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Hagenauer W, Zipko HT. The relationship between entrepreneurial personality patterns linked to risk, innovation and gender across industrial sectors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20864. [PMID: 39242699 PMCID: PMC11379956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the personality patterns of solo founders in both high-tech and non-high-tech sectors during the first seven years of their entrepreneurial journey to emphasize the patterns' implications during policymaking, investment decisions, and self-assessments. IAB/ZEW startup panel microdata for the sector classification of 4470 solo entrepreneurs in Germany were analyzed to identify Big Five trait patterns influenced by risk propensities, innovation inclination, and gender. The entrepreneurial profiles indicate positive openness, emotional resilience, and sector-specific clusters. Conscientiousness suggests flexibility, and while variations in extraversion and agreeableness exist, negative neuroticism was predominantly found, except for gender-related differences and multidimensional service innovators. Big Five traits provide information about important foundational profile patterns to describe unique solo entrepreneur types influenced by risk, innovation, and gender. Originality and value: Risk propensity characterizes 'Adaptive Services,' 'Dynamic Knowledge Innovators,' and 'Strategic Risk Navigators.' Additionally, 'Multidimensional Service Innovators' and 'Focused Tech Innovators' signify innovation understanding. The Big Five profiles show openness and emotional stability across sectors, providing crucial insights for effective entrepreneurial support and investment strategies.
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Bleidorn W, Lenhausen MR, Schwaba T, Hopwood CJ. Psychological change before and after religious conversion and deconversion. J Pers 2024; 92:1193-1210. [PMID: 37664880 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Theory and anecdotal evidence suggest that people undergo psychological changes before and after religious conversion and deconversion. Yet, existing research provided inconclusive evidence. Here, we examined psychological change before, during, and after institutional conversion and deconversion in a large-scale longitudinal study. METHOD We used 11-wave longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of Dutch adults (N ~ 20,000) to assess changes in religious beliefs and practices, personality traits, and well-being before, during, and after conversion to and deconversion from Christianity. RESULTS Converts (N = 181) increased in service attendance and prayer, but not in their belief in God, as they approached conversion. Deconverts (N = 450) declined in religious beliefs and practices before, during, and after deconversion. In terms of personality, converts displayed small, unexpected declines in emotional stability, extraversion, and agreeableness at time of conversion. Deconverts declined in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness at time of deconversion. Neither group showed changes in their well-being. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that psychological changes during religious conversion and deconversion are generally small and mostly manifest as changes in people's religious beliefs and practices. Findings are discussed in the context of person-religion fit, meaning-making, and sociocultural motive perspectives on religious change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schwaba
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Juchem CM, Bendau A, Bandurski LC, Reich NJ, Baumgardt S, Asselmann E. Personality changes related to presence and treatment of substance use (disorders): a systematic review. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1905-1929. [PMID: 38644674 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172400093x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Heavy substance use (SU) and substance use disorders (SUD) have complex etiologies and often severe consequences. Certain personality traits have been associated with an increased risk for SU(D), but far less is known about personality changes related to SU(D). This review aims to synthesize the existing literature on this research question. A systematic literature search was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 in PubMed, EbscoHost, and Web of Science. Peer-reviewed original papers on SU(D)-related personality changes were included. Of 55 included studies, 38 were observational population-based studies and 17 were intervention studies. Overall, personality and SU measures, samples, study designs, and statistical approaches were highly heterogenous. In observational studies, higher SU was most consistently related to increases in impulsivity-related traits and (less so) neuroticism, while interventions in the context of SU(D) were mostly associated with increases in conscientiousness and self-efficacy and lasting decreases in neuroticism. Findings for traits related to extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness were mixed and depended on SU measure and age. Studies on bidirectional associations suggest that personality and SU(D) both influence each other over time. Due to their strong association with SU(D), impulsivity-related traits may be important target points for interventions. Future work may investigate the mechanisms underlying personality changes related to SU(D), distinguishing substance-specific effects from general SU(D)-related processes like withdrawal, craving, and loss of control. Furthermore, more research is needed to examine whether SU(D)-related personality changes vary by developmental stage and clinical features (e.g. initial use, onset, remission, and relapse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Juchem
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antonia Bendau
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie C Bandurski
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nico J Reich
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Saskia Baumgardt
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
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Vize CE, Kaurin A, Wright AGC. Personality Pathology and Momentary Stress Processes. Clin Psychol Sci 2024; 12:686-705. [PMID: 39119069 PMCID: PMC11309262 DOI: 10.1177/21677026231192483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The expression of personality pathology differs between people and within a person in day-to-day life. Personality pathology may reflect, in part, dysregulation in basic behavioral processes. Thus, a useful approach for studying maladaptive trait expression comes from literature on stress and daily hassles, which provide dynamic accounts for the relations between individual differences and maladaptive dysregulation. This study sought to integrate maladaptive traits and dynamic stress processes to further dynamic models of personality pathology. In a combined clinical/community sample (N=297) oversampled for interpersonal problems, we used ecological momentary assessment (observation N=19,968) to investigate how maladaptive traits moderated the processes of stress generation, stress reactivity, and affective spillover/inertia. Tests of our preregistered hypotheses provided a mix of supportive and null findings for stress processes identified in past research, and mixed support for the moderating role of personality. The results provide insights into the relations between everyday stressors and personality pathology.
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5
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Wagner L, Gander F. Character strength traits, states, and emotional well-being: A daily diary study. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38623026 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Does whole trait theory work for character strengths? This study examines the daily within- and between-person variability of the manifestations of positively valued lower-order personality characteristics, namely character strengths, their convergence with trait character strengths, and their relationships to daily measures of affect. BACKGROUND Manifestations of personality traits vary both between- and within people. So far, research has focused on between-person differences in character strengths, while within-person differences have been neglected. METHODS German-speaking participants (N = 199, 84.3% women; mean age = 26.0 years) participated in a two-week daily diary study. They completed a baseline measure of character strength traits and daily measures of character strength states and positive and negative affect. RESULTS Results suggested that character strength traits converged well with aggregated states. Further, we observed high within-person variability in most character strengths. The trait-state convergence and the amount of within-person variability were predicted by whether the character strengths were rather phasic (i.e., more dependent on situational characteristics) or rather tonic (i.e., less dependent on situational characteristics). Higher within-person variability in character strengths was related to trait levels of perspective, honesty, social intelligence, and fairness. Regarding relationships between character strengths and affect, within-person associations were widely parallel to previously reported between-person associations and largely independent of trait levels of character strengths. CONCLUSION These findings inform research on whole trait theory and character-strengths-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Gander
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Rauf T, Freese J. Genetic influences on depression and selection into adverse life experiences. Soc Sci Med 2024; 344:116633. [PMID: 38324978 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies find that a large number of genetic variants jointly influence the risk of depression, which is summarized by polygenic indices (PGIs) of depressive symptoms and major depression. But PGIs by design remain agnostic about the causal mechanisms linking genes to depression. Meanwhile, the role of adverse life experiences in shaping depression risk is well-documented, including via gene-environment correlation. Building on theoretical work on dynamic and contingent genetic selection, we suggest that genetic influences may lead to differential selection into negative life experiences, forging gene-environment correlations that manifest in various permutations of depressive behaviors and environmental adversities. We also examine the extent to which apparent genetic influences may reflect spurious associations due to factors such as indirect genetic effects. Using data from two large surveys of middle-aged and older US adults, we investigate to what extent a PGI of depression predicts the risk of 27 different adversities. Further, to glean insights about the kinds of processes that might lead to gene-environment correlation, we augment these analyses with data from an original preregistered survey to measure cultural understandings of the behavioral dependence of various adversities. We find that the PGI predicts the risk of majority of adversities, net of class background and prior depression, and that the selection risk is greater for adversities typically perceived as being dependent on peoples' own behaviors. Taken together, our findings suggest that the PGI of depression largely picks up the risk of behaviorally-influenced adversities, but to a lesser degree also captures other environmental influences. The results invite further exploration into the behavioral and interactional processes that lie along the pathways intervening between genetic differences and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamkinat Rauf
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
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Scharbert J, Humberg S, Kroencke L, Reiter T, Sakel S, Ter Horst J, Utesch K, Gosling SD, Harari G, Matz SC, Schoedel R, Stachl C, Aguilar NMA, Amante D, Aquino SD, Bastias F, Bornamanesh A, Bracegirdle C, Campos LAM, Chauvin B, Coetzee N, Dorfman A, Dos Santos M, El-Haddad RW, Fajkowska M, Göncü-Köse A, Gnisci A, Hadjisolomou S, Hale WW, Katzir M, Khechuashvili L, Kirchner-Häusler A, Kotzur PF, Kritzler S, Lu JG, Machado GDS, Martskvishvili K, Mottola F, Obschonka M, Paolini S, Perugini M, Rohmer O, Saeedian Y, Sergi I, Shani M, Skimina E, Smillie LD, Talaifar S, Talhelm T, Tokat T, Torres A, Torres CV, Van Assche J, Wei L, Yalçın A, van Zalk M, Bühner M, Back MD. Psychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1202. [PMID: 38378761 PMCID: PMC10879508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has had devastating effects on the Ukrainian population and the global economy, environment, and political order. However, little is known about the psychological states surrounding the outbreak of war, particularly the mental well-being of individuals outside Ukraine. Here, we present a longitudinal experience-sampling study of a convenience sample from 17 European countries (total participants = 1,341, total assessments = 44,894, countries with >100 participants = 5) that allows us to track well-being levels across countries during the weeks surrounding the outbreak of war. Our data show a significant decline in well-being on the day of the Russian invasion. Recovery over the following weeks was associated with an individual's personality but was not statistically significantly associated with their age, gender, subjective social status, and political orientation. In general, well-being was lower on days when the war was more salient on social media. Our results demonstrate the need to consider the psychological implications of the Russo-Ukrainian war next to its humanitarian, economic, and ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Scharbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Sarah Humberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lara Kroencke
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Reiter
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Sakel
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Ter Horst
- Department of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Utesch
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Samuel D Gosling
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Ramona Schoedel
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Stachl
- Institute of Behavioral Science and Technology, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Natalia M A Aguilar
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Dayana Amante
- Research Institute in Basic and Applied Psychology, Catholic University of Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Sibele D Aquino
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Franco Bastias
- Cluster of Excellence "The Politics of Inequality", University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alireza Bornamanesh
- Psychiatry Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Luís A M Campos
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Petrópolis, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Bruno Chauvin
- Department of Psychology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicoleen Coetzee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Monika Dos Santos
- Department of Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rita W El-Haddad
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, American University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Asli Göncü-Köse
- Department of Psychology, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Augusto Gnisci
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Stavros Hadjisolomou
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, American University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait
| | - William W Hale
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maayan Katzir
- Conflict Resolution, Management, and Negotiation Graduate Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lili Khechuashvili
- Department of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Sarah Kritzler
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jackson G Lu
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Gustavo D S Machado
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Khatuna Martskvishvili
- Department of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Francesca Mottola
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Martin Obschonka
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Perugini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Odile Rohmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yasser Saeedian
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Ida Sergi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maor Shani
- Department of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ewa Skimina
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luke D Smillie
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sanaz Talaifar
- Department of Management & Entrepreneurship, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Thomas Talhelm
- Booth School of Business, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Tülüce Tokat
- Human Sciences Department, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | - Ana Torres
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Claudio V Torres
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jasper Van Assche
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CESCUP), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Department of Psychology, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aslı Yalçın
- Department of Psychology, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maarten van Zalk
- Department of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Markus Bühner
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mitja D Back
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Münster, Germany
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8
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Wright AJ, Jackson JJ. The associations between life events and person-centered personality consistency. J Pers 2024; 92:162-179. [PMID: 36537588 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few environments reliably influence mean-level and rank-order changes in personality-perhaps because personality development needs to be examined through an individualized, person-centered lens. METHODS The current study used Bayesian multilevel linear models to examine the association between 16 life events and changes in person-centered, Big Five personality consistency across 4 to 10 waves of data using four datasets (N = 24,491). RESULTS Selection effects were found for events such as marriage, (un)employment, retirement, and volunteering, whereas between-person effects for slopes were found for events such as beginning formal education, employment, and retirement. Within-person changes were often small and emerged inconsistently across datasets but, when present, were brief and negative in direction, suggesting life events can serve as a short-term disruption to the personality system. However, there were many individual differences around event-related trajectories. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that the effects of life events depend on how personality and its changes are quantified-with these findings underscoring the utility of a person-centered approach as it can capture the full range of these idiosyncrasies. Overall, these findings suggest that life events are associated with a range of idiosyncratic effects and can serve as a short-term, destabilizing shock to one's personality system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Wright
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, USA
| | - Joshua J Jackson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, USA
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Bühler JL, Mund M, Neyer FJ, Wrzus C. A developmental perspective on personality-relationship transactions: Evidence from three nationally representative samples. J Pers 2024; 92:202-221. [PMID: 35866364 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Throughout their lives, people experience different relationship events, such as beginning or dissolving a romantic relationship. Personality traits predict the occurrence of such relationship events (i.e., selection effects), and relationship events predict changes in personality traits (i.e., socialization effects), summarized as personality-relationship transactions. So far, evidence was partly inconsistent as to how personality traits and relationship events are linked with each other. In this article, we argue that unnoticed age differences might have led to these inconsistencies. To systematically test for age differences in transactions, we conceptualize relationship events in terms of gains and losses and apply a developmental perspective on transactions. METHODS Using longitudinal data from three nationally representative samples (SOEP, HILDA, Understanding Society), we computed event-focused latent growth models and summarized the results meta-analytically. RESULTS The findings indicated some transactions. Of these, selection effects were stronger than socialization effects, and effects of gain-based events were stronger than effects of loss-based events. We observed few interactions with age. CONCLUSION Selection effects and, particularly, socialization effects, tend to be rare and fairly independent of age. We discuss a series of broader and narrower factors that may have an impact on the strength of transactions across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Mund
- Institute of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Franz J Neyer
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Institute of Psychology, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jayawickreme E, Tsukayama E, Blackie LER. Examining the impact of major life events on the frequency and experience of daily social events. J Pers 2024; 92:147-161. [PMID: 36748285 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Life events can impact people's dispositional functioning by changing their state-level patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. One pathway through which this change may be facilitated is changes in the experience of daily social events. METHOD We examined the dynamic relationship between major life events and the subsequent experience of positive and negative daily social events in a year-long longitudinal study (initial N = 1247). RESULTS Experiencing positive and negative major life events moderated the effects of positive and negative social events on event-contingent state well-being and ill-being in ways that were mostly (but not always) consistent with both endowment and contrast effects on judgments of well-being. Furthermore, negative life events predicted an increase in the subsequent trajectory of negative social events, while the experience of daily ill-being predicted the subsequent experience of negative social events. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the possible impact of major life events by explaining how they shape the subsequent experience of daily social events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology & Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eli Tsukayama
- Department of Business Administration, University of Hawaii-West Oahu, Kapolei, Hawaii, USA
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11
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Dugan KA, Vogt RL, Zheng A, Gillath O, Deboeck PR, Fraley RC, Briley DA. Life events sometimes alter the trajectory of personality development: Effect sizes for 25 life events estimated using a large, frequently assessed sample. J Pers 2024; 92:130-146. [PMID: 37041673 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality changes across the life span. Life events, such as marriage, becoming a parent, and retirement, have been proposed as facilitating personality growth via the adoption of novel social roles. However, empirical evidence linking life events with personality development is sparse. Most studies have relied on few assessments separated by long time intervals and have focused on a single life event. In contrast, the content of life is composed of small, recurrent experiences (e.g., getting sick or practicing a hobby), with relatively few major events (e.g., childbirth). Small, frequently experienced life events may play an important and overlooked role in personality development. METHOD The present study examined the extent to which 25 major and minor life events alter the trajectory of personality development in a large, frequently assessed sample (Nsample = 4904, Nassessments = 47,814, median retest interval = 35 days). RESULTS Using a flexible analytic strategy to accommodate the repeated occurrence of life events, we found that the trajectory of personality development shifted in response to a single occurrence of some major life events (e.g., divorce), and recurrent, "minor" life experiences (e.g., one's partner doing something special). CONCLUSION Both stark role changes and frequently reinforced minor experiences can lead to personality change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely A Dugan
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
| | - Randi L Vogt
- Department of Bioethics & Decision Sciences, Geisinger, PA, Danville, USA
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Riverside, CA, Riverside, USA
| | - Omri Gillath
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, KS, Lawrence, USA
| | - Pascal R Deboeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - R Chris Fraley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
| | - D A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
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12
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Zheng A, Hoff KA, Hanna A, Einarsdóttir S, Rounds J, Briley DA. Job characteristics and personality change in young adulthood: A 12-year longitudinal study and replication. J Pers 2024; 92:298-315. [PMID: 37072929 PMCID: PMC10949344 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality changes are related to successfully performing adult occupational roles which require teamwork, duty, and managing stress. However, it is unclear how personality development relates to specific job characteristics that vary across occupations. METHOD We investigated whether 151 objective job characteristics, derived from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), were associated with personality levels and changes in a 12-year longitudinal sample followed over the school to work transition. Using cross-validated regularized modeling, we combined two Icelandic longitudinal datasets (total N = 1054) and constructed an individual-level, aggregated job characteristics score that maximized prediction of personality levels at baseline and change over time. RESULTS The strongest association was found for level of openness (0.25), followed by conscientiousness (0.16) and extraversion (0.14). Overall, aggregated job characteristics had a stronger prediction for personality intercepts (0.14) than slopes (0.10). These results were subsequently replicated in a U.S. sample using levels of the Big Five as the dependent variable. This indicates that associations between job characteristics and personality are generalizable across life stages and nations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that job titles are a valuable resource that can be linked to personality to better understand factors that influence psychological development. Further work is needed to document the prospective validity of job characteristics across a wider range of occupations and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqing Zheng
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | - Kevin A. Hoff
- Department of PsychologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Alexis Hanna
- Department of ManagementUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Sif Einarsdóttir
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Ethnography and FolkloristicsUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - James Rounds
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - D. A. Briley
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
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Reitz AK, den Boer L, van Scheppingen MA, Diwan K. Personality maturation through sense of mastery? Longitudinal evidence from two education-to-work transition studies. J Pers 2024; 92:261-277. [PMID: 36394106 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Why personality changes in young adulthood remains a critical theoretical and empirical question. We studied personality change during the education-to-work transition, including mean-level personality change and its specific timing, the degree of individual variability in change, and the link between sense of mastery and personality change. METHODS We used two intensive longitudinal studies. Study 1 included 5 waves of data across 2 years during the university-to-work transition (N = 309; mean-aged 25). Study 2 included 3 waves of data across 8 months during an internship-heavy teacher education program (N = 317; mean-aged 22). We measured personality traits and work-related mastery with questionnaires and personality states and general mastery with the experience sampling method. RESULTS First, we found no evidence for mean-level personality maturation but decreases in trait Conscientiousness. Second, young adults differed significantly in personality trait and state change. Third, young adults with higher levels of work-related sense of mastery showed more positive changes in trait Conscientiousness. Decreases in general sense of mastery predicted later decreases in state Emotional Stability and vice versa. Change in general sense of mastery correlated with personality state change. CONCLUSIONS Sense of mastery seems to be part of a dynamic short-term process underlying personality change in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Reitz
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte den Boer
- Department of Dev elopmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ketaki Diwan
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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14
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Asselmann E, Garthus-Niegel S, Martini J. How research on personality development can improve our understanding of perinatal adjustment. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023; 41:485-487. [PMID: 37783226 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2242148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM) and Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Martini
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
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15
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Ludwig VU, Crone D, Clifton JDW, Rebele RW, Schor J, Platt ML. Resilience of primal world beliefs to the initial shock of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Pers 2023; 91:838-855. [PMID: 36156253 PMCID: PMC9538916 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People hold general beliefs about the world called primals (e.g., the world is Safe, Intentional), which are strongly linked to individual differences in personality, behavior, and mental health. How such beliefs form or change across the lifespan is largely unknown, although theory suggests that beliefs become more negative after disruptive events. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to test whether dramatic world changes and personal adversity affect beliefs. METHOD In a longitudinal, quasi-experimental, pre-registered design, 529 US participants (51% female, 76% White) provided ratings of primals before and several months after pandemic onset, and information about personal adversity (e.g., losing family, financial hardship). Data were compared to 398 participants without experience of the pandemic. RESULTS The average person in our sample showed no change in 23 of the 26 primals, including Safe, in response to the early pandemic, and only saw the world as slightly less Alive, Interactive, and Acceptable. Higher adversity, however, was associated with slight declines in some beliefs. One limitation is that participants were exclusively American. CONCLUSION Primals were remarkably stable during the initial shock wrought by a once-in-a-century pandemic, supporting a view of primals as stable lenses through which people interpret the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera U. Ludwig
- Present address:
Department of NeurosciencePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Wharton Neuroscience InitiativeUniversity of Pennsylvania
| | - Damien Crone
- Present address:
Department of NeurosciencePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Positive Psychology CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Reb W. Rebele
- Melbourne School of Psychological SciencesThe University of Melbourne
- Wharton People AnalyticsThe Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jordyn Schor
- Present address:
Department of NeurosciencePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L. Platt
- Present address:
Department of NeurosciencePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Wharton Neuroscience InitiativeUniversity of Pennsylvania
- Marketing DepartmentWharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and SciencesUniversity of Pennsylvania
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16
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Freiberg B, Matz SC. Founder personality and entrepreneurial outcomes: A large-scale field study of technology startups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215829120. [PMID: 37126710 PMCID: PMC10175740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215829120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Technology startups play an essential role in the economy-with seven of the ten largest companies rooted in technology, and venture capital investments totaling approximately $300B annually. Yet, important startup outcomes (e.g., whether a startup raises venture capital or gets acquired) remain difficult to forecast-particularly during the early stages of venture formation. Here, we examine the impact of an essential, yet underexplored, factor that can be observed from the moment of startup creation: founder personality. We predict psychological traits from digital footprints to explore how founder personality is associated with critical startup milestones. Observing 10,541 founder-startup dyads, we provide large-scale, ecologically valid evidence that founder personality is associated with outcomes across all phases of a venture's life (i.e., from raising the earliest funding round to exiting via acquisition or initial public offering). We find that openness and agreeableness are positively related to the likelihood of raising an initial round of funding (but unrelated to all subsequent conditional outcomes). Neuroticism is negatively related to all outcomes, highlighting the importance of founders' resilience. Finally, conscientiousness is positively related to early-stage investment, but negatively related to exit conditional on funding. While prior work has painted conscientiousness as a major benefactor of performance, our findings highlight a potential boundary condition: The fast-moving world of technology startups affords founders with lower or moderate levels of conscientiousness a competitive advantage when it comes to monetizing their business via acquisition or IPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Freiberg
- Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Sandra C. Matz
- Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
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17
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Ion A, Georgescu A, Iliescu D, Nye CD, Miu A. Events-Affect-Personality: A Daily Diary Investigation of the Mediating Effects of Affect on the Events-Personality Relationship. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231175363. [PMID: 37148303 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231175363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Our 10-day diary investigation anchored in dynamic personality theories, such as Whole Trait Theory examined (a) whether within-person variability in two broad personality traits Extraversion and Neuroticism is consistently predicted by daily events, (b) whether positive and negative affect, respectively partly mediate this relationship and (c) the lagged relationships between events, and next day variations in affect and personality. Results revealed that personality exhibited significant within-person variability, that positive and negative affect partly mediate the relationship between events and personality, affect accounting for up to 60% of the effects of events on personality. Additionally, we identified that event-affect congruency was accountable for larger effects compared to event-affect non-congruency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ion
- University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Christopher D Nye
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrei Miu
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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18
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Nguyen PLL, Syed M, DeYoung CG. Four types of change and self-other agreement on change in personality traits during college years: A multi-informant longitudinal study. J Pers 2023; 91:441-463. [PMID: 35686939 PMCID: PMC10083976 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Research in personality trait change has largely relied on mean-level and rank-order change across the lifespan. The current research expanded the literature in several ways: analyzing four types of change and correlated change patterns, obtaining multi-informant reports, including lower-order personality traits, and collecting multiple assessments during a short yet important time for college-attending emerging adults (baseline N = 259, Mage = 18.79). There was little evidence for mean-level change, yet participants showed significant individual differences such that rank-ordering and ipsative profiles were much more dynamic than mean score patterns. Informant-reports from close others demonstrated largely similar patterns: little to no mean-level change, significant increase in rank-ordering, and about half of participants reporting configural change mostly in elevation and scatter rather than in profile shapes. Interestingly, there was no correlated change between self and other-reports. This indicated that close others do not share individuals' perception of their own personality trait change, at least not in the demographic group studied. By examining individual-level, sample-level, and multi-informant perspectives, our thorough investigation provided useful benchmarks for future research to examine the source of variability in change trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moin Syed
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colin G DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Asselmann E, Holst E, Specht J. Longitudinal bidirectional associations between personality and becoming a leader. J Pers 2023; 91:285-298. [PMID: 35428997 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leaders differ in their personalities from non-leaders. However, when do these differences emerge? Are leaders "born to be leaders" or does their personality change in preparation for a leadership role and due to increasing leadership experience? METHOD Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, we examined personality differences between leaders (N = 2683 leaders, women: n = 967; 36.04%) and non-leaders (N = 33,663) as well as personality changes before and after becoming a leader. RESULTS Already in the years before starting a leadership position, leaders-to-be were more extraverted, open, emotionally stable, conscientious, and willing to take risks, felt to have greater control, and trusted others more than non-leaders. Moreover, personality changed in emergent leaders: While approaching a leadership position, leaders-to-be (especially men) became gradually more extraverted, open, and willing to take risks and felt to have more control over their life. After becoming a leader, they became less extraverted, less willing to take risks, and less conscientious but gained self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that people are not simply "born to be leaders" but that their personalities change considerably in preparation for a leadership role and due to leadership experience. Some changes are transient, but others last for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Elke Holst
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Allik J, Realo A, McCrae RR. Conceptual and methodological issues in the study of the personality-and-culture relationship. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1077851. [PMID: 37057156 PMCID: PMC10088870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1077851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture-and-personality studies were central to social science in the early 20th century and have recently been revived (as personality-and-culture studies) by trait and cross-cultural psychologists. In this article we comment on conceptual issues, including the nature of traits and the nature of the personality-and-culture relationship, and we describe methodological challenges in understanding associations between features of culture and aspects of personality. We give an overview of research hypothesizing the shaping of personality traits by culture, reviewing studies of indigenous traits, acculturation and sojourner effects, birth cohorts, social role changes, and ideological interventions. We also consider the possibility that aggregate traits affect culture, through psychological means and gene flow. In all these cases we highlight alternative explanations and the need for designs and analyses that strengthen the interpretation of observations. We offer a set of testable hypotheses based on the premises that personality is adequately described by Five-Factor Theory, and that observed differences in aggregate personality traits across cultures are veridical. It is clear that culture has dramatic effects on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from which we infer traits, but it is not yet clear whether, how, and in what degree culture shapes traits themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- *Correspondence: Jüri Allik,
| | - Anu Realo
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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The Lübeck Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire—A Novel Measurement Tool for Therapy Satisfaction. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030505. [PMID: 36983687 PMCID: PMC10058402 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Therapy satisfaction is widely considered an important aspect of clinical care. Still, there are currently no freely available questionnaires for its measurement. We developed the Lübeck Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (LMSQ) for that purpose. Here, we present its content and psychometric properties. Methods: The LMSQ was validated on 86 patients in a single center study. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test, confirmatory factor analysis, covariance analysis, and a test of exact fit were performed. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω. The relationship to other patient-reported outcomes was tested using Pearson’s correlation. Results: Confirmatory factors analysis yielded moderate factor loadings with p < 0.001 in all subscales. Reliability was adequate (α = 0.857 and ω = 0.872). Model fitness was excellent in all tests. The LMSQ was positively correlated with medication adherence (r = 0.603, p < 0.001) and most dimensions of health literacy. Conclusions: The LMSQ possesses adequate psychometric properties for its purpose. We recommend further validation in a more diverse patient collective.
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Reprint of: Divergence between employer and employee understandings of passion: Theory and implications for future research. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2023.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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23
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Haehner P, Bleidorn W, Hopwood CJ. Examining individual differences in personality trait changes after negative life events. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070231156840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits can change throughout the entire life span, but people differ in their personality trait changes. To better understand individual differences in personality changes, we examined personal (personality functioning), environmental (environmental changes), and event-related moderators (e.g., perceived event characteristics) of personality trait changes. Therefore, we used a sample of 1069 participants who experienced a negative life event in the last 5 weeks and assessed their personality traits at five measurement occasions over 6 months. Employing preregistered multilevel lasso estimation, we did not find any significant effects. While exploratory analyses generally confirmed this conclusion, they also identified some effects that might being worth to be considered in future research (e.g., perceived impact and perceived social status changes were associated with changes in agreeableness after experiencing a relationship breakup). In total, our moderators explained less than 2% of variance in personality traits. Nonetheless, our study has several important implications for future research on individual differences in personality change. For example, future research should consider personal, environmental, and event-related moderators, use different analytical methods, and rely on highly powered samples to detect very small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haehner
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stavrova O, Pronk T, Denissen J. Estranged and Unhappy? Examining the Dynamics of Personal and Relationship Well-Being Surrounding Infidelity. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:143-169. [PMID: 36322915 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although relationship theories often describe infidelity as a damaging event in a couple's life, it remains unclear whether relationship problems actually follow infidelity, precede it, or both. The analyses of dyadic panel data of adults in Germany including about 1,000 infidelity events showed that infidelity was preceded (but not followed) by a gradual decrease in relationship functioning in perpetrators and victims. There was little evidence of rebound effects in the aftermath of infidelity, with the exception of unfaithful women and individuals with lower initial relationship commitment who returned to the pre-event level of well-being or even exceeded it, providing support to the expectancy violation theory (vs. the investment model of infidelity). By showing that well-being starts to decline before infidelity happens, this study provides a differentiated view on the temporal dynamics of infidelity and well-being and contributes to the literature on romantic relationship dynamics and major life events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tila Pronk
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University
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25
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Van Doorn S, Heyden ML, Reimer M. The private life of CEOs; A strategic leadership perspective. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2023.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Gutiérrez F, Valdesoiro F. The evolution of personality disorders: A review of proposals. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1110420. [PMID: 36793943 PMCID: PMC9922784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) are currently considered dysfunctions. However, personality differences are older than humanity and are ubiquitous in nature, from insects to higher primates. This suggests that a number of evolutionary mechanisms-other than dysfunctions-may be able to maintain stable behavioral variation in the gene pool. First of all, apparently maladaptive traits may actually improve fitness by enabling better survival or successful mating or reproduction, as exemplified by neuroticism, psychopathy, and narcissism. Furthermore, some PDs may harm important biological goals while facilitating others, or may be globally beneficial or detrimental depending on environmental circumstances or body condition. Alternatively, certain traits may form part of life history strategies: Coordinated suites of morphological, physiological and behavioral characters that optimize fitness through alternative routes and respond to selection as a whole. Still others may be vestigial adaptations that are no longer beneficial in present times. Finally, variation may be adaptative in and by itself, as it reduces competition for finite resources. These and other evolutionary mechanisms are reviewed and illustrated through human and non-human examples. Evolutionary theory is the best-substantiated explanatory framework across the life sciences, and may shed light on the question of why harmful personalities exist at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gutiérrez
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Dykhuis EM, Warren MT, Meindl P, Jayawickreme E. Using insights from personality dynamics to move developmental metatheory forward: Integrating insights from relational developmental systems metatheory and whole trait theory. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Dykhuis
- Character Integration Advisory Group and Department of Mathematical Sciences United States Military Academy at West Point West Point New York USA
| | - Michael T. Warren
- Psychology Department Western Washington University Bellingham Washington USA
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology Wake Forest University Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Simon Center for the Professional Military Ethic and Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership United States Military Academy at West Point West Point New York USA
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The role of personality in neighborhood satisfaction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282437. [PMID: 36920892 PMCID: PMC10016686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanists have long been interested in understanding what makes people satisfied with their neighborhoods. However, relatively little is known about how residents' personality traits may affect their neighborhood satisfaction. In this paper, we explore the direct and indirect associations of personality traits with neighborhood satisfaction in a representative sample of adults in Michigan (USA). We find that each of the personality traits in the five factor model are associated with neighborhood satisfaction in the same way that they are known to be associated with subjective well-being. However, we fail to observe evidence that personality traits moderate the association between perceptions of neighborhoods and neighborhood satisfaction, or that personality's association with neighborhood satisfaction is mediated by neighborhood perceptions. We conclude that there is potential for drawing on theoretical and empirical developments in positive psychology for understanding neighborhood satisfaction, but observe that the underlying mechanisms for the association between personality and neighborhood satisfaction remain unknown.
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Are Changes in the Perception of Major Life Events Associated With Changes in Subjective Well-Being? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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30
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Divergence between employer and employee understandings of passion: Theory and implications for future research. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2022.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Granados Samayoa JA, Moore CA, Ruisch BC, Boggs ST, Ladanyi JT, Fazio RH. A gateway conspiracy? Belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories prospectively predicts greater conspiracist ideation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275502. [PMID: 36288276 PMCID: PMC9604008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary focus of research on conspiracy theories has been understanding the psychological characteristics that predict people's level of conspiracist ideation. However, the dynamics of conspiracist ideation-i.e., how such tendencies change over time-are not well understood. To help fill this gap in the literature, we used data from two longitudinal studies (Study 1 N = 107; Study 2 N = 1,037) conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that greater belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories at baseline predicts both greater endorsement of a novel real-world conspiracy theory involving voter fraud in the 2020 American Presidential election (Study 1) and increases in generic conspiracist ideation over a period of several months (Studies 1 and 2). Thus, engaging with real-world conspiracy theories appears to act as a gateway, leading to more general increases in conspiracist ideation. Beyond enhancing our knowledge of conspiracist ideation, this work highlights the importance of fighting the spread of conspiracy theories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney A. Moore
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Shelby T. Boggs
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jesse T. Ladanyi
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Russell H. Fazio
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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de Vries JH, Horstmann KT, Mussel P. Trajectories in life satisfaction before and during COVID-19 with respect to perceived valence and self-efficacy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-17. [PMID: 36248219 PMCID: PMC9554389 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Actions taken by governments to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic led to profound restrictions in daily lives, especially for adolescents and young adults, with closed schools and universities, travel restrictions, and reduction in social contacts. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the development of life satisfaction with assessments before and during the pandemic, including separate measurement occasions during a strict lockdown and when the implemented restrictions were relaxed again. Data are based on the German Personality Panel (GePP) with 1,920 young adults, assessed on four measurement occasions over a period of three years. Using latent change score modeling, we investigate the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to its perception as a critical life event over time. Further, we examine the influence of self-efficacy on change in life-satisfaction, as the belief in one's innate abilities has been shown to promote health related behavior and buffers against effects of negatively perceived critical life events. While average life satisfaction remained stable across time, we found a main effect of perceived positive valence and self-efficacy on latent change in life satisfaction at the within person level. Expressions of self-efficacy did not moderate the influence of the perception of the pandemic on self-reported life satisfaction. This study provides an important contribution to the recent COVID-19 literature as well as to the debate on stability and change of self-reported life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantje H. de Vries
- Division for Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. T. Horstmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - P. Mussel
- Division for Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Howard C, Overall NC, Sibley CG. Do stressful life events impact long-term well-being? Annual change in well-being following different life events compared to matched controls. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1012120. [PMID: 36275253 PMCID: PMC9583262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Available longitudinal evidence suggests that personal growth following adversity may not be as prevalent as suggested in cross-sectional research. Firm conclusions regarding resiliency versus post-traumatic growth following adverse events are further tempered by the restricted range of outcomes assessed when examining resilience, the focus on specific adverse events or cumulative adversity scores that hinder comparisons between event types, and the relative scarcity of analyses including matched control groups. The current study addresses these gaps by leveraging longitudinal panel data comparing annual change in well-being from 2018 to 2019 for people who experienced a major life stressor relative to propensity score matched controls who did not experience such stressors over the same period. Moreover, independent comparisons are conducted across three distinct event categories: traumatic interpersonal events (N matched pairs = 1,030), job loss (N matched pairs = 1,361), and birth (N matched pairs = 1,225), and five self-reported well-being indicators: life satisfaction, felt belongingness, self-esteem, meaning in life, and gratitude. Results indicate that people's well-being (across all five indicators) remained consistent over the year in independent analyses of samples experiencing each of the three types of events, and did not differ from matched controls. These findings indicate high population levels of psychological resilience, in the sense that people did not decrease in annual well-being following various life events. These findings also fail to detect significant evidence for possible post-traumatic growth, insofar as such growth might relate to a broad range of different aspects of well-being.
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de Moor EL, Nelemans SA, Becht AI, Meeus W, Branje S. Personality Development Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood: The Role of Life Transitions and Self-Concept Clarity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221119782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Personality develops across the lifespan, but most development occurs in adolescence and young adulthood. Life transitions to new social roles may be important drivers of mean-level personality development. The present study examined mean-level personality development in adolescence and young adulthood, and the role of the transition to tertiary education and working life therein in a sample of Dutch young people that were followed across 14 years ( N = 497, AgeW1 = 13.03 years). We explored whether young people’s self-concept clarity moderated these associations. Our hypotheses and analytical plan were pre-registered. Findings from Latent Growth Models showed support for maturation in personality across adolescence and young adulthood, but not a maturity dip. Having the role of employee was associated with higher conscientiousness, but no associations were found of the transition to tertiary education and the transition to work with mean-level development of any of the personality traits. Self-concept clarity did not moderate the role of transitions in mean-level personality development. Our findings suggest that socialization effects may not explain associations between life transitions and personality development in adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth L. de Moor
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andrik I. Becht
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Meeus
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Branje
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Krämer MD, van Scheppingen MA, Chopik WJ, Richter D. The transition to grandparenthood: No consistent evidence for change in the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221118443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intergenerational relations have received close attention in the context of population aging and increased childcare provision by grandparents. However, few studies have investigated the psychological consequences of becoming a grandparent. In a preregistered test of grandparenthood as a developmental task in middle and older adulthood, we used representative panel data from the Netherlands ( N = 563) and the United States ( N = 2210) to analyze first-time grandparents’ personality and life satisfaction development. We tested gender, employment, and grandchild care as moderators. To address confounding, we employed propensity score matching using two procedures: matching grandparents with parents and nonparents to achieve balance in different sets of carefully selected covariates. Multilevel models demonstrated mean-level stability of the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction over the transition to grandparenthood, and no consistent moderation effects—contrary to the social investment principle. The few small effects of grandparenthood on personality development did not replicate across samples. We found no evidence of larger inter-individual differences in change in grandparents compared to the controls or of lower rank-order stability. Our findings add to recent critical re-examinations of the social investment principle and are discussed in light of characteristics that might moderate grandparents’ personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Krämer
- Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course (LIFE), Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - William J. Chopik
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David Richter
- Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course (LIFE), Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Asselmann E, Specht J. Personality growth after relationship losses: Changes of perceived control in the years around separation, divorce, and the death of a partner. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268598. [PMID: 35921259 PMCID: PMC9348722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research suggests that romantic relationships play a crucial role for perceived control. However, we know surprisingly little about changes in perceived control before and after the end of romantic relationships. Methods Based on data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), a nationally representative household panel study from Germany, we examined changes of perceived control in the years around separation from a partner (N = 1,235), divorce (N = 423), and the death of a partner (N = 437). Results Multilevel analyses revealed that external control beliefs were higher in but not beyond the first year after separation from a partner. Internal and total control beliefs increased gradually in the years after separation. Moreover, internal control beliefs were higher in and especially beyond the first year after the death of a partner compared to the years before. No evidence was found that perceived control already changed in the years before relationship losses or in the years around a divorce. Conclusion Taken together, these findings point toward stress-related growth of perceived control after some relationship losses–especially separation and the death of a partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Asselmann
- Faculty of Health, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hang Y, Soto C, Lee B, Speyer LG, Murray AL, Mõttus R. Social expectations and abilities to meet them as possible mechanisms of youth personality development. J Pers 2022; 91:601-612. [PMID: 35900800 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality traits change from childhood through late-adolescence, however the effects of social expectations and self-regulatory efforts remain unknown. This study aims to explore mechanisms underlying personality development by assessing mean levels personality traits from childhood to late-adolescence. METHOD We used Common-Language California Child Q-Set to measure youths' (N=11,000) mean personality trait levels; social expectations for these traits as perceived by parents (N=47), teachers (N=42) and students (N=120); and self-regulatory efforts required for achieving the desired levels in these traits as perceived by parents (N=27), teachers (N=26) and students (N=54). RESULTS Expectations for youths' traits were consistent, regardless of raters' or youths' age. In our unique between-trait study design, traits' mean levels were positively associated with expectations for them, but age differences minimally tracked these expectations. Traits' required self-regulatory efforts were not associated with their developmental trends. CONCLUSIONS Results were only partially consistent with existing developmental theories of personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Hang
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Billy Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - René Mõttus
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Asselmann E, Specht J. Dramatic effects but fast adaptation: Changes in life satisfaction and different facets of affective well-being around the death of a partner and death of a child. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 15:451-465. [PMID: 35895084 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although everyone would agree that bereavement is extremely stressful, surprisingly little is known about changes in different facets of affective well-being in the years surrounding the death of a loved one. On the basis of the Socio-Economic Panel Study, we examined changes in cognitive well-being (life satisfaction) and different facets of affective well-being (happiness, sadness, anxiety, and anger) in the years around the death of a partner (N = 989) and child (N = 276). Data on the death of a partner and child as well as cognitive and affective well-being were assessed yearly since 2007. Multilevel analyses revealed that both events were associated with very large well-being impairments (>1 SD) that were most pronounced for sadness, happiness, and life satisfaction in the first year of bereavement. Afterwards, bereaved individuals managed to recover impressively well: Levels of life satisfaction, happiness, and sadness were on average similar 5 years after losing a partner or child compared with 5 years before the respective loss. Our findings suggest (a) that many individuals tend to be capable to even cope with highly stressful loss experiences and (b) that Set-Point Theory not only applies to life satisfaction but also different facets of affective well-being around the death of a loved one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Asselmann
- Faculty of Health, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kestler‐Peleg M, Pitcho‐Prelorentzos S, Mahat‐Shamir M, Kagan M, Lavenda O. Being a parent, emotional stability, and adjustment disorder symptoms in the face of COVID-19. FAMILY RELATIONS 2022; 71:FARE12745. [PMID: 35942049 PMCID: PMC9349416 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective The current study examines the correlation between emotional stability and symptoms related to adjustment to the stresses related to the pandemic for parents and nonparents at the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Israel. Background At the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak, governments prohibited public gatherings and demanded social distancing. These challenges may be especially difficult for individuals with low levels of emotional stability as adaptation difficulties may lead to stress-related outcomes, such as adjustment disorder symptoms. Additionally, in the face of a significant external threat and the demand for intensive joint familial time at home, the parental role becomes especially salient. Methods Two hundred forty-four Israeli adults filled in self-reported e-version questionnaires regarding emotional stability, adjustment disorder symptoms, and background variables. A cross-sectional design was used to examine the association between emotional stability and adjustment disorder symptoms, as well as the potential moderation by parenting status. Results The findings revealed that the levels of emotional stability were negatively correlated with adjustment disorder symptoms, while being a parent mitigated this correlation. This correlation was nonsignificant among parents. Conclusion and Implications It appears that the identity salience of parental role in the current stressful situation and its associated strain may have overcome the advantage of emotional stability. The identity of being a parent has the potential to dismiss it. Here, the social role emerges as more forcible than the personality trait. Recommendations for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maya Kagan
- School of Social WorkAriel UniversityArielIsrael
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40
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Haehner P, Rakhshani A, Fassbender I, Lucas RE, Donnellan MB, Luhmann M. Perception of major life events and personality trait change. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Major life events can trigger personality trait change. However, a clear, replicable pattern of event-related personality trait change has yet to be identified. We examined whether the perception of major life events is associated with personality trait change. Therefore, we assessed young adults’ personality traits at five measurement occasions within 1 year. At the second measurement occasion, we also assessed their perception of a recently experienced major life event using the Event Characteristics Questionnaire. Contrary to our expectations, perceived impact of the event was not associated with the amount of personality trait change, but perceived valence was associated with changes in agreeableness and neuroticism. Exploratory analyses revealed some weak associations between other perceived event characteristics and the amount of personality trait change as well as interactions between perceived event characteristics and event categories in predicting changes in neuroticism. In general, effect sizes were small, and associations depended on the time interval between pre-event and post-event personality assessment. Results indicate that perceived event characteristics should be considered when examining event-related personality trait change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haehner
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrew Rakhshani
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ina Fassbender
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Richard E Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Maike Luhmann
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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41
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Wettstein M, Kornadt AE, Wahl HW. Awareness of Age-Related Changes Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Longitudinal Trajectories, and the Role of Age Stereotypes and Personality Traits. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:902909. [PMID: 35693951 PMCID: PMC9174521 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.902909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Awareness of Age-Related Change (AARC) describes to what extent people become aware of changes which they attribute to getting older. So far little is known regarding how different AARC dimensions change over time, to what extent these changes in different domains of AARC gains and losses are interrelated, and which predictors account for inter-individual differences in within-person longitudinal trajectories. Specifically, the extent to which individuals perceive age-related gains and losses might be shaped by their chronological age, their personality as well as by their general views on aging (i.e., their age stereotypes). We investigated changes in global and domain-specific AARC gains and losses over about five years in a sample of originally N = 423 participants aged 40 to 98 years at baseline. We analyzed the role of personality traits and age stereotypes for levels and changes of AARC, taking into account participants' age at baseline and controlling for gender, education, and subjective health. Based on longitudinal multilevel regression models, we observed mean-level declines in most AARC gain domains. In contrast, perceived general AARC losses, as well as AARC losses in health and physical functioning, in cognitive functioning and in social-cognitive/socio-emotional functioning remained, on average, stable over time. Baseline scores on AARC gains (global scale) were higher among individuals with higher neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness and more positive age stereotypes. Additionally, the association of higher neuroticism with higher AARC gain scores was stronger among individuals with more positive age stereotypes. Higher neuroticism and more negative age stereotypes also predicted higher baseline scores on AARC losses (global scale). At the same time, higher neuroticism was associated with a steeper decrease in AARC loss perceptions over time. Most of the intercorrelations within the intercepts and within the intra-individual trajectories of the different AARC domains were positive, but small in size. Our findings show the importance of considering trajectories of age-related gains and losses in parallel and across multiple developmental domains when investigating the subjective perception of the aging process. They also suggest that personality traits and general age stereotypes are related with individual experiences of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wettstein
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna E. Kornadt
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Leikas S, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Räikkönen K. Facet-level changes in mothers’ neuroticism and extraversion from early pregnancy to 6 months post-partum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221098908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Becoming a parent could be expected to affect personality development, but the existing results on parenthood-personality change connection are mixed. The present study investigated 2445 primi- and multiparous mothers’ facet- and domain-level changes in Neuroticism and Extraversion from early pregnancy to 6 months post-partum, using latent difference score models. The results showed that Excitability and the affective facets of Neuroticism decreased, and the Neuroticism facets Impulsivity and Self-Consciousness increased during the follow-up. Furthermore, mother-perceived child difficult temperament attenuated desirable personality change and amplified the increases in Impulsivity. The results suggested that considering facet-level changes in personality development across significant life events is informative, and that mother-perceived child temperament may represent an important moderator of short-term personality change across the transition to parenthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sointu Leikas
- Swedish School of Social Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wright AJ, Jackson JJ. Initiation of drug and alcohol use and personality development during adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221090107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits predict both the initiation and continued usage of alcohol and drugs. Less established is if substance use is associated with subsequent changes in personality, especially during the sensitive period of adolescence. We used three approaches to disentangle selection and socialization effects to address whether substance use is associated with personality development (impulsivity, sensation-seeking, depression, self-esteem). First, we used a multi-wave longitudinal sample of adolescents ( N = 8,303) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Child and Young Adult dataset to study the first use of several substances. Second, we used propensity score weighting to equate users and abstainers on a range of background variables. Third, we investigated changes before, during, and after initiation of substances. Overall, there was unique variability and effects in personality across time for average levels, trajectories, and magnitudes of change both between users and abstainers as well as within users of specific substances. Results suggest that initiation of substance use is associated with changes in personality; the specifics of which are largely contingent upon the substance being used. Impulsivity and sensation-seeking were the traits associated with the most change while cocaine and cigarettes were the substances associated with the greatest changes.
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Kritzler S, Rakhshani A, Terwiel S, Fassbender I, Donnellan MB, Lucas RE, Luhmann M. How are common major live events perceived? Exploring differences between and variability of different typical event profiles and raters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221076586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on major life events and personality change often focuses on the occurrence of specific life events such as childbirth, unemployment, or divorce. However, this typical approach has three important limitations: (1) Life events are typically measured categorically, (2) it is often assumed that people experience and change from the same event in the same way, and (3) external ratings of life events have unknown levels of validity. To address these limitations, we examined how common life events are typically perceived, how much perceptions of life events vary within events, and how well external ratings of events correspond to subjective ratings from people who experienced the events. We analyzed ratings of nine psychologically relevant characteristics of 10 common major life events from three different types of raters ( N = 2,210). Each life event had a distinct subjectively rated profile that corresponded well to external ratings. Collectively, this study demonstrates that life events can be meaningfully described and differentiated with event characteristics. However, people’s individual perceptions of life events varied considerably even within events. Therefore, research on major life events and their associations with personality change should incorporate individual perceptions of the events to advance the understanding of these associations.
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Bossert SA, Tsukayama E, Blackie LER, Cole VT, Jayawickreme E. Do We Know Whether We're Happier? Corroborating Perceived Retrospective Assessments of Improvements in Well-Being. J Pers Assess 2022; 104:458-466. [PMID: 35180041 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2039167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To what extent do our beliefs about how our well-being has improved over time correspond to observed changes? Participants (N = 1,247 from Qualtrics Panels) completed questionnaires measuring dispositional well-being and ill-being (depressive symptoms) at three time points over the course of one year, as well as 44 weekly assessments of state well-being and ill-being over 52 weeks. They additionally completed measures of perceived improvements in well-being and ill-being at Weeks 45 and 52 as well as a measure of broad personality traits. We estimated latent change scores and latent growth curves, which allowed us to obtain more accurate estimates of the convergence between retrospective improvements and veridical change compared to past methods utilized. Stability in both global and state well-being and ill-being were observed. People who agreed more strongly that their well-being had improved (or their ill-being had increased) tended to show greater increases in actual well-being (or ill-being) across the past year. Additionally, we observed meaningful relationships between personality traits and perceived improvements. On average, people have some insight in assessing whether they became happier (or unhappier) over one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Bossert
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eli Tsukayama
- Department of Business Administration, University of Hawaii-West Oahu, Kapolei, Hawaii
| | - Laura E R Blackie
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Veronica T Cole
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Reitz AK, Weidmann R, Wünsche J, Bühler JL, Burriss RP, Grob A. In good times and in bad: A longitudinal analysis of the impact of bereavement on self-esteem and life satisfaction in couples. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211054896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of bereavement on self-esteem and life satisfaction in both partners of a romantic couple. We investigate the moderating effects of the type of the lost relationship (close family, close friends/others) and romantic relationship characteristics (daily social support, responsiveness-closeness, self-disclosure). We examined 1238 individuals in 619 male–female couples from the ages 18 to 81 ( M [ SD] = 31.97 years [13.26]). Both partners completed questionnaires at two assessments that were 20 months ( SD = 2.02 months) apart, in between which n = 216 individuals were bereaved. Actor–partner interdependence models showed that bereavement did not predict later self-esteem or life satisfaction in either of the partners. The relationship characteristics and the type of lost relationship did not moderate the effects. The subjective meaning and distress of the loss predicted later self-esteem and life satisfaction. The self-esteem increase was larger for bereaved with a positive/neutral than for bereaved with a negative meaning of the bereavement. We found a partner effect on self-esteem for the group of bereaved who reported a negative meaning of the bereavement. The findings demonstrate that bereavement can impact romantic partners' self-esteem and that the subjective experience of bereavement helps understand individual differences in the effect of bereavement on self-esteem and life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebekka Weidmann
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Janina L. Bühler
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Stavrova O, Reitz AK, Evans AM. Temporal Dynamics of Interpersonal Trust During the Transition to Parenthood. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Weststrate NM, Jayawickreme E, Wrzus C. Advancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211062327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adversity has been assumed to foster positive personality change under certain conditions. In this article, we examine this assumption within the context of the three-tier personality framework integrating traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity to provide a comprehensive understanding of personality growth. We first review findings on how adverse events affect personality on each of these three levels. Second, we summarize knowledge on event-based and person-based predictors of personality change in the face of adversity. Third, we specify affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes that explain personality change across levels of personality. Innovatively, our proposed process model addresses change at all three levels of personality, as well as similarities and differences in processes across the levels. We conclude by discussing unresolved issues, asking critical questions, and posing challenging hypotheses for testing this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology & Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hillman JG, Hauser DJ. Master Narratives, Expectations of Change, and Their Effect on Temporal Appraisals. SOCIAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.6.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
People hold narrative expectations for how humans generally change over the course of their lives. In some areas, people expect growth (e.g., wisdom), while in others, people expect stability (e.g., extroversion). However, do people apply those same expectations to the self? In five studies (total N = 1,372), participants rated selves as improving modestly over time in domains where stability should be expected (e.g., extroversion, quick-wittedness). Reported improvement was significantly larger in domains where growth should be expected (e.g., wisdom, rationality) than domains where stability should be expected. Further, in domains where growth should be expected participants reported improvement for selves and others. However, in domains where stability should be expected, participants reported improvement for selves but not others. Hence, participants used narrative expectations to inform projections of change. We discuss implications for future temporal self-appraisal research, heterogeneity of effect sizes in self-appraisal research, and between-culture differences in narratives.
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50
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Abstract
Personality changes across the lifespan, but strong evidence regarding the mechanisms responsible for personality change remains elusive. Studies of personality change and life events, for example, suggest that personality is difficult to change. But there are two key issues with assessing personality change. First, most change models optimize population-level, not individual-level, effects, which ignores heterogeneity in patterns of change. Second, optimizing change as mean-levels of self-reports fails to incorporate methods for assessing personality dynamics, such as using changes in variances of and correlations in multivariate time series data that often proceed changes in mean-levels, making variance change detection a promising technique for the study of change. Using a sample of N = 388 participants (total N = 21,790) assessed weekly over 60 weeks, we test a permutation-based approach for detecting individual-level personality changes in multivariate time series and compare the results to event-based methods for assessing change. We find that a non-trivial number of participants show change over the course of the year but that there was little association between these change points and life events they experienced. We conclude by highlighting the importance in idiographic and dynamic investigations of change.
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