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Peterson ER, Sharma T, Bird A, Henderson AME, Ramgopal V, Reese E, Morton SMB. How mothers talk to their children about failure, mistakes and setbacks is related to their children's fear of failure. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38693065 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people fear failure and making mistakes. This fear can be transmitted from parents to children, suggesting that parental communication regarding failures and setbacks may play a critical role in shaping a child's perception of mistakes. AIMS In this study, we investigated how everyday parent-child conversations about setbacks influence children's fear of making mistakes. SAMPLE Drawing on the large pre-birth Growing Up in New Zealand cohort, we focused on a sub-sample of 231 mother-child dyads who engaged in a recorded conversations about a "recent disappointment or setback" when the children were 8 years old. METHOD Conversations between mothers and children about the recent disappointments were coded to identify whether parents recognised or acknowledge their child's emotional response, if action plans were discussed, and the types of resources that the child could draw on. The children also completed a questionnaire about their global self-worth and their fear of making mistakes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The discussion of clear action plans, in the absence of a discussion about collaborative resources, was found to be associated with an increased fear of making mistakes among children. Conversely, when mothers clearly acknowledged their child's emotions and discussed ways to work collaboratively with their child on future problems, there was a notable decrease in the child's fear of mistakes. However, it is noteworthy that many mothers in our study either minimally acknowledged or dismissed their child's emotions(40%), rarely discussed action plans (55%), or collaborative resources (79%)when discussing the recent setback.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanvi Sharma
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy Bird
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Varun Ramgopal
- Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS), Chennai, India
| | - Elaine Reese
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Susan M B Morton
- Faculty of Medical Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- INSIGHT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abel MR, Vernberg EM, Lochman JE, McDonald KL, Jarrett MA, Powell N. A Prospective Study of Co-Rumination in Parent-Adolescent Conversations Several Years After a Devastating Tornado. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38032343 PMCID: PMC11136890 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2023.2286588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between youth post-disaster stress responses and co-rumination in conversations with a parent several years after a devastating tornado. METHOD Adolescents (N = 200) drawn from an ongoing study for aggressive youth (ages 13 to 17; 80% African American) and their parents experienced an EF-4 tornado in 2011 and then provided joint recollections about their tornado experiences approximately 5 years later. Recollections were coded for the four components of co-rumination: rehashing problems, dwelling on negative affect, mutual encouragement of problem talk, and speculating about problems. Parent-rated post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and youth resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured approximately 6-months and 1-year post-tornado, respectively. RESULTS Results indicated that co-rumination could be identified, and reliably measured, in the tornado conversations. Resting RSA moderated the association between post-disaster PTSS and the co-rumination component dwelling on negative affect, such that youth PTSS was associated with higher levels of dwelling on negative affect but only at lower levels of resting RSA (an index of physiological dysregulation). There was no association between youth PTSS and dwelling on negative affect at high resting RSA (an index of better physiological regulation). Youth PTSS and resting RSA were unrelated to the other three co-rumination components. No gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS Results provide preliminary evidence establishing the co-rumination coding scheme in a sample of disaster-exposed parents and adolescents. Results also indicated that PTSS and resting RSA are important youth-level factors that relate to how parents and adolescents discuss their disaster experiences even years post-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine R. Abel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry,
Boston, MA
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS
| | - Eric M. Vernberg
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS
| | - John E. Lochman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa, AL
| | | | | | - Nicole Powell
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa, AL
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Rose AJ, Schwartz-Mette R, Borowski SK, Spiekerman A. Co-rumination and conversational self-focus: Adjustment implications of problem talk in adolescents' friendships. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 65:235-253. [PMID: 37481299 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Friendships are central relationships during adolescence. Given the increased experience of stress during adolescence, friends are especially critical sources of support at this time. Although experiencing social support is related to well-being, adolescents' experiences sharing problems with friends is not always positive. In this chapter, we consider two forms of problematic talk, co-rumination and conversational self-focus. Co-rumination refers to conversations about problems that is excessive, repetitive, speculative, and focused on negative affect. Conversational self-focus refers to adolescents re-directing conversations about friends' problems to oneself. Both co-rumination and conversational self-focus are associated with depressive symptoms. However, whereas co-rumination draws friends together and is associated with positive friendship quality, adolescents who engage in conversational self-focus are increasingly rejected by friends. Directions for future research and applied implications of studying social support processes between friends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Rose
- University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, United States.
| | | | | | - Allie Spiekerman
- University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, United States
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Pavlova M, Lund T, Sun J, Katz J, Brindle M, Noel M. A Memory-Reframing Intervention to Reduce Pain in Youth Undergoing Major Surgery: Pilot Randomized, Controlled Trial of Feasibility and Acceptability. Can J Pain 2022; 6:152-165. [PMID: 35711298 PMCID: PMC9196744 DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2022.2058919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three to 22% of youth undergoing surgery develop chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). Negative biases in pain memories (i.e., recalling higher levels of pain as compared to initial reports) are a risk factor for CPSP development. Children’s memories for pain are modifiable. Existing memory-reframing interventions reduced negatively biased memories associated with procedural pain and pain after minor surgery. However, not one study has tested the feasibility and acceptability of the memory-reframing intervention in youth undergoing major surgery. Aims The current pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT; NCT03110367; clinicaltrials.gov) examined the feasibility and acceptability of, as well as adherence to, a memory reframing intervention. Methods Youth undergoing a major surgery reported their baseline and postsurgery pain levels. Four weeks postsurgery, youth and one of their parents were randomized to receive control or memory-reframing instructions. Following the instructions, parents and youth reminisced about the surgery either as they normally would (control) or using the memory-reframing strategies (intervention). Six weeks postsurgery, youth completed a pain memory interview; parents reported intervention acceptability. Four months postsurgery, youth reported their pain. Results Seventeen youth (76% girls, Mage = 14.1 years) completed the study. The intervention was feasible and acceptable. Parents, but not youth, adhered to the intervention principles. The effect sizes of the intervention on youth pain memories (ηp2 = 0.22) and pain outcomes (ηp2 = 0.23) were used to inform a larger RCT sample size. Conclusions Memory reframing is a promising avenue in pediatric pain research. Larger RCTs are needed to determine intervention efficacy to improve pain outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pavlova
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Tatiana Lund
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Jenny Sun
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Joel Katz
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Brindle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Alberta Children’s Hospital
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; Owerko Centre; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Calgary, Canada
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van Nieuwenhuizen A, Hudson K, Chen X, Hwong AR. The Effects of Climate Change on Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Clinical Considerations. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:88. [PMID: 34874507 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent literature on the effects of climate change on child and adolescent mental health and discuss treatment and engagement by clinicians. RECENT FINDINGS Climate change affects child and adolescent mental health in many intersecting ways, including as a social and ecological determinant of health, a threat amplifier, and a source of trauma and distress. Single extreme weather events contribute to significant negative mental health consequences; however, subacute and chronic climate events also have mental health sequelae. Furthermore, awareness of the climate crisis is associated with emotional distress. Young people with pre-existing mental illness and lacking social support may be at elevated risk for climate change-related mental health effects. Climate activism is associated with resilience and positive development, but may also be a source of increased stress, particularly for marginalized youths. Climate change can affect the mental health of children and adolescents in complex and diverse ways. Sources of coping and resilience also vary greatly between individuals. Mental health clinicians must respond to this existential crisis by addressing research gaps in this area, obtaining relevant clinical training, educating their communities, and joining and supporting young people in their advocacy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Hudson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- UC Berkeley- UCSF Joint Medical Program, San Francisco, USA
| | - Alison R Hwong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco National Clinician Scholars Program, San Francisco, USA
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Barkin JL, Buoli M, Curry CL, von Esenwein SA, Upadhyay S, Kearney MB, Mach K. Effects of extreme weather events on child mood and behavior. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:785-790. [PMID: 33720406 PMCID: PMC8252647 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extreme weather events (EWEs) are increasing in frequency and severity as the planet continues to become warmer. Resulting disasters have the potential to wreak havoc on the economy, infrastructure, family unit, and human health. Global estimates project that children will be disproportionately impacted by the changing climate - shouldering 88% of the related burdens. Exposure to EWEs in childhood is traumatic, with ramifications for mental health specifically. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety have all been associated with childhood EWE exposure and have the potential to persist under certain circumstances. Conversely, many childhood survivors of EWE also demonstrate resilience and experience only transient symptoms. While the majority of studies are focused on the effects resulting from one specific type of disaster (hurricanes), we have synthesized the literature across the various types of EWEs. We describe psychological symptoms and behavior, the potential for long-term effects, and potential protective factors and risk factors. What this paper adds Climate change-related phenomena such as extreme weather events (EWEs) have the potential to impact mood and behavior in children. Posttraumatic stress (PTS) is the most common mental health consequence in child survivors of EWEs. PTS is often comorbid with depression and/or anxiety in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental HealthFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly,Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Katharine Mach
- University of MiamiRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceMiamiFLUSA,Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and PolicyUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFLUSA
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Lochman JE, Vernberg E, Glenn A, Jarrett M, McDonald K, Powell NP, Abel M, Boxmeyer CL, Kassing F, Qu L, Romero D, Bui C. Effects of Autonomic Nervous System Functioning and Tornado Exposure on Long-Term Outcomes of Aggressive Children. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:471-489. [PMID: 33433778 PMCID: PMC7987880 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether pre-disaster indicators of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity moderated the relation between degree of disaster exposure from an EF-4 tornado and changes in the externalizing and internalizing behavior problems of children at-risk for aggression. Participants included 188 children in 4th-6th grades (65% male; 78% African American; ages 9-13) and their parents from predominantly low-income households who were participating in a prevention study when the tornado occurred in 2011. Fourth-grade children who exhibited elevated levels of aggressive behavior were recruited in three annual cohorts. Parent-rated externalizing and internalizing problems were assessed prior to the tornado (Wave 1; W1), and at 4-12 months (W2), 16-24 months (W3), 42-28 months (W4) and 56-60 months (W5) post-tornado. Children's pre-tornado Skin Conductance Level (SCL) reactivity and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) withdrawal were assessed at W1 using SCL and RSA measured during resting baseline and during the first 5 min of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Children and parents reported their exposure to tornado-related trauma and disruptions at Wave 3. Children displayed less reduction in externalizing problems if there had been higher child- or parent-reported tornado exposure and less RSA withdrawal, or if they had lower parent-reported TORTE and less SCL reactivity or lower SCL baseline. Highlighting the importance of children's pre-disaster arousal, higher levels of disaster exposure negatively affected children's level of improvement in externalizing problems when children had less vagal withdrawal, and when tornado exposure disrupted the protective effects of higher SCL reactivity and higher SCL baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lixin Qu
- The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Devon Romero
- University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, San Antonio, USA
| | - Chuong Bui
- The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Talking with Children About Natural Disasters: Maternal Acknowledgment, Child Emotion Talk, and Child Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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