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Sang M, Feng P, Chi LP, Zhang W. The biosynthetic logic and enzymatic machinery of approved fungi-derived pharmaceuticals and agricultural biopesticides. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:565-603. [PMID: 37990930 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2023The kingdom Fungi has become a remarkably valuable source of structurally complex natural products (NPs) with diverse bioactivities. Since the revolutionary discovery and application of the antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium, a number of fungi-derived NPs have been developed and approved into pharmaceuticals and pesticide agents using traditional "activity-guided" approaches. Although emerging genome mining algorithms and surrogate expression hosts have brought revolutionary approaches to NP discovery, the time and costs involved in developing these into new drugs can still be prohibitively high. Therefore, it is essential to maximize the utility of existing drugs by rational design and systematic production of new chemical structures based on these drugs by synthetic biology. To this purpose, there have been great advances in characterizing the diversified biosynthetic gene clusters associated with the well-known drugs and in understanding the biosynthesis logic mechanisms and enzymatic transformation processes involved in their production. We describe advances made in the heterogeneous reconstruction of complex NP scaffolds using fungal polyketide synthases (PKSs), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), PKS/NRPS hybrids, terpenoids, and indole alkaloids and also discuss mechanistic insights into metabolic engineering, pathway reprogramming, and cell factory development. Moreover, we suggest pathways for expanding access to the fungal chemical repertoire by biosynthesis of representative family members via common platform intermediates and through the rational manipulation of natural biosynthetic machineries for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moli Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Peiyuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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Wang T, Li J, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Ni Y, Zhang P, Yao Z, Jiao Z, Li H, Li L, Niu Y, Li Q, Yin G, Niu J. Wheat gibberellin oxidase genes and their functions in regulating tillering. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15924. [PMID: 37671358 PMCID: PMC10476609 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple genetic factors control tillering, a key agronomy trait for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Previously, we reported a dwarf-monoculm mutant (dmc) derived from wheat cultivar Guomai 301, and found that the contents of gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) in the tiller primordia of dmc were significantly higher. Transcriptome analysis indicated that some wheat gibberellin oxidase (TaGAox) genes TaGA20ox-A2, TaGA20ox-B2, TaGA3ox-A2, TaGA20ox-A4, TaGA2ox-A10 and TaGA2ox-B10 were differentially expressed in dmc. Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the roles of gibberellin oxidase genes during wheat tillering. A total of 63 TaGAox genes were identified by whole genome analysis. The TaGAoxs were clustered to four subfamilies, GA20oxs, GA2oxs, GA3oxs and GA7oxs, including seven subgroups based on their protein structures. The promoter regions of TaGAox genes contain a large number of cis-acting elements closely related to hormone, plant growth and development, light, and abiotic stress responses. Segmental duplication events played a major role in TaGAoxs expansion. Compared to Arabidopsis, the gene collinearity degrees of the GAoxs were significantly higher among wheat, rice and maize. TaGAox genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns. The expressions of TaGAox genes (TaGA20ox-B2, TaGA7ox-A1, TaGA2ox10 and TaGA3ox-A2) were significantly affected by exogenous GA3 applications, which also significantly promoted tillering of Guomai 301, but didn't promote dmc. TaGA7ox-A1 overexpression transgenic wheat lines were obtained by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Genomic PCR and first-generation sequencing demonstrated that the gene was integrated into the wheat genome. Association analysis of TaGA7ox-A1 expression level and tiller number per plant demonstrated that the tillering capacities of some TaGA7ox-A1 transgenic lines were increased. These data demonstrated that some TaGAoxs as well as GA signaling were involved in regulating wheat tillering, but the GA signaling pathway was disturbed in dmc. This study provided valuable clues for functional characterization of GAox genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junchang Li
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Jiang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongjing Ni
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Wheat Spring Freeze Injury Identification, Shangqiu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shangqiu, Henan, China, Shangqiu, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ziping Yao
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhixin Jiao
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yufan Niu
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiaoyun Li
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guihong Yin
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jishan Niu
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Guan J, Li J, Yao Q, Liu Z, Feng H, Zhang Y. Identification of two tandem genes associated with primary rosette branching in flowering Chinese cabbage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083528. [PMID: 36600928 PMCID: PMC9806259 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Branching is an important agronomic trait determining plant architecture and yield; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying branching in the stalk vegetable, flowering Chinese cabbage, remain unclear. The present study identified two tandem genes responsible for primary rosette branching in flowering Chinese cabbage by GradedPool-Seq (GPS) combined with Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping. A 900 kb candidate region was mapped in the 28.0-28.9 Mb interval of chromosome A07 through whole-genome sequencing of three graded-pool samples from the F2 population derived by crossing the branching and non-branching lines. KASP genotyping narrowed the candidate region to 24.6 kb. Two tandem genes, BraA07g041560.3C and BraA07g041570.3C, homologous to AT1G78440 encoding GA2ox1 oxidase, were identified as the candidate genes. The BraA07g041560.3C sequence was identical between the branching and non-branching lines, but BraA07g041570.3C had a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) mutation in the first exon (290th bp, A to G). In addition, an ERE cis-regulatory element was absent in the promoter of BraA07g041560.3C, and an MYB cis-regulatory element in the promoter of BraA07g041570.3C in the branching line. Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment decreased the primary rosette branch number in the branching line, indicating the significant role of GA in regulating branching in flowering Chinese cabbage. These results provide valuable information for revealing the regulatory mechanisms of branching and contributing to the breeding programs of developing high-yielding species in flowering Chinese cabbage.
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Zhang X, Zhao B, Sun Y, Feng Y. Effects of gibberellins on important agronomic traits of horticultural plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978223. [PMID: 36267949 PMCID: PMC9578688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural plants such as vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants are crucial to human life and socioeconomic development. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid compounds, control numerous developmental processes of plants. The roles of GAs in regulating growth and development of horticultural plants, and in regulating significant progress have been clarified. These findings have significant implications for promoting the quality and quantity of the products of horticultural plants. Here we review recent progress in determining the roles of GAs (including biosynthesis and signaling) in regulating plant stature, axillary meristem outgrowth, compound leaf development, flowering time, and parthenocarpy. These findings will provide a solid foundation for further improving the quality and quantity of horticultural plants products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Yibo Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yulong Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Toner P, Nelson D, Rao JR, Ennis M, Moore JE, Schock B. Antimicrobial properties of phytohormone (gibberellins) against phytopathogens and clinical pathogens. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000278. [PMID: 34816094 PMCID: PMC8604178 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antimicrobial potential of physiologically active diterpenoid plant-derived gibberellins (gibberellic acids; GAs) was tested on microbial pathogens of significance to plant and human health. The racemic enantiomer GA3 produced varying inhibitory effects against a wide range of plant host disease causal agents (phytopathogens) comprising fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. The results showed that GA3 effected either strong growth arrest of phytopathogenic fungi or holistic biocidal effects on oomycete and phytopathogenic fungi at higher concentration (>10-50 mM) and increased hyphal extension growth when the concentration of GA3 was lowered (<10-0.1 mM). When human clinical pathogenic bacteria cohorts were challenged with gibberellin enantiomers, viz GA1, GA4, GA5, GA7, GA9 and GA13 (50 mM), employing Kirby-Bauer disc bioassay methods for assessment of their efficacies, no inhibitory effect was seen with gibberellin enantiomers, viz GA1, GA3, GA5 and GA13, while GA4 inhibited all human clinical bacterial organisms examined, with GA7 and GA9 showing limited activity. The antibiotic effects of enantiomeric diterpenoid phytohormones evinced in our preliminary study raise prospects for further studies to fully examine their potential therapeutic value for human healthcare and their compliance with cytotoxicity and other ethical considerations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paoirse Toner
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute For Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Belfast, BT9 7AD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David Nelson
- Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Juluri R Rao
- Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Madeleine Ennis
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute For Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John E Moore
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute For Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Belfast, BT9 7AD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Bettina Schock
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute For Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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Hedden P. The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1832-1849. [PMID: 32652020 PMCID: PMC7758035 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palack� University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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Hedden P, Sponsel V. A Century of Gibberellin Research. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2015; 34:740-60. [PMID: 26523085 PMCID: PMC4622167 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-015-9546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin research has its origins in Japan in the 19th century, when a disease of rice was shown to be due to a fungal infection. The symptoms of the disease including overgrowth of the seedling and sterility were later shown to be due to secretions of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi (now reclassified as Fusarium fujikuroi), from which the name gibberellin was derived for the active component. The profound effect of gibberellins on plant growth and development, particularly growth recovery in dwarf mutants and induction of bolting and flowering in some rosette species, prompted speculation that these fungal metabolites were endogenous plant growth regulators and this was confirmed by chemical characterisation in the late 1950s. Gibberellins are now known to be present in vascular plants, and some fungal and bacterial species. The biosynthesis of gibberellins in plants and the fungus has been largely resolved in terms of the pathways, enzymes, genes and their regulation. The proposal that gibberellins act in plants by removing growth limitation was confirmed by the demonstration that they induce the degradation of the growth-inhibiting DELLA proteins. The mechanism by which this is achieved was clarified by the identification of the gibberellin receptor from rice in 2005. Current research on gibberellin action is focussed particularly on the function of DELLA proteins as regulators of gene expression. This review traces the history of gibberellin research with emphasis on the early discoveries that enabled the more recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedden
- />Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire UK
| | - Valerie Sponsel
- />Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
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Jake MacMillan: A pioneering chemist in plant biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14641-2. [PMID: 25281712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414365111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
The GAs (gibberellins) comprise a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are ubiquitous in higher plants, in which certain members function as endogenous growth regulators, promoting organ expansion and developmental changes. These compounds are also produced by some species of lower plants, fungi and bacteria, although, in contrast to higher plants, the function of GAs in these organisms has only recently been investigated and is still unclear. In higher plants, GAs are synthesized by the action of terpene cyclases, cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases localized, respectively, in plastids, the endomembrane system and the cytosol. The concentration of biologically active GAs at their sites of action is tightly regulated and is moderated by numerous developmental and environmental cues. Recent research has focused on regulatory mechanisms, acting primarily on expression of the genes that encode the dioxygenases involved in biosynthesis and deactivation. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge on GA metabolism with particular emphasis on regulation, including the complex mechanisms for the maintenance of GA homoeostasis.
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Wang Q, Hillwig ML, Wu Y, Peters RJ. CYP701A8: a rice ent-kaurene oxidase paralog diverted to more specialized diterpenoid metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1418-25. [PMID: 22247270 PMCID: PMC3291257 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.187518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
All higher plants contain an ent-kaurene oxidase (KO), as such a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 701 family member is required for gibberellin (GA) phytohormone biosynthesis. While gene expansion and functional diversification of GA-biosynthesis-derived diterpene synthases into more specialized metabolism has been demonstrated, no functionally divergent KO/CYP701 homologs have been previously identified. Rice (Oryza sativa) contains five CYP701A subfamily members in its genome, despite the fact that only one (OsKO2/CYP701A6) is required for GA biosynthesis. Here we demonstrate that one of the other rice CYP701A subfamily members, OsKOL4/CYP701A8, does not catalyze the prototypical conversion of the ent-kaurene C4α-methyl to a carboxylic acid, but instead carries out hydroxylation at the nearby C3α position in a number of related diterpenes. In particular, under conditions where OsKO2 catalyzes the expected conversion of ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid required for GA biosynthesis, OsKOL4 instead efficiently reacts with ent-sandaracopimaradiene and ent-cassadiene to produce the corresponding C3α-hydroxylated diterpenoids. These compounds are expected intermediates in biosynthesis of the oryzalexin and phytocassane families of rice antifungal phytoalexins, respectively, and can be detected in rice plants under the appropriate conditions. Thus, it appears that OsKOL4 plays a role in the more specialized diterpenoid metabolism of rice, and our results provide evidence for divergence of a KO/CYP701 family member from GA biosynthesis. This further expands the range of enzymes recruited from the ancestral GA primary pathway to the more complex and specialized labdane-related diterpenoid metabolic network found in rice.
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Matsumiya Y, Taniguchi R, Kubo M. Analysis of peptide uptake and location of root hair-promoting peptide accumulation in plant roots. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:177-82. [PMID: 22249961 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptide uptake by plant roots from degraded soybean-meal products was analyzed in Brassica rapa and Solanum lycopersicum. B. rapa absorbed about 40% of the initial water volume, whereas peptide concentration was decreased by 75% after 24 h. Analysis by reversed-phase HPLC showed that number of peptides was absorbed by the roots during soaking in degraded soybean-meal products for 24 h. Carboxyfluorescein-labeled root hair-promoting peptide was synthesized, and its localization, movement, and accumulation in roots were investigated. The peptide appeared to be absorbed by root hairs and then moved to trichoblasts. Furthermore, the peptide was moved from trichoblasts to atrichoblasts after 24 h. The peptide was accumulated in epidermal cells, suggesting that the peptide may have a function in both trichoblasts and atrichoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Matsumiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Phuoc LT, Mander LN, Koshioka M, Oyama-Okubo N, Nakayama M, Ito A. Confirmation of structure and synthesis of three new 11β-OH C20 gibberellins from loquat fruit. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Crow JR, Thomson RJ, Mander LN. Synthesis and confirmation of structure for the gibberellin GA131 (18-hydroxy-GA4). Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2532-44. [PMID: 16791315 DOI: 10.1039/b603570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general method for the hydroxylation of the 18-methyl group in gibberellins has been developed, as demonstrated by the successful synthesis of 18-hydroxy GA(4) (GA(131)) by means of a tandem process involving the conjugate addition of alkoxides to the alpha-methylene lactone moiety of a ring A-seco-gibberellin followed by an intramolecular aldol reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Crow
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra
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Pearce DW, Hutt OE, Rood SB, Mander LN. Gibberellins in shoots and developing capsules of Populus species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 59:679-687. [PMID: 11867101 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of stems of growing shoots of Populus deltoides and P. trichocarpa, and developing capsules of P. deltoides were analysed for gibberellins (GAs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following known GAs were identified by comparison of their Kovats retention indices (KRIs) and mass spectra with those of standards: GA1, GA8, GA9, GA19, GA20, 16 beta,17-dihydro-17-hydroxy GA20, GA23, GA28, GA29, GA34, GA44, and GA97. Several of these have not been previously reported from Populus. In addition, two new GAs were identified as 12 beta-hydroxy GA53 (GA127) and 16 beta,17-dihydro-17-hydroxy GA53 and their structures were confirmed by partial synthesis. Evidence was found of 16,17-dihydro-16,17-dihydroxy GA9, 16,17-dihydro-16,17-dihydroxy GA12, 12-hydroxy GA14, and GA34-catabolite by comparison of mass spectra and KRIs with published data. Several putative GAs (hydroxy- and dihydroxy-GA12-like) were also found. The catabolites of active GAs or of key precursors, hydroxylated at C-2 in stems and either C-2, C-12, C-17, or C-16,17 in capsules, were the major proportion of the GAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pearce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
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Nakayama M, Koshioka M, Matsui H, Ohara H, Mander LN, Leitch SK, Twitchin B, Kraft-Klaunzer P, Pharis RP, Yokota T. Endogenous gibberellins in immature seeds of Prunus persica L.: identification of GA(118), GA(119), GA(120), GA(121), GA(122) and GA(126). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:749-758. [PMID: 11397444 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous gibberellins in immature seeds of Prunus persica were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eleven known gibberellins, GA(3), GA(9), GA(17), GA(19), GA(30), GA(44), GA(61), GA(63), GA(87), GA(95) and GA(97) were identified. Additionally, several hitherto unknown gibberellins were detected and their putative structures were verified by synthesis of the authentic gibberellins. These gibberellins were then assigned trivial numbers, e.g. 1alpha-hydroxy GA(20) (GA(118)), 1alpha-hydroxy GA(9) (GA(119)), 1,2-didehydro GA(9) (GA(120)), 1,2-didehydro GA(70) (GA(121)), 1,2-didehydro GA(69) (GA(122)) and 1,2-didehydro GA(77) (GA(126)). GA(118) and GA(119) were the first 1alpha-hydroxy gibberellins identified from higher plants. The above profile of 1,2-didehydro gibberellins suggests that 1,2-dehydrogenation might occur prior to 3beta-hydroxylation in biosynthesis of GA(3), GA(30) and GA(87) in immature seeds of P. persica.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakayama
- Department of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Floricultural Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
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Blake PS, Taylor DR, Crisp CM, Mander LN, Owen DJ. Identification of endogenous gibberellins in strawberry, including the novel gibberellins GA123, GA124 and GA125. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 55:887-890. [PMID: 11140520 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of carboxylic acids from immature fruits of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Elsanta) were analysed for gibberellins by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following previously characterised gibberellins were identified by comparison of their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices (KRIs) with those of standards or published data: GA1, GA3, GA5, GA8, GA12, GA17, GA19, GA20, GA29, GA44, GA48, GA49, GA53, GA77, GA97, GA111 and GA112. Evidence for endogenous 1-epi GA61 (GA119) and 11alpha-OH-GA12 was also obtained. In addition, a number of putative GAs were detected. Of these, three were shown to be 12alpha-hydroxy-GA53, 12alpha-hydroxy-GA44, and 12alpha-hydroxy-GA19 by comparison with authentic compounds prepared by rational synthesis, and have been allocated the descriptors GA123, GA124 and GA125, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Blake
- Horticulture Research International, West Malling, Kent, UK.
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Owen DJ, Mander LN, Storey JM, Huntley RP, Gaskin P, Lenton JR, Gage DA, Zeevaart JA. Synthesis and confirmation of structure for a new gibberellin, 2 beta-hydroxy-GA12 (GA110), from spinach and oil palm. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1998; 47:331-337. [PMID: 9433811 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The identity of a new gibberellin (GA) in spinach and oil palm sap has been confirmed as 2 beta-hydroxy-GA12 (GA110) by comparisons of GC-mass spectral data obtained for the trimethylsilyl ether methyl ester derivatives with those of a synthetic sample prepared by means of a 24 step sequence from gibberellic acid; 2 beta-hydroxy-GA24 was also prepared. Experimental details for the latter part of the syntheses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Owen
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Mander LN, Owen DJ, Croker SJ, Gaskin P, Hedden P, Lewis MJ, Talon M, Gage DA, Zeevaart JA, Brenner ML, Sheng C. Identification of three C20-gibberellins: GA97 (2 beta-hydroxy-GA53), GA98 (2 beta-hydroxy-GA44) and GA99 (2 beta-hydroxy-GA19). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 43:23-28. [PMID: 8987503 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three new C20-gibberellins, GA97 (2 beta-hydroxy-GA53), GA98 (2 beta-hydroxy-GA44) and GA99 (2 beta-hydroxy-GA19), have all been isolated from spinach, GA97 also from tomato root cultures and pea pods, and GA98 from maize pollen. The structures of these compounds were established by GC-mass spectrometric comparisons of the trimethylsilylated methyl esters with authentic samples prepared from gibberellic acid (GA3).
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Mander
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Abstract
The chapter provides a personal and anecdotal account of the author's attempts to keep the horizons of advancing science in sight. It sketches his background to entering science and chronicles various episodes across fifty years in research. Milestones are noted on the author's journey from his structural studies on colchicine, griseofulvin, and gibberellic acid to the isolation, analysis, biosynthesis, and molecular biology of plant gibberellins. The author discusses his personal and professional interactions with plant physiologists and plant biochemists over the years. Philosophical observations are offered on some of the attributes important to conducting research and on changing attitudes toward research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake MacMillan
- IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, United Kingdom
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Mander LN, Owen DJ. Structure determination and synthesis of a new gibberellin, GA99, from spinach plants: 2β-hydroxy-GA19. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)02252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bhaskar K, Chu WL, Gaskin PA, Mander LN, Murofushi N, Pearce DW, Pharis RP, Takahashi N, Yamaguchi I. Structure determination and synthesis of a new trihydroxy gibberellin from Brassica campestris cotyledons and a related tetrahydroxy derivative from immature seeds of prunus persica. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Willis CL. Stereoselectivity of osmylation reactions: synthesis of gibberellins A78 and A79. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kumar P, Lonsane B. Microbial Production of Gibberellins: State of the Art. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sponsel VM, Gaskin P, Macmillan J. The identification of gibberellins in immature seeds of Vicia faba, and some chemotaxonomic considerations. PLANTA 1979; 146:101-105. [PMID: 24317952 DOI: 10.1007/bf00381261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/1979] [Accepted: 01/23/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
GA17, GA19, GA20, GA29, GA44 and 13-hydroxy-GA12, now named GA53, were identified by GC-MS in immature seeds of Vicia faba (broad bean). Also identified were a GA catabolite, two polyhydroxykauranoic acids, and abscisic, phaseic and dihydrophaseic acids. The GAs of Vicia are hydroxylated at C-13, in common with those of other legumes. However the GAs of Vicia are not hydroxylated at C-3, nor do they appear to be readily conjugated. In these respects Vicia resembles Pisum, another member of the tribe Viciae. Vicia differs from Phaseolus and Vigna, of the tribe Phaseoleae, in both these respects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Sponsel
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 iTS, Bristol, U.K
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Sponsel VM, Macmillan J. Further studies on the metabolism of gibberellins (GAs) A9, A 20 and A 29 in immature seeds of Pisum sativum cv. progress No. 9. PLANTA 1977; 135:129-136. [PMID: 24420014 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/1976] [Accepted: 03/21/1977] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seed maturation of Pisum sativum cv. Progress No. 9 proceeds more slowly in winter than in summer even when the parent plants are grown in greenhouse conditions with light-and heat-supplementation. For parent plants grown under "summer" and "winter" conditions the metabolism of [(3)H]GA9 in cultured seeds is qualitatively different in seeds of equivalent age and qualitatively the same in seeds of equivalent weight. 13-Hydroxylation of [(3)H]GA9→[(3)H]GA20 is restricted to early stages of seed development. 2β-Hydroxylation of [(3)H]GA9→2β-OH-[(3)H]GA9 has only been observed at a stage of development after endogenous GA9 has accumulated. 2β-OH-GA9 has been shown to be endogenous to pea and is named GA51. H2-GA31 and its conjugate have not been shown to be present in pea and may be induced metabolites of [(3)H]GA9. The metabolism of GA20→GA29 is used to illustrate a technique of feeding [(2)H][(3)H]GAs in order to distinguish a metabolite from the same endogenous compound. The in vitro conversion of [(3)H]GA20→[(3)H]GA29, and the virtual non-metabolism of [(3)H]GA29 have been confirmed for seeds in intact fruits. These results are discussed in relation to the apparent absence of conjugated GAs in mature pea seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Sponsel
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
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Sponsel VM, Hoad GV, Beeley LJ. The biological activities of some new gibberellins (GAs) in six plant bioassays. PLANTA 1977; 135:143-147. [PMID: 24420016 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/1977] [Accepted: 02/15/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological activities of GA40, GA43, GA46, GA47, GA51 and GA4 20,4-lactone were tested over a wide range of concentrations in six plant bioassays. GA4 20,4-lactone showed the highest activity. Of the two 2α-hydroxylated compounds GA47 showed moderately high activity, and GA40 was slightly active. The 2β-hydroxylated compunds GA43, GA46 and GA51 were virtually inactive.
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Bearder JR, Dennis FG, MacMillan J, Martin GG, Phinney BO. A new gibberellin (A45) from seed of L. Tetrahedron Lett 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)71950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Frydman VM, Gaskin P, Macmillan J. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of gibberellins throughout seed maturation in Pisum sativum cv. Progress No. 9. PLANTA 1974; 118:123-132. [PMID: 24442258 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the previously identified GA20 and GA29 in immature seeds of Pisum sativum L. cv. Progress No. 9, GA9, GA17, GA38, GA44, abscisic acid and dihydrophaseic acid have been identified. The levels of GA9, GA17, GA20 and GA29 have been determined throughout seed maturation by GC-MS. GA20 and GA29 are the major gibberellins in terms of quantity, the other gibberellins remain at very low levels throughout development of the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Frydman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
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Recent Aspects of the Chemistry and Biosynthesis of the Gibberellins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-612407-1.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hanson JR. The biosynthesis of the diterpenes. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1971; 29:395-416. [PMID: 4342912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-3259-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Takahashi N, Murofushi N, Tamura S, Wasada N, Hoshino H, Tsuchiya T, Sasaki SI, Aoyama T, Watanabe E. Mass spectrometric studies on gibberellins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210020705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mori K, Shiozaki M, Itaya N, Matsui M, Sumiki Y. Synthesis of substances related to gibberellins—XXI. Tetrahedron 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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