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Mohamed AO, Abdelbagi AO, Abdalla AM, Sulieman Ahmed Ishag AE, Ali Hammad AM, Hamed Gadallah NA, Hur JH. Insecticide Residues in Cotton, Sorghum and Fallow Soil from the Nuba Mountains Cotton Corporation of South Kordofan State, Sudan. J Health Pollut 2021; 11:210608. [PMID: 34267995 PMCID: PMC8276731 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil is the final depot of most environmental contaminants, including pesticides. Soil may be contaminated by pesticides as a result of direct application or drift during spray activities. Soil contamination with pesticide residues may affect the quality of food crops, animal products, and soil micro-organisms which may in turn negatively affect human health and the environment. OBJECTIVES The main objective of the current study was to determine the soil residues of commonly used pesticides in rain-fed crops grown by the Nuba Mountains Cotton Corporation (NMCC) in South Kordofan state of Western Sudan. METHODS Four locations (representing the four directions around the state capital Kadugli) were chosen for sample collection: Alefain (East Kadugli), Elmashaish (West Kadugli), Ed Dalling uncultivated area (North Kadugli) and Lagawa (Southwest Kadugli). Nine soil samples were randomly taken from each location representing areas under cotton, sorghum, and uncultivated land covered with natural vegetation. Soil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS The results generally indicated that organophosphate levels were greater than organochlorine and pyrethroids with heptachlor, malathion, and dimethoate present in all samples analyzed, while the level of p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was below the detection limit. Endosulfan α and β isomers were detected in some samples. Dimethoate had the highest level (22.02 mg/kg), while β endosulfan was found at the lowest level (0.015 mg/kg). Generally, samples collected from cotton soils showed higher residue levels compared to sorghum soil with average concentrations of 307.25 mg/kg versus 58.63 mg/kg, respectively. Almashaish showed the highest residues levels followed by Alefain, Lagawa, and Ed Dalling with total residues of 57.56 mg/kg, 26.34 mg/kg, 22.63 mg/kg, and 17.07 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The current study sheds light on the residue levels of some of the commonly used pesticides in the cotton rain-fed scheme in South Kordofan State, western Sudan. The study calls for regular residue monitoring in various environmental components in the area and suggests possible management measures. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abd Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag
- Department of Crop Protection, University of Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, The Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jang-Hyun Hur
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, The Republic of Korea
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Shunthirasingham C, Oyiliagu CE, Cao X, Gouin T, Wania F, Lee SC, Pozo K, Harner T, Muir DCG. Spatial and temporal pattern of pesticides in the global atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1650-7. [PMID: 20697628 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As part of the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) study, XAD-resin based passive samplers are being deployed for consecutive one-year periods at numerous sites on all seven continents to determine annually averaged concentrations of persistent organic pollutants. Concentrations of banned organochlorine pesticides as well as a number of current-use pesticides in samples from the first four years, roughly coinciding with 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, show distinct spatial and temporal patterns. Whereas organochlorine pesticides such as alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, endosulfans, DDT and its metabolites, and chlordane-related compounds tend to be more prevalent in developing countries, especially in Asia, concentrations of current use pesticides such as trifluralin and chlorothalonil are often higher in Europe and North America. Based on 15 stations with four years of data, levels of hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes and chlordanes decline in most world regions, which may reflect decreased usage in response to global restrictions. Levels of organochlorine pesticides in India, however, remain exceptionally high. Concentrations of alpha-endosulfan, chlorothalonil and trifluralin decrease in the European atmosphere during the sampling periods, indicating reduced usage. Consistently high alpha/gamma-HCH ratios in air samples from high Northern latitudes confirm that re-volatilization from the Arctic Ocean is a significant source of alpha-HCH. The highest levels of alpha-HCH, however, occur in conjunction with high gamma-HCH levels, suggesting that lindane use is now the major source of alpha-HCH to the global atmosphere. Although a wide variety of sampling site types aids in characterizing the entire global concentration variability of a pesticide, it also increases greatly the number of sites required for a robust regional differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubashini Shunthirasingham
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM1C 1A4
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Scheyer A, Briand O, Morville S, Mirabel P, Millet M. Analysis of trace levels of pesticides in rainwater by SPME and GC-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatisation with PFBBr. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:359-68. [PMID: 17103150 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used for the analysis of some pesticides (bromoxynil, chlorotoluron, diuron, isoproturon, 2,4-MCPA, MCPP and 2,4-D) in rainwater after derivatisation with PFBBr and gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. The derivatisation procedure was optimized by testing different methods: direct derivatisation in the aqueous phase followed by SPME extraction, on-fibre derivatisation and derivatisation in the injector. The best result was obtained by headspace coating the PDMS/DVB fibre with PFBBr for 10 min followed by direct SPME extraction for 60 min at 68 degrees C (pH 2 and 75% NaCl). Good detection limits were obtained for all the compounds: these ranged between 10 and 1,000 ng L-1 with a relatively high uncertainty due to the combination of derivatisation and SPME extraction steps. The optimized procedure was applied to the analysis of pesticides in rainwater and results obtained shows that this method is a fast and simple technique to assess the spatial and temporal variations of concentrations of pesticides in rainwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Scheyer
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, UMR 7517 CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur, 1, rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Scheyer A, Morville S, Mirabel P, Millet M. Analysis of trace levels of pesticides in rainwater using SPME and GC–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:475-87. [PMID: 16362293 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method using gas chromatography coupled to ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC-ITD-MS/MS) associated with solid phase microextraction (SPME) was developed for the analysis of 20 pesticides commonly used in the Alsace region in rainwater samples. Since the pesticides were expected to be present at very low concentrations and in complex matrices, the analytical method used was both highly selective and sensitive. Therefore, fibers coated with polyacrylate (PA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) were tested, and the parameters affecting the precision and accuracy of the SPME method were investigated and optimized. These parameters include the type of fiber, the adsorption time, the effect of salt, and the extraction temperature. The PDMS fiber was the most polyvalent for the extractions of the different pesticides studied. Detection limits of between 5 and 500 ng L(-1), depending on the compounds under study (except for those which could not be analyzed: captan and mevinphos), were obtained with this analytical procedure. This method was applied to the analysis of rainwater samples collected simultaneously on a weekly basis at one rural and one urban site between March 2002 and July 2003. While some of the 20 pesticides analyzed were constantly detected (such as lindane and atrazine), a strong temporal variability was observed for some of the others (including alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Scheyer
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, UMR 7517 CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 1, rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Quaghebeur D, De Smet B, De Wulf E, Steurbaut W. Pesticides in rainwater in Flanders, Belgium: results from the monitoring program 1997-2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:182-90. [PMID: 14999316 DOI: 10.1039/b312558k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In 1997 the Flemish Environmental Agency (FEA) started a monitoring program "Pesticides in Rain in Flanders, Belgium". The original purpose of the monitoring program was to examine the possible occurrence of dichlorvos in rainwater and subsequent deposition. However, it was thought necessary from the beginning to monitor a wide range of pesticides. During the first year some 62 pesticides and metabolites and 9 polychlorinated biphenyls, were monitored at 4 locations. Nowadays the monitoring program has grown up to more than 100 pesticides and metabolites and 11 polychlorinated biphenyls examined at 8 different locations. Rainwater is collected continuously and samples are examined for pesticides and PCB's on a weekly basis. In agreement with other European studies pesticides are found in rainwater samples during times of application. Pesticides which are most frequently detected are [small alpha]-, [small beta]-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate, [gamma]-HCH (lindane), dichlorvos, atrazine, diuron, DNOC, glyphosate and AMPA and isoproturon. Furthermore it was seen that most pesticides showed a deposition pattern related to local spraying operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Quaghebeur
- Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Dubus IG, Hollis JM, Brown CD. Pesticides in rainfall in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 110:331-344. [PMID: 15092847 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/1999] [Accepted: 11/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Dubus
- SSLRC, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK.
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Mazurek MA, Simoneit BR, Meyers PA. Organic components in bulk and wet‐only precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/10643388609381740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Suzuki M. A selected ion monitoring method for environmental contaminants. 1—hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in an aquatic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in harbour seals from the wadden sea and their possible effects on reproduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(80)90012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brown L, Bellinger E, Day J. Dieldrin pollution in the River Holme Catchment, Yorkshire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-9327(79)90102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Harper DB, Smith RV, Gotto DM. BHC residues of domestic origin: A significant factor in pollution of freshwater in Northern Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-9327(77)90057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hom W, Risebrough RW, Soutar A. Deposition of DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls in dated sediments of the Santa Barbara basin. Science 1974; 184:1197-9. [PMID: 4208433 DOI: 10.1126/science.184.4142.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of dated oceanic sediments from the Santa Barbara Basin of the Southern California Bight has shown that deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) began about 1945 and that DDE [1,1-dichloro-2-2-bis(p-chloro-phenyl)ethylene] first appeared in sediments deposited about 1952. Concentrations of both show a progressive increase through 1967; estimated deposition rates (in grams per square meter per year) in 1967 of DDE and PCB were 1.9 x 10(-4) and 1.2 x 10(-4), respectively.
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Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), DDT, and chlordane concentrations were measured in air sampled from a tower on the south shore of Bermuda and in Sargasso Sea surface water approximately 80 to 320 kilometers south of Bermuda. The atmospheric chlorinated hydrocarbons appeared to be gaseous, and the DDT concentration was two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported particulate values. The PCB and DDT were enriched in the surface microlayer (150 micrometers) relative to their concentrations in water at a depth of 30 centimeters. Atmospheric residence times for PCB and DDT of 40 to 50 days, calculated from the concentrations in the air and water, are 20 times shorter than values previously estimated for DDT from rainfall and DDT production data.
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Jukes TH. Insecticides in health, agriculture and the environment. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1974; 61:6-16. [PMID: 4132854 DOI: 10.1007/bf00602886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Woodwell GM, Craig PP, Johnson HA. Response
: DDT in British Rain. Science 1973. [DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4077.956.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Woodwell GM, Craig PP, Johnson HA. Response
: DDT in British Rain. Science 1973. [DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4077.956-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Edwards JG. DDT in British Rain. Science 1973. [DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4077.956.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Gordon Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Jose 95192
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Woodwell GM, Craig PP, Johnson HA. DDT in British Rain. Science 1973; 179:956-7. [PMID: 17842149 DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4077.956-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Engst R, Knoll R. [The contamination of surface-, rain-, and drinking water with chlorinated hydrocarbons]. DIE NAHRUNG 1973; 17:837-51. [PMID: 4136455 DOI: 10.1002/food.19730170808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hughes JT. DDT in Rainfall. Science 1972. [DOI: 10.1126/science.178.4060.450.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Hughes
- Chemistry Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Private Bag, Petone, New Zealand
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Risebrough RW, De Lappe B. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1972; 1:39-45. [PMID: 17539084 PMCID: PMC1474871 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.720139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Mosser JL, Fisher NS, Teng TC, Wurster CF. Polychlorinated biphenyls: toxicity to certain phytoplankters. Science 1972; 175:191-2. [PMID: 4621481 DOI: 10.1126/science.175.4018.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth rates of two species of marine diatoms were reduced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), widespread pollutants of the marine environment, at concentrations as low as 10 to 25 parts per billion. In contrast, a marine green alga and two species of freshwater algae were not inhibited at these or higher concentrations. The sensitivity of these species to PCB's paralleled their sensitivity to DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane].
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Abstract
The worldwide pattern of movement of DDT residues appears to be from the land through the atmosphere into the oceans and into the oceanic abyss. Calculations based on the fragmentary data available on. rates of movement and sizes of various pools of DDT residues lead to the conclusion that concentrations in the atmosphere and in the mixed layer of the oceans lag by only a few years behind the amounts of DDT used annually throughout the world. A model suggests that maximum concentrations of DDT residues occurred in air in 1966 and will occur in the mixed layer of the oceans in 1971. The biota probably contains in total less than 1/30 of 1 year's production of DDT during the mid-1960's, a very small amount in proportion to the total potentially available. The reason for the biota's failure to absorb larger quantities and to be affected much more severely is unclear. The analysis suggests that mere good fortune has protected man and the rest of the biota from much higher concentrations, thus emphasizing the need to determine the details of the movement of DDT residues and other toxins through the biosphere and to move swiftly to bring world use of such toxins under rational control based on firm knowledge of local and worldwide cycles and hazards.
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Seba DB, Prospero JM. Pesticides in the lower atmosphere of the Northern Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 1971; 5:1043-50. [PMID: 5139774 DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(71)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Robinson J, Roberts M. Estimation of the exposure of the general population to dieldrin (HEOD). FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1969; 7:501-14. [PMID: 4902881 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(69)80431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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