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Wairauch Y, Siev J, Hasdai U, Dar R. Compulsive rituals in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - A qualitative exploration of thoughts, feelings and behavioral patterns. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 84:101960. [PMID: 38513433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rituals are common among healthy individuals and across cultures and often serve adaptive purposes. In individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), rituals become compulsive, time-consuming and distressing, and may lead to functional impairment. Previous research has examined the functions and characteristics of compulsive rituals, but there is paucity of in-depth, first-person reports about this topic. METHOD We used a qualitative approach to explore thoughts, feelings, and behavioral patterns that characterize OCD rituals. Ten individuals with OCD participated in a semi-structured interview that focused on their most prominent compulsive ritual. The interviews were subjected to a thematic analysis. RESULTS Eight themes emerged from the analysis and were organized in two main categories: Micro Level perspective, comprising triggers, attention, emotional changes, and stopping criteria; and Macro Level perspective, comprising feelings and perceptions, change over time, motives, and inhibitors. The findings shed light on the role of fixed rules and feelings of "completeness" in OCD rituals, the nature of emotional and attentional characteristics during rituals performance, and the evolution of compulsive rituals over time. LIMITATIONS This study used a qualitative approach based on a small number of participants, which limits the generalizability of the findings. CONCLUSION Our results, if replicated, may have clinical implications. The reported patterns of anxiety reduction during ritual performance may contribute to the fine-tuning of CBT for OCD. The findings concerning the nature of attention during ritual performance and the development of rituals over time may be important for understanding the mechanisms that maintain compulsive rituals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Wairauch
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Udi Hasdai
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Reuven Dar
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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2
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Bougrine H, Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Belgacem A, Salem A, Chtourou H, Jahrami H, Souissi N. The effect of last meal "Suhoor" timing on diurnal variations in cognitive performance during Ramadan fasting among female athletes. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1373799. [PMID: 38694225 PMCID: PMC11061406 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1373799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the timing of the last meal, "Suhoor", on diurnal variation in cognitive performance during Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF). In a randomized order, 26 adolescent female athletes (aged 15.9 ± 0.9 y) were tested in three sessions at 7:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 5:00 p.m. across four different conditions: the 10 days preceding Ramadan (PR); the final 12 days of Ramadan (RO): two different conditions: Early Suhoor (SEarly), and Late Suhoor (SLate); and, ultimately, the 10 days immediately after Ramadan (AR) with an in-between recovery period of ≥24 h. During each test session, the oral temperature (OT), simple reaction time test (SRT), choice reaction time test (CRT), attention test (ATT), and mental rotation test (MRT) were evaluated. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and daily diary intake were assessed across the three periods. Compared to PR, the sleep parameters assessed by the PSQI were significantly lower during the RO and AR periods. However, neither total dietary intake nor OT showed any changes due to RIF. Compared to PR, the afternoon performances of SRT, CRT, ATT, and MRT significantly declined under both the SEarly and SLate conditions. Notably, midday performance decreased only during SLate, while morning performance remained unaffected in both conditions. Additionally, compared to SEarly, these performances were better during SLate in the afternoon and at midday. In summary, nutrient intake timing had a significant effect on the diurnal fluctuations in cognitive functions during Ramadan fasting, particularly around noon and in the afternoon. Our results illustrate the benefits of a late last meal (Suhoor) in preserving optimal morning cognitive abilities and preventing any impairment during the fasted state at midday or in the afternoon, which could affect overall athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology, and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health, and Learning (LINP2), Faculty of Sport Sciences (UFR STAPS), Paris Lumières University (UPL), Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Belgacem
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Atef Salem
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba, Tunisia
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3
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Cui Z, Liu Y, Sun X, Shang Z, Xu M. Veiled to Express: Uncovering the Effect of Mask-Wearing on Voice Behavior in the Workplace. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:309. [PMID: 38667105 PMCID: PMC11047678 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, mask-wearing has become a widespread phenomenon. Even after the pandemic, people continue to maintain the habit of wearing masks in their daily lives. While existing research has explored how mask-wearing can influence wearers' behavior in everyday life, its effects in the workplace have received less attention. Drawing on self-perception theory, this study examined the positive effect of mask-wearing in the workplace on wearers' voice behavior via psychological safety. An online experiment (N = 291) using a within-subject manipulation of wearing masks supported our hypotheses. This study uncovered the positive psychological and behavioral consequences of mask-wearing beyond its benefits in people's health conditions and everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Cui
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yangjie Liu
- School of Government, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- School of Government, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Zhe Shang
- School of Government, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Minya Xu
- Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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4
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Jiang T, Wang T, Poon KT, Gaer W, Wang X. Low Self-Concept Clarity Inhibits Self-Control: The Mediating Effect of Global Self-Continuity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:1587-1600. [PMID: 35856461 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whether and how self-concept clarity (SCC) affects self-control has not been sufficiently explored in empirical research. We proposed that low SCC inhibits self-control through a lower sense of global self-continuity. The results of five studies provided converging support for our mediation model (N = 898). Compared with participants with high SCC, participants with low SCC scored lower on self-control scales (Studies 1 and 2), spent less time practicing to improve their performance on a tedious task (Study 3), and were less likely to stay focused on an ongoing task (Study 4) or to adhere to the exercise plan to stay healthy (Study 5). Global self-continuity mediated the effects of low SCC on self-control (Studies 1-5) even after emotional affect (Study 5) and self-esteem (Studies 4 and 5) were controlled for. These findings highlight the importance of fostering SCC for coping with self-control failures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai-Tak Poon
- The Educational University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xue Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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5
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Venkatesh V, Davis FD, Zhu Y. Competing roles of intention and habit in predicting behavior: A comprehensive literature review, synthesis, and longitudinal field study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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6
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Fan W, Huang Z, Jian Z, Zhong Y. The effects of ritual and self-control resources depletion on deceptive behavior: Evidence from behavioral and ERPs studies. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14210. [PMID: 36349464 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although researchers have indicated that individuals with depleted self-control resources have lower self-control behavior and exhibit more deceptive behaviors, recent psychological studies have shown that ritual can improve self-control and increase the likelihood that the individual makes prosocial decisions. However, little is known about whether ritual can regulate an individual's engagement in deceptive behavior when their self-control resources are depleted. This study adopted the spot-the-difference task to investigate the influences of ritual and self-control resources depletion on simple self-control behavior and deceptive behavior (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2); furthermore, relevant neural processes were explored using event-related potentials (Experiment 3). Experiment 1 showed that individuals with depleted self-control resources had lower self-control behavior and individuals performing a ritual had higher self-control behavior. Experiment 2 showed that individuals with depleted self-control resources exhibited more deceptive behaviors and individuals performing a ritual exhibited fewer deceptive behaviors; furthermore, ritual reduced deceptive behaviors in individuals with depleted self-control resources. Experiment 3 found that individuals with depleted self-control resources had larger P2 amplitudes after performing a ritual. Moreover, individuals with depleted self-control resources had larger LPP amplitudes over parietal sites after performing a ritual. These findings suggested that performing ritual may be an effective measure of inhibiting individuals with depleted self-control resources from engaging in deceptive behavior. Our findings verify the ego-depletion model and provide a new perspective for reducing deceptive behaviors in individuals with depleted self-control resources. We provide evidence that rituals could modulate deceptive behaviors in individuals with depleted self-control resources. This reveals that performing rituals may be an effective measure for inhibiting individuals with depleted self-control resources from engaging in deceptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Moral Culture Research Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijun Huang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zengdan Jian
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Moral Culture Research Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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7
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Rad MS, Ansarinia M, Shafir E. Temporary Self-Deprivation Can Impair Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Ramadan Fast. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:415-428. [PMID: 35094597 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211070385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During Ramadan, people of Muslim faith fast by not eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset. This is likely to have physiological and psychological consequences for fasters, and societal and economic impacts on the wider population. We investigate whether, during this voluntary and temporally limited fast, reminders of food can impair the fasters' reaction time and accuracy on a non-food-related test of cognitive control. Using a repeated measures design in a sample of Ramadan fasters (N = 190), we find that when food is made salient, fasters are slower and less accurate during Ramadan compared with after Ramadan. Control participants perform similarly across time. Furthermore, during Ramadan performances vary by how recently people had their last meal. Potential mechanisms are suggested, grounded in research on resource scarcity, commitment, and thought suppression, as well as the psychology of rituals and self-regulation, and implications for people who fast for religious or health reasons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salari Rad
- Kahneman -Treistamn Center for Behavioral Science and Public Policy, Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, NJ, USA.,Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, New York, USA
| | - Morteza Ansarinia
- University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eldar Shafir
- Kahneman -Treistamn Center for Behavioral Science and Public Policy, Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, NJ, USA
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8
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Porath CL, Gibson CB, Spreitzer GM. Reprint of: To thrive or not to thrive: Pathways for sustaining thriving at work. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2023.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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9
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Wennerhold L, Friese M. Challenges in the conceptualization of trait self‐control as a psychological construct. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Wennerhold
- Department of Psychology Saarland University Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology Saarland University Saarbruecken Germany
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10
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Wang Z, Chen C, Mo J, Lu F, Ma J, Chen C, He G. Experiencing Buddhist practices promotes nonbelievers’ preference for future rewards in intertemporal choices. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jian Mo
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jiatao Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science University of California Irvine California USA
| | - Guibing He
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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11
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Fitouchi L, André JB, Baumard N. Moral disciplining: The cognitive and evolutionary foundations of puritanical morality. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 46:e293. [PMID: 36111617 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Why do many societies moralize apparently harmless pleasures, such as lust, gluttony, alcohol, drugs, and even music and dance? Why do they erect temperance, asceticism, sobriety, modesty, and piety as cardinal moral virtues? According to existing theories, this puritanical morality cannot be reduced to concerns for harm and fairness: It must emerge from cognitive systems that did not evolve for cooperation (e.g., disgust-based "purity" concerns). Here, we argue that, despite appearances, puritanical morality is no exception to the cooperative function of moral cognition. It emerges in response to a key feature of cooperation, namely that cooperation is (ultimately) a long-term strategy, requiring (proximately) the self-control of appetites for immediate gratification. Puritanical moralizations condemn behaviors which, although inherently harmless, are perceived as indirectly facilitating uncooperative behaviors, by impairing the self-control required to refrain from cheating. Drinking, drugs, immodest clothing, and unruly music and dance are condemned as stimulating short-term impulses, thus facilitating uncooperative behaviors (e.g., violence, adultery, free-riding). Overindulgence in harmless bodily pleasures (e.g., masturbation, gluttony) is perceived as making people slave to their urges, thus altering abilities to resist future antisocial temptations. Daily self-discipline, ascetic temperance, and pious ritual observance are perceived as cultivating the self-control required to honor prosocial obligations. We review psychological, historical, and ethnographic evidence supporting this account. We use this theory to explain the fall of puritanism in western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, and discuss the cultural evolution of puritanical norms. Explaining puritanical norms does not require adding mechanisms unrelated to cooperation in our models of the moral mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Fitouchi
- Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France. ; https://sites.google.com/view/leofitouchi ; http://jb.homepage.free.fr/ ; https://nicolasbaumards.org/
| | - Jean-Baptiste André
- Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France. ; https://sites.google.com/view/leofitouchi ; http://jb.homepage.free.fr/ ; https://nicolasbaumards.org/
| | - Nicolas Baumard
- Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France. ; https://sites.google.com/view/leofitouchi ; http://jb.homepage.free.fr/ ; https://nicolasbaumards.org/
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12
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Why Consumers Have Everything but Happiness: An Evolutionary Mismatch Perspective. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Porath CL, Gibson CB, Spreitzer GM. To thrive or not to thrive: Pathways for sustaining thriving at work. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2022.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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The Effect of Stress on Individuals’ Wasting Behavior: The Mediating Role of Impaired Self-Control. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wasting behavior has become a serious issue in modern society, especially when individuals face economic recessions and environmental problems. Despite the literature exploring cultural and sociological antecedents of wasting behavior, limited attention has been given to the role of individuals’ associated psychological states. The present research fills this gap by examining how and why stress, a psychological state pervasive among people in the modern world, can influence individuals’ wasting behavior through three studies. Pilot study and Study 1 provide evidence of the positive relationship between stress and wasting behavior. Then, Study 2 sheds light on the mechanism underlying the proposed effect by taking impaired self-control as a mediator. Lastly, the theoretical contributions and practical implications of this research are discussed.
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15
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Rodriguez JE, Holmes HL, Alquist JL, Uziel L, Stinnett AJ. Self-controlled responses to COVID-19: Self-control and uncertainty predict responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:7321-7335. [PMID: 34276168 PMCID: PMC8272611 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two online studies (Total N = 331) tested the hypothesis that individual differences in self-control and responses to uncertainty would predict adherence to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020a) guidelines, reported stockpiling, and intentions to engage in hedonic behavior in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Trait self-control (b = 0.27, p = .015), desire for self-control (Study 1: b = 0.28, p = .001; Study 2: b = 0.27, p = .005), and cognitive uncertainty (b = 0.73, p < .001) predicted more CDC adherence. State self-control (Study 1: b = -0.15, p = .012; Study 2: b = -0.26, p < .001) predicted less stockpiling, whereas emotional uncertainty (b = 0.56, p < .001) and cognitive uncertainty (b = 0.61, p < .001) predicted more stockpiling. State self-control (b = -0.18, p = .003) predicted less hedonic behavior, whereas desire for self-control (b = 0.42, p < .001) and emotional uncertainty (b = 0.26, p = .018) predicted more hedonic behavior. Study 2 (pre-registered) also found that emotional uncertainty predicted more stockpiling and hedonic behavior for participants low in state self-control (stockpiling: b = -0.31, p < .001; hedonic behavior: b = 0.28, p = .025), but not for participants high in state self-control (stockpiling: b = 0.03, p = .795; hedonic behavior: b = -0.24, p = .066). These findings provide evidence that some forms of self-control and uncertainty influenced compliance with behavioral recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-021-02066-y.
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16
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Work group rituals enhance the meaning of work. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Zhou B, Li Y, Tang Y, Cao W. An Experience-Sampling Study on Academic Stressors and Cyberloafing in College Students: The Moderating Role of Trait Self-Control. Front Psychol 2021; 12:514252. [PMID: 34326788 PMCID: PMC8314437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.514252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Student cyberloafing is a relatively new educational phenomenon and is getting to be an outstanding issue that educators have to face. It is necessary to find out important factors that aggravate cyberloafing. Using an experience sampling method, this study examined the relationship between academic stressors and cyberloafing. Once a week for five consecutive weeks (T1–T5), 134 undergraduate students assessed the extent of academic stressors and cyberloafing of that week through an electronic questionnaire. Additionally, participants completed a trait self-control scale at Time 2. Results of two-level regression analysis showed that academic stressors were negatively associated with cyberloafing at the within-person level (i.e., week-to-week changes), but not at the between-person level. Furthermore, this relationship pattern was only observed in students with low trait self-control, while those with high trait self-control were less likely to cyberloaf regardless of academic stressors. These findings suggest that cyberloafing can fluctuate over periods, especially for individuals who lack self-control. Future research should consider cyberloafing from a dynamic perspective of individual-context interaction. Several practical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyber Psychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyber Psychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Tang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentao Cao
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Marcus ZJ, McCullough ME. Does religion make people more self-controlled? A review of research from the lab and life. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 40:167-170. [PMID: 33461094 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Religion is associated with a wide range of socially desirable behaviors and outcomes (particularly among adolescents), including lower rates of crime and delinquency, better school performance, and abstinence from risky sexual practices and substance use. What should we make of these associations? Are they causal? And if so, what are the intermediate psychological processes through which religion obtains its effects on such outcomes? With regard to this third question, we describe a decade's worth of research into a hypothesis that religion obtains its behavioral effects through its intermediate effects on self-control. In this review, we focus on evidence from experiments and longitudinal studies, which provide more rigorous tests of cause-and-effect relationships than simple cross-sectional correlational studies can. We find little convincing evidence for the idea that implicit and explicit activations of religious cognition in the laboratory exert a robust influence on self-control on the scale of minutes and hours. We do find evidence, however, that rituals (most notably, prayer), along with exposure to religious environments and institutions in the real world (e.g. religious schooling) influence self-control on the scale of weeks, months, and years - a conclusion that is also supported by rigorous longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeve J Marcus
- University of California, San Diego, McGill Hall, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0109, USA
| | - Michael E McCullough
- University of California, San Diego, McGill Hall, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0109, USA.
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Shen Z, Xu Q, Jin L. Structured procedures promote placebo effects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stein DH, Hobson NM, Schroeder J. A sacred commitment: How rituals promote group survival. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 40:114-120. [PMID: 33068836 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Religious groups have survived for thousands of years despite drastic changes in society. One reason for their successful survival is the proliferation of group rituals (i.e. meaningful sequences of actions characterized by rigidity, formality, and repetition). We propose that rituals enhance religious group survival not only by signaling external commitment but also by fostering internal commitment toward the group in three ways: (1) enhancing belief in the group's values ('committed cognition'), (2) increasing the desire to maintain membership in the group ('committed affect'), and (3) increasing contributions to the welfare of the group ('committed behavior'). We conclude with a call for new empirical research on how participating in rituals can enhance internal commitment toward one's group (116/120).
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Getting a head start: turn-of-the-month submission effect for accepted papers in management journals. Scientometrics 2020; 124:2577-2595. [PMID: 32836525 PMCID: PMC7316350 DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Intriguing unforced regularities in human behaviors have been reported in varied research domains, including scientometrics. In this study we examine the manuscript submission behavior of researchers, with a focus on its monthly pattern. With a large and reliable dataset which records the submission history of articles published on 10 multidisciplinary journals and 10 management journals over a five-year period (2013–2017), we observe a prominent turn-of-the-month submission effect for accepted papers in management journals but not multidisciplinary journals. This effect gets more pronounced in submissions to top-tier journals and when the first day of a month happens to be a Saturday or Sunday. Sense of ceremony is proposed as a likely explanation of this effect, since the first day of a month is a fundamental temporal landmark which has a ‘fresh start effect’ on researchers. To conclude, an original and interesting day-of-the-month effect in the academia is reported in this study, which calls for more research attention.
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Fulkerson JA, Telke S, Larson N, Berge J, Sherwood NE, Neumark-Sztainer D. A healthful home food environment: Is it possible amidst household chaos and parental stress? Appetite 2019; 142:104391. [PMID: 31377322 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines how household chaos and unmanaged parental stress are associated with and contribute to variance in markers of the home food environment (family meal frequency, perceived barriers to cooking, healthful home food availability). Obtaining a better understanding of these relationships could guide more effective family-based interventions to promote healthful home food environments. METHODS The analytic sample included 819 households with children in the population-based Project EAT-IV cohort with survey data from 2015 to 2016. Multiple linear regression was used to generate means and 95% confidence intervals of home food environment variables, and estimates for the contribution of household chaos (defined by frenetic activity, loud noises and disorder), and quartiles of unmanaged parental stress (ratio of perceived stress and ability to manage stress). Model fit was also examined. RESULTS/FINDINGS Both household chaos and quartiles of unmanaged parental stress were independently and inversely associated with family meal frequency (p's < 0.001) and positively associated with perceived mealtime preparation barriers (p's < 0.001). Unmanaged parental stress was also inversely associated with healthful home food availability (p = 0.004). Models including demographic characteristics, household chaos scores, and quartiles of unmanaged parental stress index showed significantly improved model fit for all outcomes compared to less comprehensive models. Among families with high chaos, those having 7 + family meals/week were significantly more likely to have lower mealtime preparation barrier scores, younger children and higher healthful home food availability scores than families eating together less often. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to assist with parental management of stress and chaos within the home environment (e.g., establishing routines) may increase family meal frequency and the quality of children's home food environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Fulkerson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 5-160 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Susan Telke
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Nicole Larson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Jerica Berge
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Room 425, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Nancy E Sherwood
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
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Consumption rituals relating to food and drink: A review and research agenda. Appetite 2019; 134:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kapitány R, Davis JT, Legare C, Nielsen M. An experimental examination of object-directed ritualized action in children across two cultures. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206884. [PMID: 30485288 PMCID: PMC6261563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ritualized actions are common in daily life, and prevalent across cultures. Adults have been shown, under experimental conditions, to treat objects subjected to ritualized action as special and different relative to objects subjected to non-ritualized action. Similarly, children as young as 4, are sensitive to ritualized actions–frequently reproducing such actions at high fidelity. The current cross-cultural experiment attempts to extend existing findings among two culturally distinct groups of children with regard to object-directed rituals. We predicted that children’s preference for a reward would be influenced by ritualized action (but not non-ritualized action). Over two trials we presented children in Australia (N = 93; mean age = 6.03 years, SD = 2.07 years) and Vanuatu (N = 109; mean age = 6.13 years, SD = 1.96 years) with two identical rewards, which was either subjected to ritualized action or non-ritualized action. Contrary to previous findings among adults, ritualized action did not influence children’s preference for a reward. We frame the current results in the context of socially relevant group rituals, and discuss the implications for both wider theory and methods. We conclude with a call for pre-registered replications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristine Legare
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States of America
| | - Mark Nielsen
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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