [PMID: 28450763 PMCID: PMC5396304 DOI: 10.1111/chso.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the questions, thoughts and feelings of children aged 4-9 conceived by donor insemination to single mothers. Fifty-one mothers and 47 children from the same families were each administered a semi-structured interview. Mothers generally reported that while children either lack understanding, or have not yet been told, about their donor conception, they may be thinking and talking about the absence of a father. Most children did not mention either donor conception or father absence and reported positive feelings about their families and friendships. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between mothers' and children's reports are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zadeh
- Centre for Family ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tabitha Freeman
- Centre for Family ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Susan Golombok
- Centre for Family ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Zadeh S, Jones CM, Basi T, Golombok S. Children's thoughts and feelings about their donor and security of attachment to their solo mothers in middle childhood. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:868-875. [PMID: 28184441 PMCID: PMC5400065 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the relationship between children's thoughts and feelings about their donor and their security of attachment to their solo mothers in middle childhood? SUMMARY ANSWER Children with higher levels of secure–autonomous attachment to their mothers were more likely to have positive perceptions of the donor, and those with higher levels of insecure–disorganized attachment to their mothers were more likely to perceive him negatively. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There is limited understanding of the factors that contribute to children's thoughts and feelings about their donor in solo mother families. In adolescence, an association was found between adolescents’ curiosity about donor conception and their security of attachment to their mothers. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION 19 children were administered the Friends and Family Interview and Donor Conception Interview between December 2015 and March 2016 as part of the second phase of a longitudinal, multi-method, multi-informant study of solo mother families. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS All children were aged between 7 and 13 years and had been conceived by donor insemination to solo mothers. Interviews were conducted in participants’ homes. The Friends and Family Interview was rated according to a standardized coding scheme designed to measure security of attachment in terms of secure–autonomous, insecure–dismissing, insecure–preoccupied and insecure–disorganized attachment patterns. Quantitative analyses of the Donor Conception Interview yielded two factors: interest in the donor and perceptions of the donor. Qualitative analyses of the Donor Conception Interview were conducted using qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Statistically significant associations were found between the perception of the donor scale and the secure–autonomous and insecure–disorganized attachment ratings. Children with higher levels of secure–autonomous attachment to their mothers were more likely to have positive perceptions of the donor (r = 0.549, P = 0.015), and those with higher levels of insecure–disorganized attachment to their mothers were more likely to perceive him negatively (r = −0.632, P = 0.004). Children's narratives about the donor depicted him as a stranger (n = 8), a biological father (n = 4), a social parent (n = 3), or in ambivalent terms (n = 4). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Findings are limited by the wide age range of children within a small overall sample size. Participants were those willing and able to take part in research on donor conception families. The statistical significance of correlation coefficients was not corrected for multiple comparisons. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Findings highlight the importance of situating children's ideas about the donor within family contexts. It is recommended that those working with donor conception families consider this when advising parents about whether, what and how to tell children about donor conception. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust [097857/Z/11/Z]. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zadeh
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK
| | - C M Jones
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Basi
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Golombok
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK
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Zadeh S, Foster J. From 'Virgin Births' to 'Octomom': Representations of Single Motherhood via Sperm Donation in the UK News. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 26:551-566. [PMID: 27867283 PMCID: PMC5111753 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of sperm donation by single women has provoked public, professional and political debate. Newspapers serve as a critical means of both broadcasting this debate and effecting a representation of this user group within the public sphere. This study uses the theory of social representations to examine how single motherhood by sperm donation has been represented in the UK news over time. The study sampled news coverage on this topic in eight British newspapers during three 4-year periods between the years 1988 and 2012. The dataset of news reports (n = 406) was analysed using a qualitative approach. Findings indicated that UK media reports of single women using donor sperm are underpinned by conventional categories of the 'personal', the 'traditional' and the 'natural' that when paired with their corollaries produce a representation of this user group as the social 'other'. The amount of coverage on this topic over time was found to vary according to the political orientation of different media sources. Using key concepts from social representations theory, this article discusses the relationship between themata and anchoring in the maintenance of representations of the social 'other' in mass mediated communication. Findings are explained in relation to theoretical conceptions of the mass media and its position within the public sphere. It is argued that the use of personal narratives in news reports of single mothers by sperm donation may have significant implications for public understandings of this social group. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zadeh
- Centre for Family ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - J. Foster
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Zadeh S. Disclosure of donor conception in the era of non-anonymity: safeguarding and promoting the interests of donor-conceived individuals? Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2416-2420. [PMID: 27698073 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article responds to a debate article published in Human Reproduction earlier this year. In that article, the authors suggested that parents should be encouraged to disclose the use of donor gametes to their children given rapid and widespread advances in genetic testing and sequencing. However, there is an urgent need to engage with the assertion that in this context, telling children about their donor conception both safeguards and promotes their interests, particularly if such disclosure is motivated by parents' anxieties about accidental discovery. Disclosure that is motivated by the notion of non-anonymity may also encourage parents to share misinformation about donors and encourage their children to have unrealistic expectations. Fertility professionals must remain mindful of these outcomes when discussing disclosure and the future implications of increasing access to genetic information with both prospective and current parents. It is strongly advised that future discussions about the end of donor anonymity are not conflated with the debate on disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zadeh
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RQ, UK
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Freeman T, Zadeh S, Smith V, Golombok S. Disclosure of sperm donation: a comparison between solo mother and two-parent families with identifiable donors. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:592-600. [PMID: 27617789 PMCID: PMC5084687 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disclosure of donor conception to children was compared between solo mother and two-parent families with children aged 4–8 years conceived since the removal of donor anonymity in the UK. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 heterosexual solo mothers and 47 heterosexual mothers with partners to investigate their decisions and experiences about identifiable donation and disclosure to their children. No significant difference was found in the proportion of mothers in each family type who had told their children about their donor conception (solo mothers 54.8%; partnered mothers 36.2%). Of those who had not told, a significantly higher proportion of solo mothers than partnered mothers intended to disclose (P < 0.05). Partnered mothers were more likely than solo mothers to feel neutral, ambivalent or negative about having used an identifiable donor (P < 0.05), and were less likely to consider children's knowledge of their genetic origins as extremely important (P < 0.05). These findings are relevant to provision of counselling services as it cannot be assumed that parents will tell their children about their origins or their entitlement to request the identity of their donor at the age of 18 years. Further qualitative research would increase understanding of solo mothers' attitudes towards disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha Freeman
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RF, UK.
| | - Sophie Zadeh
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RF, UK
| | - Venessa Smith
- The London Women's Clinic, 113-115 Harley Street, London, W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Susan Golombok
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RF, UK
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