1
|
Dong H, Zhang D, Wang T. The effects of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on self-care and mental health among older adults at risk of coronary heart disease: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 57:11-16. [PMID: 38452493 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study tested the effectiveness of a nursing program developed based on Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in improving self-care skills and mental health among community-dwelling older adults at risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 120 older adults were randomly assigned to either an SFBT group or a control group. Participants' self-care ability, depressive symptoms, and anxiety at baseline and post-intervention were assessed using the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly (SASE), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. The t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests were conducted for group comparisons. After 6 months of intervention, the intervention group had significantly higher self-concept, self-skills, self-care awareness, and health knowledge scores than the baseline and the control group (all P-values < 0.05). The intervention group had significantly lower depression and anxiety scores than the baseline and the control group (all P-values < 0.05). SFBT is effective in improving older adults' self-care and mental health and may be widely applied among older adults to prevent CHD and promote well-being in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Medical college, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Medical college, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Nursing Department, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gurunandan K, Cooper E, Tibon R, Henson RN, Greve A. No evidence of fast mapping in healthy adults using an implicit memory measure: failures to replicate the lexical competition results of Coutanche and Thompson-Schill (2014). Memory 2023; 31:1320-1339. [PMID: 37771094 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2262188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Fast mapping (FM) is a hypothetical, incidental learning process that allows rapid acquisition of new words. Using an implicit reaction time measure in a FM paradigm, Coutanche and Thompson-Schill (Coutanche, M. N., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2014). Fast mapping rapidly integrates information into existing memory networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(6), 2296-2303. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000020) showed evidence of lexical competition within 10 min of non-words being learned as names of unknown items, consistent with same-day lexicalisation. Here, Experiment 1 was a methodological replication (N = 28/group) that found no evidence of this RT competition effect. Instead, a post-hoc analysis suggested evidence of semantic priming. Experiment 2 (N = 60/group, online study, pre-registered on OSF) tested whether semantic priming remained when making the stimulus set fully counterbalanced. No evidence for either lexical competition nor semantic priming was detected. Experiment 3 (n = 64, online study, pre-registered on OSF) tested whether referent (a)typicality boosted lexical competition (Coutanche, M. N., & Koch, G. E. (2017). Variation across individuals and items determine learning outcomes from fast mapping. Neuropsychologia, 106, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.029), but again no evidence of lexical competition was observed, and Bayes Factors for the data combined across all three experiments supported the hypothesis that there is no effect of lexical competition under FM conditions. These results, together with our previous work, question whether fast mapping exists in healthy adults, at least using this specific FM paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Gurunandan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisa Cooper
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roni Tibon
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard N Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Greve
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ekkekakis P, Swinton P, Tiller NB. Extraordinary Claims in the Literature on High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): I. Bonafide Scientific Revolution or a Looming Crisis of Replication and Credibility? Sports Med 2023; 53:1865-1890. [PMID: 37561389 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The literature on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) contains claims that, if true, could revolutionize the science and practice of exercise. This critical analysis examines two varieties of claims: (i) HIIT is effective in improving various indices of fitness and health, and (ii) HIIT is as effective as more time-consuming moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Using data from two recent systematic reviews as working examples, we show that studies in both categories exhibit considerable weaknesses when judged through the prism of fundamental statistical principles. Predominantly, small-to-medium effects are investigated in severely underpowered studies, thus greatly increasing the risk of both type I and type II errors of statistical inference. Studies in the first category combine the volatility of estimates associated with small samples with numerous dependent variables analyzed without consideration of the inflation of the type I error rate. Studies in the second category inappropriately use the p > 0.05 criterion from small studies to support claims of 'similar' or 'comparable' effects. It is concluded that the situation in the HIIT literature is reminiscent of the research climate that led to the replication crisis in psychology. As in psychology, this could be an opportunity to reform statistical practices in exercise science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panteleimon Ekkekakis
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr #134, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas B Tiller
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chowdhury R, Cook S, Watson D. Reconsidering the relationship between health and income in the UK. Soc Sci Med 2023; 332:116094. [PMID: 37499482 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The present paper revisits and extends the examination of the long-run relationship between UK life expectancy and income provided by Tapia Granados (2012). Adopting a more detailed form of analysis, a clear break corresponding to the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic is identified in the long span of data examined. This finding of structural change, along with detected uncertainty regarding the orders of integration of the series examined, results in the application of split-sample analysis employing autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling. The results obtained reverse the 'no long-run relationship' conclusion of Tapia Granados (2012) with overwhelming evidence presented in support of a negative relationship between life expectancy and income. Our findings add to both health-income research and a burgeoning literature on the reproduction and replication of previously published empirical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosen Chowdhury
- School of Social Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
| | - Steve Cook
- School of Social Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
| | - Duncan Watson
- School of Economics, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uygun Tunç D, Tunç MN, Eper ZB. Is Open Science Neoliberal? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1047-1061. [PMID: 36476075 PMCID: PMC10475209 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The scientific-reform movement, frequently referred to as open science, has the potential to substantially reshape the nature of the scientific activity. For this reason, its sociopolitical antecedents and consequences deserve serious scholarly attention. In a recently formed literature that professes to meet this need, it has been widely argued that the movement is neoliberal. However, for two reasons it is hard to justify this widescale attribution: First, the critics mistakenly represent the movement as a monolithic structure, and second, the critics' arguments associating the movement with neoliberalism because of the movement's (a) preferential focus on methodological issues, (b) underlying philosophy of science, and (c) allegedly promarket ideological proclivities reflected in the methodology and science-policy proposals do not hold under closer scrutiny. These shortcomings show a lack of sufficient engagement with the reform literature. What is needed is more nuanced accounts of the sociopolitical underpinnings of scientific reform. To address this need, we propose a model for the analysis of reform proposals, which represents scientific methodology, axiology, science policy, and ideology as interconnected but relatively distinct domains, and thus allows for recognizing the divergent tendencies in the movement and the uniqueness of particular proposals.
Collapse
|
6
|
Federico G. Eating Russula mushrooms is a matter of semantic knowledge. Comment on "The elicitation of affordance depends on conceptual attributes: evidence from a virtual reality study" by Lai et al. (2023). Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1459-1461. [PMID: 37165079 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
|
7
|
Nuttgens S. Making psychology “count”: On the mathematization of psychology. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 19:100-112. [PMID: 37063694 PMCID: PMC10103058 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in the late 18th century and continuing through to the mid-20th century, a movement was undertaken by psychology’s pioneers to establish a mathematical basis for research modeled after the physical sciences. It is argued that this movement arose through sociopolitical pressures to legitimize psychology as an independent discipline; demarcate its disciplinary boundaries within academia; and distinguish psychology from philosophy and spiritualism. It is argued that an ahistorical view of how the quantitative paradigm gained ascendancy leaves it largely unquestioned and unchallenged within mainstream psychology. Because of this, qualitative research has endured a long and continuing struggle to gain disciplinary recognition and epistemological parity. It is proposed that despite being sidelined by decades of quantitative hegemony, qualitative research has a long history in psychology and in the last 40 years has continued to prove itself as a necessary and valuable contributor to research in psychology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nuttgens
- Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, Yorkville University, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McDonough KL, Bach P. Expectations of efficient actions bias social perception: a pre-registered online replication. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220889. [PMID: 36844804 PMCID: PMC9943882 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans take a teleological stance when observing others' actions, interpreting them as intentional and goal directed. In predictive processing accounts of social perception, this teleological stance would be mediated by a perceptual prediction of an ideal energy-efficient reference trajectory with which a rational actor would achieve their goals within the current environmental constraints. Hudson and colleagues (2018 Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20180638. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0638)) tested this hypothesis in a series of experiments in which participants reported the perceived disappearance points of hands reaching for objects. They found that these judgements were biased towards the expected efficient reference trajectories. Observed straight reaches were reported higher when an obstacle needed to be overcome than if the path was clear. By contrast, unnecessarily high reaches over empty space were perceptually flattened. Moreover, these perceptual biases increased the more the environmental constraints and expected action trajectories were explicitly processed. These findings provide an important advance to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social perception. The current replication tests the robustness of these findings and whether they uphold in an online setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L. McDonough
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, William Guild Building, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Patric Bach
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, William Guild Building, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Albayrak-Aydemir N, Gleibs IH. A social-psychological examination of academic precarity as an organizational practice and subjective experience. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62 Suppl 1:95-110. [PMID: 36411241 PMCID: PMC10099343 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Research and teaching conditions have, particularly for those who are junior or from disadvantaged backgrounds, deteriorated considerably over the years in the higher education sector. Unequal opportunities in access and advancement in careers have led to increasing levels of precarity in the higher education sector. Although the concept of precarity has been grasped in many other disciplines, the social-psychological understanding of this concept remains unexplored. In this paper, we aim to develop a social-psychological understanding of precarity to examine how identity dynamics and intergroup relations, as well as associated organizational controls, reinforce inequality regimes and power structures that create precarious conditions in academia. In doing so, we use social identity theory and system justification theory under an inequality regime framework. We argue that even though change towards equality and equity in academia should be possible, it is difficult to achieve this because of entrenched identity interests by power holders and the perceived legitimacy of the existing system. Therefore, academic precarity should be recognized both as a subjective experience and as an organizational practice to make inequalities more visible and decrease the perceptions of legitimacy-and to eventually achieve a fundamental positive transformation in academia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sonuga-Barke EJS. Editorial: 'Safety in numbers'? Big data discovery strategies in neuro-developmental science - contributions and caveats. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1-3. [PMID: 36519218 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, we have seen a shift toward the use of big data hypothesis-free discovery strategies in studies of neuro-development and mental health. In this editorial, I discuss the reasons for their popularity, their potential contribution as well as some limitations and pitfalls. I conclude with a call for methodological pluralism where big data approaches are strategically integrated into cycles of hypothesis generation and testing.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rodriguez CM, Lee SJ, Ward KP. Applying Socio-Emotional Information Processing theory to explain child abuse risk: Emerging patterns from the COVID-19 pandemic. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 135:105954. [PMID: 36442419 PMCID: PMC9663754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic exerted profound effects on parents, which may translate into elevated child abuse risk. Prior literature demonstrates that Social Information Processing theory is a useful framework for understanding the cognitive processes that can contribute to parental abuse risk, but the model has not adequately integrated affective processes that may coincide with such cognitions. OBJECTIVE Given parents experienced intense emotions during the pandemic, the current study sought to examine how socio-emotional processes might account for abuse risk during the pandemic (perceived pandemic-related increases in harsh parenting, reported physical and psychological aggression, and child abuse potential). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Using two groups of mothers participating in online studies, the combined sample of 304 mothers reported on their abuse risk and cognitive and anger processes. RESULTS Greater approval of physical discipline and weaker anger regulation abilities were directly or indirectly related to measures of abuse risk during the pandemic, with maternal justification to use parent-child aggression to ensure obedience consistently relating to all indicators of abuse risk during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Socio-emotional processes that include anger appear particularly relevant during the heightened period of strain induced by the pandemic. By studying multiple factors simultaneously, the current findings can inform child abuse prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawna J Lee
- University of Michigan, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Newton T. Psychology: Where history, culture, and biology meet. THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09593543221131782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article argues that the same epistemological assumptions cannot be confidently applied in the transition from the biological to the social arenas of psychology, as a consequence of the sociocultural instability resulting from human linguistic and technological flair. To illustrate this contention, reference is made to historicist theses within critical and sociocultural psychology, the work of Ian Hacking and Norbert Elias, the centrality of language and technology to sociocultural instability, and the illustrative issues raised by cultural neuroscience and replication studies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Distributions of academic math-verbal tilt and overall academic skill of students specializing in different fields: A study of 1.6 million graduate record examination test takers. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Desai NP, Fedurek P, Slocombe KE, Wilson ML. Chimpanzee pant-hoots encode individual information more reliably than group differences. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23430. [PMID: 36093564 PMCID: PMC9786991 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vocal learning, the ability to modify the acoustic structure of vocalizations based on social experience, is a fundamental feature of speech in humans (Homo sapiens). While vocal learning is common in taxa such as songbirds and whales, the vocal learning capacities of nonhuman primates appear more limited. Intriguingly, evidence for vocal learning has been reported in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), for example, in the form of regional variation ("dialects") in the "pant-hoot" calls. This suggests that some capacity for vocal learning may be an ancient feature of the Pan-Homo clade. Nonetheless, reported differences have been subtle, with intercommunity variation representing only a small portion of the total acoustic variation. To gain further insights into the extent of regional variation in chimpanzee vocalizations, we performed an analysis of pant-hoots from chimpanzees in the neighboring Kasekela and Mitumba communities at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and the geographically distant Kanyawara community at Kibale National Park, Uganda. We did not find any statistically significant differences between the neighboring communities at Gombe or among geographically distant communities. Furthermore, we found differences among individuals in all communities. Hence, the variation in chimpanzee pant-hoots reflected individual differences, rather than group differences. Thus, we did not find evidence of dialects in this population, suggesting that extensive vocal learning emerged only after the lineages of Homo and Pan diverged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg P. Desai
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Pawel Fedurek
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | | | - Michael L. Wilson
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA,Institute on the EnvironmentUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pederson CA, Griffith RL, Nowalis S, Fite PJ. Creating profiles of juvenile offenders using functions of aggression and callous-unemotional traits: relations to crime type. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 30:713-736. [PMID: 37744648 PMCID: PMC10512917 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2022.2116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A rich line of criminological theories and research has suggested that individual characteristics may be important to predicting criminal activity. However, there is limited research examining how individual characteristics may be related to the type of crime committed (e.g. violent, sex, drug). To provide guidance to these questions, the current set of two studies used latent profile analysis to identify groups of offenders based on individual factors (i.e. proactive and reactive aggression, and callous-unemotional traits), chosen for their interrelatedness and their established associations with crime, and examined whether these groups relate to type, severity or the number of crimes committed across two studies. In both studies, four groups of offenders were identified, but these groups were not associated with offending behaviors or patterns. Findings and implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey A. Pederson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Adolescent, Behavioral Health Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Sarah Nowalis
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Paula J. Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rodrigues J, Ziebell P, Müller M, Hewig J. Standardizing continuous data classifications in a virtual T-maze using two-layer feedforward networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12879. [PMID: 35896573 PMCID: PMC9329455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There continues to be difficulties when it comes to replication of studies in the field of Psychology. In part, this may be caused by insufficiently standardized analysis methods that may be subject to state dependent variations in performance. In this work, we show how to easily adapt the two-layer feedforward neural network architecture provided by Huang1 to a behavioral classification problem as well as a physiological classification problem which would not be solvable in a standardized way using classical regression or "simple rule" approaches. In addition, we provide an example for a new research paradigm along with this standardized analysis method. This paradigm as well as the analysis method can be adjusted to any necessary modification or applied to other paradigms or research questions. Hence, we wanted to show that two-layer feedforward neural networks can be used to increase standardization as well as replicability and illustrate this with examples based on a virtual T-maze paradigm2-5 including free virtual movement via joystick and advanced physiological data signal processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathias Müller
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thome J, Pinger M, Halli P, Durstewitz D, Sommer WH, Kirsch P, Koppe G. A Model Guided Approach to Evoke Homogeneous Behavior During Temporal Reward and Loss Discounting. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:846119. [PMID: 35800024 PMCID: PMC9253427 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.846119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tendency to devaluate future options as a function of time, known as delay discounting, is associated with various factors such as psychiatric illness and personality. Under identical experimental conditions, individuals may therefore strongly differ in the degree to which they discount future options. In delay discounting tasks, this inter-individual variability inevitably results in an unequal number of discounted trials per subject, generating difficulties in linking delay discounting to psychophysiological and neural correlates. Many studies have therefore focused on assessing delay discounting adaptively. Here, we extend these approaches by developing an adaptive paradigm which aims at inducing more comparable and homogeneous discounting frequencies across participants on a dimensional scale. Method The proposed approach probabilistically links a (common) discounting function to behavior to obtain a probabilistic model, and then exploits the model to obtain a formal condition which defines how to construe experimental trials so as to induce any desired discounting probability. We first infer subject-level models on behavior on a non-adaptive delay discounting task and then use these models to generate adaptive trials designed to evoke graded relative discounting frequencies of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 in each participant. We further compare and evaluate common models in the field through out-of-sample prediction error estimates, to iteratively improve the trial-generating model and paradigm. Results The developed paradigm successfully increases discounting behavior during both reward and loss discounting. Moreover, it evokes graded relative choice frequencies in line with model-based expectations (i.e., 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) suggesting that we can successfully homogenize behavior. Our model comparison analyses indicate that hyperboloid models are superior in predicting unseen discounting behavior to more conventional hyperbolic and exponential models. We report out-of-sample error estimates as well as commonalities and differences between reward and loss discounting, demonstrating for instance lower discounting rates, as well as differences in delay perception in loss discounting. Conclusion The present work proposes a model-based framework to evoke graded responses linked to cognitive function at a single subject level. Such a framework may be used in the future to measure cognitive functions on a dimensional rather than dichotomous scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Thome
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathieu Pinger
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Halli
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Sommer
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georgia Koppe
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hsieh W, Faulkner N, Wickes R. Perceived Variability as a Video-Media Prejudice Reduction Intervention. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2022.2069025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
19
|
Wagener A, Stassart C, Etienne AM. At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105908. [PMID: 35627444 PMCID: PMC9140619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disturbs mental health. Indeed, higher levels of negative emotions and anxiety, along with lower levels of positive emotions and well-being, have been highlighted. As a result, individuals need to regulate these psychological states in a context of uncertainty and daily restrictions (e.g., access to leisure activities, social contacts) or modifications of livelihood (e.g., working modalities). Overall, psychological reactions to the pandemic have been shown to differ based on one’s age. The purpose of this research is to compare psychological reactions to the pandemic between Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Older Adults. The generation’s prism seems relevant as members of specific generations are shaped (e.g., views of the world, the future) by their similar experiences. Ninety-four Millennials and 129 Older Adults, recruited in the general population, participated to an online survey assessing emotions, emotion regulation strategies, environmental satisfaction, and intolerance of uncertainty. Results show that Millennials experience higher levels of negative emotions along with higher levels of worry and rumination than Older Adults. Millennials also report a higher level of joy. Nonetheless, more Older Adults engage themselves in novel activities. Overall, findings confirm previous ones and indicate the need to offer effective clinicals tool to prevent mental health worsening.
Collapse
|
20
|
Leichtmann B, Lottermoser A, Berger J, Nitsch V. Personal space in human-robot interaction at work: Effect of room size and working memory load. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3536167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent literature review on personal space in human-robot interaction identified a research gap for the influence of contextual factors. At the same time, psychological research on interpersonal distancing as well as theoretical considerations based on compensatory control models suggest the importance to consider these factors in robot path planning. To address this gap, we tested the effect of room size and working memory load on participants‘ comfort distance toward an approaching robot. In a preregistered 3x2 within-subject design,
N
= 72 participants were approached by a mobile manufacturing robot in a corridor with varying room size and with and without a cognitive secondary task. As dependent variables, comfort distance, arousal, and perceived control were measured. While room size and working memory load had no significant direct effect on comfort distance, participants felt higher arousal and lower control in smaller rooms and in conditions with high working memory load, which in turn caused larger comfort distances (indirect effect). With experience, comfort distances decreased. Based on the indirect effects, future studies should test the effect of more extreme manipulations on comfort distances. Robots should adapt their path planning by keeping larger distances toward human workers in stressful environments to avoid discomfort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Leichtmann
- Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany and LIT Robopsychology Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
| | - Albrecht Lottermoser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Casting, Composite and Processing Technology IGCV, Germany
| | - Julia Berger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Casting, Composite and Processing Technology IGCV, Germany
| | - Verena Nitsch
- Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany and Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Malich L, Rehmann-Sutter C. Metascience is Not Enough—A Plea for Psychological Humanities in the Wake of the Replication Crisis. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680221083876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The replication crisis led to the rise of metascience as a possible solution. In this article, we examine central metascientific premises and argue that attempts to solve the replication crisis in psychology will benefit from a tighter integration of approaches from the psychological humanities. The first part of our article identifies central epistemic merits that metascientific endeavors can contribute to psychology. However, we argue secondly against the widespread claim that metascience is the only way to deal with the replication crisis in psychology and point to major epistemic problems: the one-sided notion of a singular scientific method, the homogenizing view of psychology, and the exclusion of practices of theorizing. As a possible compensation for such shortcomings, we introduce, third, the reflective and pluralistic approach of psychological humanities. In so doing, we show how psychological humanities can serve as an important complement to the objective of improving psychological research. Psychological humanities contribute to a more precise determination of validity, to ethical considerations, and a better understanding of psychology’s objects in regard to replication. Accordingly, we argue for the integration of psychological humanities into both metascience and psychology to provide a better basis for addressing epistemic and ethical questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Malich
- Institute for the History of Medicine and Science Studies, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Rehmann-Sutter
- Institute for the History of Medicine and Science Studies, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leichtmann B, Nitsch V, Mara M. Crisis Ahead? Why Human-Robot Interaction User Studies May Have Replicability Problems and Directions for Improvement. Front Robot AI 2022; 9:838116. [PMID: 35360497 PMCID: PMC8961736 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2022.838116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a confidence crisis in many scientific disciplines, in particular disciplines researching human behavior, as many effects of original experiments have not been replicated successfully in large-scale replication studies. While human-robot interaction (HRI) is an interdisciplinary research field, the study of human behavior, cognition and emotion in HRI plays also a vital part. Are HRI user studies facing the same problems as other fields and if so, what can be done to overcome them? In this article, we first give a short overview of the replicability crisis in behavioral sciences and its causes. In a second step, we estimate the replicability of HRI user studies mainly 1) by structural comparison of HRI research processes and practices with those of other disciplines with replicability issues, 2) by systematically reviewing meta-analyses of HRI user studies to identify parameters that are known to affect replicability, and 3) by summarizing first replication studies in HRI as direct evidence. Our findings suggest that HRI user studies often exhibit the same problems that caused the replicability crisis in many behavioral sciences, such as small sample sizes, lack of theory, or missing information in reported data. In order to improve the stability of future HRI research, we propose some statistical, methodological and social reforms. This article aims to provide a basis for further discussion and a potential outline for improvements in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Leichtmann
- LIT Robopsychology Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Benedikt Leichtmann,
| | - Verena Nitsch
- Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Mara
- LIT Robopsychology Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Malich L, Munafò MR. Introduction: Replication of Crises: Interdisciplinary Reflections on the Phenomenon of the Replication Crisis in Psychology. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680221077997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The replication crisis has preoccupied psychology for over a decade and has led to many reform proposals. In this Special Issue, we argue that a reflexive discussion of both the replication crisis and possible reforms is crucial. With the plural ‘replication of crises’ in the title, we want to make clear that the current crisis is more than one. What is perceived as a crisis varies depending on the scientific field, theoretical background, and epistemological perspective. As a consequence, this Special Issue aims to promote both an intra-disciplinary dialogue between scientific and theoretical psychology, and an inter-disciplinary dialogue between psychology, the humanities and the social sciences. The individual contributions focus on three central questions: (1) What is specific about the replication crisis in psychology? (2) What are the connections between the replication crisis in psychology and that in other scientific fields? (3) What are possible underlying causes of the replication crisis in psychology, and what are the opportunities for improvement? Although each of the articles offers a unique and sometimes challenging perspective to understanding the replication crisis, they all share the assumption that we need to reflect in order to learn and improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Malich
- Institute for the History of Medicine and Science Studies, Universität zu Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Medizingeschichte und Wissenschaftsforschung, L¨ubeck, Germany
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Discussions of the replication crisis in psychology require more substantive analysis of the crisis of academic labour and of social reproduction in the university. Both the replication crisis and the crisis of social reproduction in the university describe a failure in processes of reproducing something. The financial crisis of 2007–8 shortly preceded the emergence of the replication crisis, as well as exacerbated ongoing tendencies in the organisation and practices of university research (particularly the use of precarious contracts and the adjunctification of research). These provide two reasons to address these two named crises together. But many analyses of and responses to the replication crisis turn to research culture, often at the expense of adequate investigations of research labour. Today’s psychological sciences are made through multiple forms of labour: these include researchers, who range from senior principal investigators to sub-contracted, and exploited, research assistants; research participants/subjects, who include those providing labour for experiments via exploitative platforms including Amazon Mechanical Turk; and workers providing heterogeneous technical and administrative labour. Through understanding what is at stake for these multiple forms of labour, psychology might better analyse problems besetting psychology today, as well as develop different imaginaries and practices for how to address them.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mülberger A. Early Experimental Psychology: How did Replication Work Before P-Hacking? REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680211066468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Mülberger
- Theory & History of Psychology, University of Groningen Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
COVID-19 and Its Lockdown in Belgium: How Limited Access to Environmental Satisfaction Impacts Emotions? Psychol Belg 2022; 62:34-46. [PMID: 35087679 PMCID: PMC8782079 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to induce several psychological consequences (e.g., increases in anxiety and stress). Accordingly, it seems relevant to investigate how individuals cope with their emotions. Indeed, when facing negative emotions, individuals need to rely on adaptive emotion regulation strategies to alleviate their negative impacts (e.g., decrease in quality of life, increase in sleep disturbances). Moreover, lockdown’s measures led to a restriction of the access to activities which, in turn, might have decreased the “environmental satisfaction”. Then, this research investigates the pandemic’s psychological impacts on emotions and regulation strategies, intolerance of uncertainty, and environmental satisfaction. Our approach’s originality relies on comparing one’s actual psychological functioning (i.e., since the pandemic) to one’s general psychological functioning (i.e., before the pandemic). This study also assesses the relationships between both negative and positive emotions and (1) emotion regulation strategies, (2) intolerance of uncertainty and, (3) environmental satisfaction since the pandemic and its lockdown. The total sample comprised 948 adults from the general population. Results show that, since the pandemic, individuals experience higher levels of negative emotions, lower levels of positive emotions and environmental satisfaction. They also tend to worry less and to resort to acceptance more often. Also, environmental satisfaction is the most important predictor of both negative emotions and positive ones. Overall, findings confirm previous ones and seem to indicate that environmental satisfaction should be addressed more thoroughly.
Collapse
|
27
|
Teixeira da Silva JA, Dunleavy DJ, Moradzadeh M, Eykens J. A credit-like rating system to determine the legitimacy of scientific journals and publishers. Scientometrics 2021; 126:8589-8616. [PMID: 34421155 PMCID: PMC8370857 DOI: 10.1007/s11192-021-04118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The predatory nature of a journal is in constant debate because it depends on multiple factors, which keep evolving. The classification of a journal as being predatory, or not, is no longer exclusively associated with its open access status, by inclusion or exclusion on perceived reputable academic indexes and/or on whitelists or blacklists. Inclusion in the latter may itself be determined by a host of criteria, may be riddled with type I errors (e.g., erroneous inclusion of a truly predatory journal in a whitelist) and/or type II errors (e.g., erroneous exclusion of a truly valid scholarly journal in a whitelist). While extreme cases of predatory publishing behavior may be clear cut, with true predatory journals displaying ample predatory properties, journals in non-binary grey zones of predatory criteria are difficult to classify. They may have some legitimate properties, but also some illegitimate ones. In such cases, it might be too extreme to refer to such entities as "predatory". Simply referring to them as "potentially predatory" or "borderline predatory" also does little justice to discern a predatory entity from an unscholarly, low-quality, unprofessional, or exploitative one. Faced with the limitations caused by this gradient of predatory dimensionality, this paper introduces a novel credit-like rating system, based in part on well-known financial credit ratings companies used to assess investment risk and creditworthiness, to assess journal or publisher quality. Cognizant of the weaknesses and criticisms of these rating systems, we suggest their use as a new way to view the scholarly nature of a journal or publisher. When used as a tool to supplement, replace, or reinforce current sets of criteria used for whitelists and blacklists, this system may provide a fresh perspective to gain a better understanding of predatory publishing behavior. Our tool does not propose to offer a definitive solution to this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Dunleavy
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 2010 Levy Ave Building B, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA
| | - Mina Moradzadeh
- Department of Medical Library and Information Science, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Joshua Eykens
- Centre for R&D Monitoring (ECOOM), Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Increased attention allocation to socially threatening faces in social anxiety disorder: A replication study. J Affect Disord 2021; 290:169-177. [PMID: 34000570 PMCID: PMC8217243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Threat-related attention bias has been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder (SAD), with attentional research increasingly using eye-tracking methodology to overcome the poor psychometric properties of response-time-based tasks and measures. Yet, extant eye-tracking research in social anxiety has mostly failed to report on psychometrics and attempts to replicate past results are rare. Therefore, we attempted to replicate a previously published eye-tracking study of gaze patterns in socially anxious and nonanxious participants as they viewed social threatening and neutral faces, while also exploring the psychometric properties of the attentional measures used. METHODS Gaze was monitored as participants freely viewed 60 different matrices comprised of eight socially-threatening and eight neutral faces, presented for 6000 ms each. Gaze patterns directed at threat and neutral areas of interest (AOIs) were compared by group. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also evaluated. RESULTS Relative to healthy controls, socially anxious patients dwelled significantly longer on threat faces, replicating prior findings with the same task. Internal consistency of total dwell time on threat and neutral AOIs was high, and two-week test-retest reliability was acceptable. LIMITATIONS Test-retest reliability was only examined for the control group, which had a small sample size. CONCLUSION Increased dwell time on socially threatening stimuli is a reliable, stable, and generalizable measure of attentional bias in adults with social anxiety.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hope D, Dewar A, Hay C. Is There a Replication Crisis in Medical Education Research? ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:958-963. [PMID: 33735127 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scholars are increasingly aware that studies-across many disciplines-cannot be replicated by independent researchers. Here, the authors describe how medical education research may be vulnerable to this "replication crisis," explain how researchers can act together to reduce risks, and discuss the positive steps that can increase confidence in research findings. Medical education research contributes to policy and influences practitioner behavior. Findings that cannot be replicated suggest that the original research was not credible. This risk raises the possibility that unhelpful or even harmful changes to medical education have been implemented as a result of research that appeared defensible but was not. By considering these risk factors, researchers can increase the likelihood that studies are generating credible results. The authors discuss and provide examples of 6 factors that may endanger the replicability of medical education research: (1) small sample sizes, (2) small effect sizes, (3) exploratory designs, (4) flexibility in design choices, analysis strategy, and outcome measures, (5) conflicts of interest, and (6) very active fields with many competing research teams. Importantly, medical education researchers can adopt techniques used successfully elsewhere to improve the rigor of their investigations. Researchers can improve their work through better planning in the development stage, carefully considering design choices, and using sensible data analysis. The wider medical education community can help by encouraging higher levels of collaboration among medical educators, by routinely evaluating existing educational innovations, and by raising the prestige of replication and collaborative medical education research. Medical education journals should adopt new approaches to publishing. As medical education research improves, so too will the quality of medical education and patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hope
- D. Hope is a senior lecturer in medical education, Medical Education Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-2857
| | - Avril Dewar
- A. Dewar is a fellow in medical education, Medical Education Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1992-6148
| | - Christopher Hay
- C. Hay is an interventional radiologist, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Eden D. The science of leadership: A journey from survey research to field experimentation. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
31
|
Borgstede M, Scholz M. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Generalization and Replication-A Representationalist View. Front Psychol 2021; 12:605191. [PMID: 33613387 PMCID: PMC7892774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.605191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we provide a re-interpretation of qualitative and quantitative modeling from a representationalist perspective. In this view, both approaches attempt to construct abstract representations of empirical relational structures. Whereas quantitative research uses variable-based models that abstract from individual cases, qualitative research favors case-based models that abstract from individual characteristics. Variable-based models are usually stated in the form of quantified sentences (scientific laws). This syntactic structure implies that sentences about individual cases are derived using deductive reasoning. In contrast, case-based models are usually stated using context-dependent existential sentences (qualitative statements). This syntactic structure implies that sentences about other cases are justifiable by inductive reasoning. We apply this representationalist perspective to the problems of generalization and replication. Using the analytical framework of modal logic, we argue that the modes of reasoning are often not only applied to the context that has been studied empirically, but also on a between-contexts level. Consequently, quantitative researchers mostly adhere to a top-down strategy of generalization, whereas qualitative researchers usually follow a bottom-up strategy of generalization. Depending on which strategy is employed, the role of replication attempts is very different. In deductive reasoning, replication attempts serve as empirical tests of the underlying theory. Therefore, failed replications imply a faulty theory. From an inductive perspective, however, replication attempts serve to explore the scope of the theory. Consequently, failed replications do not question the theory per se, but help to shape its boundary conditions. We conclude that quantitative research may benefit from a bottom-up generalization strategy as it is employed in most qualitative research programs. Inductive reasoning forces us to think about the boundary conditions of our theories and provides a framework for generalization beyond statistical testing. In this perspective, failed replications are just as informative as successful replications, because they help to explore the scope of our theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Scholz
- Foundations of Education, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rabeyron T. Why Most Research Findings About Psi Are False: The Replicability Crisis, the Psi Paradox and the Myth of Sisyphus. Front Psychol 2020; 11:562992. [PMID: 33041926 PMCID: PMC7530246 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The replicability crisis in psychology has been influenced by the results of nine experiments conducted by Bem (2011) and presented as supporting the existence of precognition. In this paper, we hope to show how the debate concerning these experiments could be an opportunity to develop original thinking about psychology and replicability. After a few preliminary remarks about psi and scientific epistemology, we examine how psi results lead to a paradox which questions how appropriate the scientific method is to psi research. This paradox highlights a problem in the way experiments are conducted in psi research and its potential consequence on mainstream research in psychology. Two classical experiments - the Ganzfeld protocol and the Bem studies - are then analyzed in order to illustrate this paradox and its consequences. Mainstream research is also addressed in the broader context of the replication crisis, decline effect and questionable research practices. Several perspectives for future research are proposed in conclusion and underline the heuristic value of psi studies for psychology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rabeyron
- Université de Lorraine, Interpsy, Nancy, France.,University of Edinburgh, KPU, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Scholtz SE, de Beer LT, de Klerk W. ‘What are psychology journals publishing about the world of work?’: A systematised review. SA JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|