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Hussain A, Usman M, Zidan AM, Sallah M, Owyed S, Rahimzai AA. Dynamics of invariant solutions of the DNA model using Lie symmetry approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11920. [PMID: 38789463 PMCID: PMC11126696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of the Lie group method serves to encapsulate a diverse array of wave structures. This method, established as a robust and reliable mathematical technique, is instrumental in deriving precise solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) across a spectrum of domains. Its applications span various scientific disciplines, including mathematical physics, nonlinear dynamics, oceanography, engineering sciences, and several others. This research focuses specifically on the crucial molecule DNA and its interaction with an external microwave field. The Lie group method is employed to establish a five-dimensional symmetry algebra as the foundational element. Subsequently, similarity reductions are led by a system of one-dimensional subalgebras. Several invariant solutions as well as a spectrum of wave solutions is obtained by solving the resulting reduced ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These solutions govern the longitudinal displacement in DNA, shedding light on the characteristics of DNA as a significant real-world challenge. The interactions of DNA with an external microwave field manifest in various forms, including rational, exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic, polynomial, and other functions. Mathematica simulations of these solutions confirm that longitudinal displacements in DNA can be expressed as periodic waves, optical dark solitons, singular solutions, exponential forms, and rational forms. This study is novel as it marks the first application of the Lie group method to explore the interaction of DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Hussain
- Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, Government College University, 68-B New Muslim Town, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M Zidan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sallah
- Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Saud Owyed
- Mathematics Department, College of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 344, 61922, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ariana Abdul Rahimzai
- Department of Mathematics, Education Faculty, Laghman University, Mehtarlam City, Laghman, 2701, Afghanistan.
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Murakami H. Anomalously Large Heat Generation of Hydration Water under Microwave Irradiation. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3898-3903. [PMID: 38602349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the biological effects of microwave irradiation. The hydration water surrounding a biomolecule is crucial in its biological reactions and functions. Therefore, it is important to know the response of hydration water to microwaves to understand their biological effects; however, the scarcity of studies about it often leads to speculations and debates about that effect. In this study, we have made real-time temperature measurements of reverse micellar solutions with their water droplet size from ∼2.3 to ∼9.5 nm using a waveguide system combined with a microwave generator at 2.45 GHz. The heat generated by water in reverse micelles has been observed to depend on their size. It is about 10 times larger than that of liquid water at their small sizes (<∼3.5 nm) and diminishes with further enlarging the size, approaching the water's value at their large sizes (∼10 nm). These results indicate that the heat generation behavior has an interfacial effect; specifically, the hydration water on the surfactant layer produces heat 10 times larger than bulk water. Moreover, the hydration number per surfactant molecule decreases in a core-shell model with increasing the reverse micelle size. These features are also reflected in the heat generation rate. Our findings may offer a new and fundamental perspective for studies on the biological effects of microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Murakami
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
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Murakami H. Unusual microwave heating of water in reverse micellar solution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5025. [PMID: 36977720 PMCID: PMC10050161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwaves (MWs) are widely used for heating food, accelerating chemical reactions, drying materials, therapies, and so on. Water molecules absorb MWs and produce heat because of their substantial electric dipole moments. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to accelerating various catalytic reactions in water-containing porous materials using MW irradiation. Here, a critical question is whether water in nanoscale pores generates heat in the same way as liquid water. Is it valid that MW-heating behaviors of nanoconfined water are estimated solely by a dielectric constant of liquid water? There are almost no studies regarding this question. Here, we address it using reverse micellar (RM) solutions. Reverse micelles are water-containing nanoscale cages formed by self-assembled surfactant molecules in oil. We measured real-time temperature changes of liquid samples within a waveguide under MW irradiation at 2.45 GHz and at MW intensities of ~ 3 to ~ 12 W/cm2. We found that the heat production and its rate per unit volume of water in the RM solution are about one order of magnitude larger than those of liquid water at all the MW intensities examined. This indicates that water spots that are much hotter than liquid water under MW irradiation at the same intensity, are formed in the RM solution. Our findings will give fundamental information to develop effective and energy-saving chemical reactions in nanoscale reactors with water under MW irradiation, and to study MW effects on various aqueous mediums with nanoconfined water. Furthermore, the RM solution will serve as a platform to study the impact of nanoconfined water on MW-assisted reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Murakami
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Kyoto, 619-0215, Japan.
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Karipidis K, Mate R, Urban D, Tinker R, Wood A. 5G mobile networks and health-a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:585-605. [PMID: 33727687 PMCID: PMC8263336 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of radiofrequency (RF) fields above 6 GHz, particularly for the 5 G mobile phone network, has given rise to public concern about any possible adverse effects to human health. Public exposure to RF fields from 5 G and other sources is below the human exposure limits specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This state-of-the science review examined the research into the biological and health effects of RF fields above 6 GHz at exposure levels below the ICNIRP occupational limits. The review included 107 experimental studies that investigated various bioeffects including genotoxicity, cell proliferation, gene expression, cell signalling, membrane function and other effects. Reported bioeffects were generally not independently replicated and the majority of the studies employed low quality methods of exposure assessment and control. Effects due to heating from high RF energy deposition cannot be excluded from many of the results. The review also included 31 epidemiological studies that investigated exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G. The epidemiological studies showed little evidence of health effects including cancer at different sites, effects on reproduction and other diseases. This review showed no confirmed evidence that low-level RF fields above 6 GHz such as those used by the 5 G network are hazardous to human health. Future experimental studies should improve the experimental design with particular attention to dosimetry and temperature control. Future epidemiological studies should continue to monitor long-term health effects in the population related to wireless telecommunications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Karipidis
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Rohan Mate
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Urban
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rick Tinker
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Wood
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Microwave induced shift of the main phase transition in phosphatidylcholine membranes. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 84:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Belyaev IY, Alipov YD, Shcheglov VS, Polunin VA, Aizenberg OA. Cooperative Response of Escherichia Coli Cells to the Resonance Effect of Millimeter Waves at Super Low Intensity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368379409030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rojavin MA, Tsygankov AY, Ziskin MC. In Vivo Effects of Millimeter Waves on Cellular Immunity of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368379709015659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Rai S, Singh UP, Mishra GD, Singh SP, Samarketu. Effect of Water's Microwave Power Density Memory on Fungal Spore Germination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368379409030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Carta R, Desogus F. The effect of low-power microwaves on the growth of bacterial populations in a plug flow reactor. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Anderstam B, Hamnerius Y, Hussain S, Ehrenberg L. Studies of possible genetic effects in bacteria of high frequency electromagnetic fields. Hereditas 2008; 98:11-32. [PMID: 6343303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1983.tb00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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11
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Yakushevich LV. Is DNA a nonlinear dynamical system where solitary conformational waves are possible? J Biosci 2001; 26:305-13. [PMID: 11568475 DOI: 10.1007/bf02703739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA is considered as a nonlinear dynamical system in which solitary conformational waves can be excited. The history of the approach, the main results, and arguments in favour and against are presented. Perspectives are discussed pertaining to studies of DNA's nonlinear properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Yakushevich
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.
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12
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KOZEMPEL MICHAEL, COOK RICHARDD, SCULLEN OJOSEPH, ANNOUS BASSAMA. JOURNAL of FOOD PROCESSING and PRESERVATION SEP 2000 Vol-24.4. DEVELOPMENT of A PROCESS FOR DETECTING NONTHERMAL EFFECTS of MICROWAVE ENERGY ON MICROORGANISMS AT LOW TEMPERATURE. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2000.tb00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Göksoy E, James C, Corry J. The effect of short-time microwave exposures on inoculated pathogens on chicken and the shelf-life of uninoculated chicken meat. J FOOD ENG 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0260-8774(00)00054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Kozempel M, Scullen O, Cook R, Whiting R. Preliminary Investigation using a Batch Flow Process to Determine Bacteria Destruction by Microwave Energy at Low Temperature. Lebensm Wiss Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1006/fstl.1997.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gandhi OP. d'Arsonval Medal: address. some bioelectromagnetics research at the University of Utah: acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving the d'Arsonval Medal. Bioelectromagnetics 1996; 17:3-9. [PMID: 8742750 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:1<3::aid-bem1>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O P Gandhi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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17
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Rai S, Singh UP, Mishra GD, Singh SP, Wagner KG. Synergistic effects of ajoene and the microwave power density memories of water on germination inhibition of fungal spores. Med Biol Eng Comput 1995; 33:313-6. [PMID: 7475368 DOI: 10.1007/bf02510505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effects of ajoene and the microwave power density memories of water on germination inhibition of some fungal spores are examined. The study reveals power memory varying different synergistic effects of different concentrations of ajoene on the inhibition of spore germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rai
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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18
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Ponne CT, Bartels PV. Interaction of electromagnetic energy with biological material — relation to food processing. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0969-806x(94)00073-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Alekseev SI, Ziskin MC. Millimeter microwave effect on ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes. Bioelectromagnetics 1995; 16:124-31. [PMID: 7541990 DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250160209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of millimeter microwaves in the frequency range of 54-76 GHz on capacitance and conductance of lipid bilayer membranes (BLM) were studied. Some of the membranes were modified by gramicidin A and amphotericin B or by tetraphenylboron anions (TPhB-). The millimeter microwaves were pulse-modulated (PW) at repetition rates ranging from 1 to 100 pps, PW at 1000 pps, or unmodulated continuous waves (CW). The maximum output power at the waveguide outlet was 20 mW. It was found that CW irradiation decreased the unmodified BLM capacitance by 1.2% +/- 0.5%. At the same time, membrane current induced by TPhB- transport increased by 5% +/- 1%. The changes in conductance of ionic channels formed by gramicidin A and amphotericin B were small (0.6% +/- 0.4%). No "resonance-like" effects of mm-wave irradiation on membrane capacitance, ionic channel currents, or TPhB- transport were detected. All changes in membrane capacitance and currents were independent of the modulation employed and were equivalent to heating by approximately 1.1 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Alekseev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region
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20
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Abstract
Nonlinear dynamics of biopolymers is a new and rapidly developing field of biophysical science. It can be considered as a part of the general dynamics which
deals with the internal mobility of biopolymers. Theoreticians define it also as the next (anharmonic or nonlinear) approximation after the first harmonic or linear one.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Yakushevich
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino
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21
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Horvat D, Koren Z. The relationship between colony-forming ability, chromosome aberrations and incidence of micronuclei in V79 Chinese hamster cells exposed to microwave radiation. Mutat Res 1991; 263:143-9. [PMID: 2067554 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(91)90054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultured V79 Chinese hamster fibroblast cells were exposed to continuous radiation, frequency 7.7 GHz, power density 0.5 mW/cm2 for 15, 30 and 60 min. The effect of microwave radiation on cell survival and on the incidence and frequency of micronuclei and structural chromosome aberrations was investigated. The decrease in the number of irradiated V79 cell colonies was related to the power density applied and to the time of exposure. In comparison with the control samples there was a significantly higher frequency of specific chromosome aberrations such as dicentric and ring chromosomes in irradiated cells. The presence of micronuclei in irradiated cells confirmed the changes that had occurred in chromosome structure. These results suggest that microwave radiation can induce damage in the structure of chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Yugoslavia
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22
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Reid BL. On the nature of growth and new growth based on experiments designed to reveal a structure and function for laboratory space. Part I. A synopsis of experimental results and discussion (thermodynamics aspects, transmission of cell radiations, the role of oxygen). Med Hypotheses 1989; 29:105-26. [PMID: 2755366 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(89)90070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to investigate the contribution of space existing outside the immediate range of chemical reactions of crystal growth and biological phenomena with special reference to growth. Results have been interpreted on the basis that space has both structure and function. Properties derived from the interpretation include action at a distance, memory and the ability to sustain matter in steady states which inter alia constitute patterns of growth. A throughflow (or dissipation) of space was shown necessary to sustain the pattern. Patterns so formed in biomatter can reproduce themselves as virtual images which can be rescued as real images which exhibit a remarkable fidelity of copy. The discussion enters contributions to the prime idea that space has structure and function by recource to modern ideas on non-linear thermodynamics, radiations between cells, quantum field theory and vortex theory, only the first two of which are treated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Reid
- Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, University of Sydney, Australia
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23
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Charge trapping by solitions—A possible transport mechanism in macromolecular systems. Bull Math Biol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02481770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lawrence AF, McDaniel JC, Chang DB, Birge RR. The nature of phonons and solitary waves in alpha-helical proteins. Biophys J 1987; 51:785-93. [PMID: 3593874 PMCID: PMC1329966 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(87)83405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A parametric study of the Davydov model of energy transduction in alpha-helical proteins is described. Previous investigations have shown that the Davydov model predicts that nonlinear interactions between phonons and amide-I excitations can stabilize the latter and produce a long-lived combined excitation (the so-called Davydov soliton), which propagates along the helix. The dynamics of this solitary wave are approximately those of solitons described using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The present study extends these previous investigations by analyzing the effect of helix length and nonlinear coupling efficiency on the phonon spectrum in short and medium length alpha-helical segments. The phonon energy accompanying amide-I excitation shows periodic variation in time with fluctuations that follow three different time scales. The phonon spectrum is highly dependent upon chain length but a majority of the energy remains localized in normal mode vibrations even in the long chain alpha-helices. Variation of the phonon-exciton coupling coefficient changes the amplitudes but not the frequencies of the phonon spectrum. The computed spectra contain frequencies ranging from 200 GHz to 6 THz, and as the chain length is increased, the long period oscillations increase in amplitude. The most important prediction of this study, however, is that the dynamics predicted by the numerical calculations have more in common with dynamics described by using the Frohlich polaron model than by using the Davydov soliton. Accordingly, the relevance of the Davydov soliton model was applied to energy transduction in alpha-helical proteins is questionable. We conclude that the Raman lines that have been assigned to solitons in E. coli are either associated with low frequency normal modes or are instrumental- or fluorescence-induced artifacts.
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Layne SP, Bigio IJ, Scott AC, Lomdahl PS. Transient fluorescence in synchronously dividing Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:7599-603. [PMID: 3906649 PMCID: PMC391380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.22.7599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a spectrometer equipped with an optical multichannel analyzer as the detector, we observed the Stokes laser-Raman spectra of metabolically synchronous Escherichia coli from 100 to 2100 cm-1. After more than 400 separate recordings, at cell concentrations of 10(7)-10(8) per ml, no Raman lines attributable to the metabolic process nor to the cells themselves were found. However, we did find that synchronous E. coli cultures become more fluorescent during a limited phase of the division cycle. This transient increase in fluorescence may be ascribed to a variation in the redox state of a chemical species within the bacteria or to a variation of the intracellular optical field. The effect is reproducible in synchronous cultures and it is not seen in asynchronous ones. The results suggest that spectral features seen in previous laser-Raman spectra of synchronous bacteria (taken with scanning monochromators) are due to a time-dependent variation in bacterial fluorescence.
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Gandhi OP. Some basic properties of biological tissues for potential biomedical applications of millimeter waves. THE JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE POWER 1983; 18:295-304. [PMID: 6197526 DOI: 10.1080/16070658.1983.11689334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The paper gives the highlights of the reports in the literature on sharp, distinct resonances in the absorption and action spectra at millimeter wavelengths of various biochemicals, and bacteriological and biological preparations. If true, these properties may be employed for in-vitro diagnostic applications and form a basis for frequency-specific health hazards and for new forms of cancer therapy. Carefully performed experiments in our laboratory have failed to reveal frequency-specific biological effects on BHK-21/C13 mammalian cells, on induction of lambda prophages in lysogenic Escherichia coli and on back-mutation of His Salmonella typhimurium cells. Also on account of the high absorbance of water (13--36 dB/mm) which is an essential part of living tissues, little or no differences have been observed for the absorption spectra biological samples in the 26.5 to 90.0 GHz band. Dielectric characterization of the biological samples is needed and may form a basis for broadband differences in the millimeter wave absorption by various tissues.
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Léonard A, Berteaud AJ, Bruyère A. An evaluation of the mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic potential of microwaves. Mutat Res 1983; 123:31-46. [PMID: 6412137 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(83)90045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A notable proportion of the population is exposed to an increasing number of devices emitting microwaves, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in the range 300-30000 mHz. The activation energy of microwave radiations is too small to directly modify any chemical bonds in the irradiated matter. At microwave frequencies the macroscopic dielectric properties of tissues are strongly determined by their water content. Tissues like muscle, brain, skin, with a high water content, have higher permittivity and conductivity values than bone or fat with low water contents. Owing to the energy transfer, to living tissues, by a dipolar relaxation mechanism of water molecules, the penetration of microwaves is limited and one observes a fast and very efficient heat-loss production. A review of the available literature shows that most results on the mutagenicity of microwaves are negative or can often be explained by a temperature enhancement. If microwaves are apparently unable to damage DNA at sub-thermal exposure levels, some results indicate, however, that they might easily potentiate the damaging action of other DNA antagonist agents such as UV or chemicals.
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32
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Factors Governing the Use of Microwave/Radiofrequency Energies in Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-035409-2.50013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bush LG, Hill DW, Riazi A, Stensaas LJ, Partlow LM, Gandhi OP. Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. III. A search for frequency-specific athermal biological effects on protein synthesis. Bioelectromagnetics 1981; 2:151-9. [PMID: 7295362 DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A method recently developed in this laboratory has been used to directly expose BHK-21/C13 cells to high levels of microwave radiation without significant microwave-induced heating (less than or equal to 0.1 degrees C). Monolayer cultures were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed on the open end of a wave guide, and maintained at 37.2 degrees C during irradiation at frequencies in both the E- and U-bands (average power densities 292 and 177 mW/cm2, respectively). Effects of microwave radiation were assessed at 0.1 GHz increments in the ranges of 38-48 GHz and 65-75 GHz. Protein synthesis was measured in quadruplicate cultures that were allowed to incorporate labeled methionine during the 15-minute period of microwave irradiation. Autoradiographs of each monolayer culture were scanned along the region corresponding to the longer axis of the wave guide aperture using a microdensitometer to quantify incorporation. Since microwave power incident on the cells was previously shown to vary along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship from zero at each edge of the wave guide to twice the average power density at the center of the wave guide, this technique should reveal biological effects that might only be manifested in narrow amplitude domains or "power windows." Observations of protein synthesis in monolayer cultures irradiated at 202 closely spaced frequencies in the E- and U-bands failed to reveal changes associated with microwave exposure. Thus no evidence was obtained in support of the existence of frequency-specific athermal biological effects of microwaves. In addition, no support was found for the existence of amplitude-specific "power windows."
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Partlow LM, Bush LG, Stensaas LJ, Hill DW, Riazi A, Gandhi OP. Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. I. Design and validation of a novel exposure system. Bioelectromagnetics 1981; 2:123-40. [PMID: 7295360 DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gandhi OP, Hagmann MJ, Hill DW, Partlow LM, Bush L. Millimeter wave absorption spectra of biological samples. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1:285-98. [PMID: 6169346 DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A solid-state computer-controlled system has been used to make swept-frequency measurements of absorption of biological specimens from 26.5 to 90.0 GHz. A wide range of samples was used, including solutions of DNA and RNA, and suspensions of BHK-21/C13 cells, Candida albicans, C krusei, and Escherichia coli. Sharp spectra reported by other workers were not observed. The strong absorbance of water (10--30 dB/mm) caused the absorbance of all aqueous preparations that we examined to have a water-like dependence on frequency. Reduction of incident power (to below 1.0 microW), elimination of modulation, and control of temperature to assure cell viability were not found to significantly alter the water-dominated absorbance. Frozen samples of BHK-21/C13 cells tested at dry ice and liquid nitrogen temperatures were found to have average insertion loss reduced to 0.2 dB/cm but still showed no reproducible peaks that could be attributed to absorption spectra. It is concluded that the special resonances reported by others are likely to be in error.
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Chipley JR. Effects of microwave irradiation on microorganisms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1980; 26:129-45. [PMID: 7004107 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Dreyfuss MS, Chipley JR. Comparison of effects of sublethal microwave radiation and conventional heating on the metabolic activity of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 39:13-6. [PMID: 6444504 PMCID: PMC291275 DOI: 10.1128/aem.39.1.13-16.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in an attempt to characterize some of the effects of sublethal microwave radiation on cells of Staphylococcus aureus. Cultures were exposed to microwave radiation for 10, 20, 30, and 40 s. The effects of a conventional heat treatment were also compared by placing flasks containing cultures in a boiling water bath for the amount of time required to reach temperatures equivalent to those found in cultures exposed to microwave radiation. Control, microwave-treated, and conventionally heat-treated cultures were centrifuged, pellets were resuspended in distilled water, and the resulting suspensions were passed through a French pressure cell. Cell lysates and walls were then isolated and assayed for enzymatic activity. Thermonuclease production was also determined at various levels of exposure of cells to microwave radiation. Activities of malate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases, cytochrome oxidase, and cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphatase were higher in microwave-treated cells than in control cells. Membrane adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were unaffected when cells were exposed to microwave radiation. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was decreased by exposure of cells to microwave radiation. In conventionally heated cells, activities of glucose-6-phosphate and malate dehydrogenases and cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphatase increased activities of alpha-ketoglutarate and lactate dehydrogenases decreased, and alkaline phosphatase activity remained unaffected. Increased levels of thermonuclease activity were observed when cells were exposed to microwave radiation for 10 or 20 s. Data indicate that microwave radiation affects S. aureus in a manner which cannot be explained solely by thermal effects.
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Fröhlich H. The Biological Effects of Microwaves and Related Questions. ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 53 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2539(08)60259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Schwan HP. Electromagnetic and ultrasonic induction of hyperthermia in tissue-like substances. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 1980; 17:189-203. [PMID: 7443975 DOI: 10.1007/bf01323646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential of electromagnetic radiation and ultrasound for generating hyperthermia in tissues is discussed. Electrical properties, propagation parameters for electromagnetic and ultrasonic radiation and reflection problems yield limitations on most suitable frequency choices. Considerable insight has been gained in electromagnetic induced heat deposition patterns for the case of whole body irradiation and for local irradiations which can cause hot spot type of heating patterns. Pertinent results are compared and indicate that frequencies near 1000 MHz may be optimal for the electromagnetic case. But RF-frequencies using frequencies sufficiently low to reduce the magnetically induced term provide probably greater reproducibility. Finally recent work on mm-wave therapy and diagnosis is indicated. Emphasis is on the comparative merits of the various possible approaches.
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Peters WJ, Jackson RW, Iwano K. Effect of controlled electromagnetic radiation on the growth of cells in tissue culture. J Surg Res 1979; 27:8-13. [PMID: 109700 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Moore HA, Raymond R, Fox M, Galsky AG. Low-intensity microwave radiation and the virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain B6. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:127-30. [PMID: 760631 PMCID: PMC243411 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.1.127-130.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When virulent cells of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain B6 were exposed to low-level microwave radiation at a frequency of 10,000 MHz and an intensity of 0.58 mW/cm2 for 30 to 120 min, a 30 to 60% decrease in their ability to produce tumors on potato and turnip disks was observed. This microwave exposure did not affect the viability of these bacteria or their ability to attach to a tumor-binding site nor did it induce thermal shock. This loss of virulence was reversible within 12 h.
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Webb SJ. Genetic continuity and metabolic regulation as seen by the effects of various microwave and black light frequencies on these phenomena. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 247:327-51. [PMID: 1090232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb36009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Blackman CF, Benane SG, Weil CM, Ali JS. Effects of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on single-cell biologic systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 247:352-66. [PMID: 1090233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb36010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lebovitz RM. Significance of microthermal effects derived from low level UHF-microwave irradiation of the head: indirect caloric vestibular stimulation. J Theor Biol 1973; 41:209-21. [PMID: 4543067 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Allan BD, Norman RL. The characterization of liquids in contact with high surface area materials. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 204:150-68. [PMID: 4513151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb30777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Energy levels exist in mammalian cells which result in the absorption of microwaves between 66 and 76 gigahertz. Many of these energy levels occur when water molecules associate with the various chemical groups of macromolecules. The absorption spectra of cells between 66 and 76 gigahertz, therefore, is determined by the structure of in vivo water lattices, and these seem to reflect indirectly the structural makeup of macromolecules or macromolecular complexes. Tumor cells absorb 66-, 68-, and 70-gigahertz microwaves less strongly and 69-, 72-, and 75-gigahertz microwaves more strongly than normal cells. These differences in the strength of attenuation at each frequency suggest that either the ratio of RNA to DNA or the relative number of certain types of chemical groups in tumor cells is different from that in normal cells.
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