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Chemical targets to deactivate biological and chemical toxins using surfaces and fabrics. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:370-387. [PMID: 37118021 PMCID: PMC8097677 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The most recent global health and economic crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has shown us that it is vital to be prepared for the next global threat, be it caused by pollutants, chemical toxins or biohazards. Therefore, we need to develop environments in which infectious diseases and dangerous chemicals cannot be spread or misused so easily. Especially, those who put themselves in situations of most exposure - doctors, nurses and those protecting and caring for the safety of others - should be adequately protected. In this Review, we explore how the development of coatings for surfaces and functionalized fabrics can help to accelerate the inactivation of biological and chemical toxins. We start by looking at recent advancements in the use of metal and metal-oxide-based catalysts for the inactivation of pathogenic threats, with a focus on identifying specific chemical bonds that can be targeted. We then discuss the use of metal-organic frameworks on textiles for the capture and degradation of various chemical warfare agents and their simulants, their long-term efficacy and the challenges they face.
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2
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Zhang B, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang Q. Antiviral activity and mechanism of gossypols: effects of the O2˙− production rate and the chirality. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(−)-Gossypol displayed an obviously higher antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) than (+)-gossypol, whereas the anti-TMV activity of (−)-gossypol Schiff bases is not significantly higher than (+)-gossypol Schiff bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
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3
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Pignatello JJ. Sorption Dynamics of Organic Compounds in Soils and Sediments. REACTIONS AND MOVEMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN SOILS 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssaspecpub22.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Pignatello
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station; New Haven Connecticut
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4
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Verma N, Bhardwaj A. Biosensor technology for pesticides--a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3093-119. [PMID: 25595494 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, due to their lucrative outcomes, are majorly implicated in agricultural fields for crop production enhancement. Due to their pest removal properties, pesticides of various classes have been designed to persist in the environment over a longer duration after their application to achieve maximum effectiveness. Apart from their recalcitrant structure and agricultural benefits, pesticides also impose acute toxicological effects onto the other various life forms. Their accumulation in the living system may prove to be detrimental if established in higher concentrations. Thus, their prompt and accurate analysis is a crucial matter of concern. Conventional techniques like chromatographic techniques (HPLC, GC, etc.) used for pesticides detection are associated with various limitations like stumpy sensitivity and efficiency, time consumption, laboriousity, requirement of expensive equipments and highly trained technicians, and many more. So there is a need to recruit the methods which can detect these neurotoxic compounds sensitively, selectively, rapidly, and easily in the field. Present work is a brief review of the pesticide effects, their current usage scenario, permissible limits in various food stuffs and 21st century advancements of biosensor technology for pesticide detection. Due to their exceptional performance capabilities, easiness in operation and on-site working, numerous biosensors have been developed for bio-monitoring of various environmental samples for pesticide evaluation immensely throughout the globe. Till date, based on sensing element (enzyme based, antibody based, etc.) and type of detection method used (Electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric, etc.), a number of biosensors have been developed for pesticide detection. In present communication, authors have summarized 21st century's approaches of biosensor technology for pesticide detection such as enzyme-based biosensors, immunosensors, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, and biochips technology. Also, the major technological advancements of nanotechnology in the field of biosensor technology are discussed. Various biosensors mentioned in manuscript are found to exhibit storage stability of biocomponent ranging from 30-60 days, detection limit of 10(-6) - 10(-16) M, response time of 1-20 min and applications of developed biosensors in environmental samples (water, food, vegetables, milk, and juice samples, etc.) are also discussed. Researchers all over the globe are working towards the development of different biosensing techniques based on contrast approaches for the detection of pesticides in various environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Verma
- Biosensor Technology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India,
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Wnęk M, Górzny ML, Ward MB, Wälti C, Davies AG, Brydson R, Evans SD, Stockley PG. Fabrication and characterization of gold nano-wires templated on virus-like arrays of tobacco mosaic virus coat proteins. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:025605. [PMID: 23220929 PMCID: PMC4787025 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/2/025605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rod-shaped plant virus tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is widely used as a nano-fabrication template, and chimeric peptide expression on its major coat protein has extended its potential applications. Here we describe a simple bacterial expression system for production and rapid purification of recombinant chimeric TMV coat protein carrying C-terminal peptide tags. These proteins do not bind TMV RNA or form disks at pH 7. However, they retain the ability to self-assemble into virus-like arrays at acidic pH. C-terminal peptide tags in such arrays are exposed on the protein surface, allowing interaction with target species. We have utilized a C-terminal His-tag to create virus coat protein-templated nano-rods able to bind gold nanoparticles uniformly. These can be transformed into gold nano-wires by deposition of additional gold atoms from solution, followed by thermal annealing. The resistivity of a typical annealed wire created by this approach is significantly less than values reported for other nano-wires made using different bio-templates. This expression construct is therefore a useful additional tool for the creation of chimeric TMV-like nano-rods for bio-templating.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wnęk
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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6
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Klug A. From Virus Structure to Chromatin: X-ray Diffraction to Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy. Annu Rev Biochem 2010; 79:1-35. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.79.091407.093947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Klug
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom;
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7
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Jaenicke R, Lilie H. Folding and association of oligomeric and multimeric proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2000; 53:329-401. [PMID: 10751948 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(00)53007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Jaenicke
- Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Sano Y, Inoue H, Hiragi Y, Urakawa H, Kajiwara K. Solution X-ray scattering study of reconstitution process of tobacco mosaic virus particle using low-temperature quenching. Biophys Chem 1995; 55:239-45. [PMID: 17020870 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(95)00003-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1994] [Revised: 12/16/1994] [Accepted: 12/20/1994] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reconstitution process of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was investigated by the solution X-ray scattering measurements with the synchrotron radiation source using low-temperature quenching. TMV assembly in an aqueous solution is completely stopped below 5 degrees C. The TMV assembly was traced by the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at 5 degrees C on a series of solutions prepared by low-temperature quenching after incubation either at 15, 20 or 25 degrees C for an appropriate interval between 0 and 60 min. The SAXS results were analyzed by the Guinier plot, the Kratky plot and the distance distribution function. In order to account the time course of SAXS profiles in terms of the elongation of TMV assembly, a model calculation was performed to simulate the Guinier plot, the Kratky plot and the distance distribution function by applying Glatter's multibody method using models that were constituted of the spheres representing a column of piled two-layer disks of TMV-protein. The three simulated functions thus obtained support the conclusion derived from the three functions calculated from the experimental results that the incubation of the RNA and protein of TMV began to reconstitute TMV instantly after mixing, proceeded steeply to a long rod, and then extended asymptotic to the full length of the TMV particle. This process is in good agreement with that obtained from electron microscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sano
- National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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9
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Hiragi Y, Inoue H, Sano Y, Kajiwara K, Ueki T, Nakatani H. Dynamic mechanism of the self-assembly process of tobacco mosaic virus protein studied by rapid temperature-jump small-angle X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation. J Mol Biol 1990; 213:495-502. [PMID: 2352278 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly process of tobacco mosaic virus protein (TMVP) was observed by rapid temperature-jump time-resolved solution X-ray small-angle scattering using synchrotron radiation. The temperature-jump device used for the X-ray measurements is rapid enough to cope with even the fastest-assembling process of TMVP, and accumulates data of reasonable signal-to-noise ratios with a minimum total counting time of 7.5 seconds. The measurements suggested that the 20 S disk of TMVP polymerized to stacked disks (short rods). The time to complete stacking varied from approximately 25 seconds to approximately 1200 seconds, depending on the solution condition and magnitude of the temperature gap. Higher protein concentration, ionic strength and temperature favoured faster association. The results were analysed in terms of a set of kinetic equations that describe the two-stage aggregation of TMVP with an equilibrium constant K1, and two rate constants k+2 and k-2 for association and dissociation of disks, respectively. The consistency of the analysis suggests that the TMVP assembly proceeds in two steps of: (1) the aggregation of A-proteins into double-layered disks; and (2) the stacking of double-layered disks. The kinetic analysis indicated that the stacking belongs to the lowest range of protein-protein interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiragi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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10
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Turner DR, McGuigan CJ, Butler PJ. Assembly of hybrid RNAs with tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. Evidence for incorporation of disks in 5'-elongation along the major RNA tail. J Mol Biol 1989; 209:407-22. [PMID: 2585493 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that during the reassembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA, with the coat protein supplied as a "disk preparation", the lengths of RNA protected from nuclease are "quantized" with steps which correspond to incorporation of the subunits from either a single or, more commonly, both rings of a disk. This interpretation has been challenged and it was suggested that the pattern was due to special, though unspecified features of the sequence of TMV RNA. To test whether the specific sequence of TMV RNA is important during the elongation, rather than just during nucleation, we have now followed growth of particles containing hybrid RNAs, with the TMV RNA origin of assembly but otherwise non-TMV sequences. We have prepared in vitro RNA transcripts containing heterologous RNA 5' to the origin of assembly sequence from TMV RNA, i.e. with a heterologous RNA tail in place of the natural major 5'-tail and no minor tail, and used these for assembly experiments. In each case we observe a banding pattern very similar to that which we had found with native TMV RNA and with a dominant quantum step of just over 100 bases, and sometimes also a step of 50 bases, strongly suggesting that this is not due to any feature of the TMV RNA. This same repeat is also visible even with a heterologous RNA chosen because it had a sequence repeat of 135 or 136 bases, confirming that the quantization is due to a feature of the elongation reaction and in no way to the RNA sequence being encapsidated. We have also followed elongation with the origin of assembly located 5' to the heterologous RNA. This leads to a slower elongation along this 3'-tail, after the initial rapid encapsidation of the origin RNA, which lacks any quantization of length protected. These results are fully compatible with the hypothesis we had advanced earlier, that the major growth along the 5'-tail is from performed aggregates ("disks") while the minor growth along the 3'-tail is from subunits in the "A-protein" adding singly or a few at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Turner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England
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11
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Namba K, Pattanayek R, Stubbs G. Visualization of protein-nucleic acid interactions in a virus. Refined structure of intact tobacco mosaic virus at 2.9 A resolution by X-ray fiber diffraction. J Mol Biol 1989; 208:307-25. [PMID: 2769760 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The structure of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been determined by fiber diffraction methods at 2.9 A resolution, and refined by restrained least-squares to an R-factor of 0.096. Protein-nucleic acid interactions are clearly visible. The final model contains all of the non-hydrogen atoms of the RNA and the protein, 71 water molecules, and two calcium-binding sites. Viral disassembly is driven by electrostatic repulsions between the charges in two carboxyl-carboxylate pairs and a phosphate-carboxylate pair. The phosphate-carboxylate pair and at least one of the carboxyl-carboxylate pairs appear to be calcium-binding sites. Nucleotide specificity, enabling TMV to recognize its own RNA by a repeating pattern of guanine residues, is provided by two guanine-specific hydrogen bonds in one of the three base-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Namba
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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12
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Turner DR, Joyce LE, Butler PJ. The tobacco mosaic virus assembly origin RNA. Functional characteristics defined by directed mutagenesis. J Mol Biol 1988; 203:531-47. [PMID: 3210225 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro reassembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) begins with the specific recognition by the viral coat protein disk aggregate of an internal TMV RNA sequence, known as the assembly origin (Oa). This RNA sequence contains a putative stem-loop structure (loop 1), believed to be the target for disk binding in assembly initiation, which has the characteristic sequence AAGAAGUCG exposed as a single strand at its apex. We show that a 75-base RNA sequence encompassing loop 1 is sufficient to direct the encapsidation by TMV coat protein disks of a heterologous RNA fragment. This RNA sequence and structure, which is sufficient to elicit TMV assembly in vitro, was explored by site-directed mutagenesis. Structure analysis of the RNA identified mutations that appear to effect assembly via a perturbation in RNA structure, rather than by a direct effect on coat protein binding. The binding of the loop 1 apex RNA sequence to coat protein disks was shown to be due primarily to its regularly repeated G residues. Sequences such as (UUG)3 and (GUG)3 are equally effective at initiating assembly, indicating that the other bases are less functionally constrained. However, substitution of the sequences (CCG)3, (CUG)3 or (UCG)3 reduced the assembly initiation rate, indicating that C residues are unfavourable for assembly. Two additional RNA sequences within the 75-base Oa sequence, both of the form (NNG)3, may play subsidiary roles in disk binding. RNA structure plays an important part in permitting selective protein-RNA recognition, since altering the RNA folding close to the apex of the loop 1 stem reduces the rate of disk binding, as does shortening the stem itself. Whereas the RNA sequence making up the hairpin does not in general affect the specificity of the protein-RNA interaction, it is required to present the apex signal sequence in a special conformation. Mechanisms for this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Turner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K
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13
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Abstract
The assembly of the product of bacteriophage T4 gene 23 (gp23), the uncleaved form of the main shell protein, has been studied. Assembly and disassembly follow the predictions for entropy-driven processes; assembly is strongly favored by conditions of high salt concentrations and high temperatures, whereas low salt and low temperatures promote disassembly. In the absence of the scaffolding core proteins in vitro, only polyheads, the tubular variant of the prohead, are produced. Kinetic studies show that the rate of polyhead dissociation depends on the concentration of associated protein, not on the number and length of the particles. Comparable to crystal formation, assembly of gp23 occurs above a critical concentration, which is dependent on salt concentration, pH and temperature. These characteristics are common to most self-assembling systems. The oligomeric states of gp23 have been investigated by analytical ultracentrifugation, which indicated the existence, at very low salt concentration and low temperature, of an equilibrium between monomers and higher oligomers, culminating in the hexamer. At pH 9.0 polyheads are completely dissociated into their monomeric gp23 subunits. Our data suggest that the hexamer is a true intermediate of polyhead assembly.
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14
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Determination of trace amounts of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in soils and sediments using capillary gas chromatography and a nitrogen—phosphorus detector. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Cuillel M, Zulauf M, Jacrot B. Self-assembly of brome mosaic virus protein into capsids. Initial and final states of aggregation. J Mol Biol 1983; 164:589-603. [PMID: 6842600 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(83)90052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pH and ionic strength dependence of the states of aggregation of brome mosaic virus protein has been investigated by small angle neutron scattering, quasielastic light-scattering, analytical centrifugation and electron microscopy. At pH above neutrality, protein oligomers are found in dynamical equilibrium, comprising monomers, dimers and aggregates of higher molecular weight. By lowering the pH, capsids assemble spontaneously with dimensions in solution which depend on ionic strength. If formed by dialysis, they contain 180 monomers, but are 30 A larger in diameter than the native virus. If formed by pH-jump, they contain less monomers: the deficiency decreases with decreasing the final pH and the initial protein concentration. Upon dehydration for electron microscopy, capsids contract by 10%.
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Dunker AK. A proton motive force transducer and its role in proton pumps, proton engines, tobacco mosaic virus assembly and hemoglobin allosterism. J Theor Biol 1982; 97:95-127. [PMID: 6290796 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(82)90281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Aruja A, Vilu R, Raukas E. Detection of periodic patterns in RNA sequences: the first encapsidated region of the TMV RNA. J Theor Biol 1982; 94:457-70. [PMID: 7078214 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(82)90321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Lal R. Accumulation, metabolism, and effects of organophosphorus insecticides on microorganisms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1982; 28:149-200. [PMID: 6765017 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Mulla MS, Mian LS, Kawecki JA. Distribution, transport, and fate of the insecticides malathion and parathion in the environment. RESIDUE REVIEWS 1981; 81:1-172. [PMID: 7038805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5972-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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22
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Hirth L, Richards KE. Tobacco mosaic virus: model for structure and function of a simple virus. Adv Virus Res 1981; 26:145-99. [PMID: 7223542 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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24
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Shire SJ, Steckert JJ, Schuster TM. Mechanism of self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus protein. II. Characterization of the metastable polymerization nucleus and the initial stages of helix formation. J Mol Biol 1979; 127:487-506. [PMID: 34730 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Schuster TM, Scheele RB, Khairallah LH. Mechanism of self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus protein. I. Nucleation-controlled kinetics of polymerization. J Mol Biol 1979; 127:461-85. [PMID: 34729 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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27
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Butler PJ, Lomonossoff GP. Quantized incorporation of RNA during assembly of tobacco mosaic virus from protein disks. J Mol Biol 1978; 126:877-82. [PMID: 745247 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Katsura I. Structure and inherent properties of the bacteriophage lambda head shell. I. Polyheads produced by two defective mutants in the major head protein. J Mol Biol 1978; 121:71-93. [PMID: 660651 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Abstract
In an effort to isolate RNA sequences containing the assembly nucleation region, uniformly 32P-labeled tobacco mosaic virus RNA was partially digested with pancreatic ribonuclease, and the mixture of fragments was incubated with limited amounts of tobacco mosaic virus protein disks in conditions favorable for reconstitution. The RNA fragments which became encapsidated were purified and sequenced by conventional techniques. The sequence of the first 139 nucleotides of P1, the principal encapsidated fragment, is AGGUUUGAGAGAGAAGAUUACAAGCGUGAGAGACGGAGGGCCCAUGGAACUUACAGAAGAAGUUGUUGAUGAGUUCAUGGAAGAUGUCCCUAUGUCAAUCAGACUUGCAAAGUUUCGAUCUCGAACCGGAAAAAAGAGU. Residues 1--110 of P1 overlap the assembly origin isolated and characterized in the accompanying papers by Zimmern (1977) and Zimmern and Butler (1977). Our results, taken in conjunction with the two accompanying papers, define the sequence of much of the nucleation region as well as sequences flanking it on both sides. The features of the P1 sequence which may have role in the nucleation reaction are discussed in detail in the text.
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32
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Zimmern D, Butler PJ. The isolation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA fragments containing the origin for viral assembly. Cell 1977; 11:455-62. [PMID: 884731 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Adolph DW, Butler PJ. Studies on the assembly of a spherical plant virus. III. Reassembly of infectious virus under mold conditions. J Mol Biol 1977; 109:345-57. [PMID: 14264 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Sethunathan N, Siddaramappa R, Rajaram KP, Barik S, Wahid PA. Parathion: residues in soil and water. RESIDUE REVIEWS 1977; 68:91-122. [PMID: 337436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6355-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Williams PP. Metabolism of synthetic organic pesticides by anaerobic microorganisms. RESIDUE REVIEWS 1977; 66:63-135. [PMID: 335464 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6352-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Jonathan P, Butler G, Durham AC. Tobacco mosaic virus protein aggregation and the virus assembly. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1977; 31:187-251. [PMID: 337776 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hubert JJ, Bourque DP, Zaitlin M. A tobacco mosaic virus mutant with non-functional coat protein and its revertant: relationship to the virus assembly process. J Mol Biol 1976; 108:789-98. [PMID: 1018325 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(76)80118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
When passaged at high multiplicity, four strains of Sendai virus all showed evidence that they contained defective interfering (DI) particles. RNA isolated from nucleocapsids of cells infected with the high multiplicity passage stocks was found to consist of only minor amounts of nondefective genome length RNA and major amounts of smaller RNAs, the DI-RNAs. These DI-RNAs were found to have unusual and variable sedimentation properties in sucrose gradients, but were found to represent unique segments of the viral genome by length measurements in the electron microscope and by hybridization. A striking feature of the DI-RNAs is their ability to form circular structures, indicating that the ends of the DI-RNA are complementary. The implications of this finding in terms of the mechanism of genome replication is discussed.
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40
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Kirschner MW, Honig LS, Williams RC. Quantitative electron microscopy of microtubule assembly in vitro. J Mol Biol 1975; 99:263-76. [PMID: 1206704 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Richards KE, Morel MC, Nicolaieff A, Lebeurier G, Hirth L. Location of the cistron of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. Biochimie 1975; 57:749-55. [PMID: 1203319 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(75)80048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA with T1 RNase under mild conditions cuts the RNA molecule into a large number of fragments, only a few of which may be specifically recognized by disks of TMV protein. It has been shown elsewhere that these specifically recognized RNA fragments are a part of the coat protein cistron, the portion coding for amino acids 95 to 129 of the coat protein. It is reported that different size classes of partially uncoated virus particles were prepared by limited reconstitution between TMV RNA and protein or by partial stripping of intact virus with DMSO. Both procedures produce nucleoprotein rods in which the 5'-terminal portion of the RNA is encapsidated and the 3'-terminal region is free. The free and the encapsidated portions of the RNA were each tested for the ability to give rise to the aforesaid specifically recognized fragments of the coat protein cistron upon partial T1 RNase digestion. It was found that only the 3'-terminal third of the virus particle need to be uncoated in order to expose the portion of the RNA molecule from which these fragments are derived. We conclude, therefore, that the coat protein cistron is situated upon the 3'-terminal third of the RNA chain, i.e. within 2000 nucleotides of the 3'-end.
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Kaftanova AS, Kiselev NA, Novikov VK, Atabekov JG. Structure of products of protein reassembly and reconstruction of potato virus X. Virology 1975; 67:283-7. [PMID: 1179645 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sperling R, Klug A. States of aggregation of the dahlemense strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein and their relation to crystal formation. J Mol Biol 1975; 96:425-30. [PMID: 240945 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Salmon ED. Spindle microtubules: thermodynamics of in vivo assembly and role in chromosome movement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 253:383-406. [PMID: 1096721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb19216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper I have presented results of experiments in which spindle microtubules were depolymerized by hydrostatic pressure, in order to examine the Inoué dynamic equilibrium concept of spindle assembly and the possible role of microtubule depolymerization-polymerization in the movement of chromosomes. Using a newly developed optical hydrostatic pressure chamber, I investigated with polarization microscopy the quantitative effects of pressure on the polymerization of spindle microtubules and, with phase contrast microscopy, the relationship of pressure-induced spindle microtubule depolymerization to chromosome movement in living cells. From results of earlier experiments, principally those of Inoué et al. with low temperature and colchicine as microtubule-depolymerizing agents, and from results of my own research, I have concluded that: (1) spindle fiber microtubules are sensitive to depolymerization by pressure (3000-7000 psi), spindle microtubules do exist in a labile equilibrium with a pool of subunits, and the Inoué simple equilibrium model does predict changes in spindle microtubule assembly at metaphase induced by pressure; (2) the stability of microtubules depends on the number of "attached ends;" (3) the longest interpolar microtubules and the longest chromosomal fiber microtubules regulate the spindle interpolar length and the chromosome-to-pole positions; (4) chromosome velocity is independent of the number of spindle microtubules, as well as of the drag force of the chromosomes; (5) the chromosomal fiber microtubules transmit the forces between the poles and between the chromosomes and the poles; and (6) polymerization of microtubules does produce pushing forces and, if controlled microtubule depolymerization does not actually produce pulling forces, at least it governs the velocity of chromosome-to-pole movement.
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Rees MW, Short MN. The amino acid sequence of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 393:15-23. [PMID: 1138919 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the coat protein of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus (cowpea virus) has been determined. The tryptic peptide overlaps were obtained by digesting the protein with chymotrypsin and separating and analysing the lysine-and arginine-containing chymotryptic peptides. The primary structure of cowpea virus protein has been found to differ markedly from that of any other known strain of tobacco mosaic virus, and contains 3 amino acid residues more and 96 amino acid changes from the type strain. The significance of the distribution of those areas of the protein in which the amino acid residues are the same for all naturally occurring strains and chemically induced mutants of tobacco mosaic virus so far studied and the residues that form the important carboxyl-carboxylate pairs are discussed.
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Sperling R, Amos LA, Klug A. A study of the pairing interaction between protein subunits in the tobacco mosaic virus family by image reconstruction from electron micrographs. J Mol Biol 1975; 92:541-58. [PMID: 1152043 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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48
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Adolph KW, Butler PJ. Studies on the assembly of a spherical plant virus. I. States of aggregation of the isolated protein. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:327-41. [PMID: 4452998 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Finch JT, Klug A. The structural relationship between the stacked disk and helical polymers of tobacco mosaic virus protein. J Mol Biol 1974; 87:633-40. [PMID: 4427372 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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50
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Unwin PN, Klug A. Electron microscopy of the stacked disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein. I. Three-dimensional image reconstruction. J Mol Biol 1974; 87:641-56. [PMID: 4427373 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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