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Transposable Elements in the Revealing of Polymorphism-Based Differences in the Seeds of Flax Varieties Grown in Remediated Chernobyl Area. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192567. [PMID: 36235434 PMCID: PMC9571286 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear reactor accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine, resulted in effects both locally and farther away. Most of the contaminated areas were the agricultural fields and forests. Experimental fields were established near Chernobyl—radioactively contaminated fields localized 5 km from Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant as well as the remediated soil that is localized directly in the Chernobyl town. Two flax varieties growing under chronic exposition to ionizing radiation were used for this study—the local Ukrainian variety Kyivskyi and a commercial variety Bethune. The screening of the length polymorphism generated by transposable elements insertions were performed. All known types of common flax transposon, retrotransposons and iPBS approach were used. In the iPBS multiplex analyze, for the Kyivskyi variety, a unique addition was found in the seeds from the radioactive contaminated field and for the Bethune variety, a total of five amplicon additions were obtained and one deletion. For the TRIM Cassandra fingerprints, two amplicon additions were generated in the seeds from radioactive contaminated fields for the Bethune variety. In summary, the obtained data represent the genetic diversity between control and irradiated subgroups of flax seeds from Chernobyl area and the presence of activated transposable elements due to the irradiation stress.
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Jopčík M, Libantová J, Lancíková V. Effect of chronic radiation on the flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genome grown for six consecutive generations in the radioactive Chernobyl area. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13745. [PMID: 35780328 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth of plants under chronic radiation stress in the Chernobyl area may cause changes in the genome of plants. To assess the extent of genetic and epigenetic changes in nuclear DNA, seeds of the annual crop flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) of the Kyivskyi variety, sown 21 years after the accident and grown for six generations in radioactive (RAD) and remediated (REM) fields were analysed. Flaxseed used for sowing first generation, which served as a reference (REF), was also analysed. The AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) revealed a higher number of specific EcoRI-MseI loci (3.4-fold) in pooled flaxseed samples harvested from the RAD field compared with the REM field, indicating a link between the mutation process in the flax genome and the ongoing adaptation process. MSAP (Methylation-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism) detecting EcoRI-MspI and EcoRI-HpaII loci in flax nuclear DNA genome showed no significant differences in methylation level, reaching about 33% in each of the groups studied. On the other hand, significant changes in the DNA methylation pattern of flaxseed samples harvested from the RAD field compared with controls were detected. Pairwise FST comparison revealed within both, EcoRI-MspI and transformed methylation-Sensitive data sets more than a 3-fold increase of genetic divergence in the RAD field compared with both controls. These results indicate that the nuclear genome of flax exposed to chronic radiation for six generations has more mutations and uses DNA methylation as one of the adaptation mechanisms for sustainability under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jopčík
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jana Libantová
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Lancíková
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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Cui K, Qin L, Tang X, Nong J, Chen J, Wu N, Gong X, Yi L, Yang C, Xia S. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in RFC4 Leads to Endoduplication and Compromised Resistance to DNA Damage in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061037. [PMID: 35741798 PMCID: PMC9223238 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication factor C (RFC) is a heteropentameric ATPase associated with the diverse cellular activities (AAA+ATPase) protein complex, which is composed of one large subunit, known as RFC1, and four small subunits, RFC2/3/4/5. Among them, RFC1 and RFC3 were previously reported to mediate genomic stability and resistance to pathogens in Arabidopsis. Here, we generated a viable rfc4e (rfc4-1/RFC4G54E) mutant with a single amino acid substitution by site-directed mutagenesis. Three of six positive T2 mutants with the same amino acid substitution, but different insertion loci, were sequenced to identify homozygotes, and the three homozygote mutants showed dwarfism, early flowering, and a partially sterile phenotype. RNA sequencing revealed that genes related to DNA repair and replication were highly upregulated. Moreover, the frequency of DNA lesions was found to be increased in rfc4e mutants. Consistent with this, the rfc4e mutants were very sensitive to DSB-inducing genotoxic agents. In addition, the G54E amino acid substitution in AtRFC4 delayed cell cycle progression and led to endoduplication. Overall, our study provides evidence supporting the notion that RFC4 plays an important role in resistance to genotoxicity and cell proliferation by regulating DNA damage repair in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Cui
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Lei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xianyu Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jieying Nong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jin Chen
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (J.C.); (L.Y.)
- Changsha Technology Innovation Center for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xin Gong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Lixiong Yi
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (J.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Chenghuizi Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.C.); (L.Q.); (X.T.); (J.N.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (C.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Large microsatellite shifts in wild boar after the Fukushima accident. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Geras’kin SA, Fesenko SV, Volkova PY, Isamov NN. What Have We Learned about the Biological Effects of Radiation from the 35 Years of Analysis of the Consequences of the Chernobyl NPP Accident? BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021120050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Environmental disasters offer the unique opportunity for landscape-scale ecological and evolutionary studies that are not possible in the laboratory or small experimental plots. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl (1986) allows for rigorous analyses of radiation effects on individuals and populations at an ecosystem scale. Here, the current state of knowledge related to populations within the Chernobyl region of Ukraine and Belarus following the largest civil nuclear accident in history is reviewed. There is now a significant literature that provides contrasting and occasionally conflicting views of the state of animals and how they are affected by this mutagenic stressor. Studies of genetic and physiological effects have largely suggested significant injuries to individuals inhabiting the more radioactive areas of the Chernobyl region. Most population censuses for most species suggest that abundances are reduced in the more radioactive areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Ludovici GM, Oliveira de Souza S, Chierici A, Cascone MG, d'Errico F, Malizia A. Adaptation to ionizing radiation of higher plants: From environmental radioactivity to chernobyl disaster. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 222:106375. [PMID: 32791372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to highlight the effects of ionizing radiation on the genetic material in higher plants by assessing both adaptive processes as well as the evolution of plant species. The effects that the ionizing radiation has on greenery following a nuclear accident, was examined by taking the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster as a case study. The genetic and evolutionary effects that ionizing radiation had on plants after the Chernobyl accident were highlighted. The response of biota to Chernobyl irradiation was a complex interaction among radiation dose, dose rate, temporal and spatial variation, varying radiation sensitivities of the different plants' species, and indirect effects from other events. Ionizing radiation causes water radiolysis, generating highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS induce the rapid activation of detoxifying enzymes. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) is the object of an attack by both, the hydroxyl ions and the radiation itself, thus triggering a mechanism both direct and indirect. The effects on DNA are harmful to the organism and the long-term development of the species. Dose-dependent aberrations in chromosomes are often observed after irradiation. Although multiple DNA repair mechanisms exist, double-strand breaks (DSBs or DNA-DSBs) are often subject to errors. Plants DSBs repair mechanisms mainly involve homologous and non-homologous dependent systems, the latter especially causing a loss of genetic information. Repeated ionizing radiation (acute or chronic) ensures that plants adapt, demonstrating radioresistance. An adaptive response has been suggested for this phenomenon. As a result, ionizing radiation influences the genetic structure, especially during chronic irradiation, reducing genetic variability. This reduction may be associated with the fact that particular plant species are more subject to chronic stress, confirming the adaptive theory. Therefore, the genomic effects of ionizing radiation demonstrate their likely involvement in the evolution of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Chierici
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco d'Errico
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Malizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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Arnaise S, Shykoff JA, Møller AP, Mousseau TA, Giraud T. Anther-smut fungi from more contaminated sites in Chernobyl show lower infection ability and lower viability following experimental irradiation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6409-6420. [PMID: 32724522 PMCID: PMC7381591 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term contamination that followed the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl provides a case study for the effects of chronic ionizing radiation on living organisms and on their ability to tolerate or evolve resistance to such radiation. Previously, we studied the fertility and viability of early developmental stages of a castrating plant pathogen, the anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, isolated from field sites varying over 700-fold in degree of radioactive contamination. Neither the budding rate of haploid spores following meiosis nor the karyotype structure varied with increasing radiation levels at sampling sites. Here, we assessed the ability of the same M. lychnidis-dioicae strains to perform their whole life cycle, up to the production of symptoms in the plants, that is, the development of anthers full of fungal spores; we also assessed their viability under experimental radiation. Fungal strains from more contaminated sites had no lower spore numbers in anthers or viability, but infected host plants less well, indicating lower overall fitness due to radioactivity exposure. These findings improve our understanding of the previous field data, in which the anther-smut disease prevalence on Silene latifolia plants caused by M. lychnidis-dioicae was lower at more contaminated sites. Although the fungus showed relatively high resistance to experimental radiation, we found no evidence that increased resistance to radiation has evolved in populations from contaminated sites. Fungal strains from more contaminated sites even tolerated or repaired damage from a brief acute exposure to γ radiation less well than those from non- or less contaminated sites. Our results more generally concur with previous studies in showing that the fitness of living organisms is affected by radiation after nuclear disasters, but that they do not rapidly evolve higher tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Arnaise
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionCNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Jacqui A. Shykoff
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionCNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Anders P. Møller
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionCNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | | | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionCNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
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Mousseau TA, Møller AP. Plants in the Light of Ionizing Radiation: What Have We Learned From Chernobyl, Fukushima, and Other "Hot" Places? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:552. [PMID: 32457784 PMCID: PMC7227407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Perhaps the main factor determining success of space travel will be the ability to control effects of ionizing radiation for humans, but also for other living organisms. Manned space travel will require the cultivation of food plants under conditions of prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation. Although there is a significant literature concerning the effects of acute high dose rate exposures on plant genetics, growth, and development, much less is known concerning the effects of chronic low dose irradiation especially those related to the impacts of the high energy protons and heavy ions that are encountered in the space environment. Here, we make the argument that in situ studies of the effects of radionuclides at nuclear accident sites (e.g., Chernobyl and Fukushima), atomic bomb test sites, and areas of naturally high radiation levels, could provide insights concerning the mechanisms of radiation effects on living systems that cannot be assessed short of conducting research in space, which is not yet feasible for large scale, long term, multigenerational experiments. In this article we review the literature concerning the effects of chronic low-dose rate radiation exposure from studies conducted in Chernobyl, Fukushima, and other regions of the world with high ambient radiation levels (parts of India in particular). In general, mutation rates and other measures of genetic damage are considerably elevated, pollen and seed viability are reduced, growth rates are slower, and the frequency of developmental abnormalities is increased, although there is considerable variation among taxa for these effects. In addition, there are interactions between radiation and other environmental stressors (e.g., temperature, drought, heavy metals) that may play important roles in determining susceptibility to radiation induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- SURA/LASSO/NASA, ISS Utilization and Life Sciences Division, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Timothy A. Mousseau,
| | - Anders Pape Møller
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Morozova V, Kashparova E, Levchuk S, Bishchuk Y, Kashparov V. The progeny of Chernobyl Arabidopsis thaliana plants does not exhibit changes in morphometric parameters and cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 211:106076. [PMID: 31630854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Morphometric parameters and functional state of the cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots were studied in the progeny of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (A. thaliana) plants, previously and chronically exposed in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ). Changes in cellular antioxidant enzyme activities in the progeny of exposed plants were assumed because antioxidant status of cell may be altered by inherited epigenetic changes, resulting in changes in antioxidant-response genes expression. These changes can be inferred as induced expression of CAT and SOD genes was found previously for A. thaliana plants by another group of scientists. It is well-known that ionizing radiation may induce changes in hormonal-signalling net-work, shifting balance in growth factors that may cause changes in morphometric parameters of plants. Seeds from A. thaliana plants were collected in the ChEZ at different levels of the external dose rate from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 12.93 ± 0.08 μGy/h. Internal dose rate for parent plants was calculated on the basis of the activity concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs in the plants, using dose conversion coefficients for wild grass. Total dose rate, absorbed by parent plants, was calculated as the sum of the external and internal dose rate and was in a range between 2.8 ± 0.2 and 99 ± 8 μGy/h. Seeds were then grown in the standard laboratory conditions (nutrient-agar, light-dark cycle and appropriate temperature) to analyse morphometric parameters of seedlings and final germination percentage. No significant changes in the morphometric parameters (root length and rosette diameter of shoots) of the seedlings were observed. Changes in the final germination percentage of the studied seeds were found, but low correlation was observed between found changes and the dose rate, absorbed by parent plants. In contrast to the results obtained in A. thaliana plants directly sampled in the field, no effect on the functional state of the cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots in the progeny of Chernobyl A. thaliana plants was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Morozova
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine.
| | - Elena Kashparova
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Sviatoslav Levchuk
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Yeugeniia Bishchuk
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Valery Kashparov
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine.
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11
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Maremonti E, Eide DM, Oughton DH, Salbu B, Grammes F, Kassaye YA, Guédon R, Lecomte-Pradines C, Brede DA. Gamma radiation induces life stage-dependent reprotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans via impairment of spermatogenesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133835. [PMID: 31425988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated life stage, tissue and cell dependent sensitivity to ionizing radiation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Results showed that irradiation of post mitotic L4 stage larvae induced no significant effects with respect to mortality, morbidity or reproduction at either acute dose ≤6 Gy (1500 mGy·h-1) or chronic exposure ≤15 Gy (≤100 mGy·h-1). In contrast, chronic exposure from the embryo to the L4-young adult stage caused a dose and dose-rate dependent reprotoxicity with 43% reduction in total brood size at 6.7 Gy (108 mGy·h-1). Systematic irradiation of the different developmental stages showed that the most sensitive life stage was L1 to young L4. Exposure during these stages was associated with dose-rate dependent genotoxic effects, resulting in a 1.8 to 2 fold increase in germ cell apoptosis in larvae subjected to 40 or 100 mGy·h-1, respectively. This was accompanied by a dose-rate dependent reduction in the number of spermatids, which was positively correlated to the reprotoxic effect (0.99, PCC). RNAseq analysis of nematodes irradiated from L1 to L4 stage revealed a significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes related to both male and hermaphrodite reproductive processes. Gene network analysis revealed effects related to down-regulation of genes required for spindle formation and sperm meiosis/maturation, including smz-1, smz-2 and htas-1. Furthermore, the expression of a subset of 28 set-17 regulated Major Sperm Proteins (MSP) required for spermatid production was correlated (R2 0.80) to the reduction in reproduction and the number of spermatids. Collectively these observations corroborate the impairment of spermatogenesis as the major cause of gamma radiation induced life-stage dependent reprotoxic effect. Furthermore, the progeny of irradiated nematodes showed significant embryonal DNA damage that was associated with persistent effect on somatic growth. Unexpectedly, these nematodes maintained much of their reproductive capacity in spite of the reduced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Maremonti
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Dag M Eide
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah H Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Fabian Grammes
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yetneberk A Kassaye
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Rémi Guédon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, Laboratoire d'ECOtoxicologie des radionucléides (LECO), Cadarache, France
| | - Catherine Lecomte-Pradines
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, Laboratoire d'ECOtoxicologie des radionucléides (LECO), Cadarache, France
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
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Waterworth WM, Wilson M, Wang D, Nuhse T, Warward S, Selley J, West CE. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals plant DNA damage signalling pathways with a functional role for histone H2AX phosphorylation in plant growth under genotoxic stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1007-1021. [PMID: 31410901 PMCID: PMC6900162 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage responses are crucial for plant growth under genotoxic stress. Accumulating evidence indicates that DNA damage responses differ between plant cell types. Here, quantitative shotgun phosphoproteomics provided high-throughput analysis of the DNA damage response network in callus cells. MS analysis revealed a wide network of highly dynamic changes in the phosphoprotein profile of genotoxin-treated cells, largely mediated by the ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED (ATM) protein kinase, representing candidate factors that modulate plant growth, development and DNA repair. A C-terminal dual serine target motif unique to H2AX in the plant lineage showed 171-fold phosphorylation that was absent in atm mutant lines. The physiological significance of post-translational DNA damage signalling to plant growth and survival was demonstrated using reverse genetics and complementation studies of h2ax mutants, establishing the functional role of ATM-mediated histone modification in plant growth under genotoxic stress. Our findings demonstrate the complexity and functional significance of post-translational DNA damage signalling responses in plants and establish the requirement of H2AX phosphorylation for plant survival under genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Wilson
- Centre for Plant SciencesUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Leeds OmicsUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Thomas Nuhse
- Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Stacey Warward
- Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Julian Selley
- Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
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13
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Fuller N, Ford AT, Lerebours A, Gudkov DI, Nagorskaya LL, Smith JT. Chronic radiation exposure at Chernobyl shows no effect on genetic diversity in the freshwater crustacean, Asellus aquaticus thirty years on. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10135-10144. [PMID: 31624541 PMCID: PMC6787803 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of genetic diversity represents a fundamental component of ecological risk assessments in contaminated environments. Many studies have assessed the genetic implications of chronic radiation exposure at Chernobyl, generally recording an elevated genetic diversity and mutation rate in rodents, plants, and birds inhabiting contaminated areas. Only limited studies have considered genetic diversity in aquatic biota at Chernobyl, despite the large number of freshwater systems where elevated dose rates will persist for many years. Consequently, the present study aimed to assess the effects of chronic radiation exposure on genetic diversity in the freshwater crustacean, Asellus aquaticus, using a genome-wide SNP approach (Genotyping-by-sequencing). It was hypothesized that genetic diversity in A. aquaticus would be positively correlated with dose rate. A. aquaticus was collected from six lakes in Belarus and the Ukraine ranging in dose rate from 0.064 to 27.1 µGy/hr. Genotyping-by-sequencing analysis was performed on 74 individuals. A significant relationship between geographical distance and genetic differentiation confirmed the Isolation-by-Distance model. Conversely, no significant relationship between dose rate and genetic differentiation suggested no effect of the contamination gradient on genetic differentiation between populations. No significant relationship between five measures of genetic diversity and dose rate was recorded, suggesting that radiation exposure has not significantly influenced genetic diversity in A. aquaticus at Chernobyl. This is the first study to adopt a genome-wide SNP approach to assess the impacts of environmental radiation exposure on biota. These findings are fundamental to understanding the long-term success of aquatic populations in contaminated environments at Chernobyl and Fukushima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fuller
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Alex T. Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Adélaïde Lerebours
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Dmitri I. Gudkov
- Department of Freshwater RadioecologyInstitute of HydrobiologyKievUkraine
| | - Liubov L. Nagorskaya
- Applied Science Center for Bioresources of the National Academy of Sciences of BelarusMinskBelarus
| | - Jim T. Smith
- School of Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
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Kok EJ, Glandorf DC, Prins TW, Visser RG. Food and environmental safety assessment of new plant varieties after the European Court decision: Process-triggered or product-based? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Caplin N, Willey N. Ionizing Radiation, Higher Plants, and Radioprotection: From Acute High Doses to Chronic Low Doses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:847. [PMID: 29997637 PMCID: PMC6028737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on plants is important for environmental protection, for agriculture and horticulture, and for space science but plants have significant biological differences to the animals from which much relevant knowledge is derived. The effects of IR on plants are understood best at acute high doses because there have been; (a) controlled experiments in the field using point sources, (b) field studies in the immediate aftermath of nuclear accidents, and (c) controlled laboratory experiments. A compilation of studies of the effects of IR on plants reveals that although there are numerous field studies of the effects of chronic low doses on plants, there are few controlled experiments that used chronic low doses. Using the Bradford-Hill criteria widely used in epidemiological studies we suggest that a new phase of chronic low-level radiation research on plants is desirable if its effects are to be properly elucidated. We emphasize the plant biological contexts that should direct such research. We review previously reported effects from the molecular to community level and, using a plant stress biology context, discuss a variety of acute high- and chronic low-dose data against Derived Consideration Reference Levels (DCRLs) used for environmental protection. We suggest that chronic low-level IR can sometimes have effects at the molecular and cytogenetic level at DCRL dose rates (and perhaps below) but that there are unlikely to be environmentally significant effects at higher levels of biological organization. We conclude that, although current data meets only some of the Bradford-Hill criteria, current DCRLs for plants are very likely to be appropriate at biological scales relevant to environmental protection (and for which they were intended) but that research designed with an appropriate biological context and with more of the Bradford-Hill criteria in mind would strengthen this assertion. We note that the effects of IR have been investigated on only a small proportion of plant species and that research with a wider range of species might improve not only the understanding of the biological effects of radiation but also that of the response of plants to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Willey
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Mothersill C, Abend M, Bréchignac F, Iliakis G, Impens N, Kadhim M, Møller AP, Oughton D, Powathil G, Saenen E, Seymour C, Sutcliffe J, Tang FR, Schofield PN. When a duck is not a duck; a new interdisciplinary synthesis for environmental radiation protection. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 162:318-324. [PMID: 29407763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This consensus paper presents the results of a workshop held in Essen, Germany in September 2017, called to examine critically the current approach to radiological environmental protection. The meeting brought together participants from the field of low dose radiobiology and those working in radioecology. Both groups have a common aim of identifying radiation exposures and protecting populations and individuals from harmful effects of ionising radiation exposure, but rarely work closely together. A key question in radiobiology is to understand mechanisms triggered by low doses or dose rates, leading to adverse outcomes of individuals while in radioecology a key objective is to recognise when harm is occurring at the level of the ecosystem. The discussion provided a total of six strategic recommendations which would help to address these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
| | - Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - François Bréchignac
- Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) & International Union of Radioecology (IUR), Centre du Cadarache, Bldg 229, St Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Hufeland Str. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Institute of Environment, Health and Safety, Biosphere Impact Studies, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Anders Pape Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Equipe Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution Microbiennes Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, and AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Ås, Universitetstunet 3, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Gibin Powathil
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea Wales SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eline Saenen
- Institute of Environment, Health and Safety, Biosphere Impact Studies, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
| | - Jill Sutcliffe
- Low Level Radiation and Health Group, Ingrams Farm Fittleworth Road, Wisborough Green RH14 0JA, West Sussex, UK.
| | - Fen-Ru Tang
- National University of Singapore, Radiobiology Research Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear, Research and Safety Initiative, Singapore.
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Dept of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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17
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Volkova PY, Geras'kin SA, Horemans N, Makarenko ES, Saenen E, Duarte GT, Nauts R, Bondarenko VS, Jacobs G, Voorspoels S, Kudin M. Chronic radiation exposure as an ecological factor: Hypermethylation and genetic differentiation in irradiated Scots pine populations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:105-112. [PMID: 28931465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic changes were investigated in chronically irradiated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations from territories that were heavily contaminated by radionuclides as result of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. In comparison to the reference site, the genetic diversity revealed by electrophoretic mobility of AFLPs was found to be significantly higher at the radioactively contaminated areas. In addition, the genome of pine trees was significantly hypermethylated at 4 of the 7 affected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yu Volkova
- Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, 249030, Obninsk, Russian Federation.
| | - S A Geras'kin
- Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, 249030, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - N Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - E S Makarenko
- Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, 249030, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - E Saenen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - G T Duarte
- Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, 249030, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - R Nauts
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - V S Bondarenko
- Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, 249030, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - G Jacobs
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - S Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - M Kudin
- Polessye State Radiation Ecological Reserve, 247618, Belarus
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18
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Georgieva M, Rashydov NM, Hajduch M. DNA damage, repair monitoring and epigenetic DNA methylation changes in seedlings of Chernobyl soybeans. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 50:14-21. [PMID: 28017527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study was carried out to assess the effect of radio-contaminated Chernobyl environment on plant genome integrity 27 years after the accident. For this purpose, nuclei were isolated from root tips of the soybean seedlings harvested from plants grown in the Chernobyl area for seven generations. Neutral, neutral-alkaline, and methylation-sensitive comet assays were performed to evaluate the induction and repair of primary DNA damage and the epigenetic contribution to stress adaptation mechanisms. An increased level of single and double strand breaks in the radio-contaminated Chernobyl seedlings at the stage of primary root development was detected in comparison to the controls. However, the kinetics of the recovery of DNA breaks of radio-contaminated Chernobyl samples revealed that lesions were efficiently repaired at the stage of cotyledon. Methylation-sensitive comet assay revealed comparable levels in the CCGG methylation pattern between control and radio-contaminated samples with a slight increase of approximately 10% in the latter ones. The obtained preliminary data allow us to speculate about the onset of mechanisms providing an adaptation potential to the accumulated internal irradiation after the Chernobyl accident. Despite the limitations of this study, we showed that comet assay is a sensitive and flexible technique which can be efficiently used for genotoxic screening of plant specimens in natural and human-made radio-contaminated areas, as well as for safety monitoring of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyana Georgieva
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics and Stability, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Namik M Rashydov
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Martin Hajduch
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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19
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Boratyński Z, Arias JM, Garcia C, Mappes T, Mousseau TA, Møller AP, Pajares AJM, Piwczyński M, Tukalenko E. Ionizing radiation from Chernobyl affects development of wild carrot plants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39282. [PMID: 27982121 PMCID: PMC5159907 DOI: 10.1038/srep39282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioactivity released from disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima is a global hazard and a threat to exposed biota. To minimize the deleterious effects of stressors organisms adopt various strategies. Plants, for example, may delay germination or stay dormant during stressful periods. However, an intense stress may halt germination or heavily affect various developmental stages and select for life history changes. Here, we test for the consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation on plant development. We conducted a common garden experiment in an uncontaminated greenhouse using 660 seeds originating from 33 wild carrots (Daucus carota) collected near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. These maternal plants had been exposed to radiation levels that varied by three orders of magnitude. We found strong negative effects of elevated radiation on the timing and rates of seed germination. In addition, later stages of development and the timing of emergence of consecutive leaves were delayed by exposure to radiation. We hypothesize that low quality of resources stored in seeds, damaged DNA, or both, delayed development and halted germination of seeds from plants exposed to elevated levels of ionizing radiation. We propose that high levels of spatial heterogeneity in background radiation may hamper adaptive life history responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Javi Miranda Arias
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Cristina Garcia
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timothy A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Anders P. Møller
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Antonio Jesús Muñoz Pajares
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Associated Laboratory of the University of Porto, Vairão, PT-4485–661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marcin Piwczyński
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Eugene Tukalenko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, UA-03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
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20
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Boubriak I, Akimkina T, Polischuk V, Dmitriev A, McCready S, Grodzinsky D. Long term effects of Chernobyl contamination on DNA repair function and plant resistance to different biotic and abiotic stress factors. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Lourenço J, Mendo S, Pereira R. Radioactively contaminated areas: Bioindicator species and biomarkers of effect in an early warning scheme for a preliminary risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:503-542. [PMID: 27343869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the impacts on public health and on the natural environment have been raised regarding the full range of operational activities related to uranium mining and the rest of the nuclear fuel cycle (including nuclear accidents), nuclear tests and depleted uranium from military ammunitions. However, the environmental impacts of such activities, as well as their ecotoxicological/toxicological profile, are still poorly studied. Herein, it is discussed if organisms can be used as bioindicators of human health effects, posed by lifetime exposure to radioactively contaminated areas. To do so, information was gathered from several studies performed on vertebrates, invertebrate species and humans, living in these contaminated areas. The retrieved information was compared, to determine which are the most used bioindicators and biomarkers and also the similarities between human and non-human biota responses. The data evaluated are used to support the proposal for an early warning scheme, based on bioindicator species and on the most sensitive and commonly shared biomarkers, to perform a screening evaluation of radioactively contaminated sites. This scheme could be used to support decision-making for a deeper evaluation of risks to human health, making it possible to screen a large number of areas, without disturbing and alarming local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Lourenço
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ruth Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto & CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research & GreenUP/CITAB-UP, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Aguileta G, Badouin H, Hood ME, Møller AP, Le Prieur S, Snirc A, Siguenza S, Mousseau TA, Shykoff JA, Cuomo CA, Giraud T. Lower prevalence but similar fitness in a parasitic fungus at higher radiation levels near Chernobyl. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3370-83. [PMID: 27136128 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima provide examples of effects of acute ionizing radiation on mutations that can affect the fitness and distribution of species. Here, we investigated the prevalence of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, a pollinator-transmitted fungal pathogen of plants causing anther-smut disease in Chernobyl, its viability, fertility and karyotype variation, and the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations in its genome. We collected diseased flowers of Silene latifolia from locations ranging by more than two orders of magnitude in background radiation, from 0.05 to 21.03 μGy/h. Disease prevalence decreased significantly with increasing radiation level, possibly due to lower pollinator abundance and altered pollinator behaviour. Viability and fertility, measured as the budding rate of haploid sporidia following meiosis from the diploid teliospores, did not vary with increasing radiation levels and neither did karyotype overall structure and level of chromosomal size heterozygosity. We sequenced the genomes of twelve samples from Chernobyl and of four samples collected from uncontaminated areas and analysed alignments of 6068 predicted genes, corresponding to 1.04 × 10(7) base pairs. We found no dose-dependent differences in substitution rates (neither dN, dS, nor dN/dS). Thus, we found no significant evidence of increased deleterious mutation rates at higher levels of background radiation in this plant pathogen. We even found lower levels of nonsynonymous substitution rates in contaminated areas compared to control regions, suggesting that purifying selection was stronger in contaminated than uncontaminated areas. We briefly discuss the possibilities for a mechanistic basis of radio resistance in this nonmelanized fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguileta
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Helene Badouin
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Michael E Hood
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Anders P Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Stephanie Le Prieur
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Siguenza
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Timothy A Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jacqui A Shykoff
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | | | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
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23
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Wang H, He L, Song J, Cui W, Zhang Y, Jia C, Francis D, Rogers HJ, Sun L, Tai P, Hui X, Yang Y, Liu W. Cadmium-induced genomic instability in Arabidopsis: Molecular toxicological biomarkers for early diagnosis of cadmium stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:258-265. [PMID: 26907594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis, random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed PCR (MSAP-PCR) are methods to evaluate the toxicity of environmental pollutants in stress-treated plants and human cancer cells. Here, we evaluate these techniques to screen for genetic and epigenetic alterations of Arabidopsis plantlets exposed to 0-5.0 mg L(-1) cadmium (Cd) for 15 d. There was a substantial increase in RAPD polymorphism of 24.5, and in genomic methylation polymorphism of 30.5-34.5 at CpG and of 14.5-20 at CHG sites under Cd stress of 5.0 mg L(-1) by RAPD and of 0.25-5.0 mg L(-1) by MSAP-PCR, respectively. However, only a tiny increase of 1.5 loci by RAPD occurred under Cd stress of 4.0 mg L(-1), and an additional high dose (8.0 mg L(-1)) resulted in one repeat by MSI analysis. MSAP-PCR detected the most significant epigenetic modifications in plantlets exposed to Cd stress, and the patterns of hypermethylation and polymorphisms were consistent with inverted U-shaped dose responses. The presence of genomic methylation polymorphism in Cd-treated seedlings, prior to the onset of RAPD polymorphism, MSI and obvious growth effects, suggests that these altered DNA methylation loci are the most sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk assessment of genotoxic effects of Cd pollution in ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Basic Medicine, He University, Shenyang 110163, PR China
| | - Lei He
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Environmental Science College, Liao University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Environmental Science College, Liao University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Weina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Zhang
- Life Science Department, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, PR China
| | - Chunyun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Dennis Francis
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration, Shenyang University, Shenyang 11044, PR China
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff CF10 33TL, UK
| | - Lizong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Peidong Tai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Hui
- Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration, Shenyang University, Shenyang 11044, PR China
| | - Wan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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24
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Resistance of Feather-Associated Bacteria to Intermediate Levels of Ionizing Radiation near Chernobyl. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22969. [PMID: 26976674 PMCID: PMC4792135 DOI: 10.1038/srep22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation has been shown to produce negative effects on organisms, although little is known about its ecological and evolutionary effects. As a study model, we isolated bacteria associated with feathers from barn swallows Hirundo rustica from three study areas around Chernobyl differing in background ionizing radiation levels and one control study site in Denmark. Each bacterial community was exposed to four different γ radiation doses ranging from 0.46 to 3.96 kGy to test whether chronic exposure to radiation had selected for resistant bacterial strains. Experimental radiation duration had an increasingly overall negative effect on the survival of all bacterial communities. After exposure to γ radiation, bacteria isolated from the site with intermediate background radiation levels survived better and produced more colonies than the bacterial communities from other study sites with higher or lower background radiation levels. Long-term effects of radiation in natural populations might be an important selective pressure on traits of bacteria that facilitate survival in certain environments. Our findings indicate the importance of further studies to understand the proximate mechanisms acting to buffer the negative effects of ionizing radiation in natural populations.
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Fuller N, Lerebours A, Smith JT, Ford AT. The biological effects of ionising radiation on Crustaceans: A review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 167:55-67. [PMID: 26261880 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Historic approaches to radiation protection are founded on the conjecture that measures to safeguard humans are adequate to protect non-human organisms. This view is disparate with other toxicants wherein well-developed frameworks exist to minimise exposure of biota. Significant data gaps for many organisms, coupled with high profile nuclear incidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, have prompted the re-evaluation of our approach toward environmental radioprotection. Elucidating the impacts of radiation on biota has been identified as priority area for future research within both scientific and regulatory communities. The crustaceans are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, comprising greater than 66,000 species of ecological and commercial importance. This paper aims to assess the available literature of radiation-induced effects within this subphylum and identify knowledge gaps. A literature search was conducted pertaining to radiation effects on four endpoints as stipulated by a number of regulatory bodies: mortality, morbidity, reproduction and mutation. A major finding of this review was the paucity of data regarding the effects of environmentally relevant radiation doses on crustacean biology. Extremely few studies utilising chronic exposure durations or wild populations were found across all four endpoints. The dose levels at which effects occur was found to vary by orders of magnitude thus presenting difficulties in developing phyla-specific benchmark values and reference levels for radioprotection. Based on the limited data, mutation was found to be the most sensitive endpoint of radiation exposure, with mortality the least sensitive. Current phyla-specific dose levels and limits proposed by major regulatory bodies were found to be inadequate to protect species across a range of endpoints including morbidity, mutation and reproduction and examples are discussed within. These findings serve to prioritise areas for future research that will significantly advance understanding of radiation-induced effects in aquatic invertebrates and consequently enhance ability to predict the impacts of radioactive releases on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fuller
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Adélaïde Lerebours
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Jim T Smith
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9LY, UK.
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Peng Y, Allen S, Millwood RJ, Stewart CN. 'Fukusensor:' a genetically engineered plant for reporting DNA damage in response to gamma radiation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1329-1332. [PMID: 25196148 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants can be designed to be 'phytosensors' for detection of environmental contaminants and pathogens. In this study, we describe the design and testing of a radiation phytosensor in the form of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-transgenic Arabidopsis plant utilizing a DNA repair deficiency mutant background as a host. Mutant lines of Arabidopsis AtATM (At3g48190), which are hypersensitive to gamma irradiation, were used to generate stable GFP transgenic plants in which a gfp gene was under the control of a strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Mutant and nonmutant genetic background transgenic plants were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 100 Gy radiation doses, respectively, using a Co-60 source. After 1 week, the GFP expression levels were drastically reduced in young leaves of mutant background plants (treated by 10 and 100 Gy), whereas there were scant visible differences in the fluorescence of the nonmutant background plants. These early results indicate that transgenic plants could serve in a relevant sensor system to report radiation dose and the biological effects to organisms in response to radionuclide contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Peng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Antonova EV, Pozolotina VN, Karimullina EM. Variation in the seed progeny of smooth brome grass, Bromus inermis Leyss., under conditions of chronic irradiation in the zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace. RUSS J ECOL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413614060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Otozai S, Ishikawa-Fujiwara T, Oda S, Kamei Y, Ryo H, Sato A, Nomura T, Mitani H, Tsujimura T, Inohara H, Todo T. p53-Dependent suppression of genome instability in germ cells. Mutat Res 2014; 760:24-32. [PMID: 24406868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation increases mutation frequencies at tandem repeat loci. Germline mutations in γ-ray-irradiated medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were studied, focusing on the microsatellite loci. Mismatch-repair genes suppress microsatellite mutation by directly removing altered sequences at the nucleotide level, whereas the p53 gene suppresses genetic alterations by eliminating damaged cells. The contribution of these two defense mechanisms to radiation-induced microsatellite instability was addressed. The spontaneous mutation frequency was significantly higher in msh2(-/-) males than in wild-type fish, whereas there was no difference in the frequency of radiation-induced mutations between msh2(-/-) and wild-type fish. By contrast, irradiated p53(-/-) fish exhibited markedly increased mutation frequencies, whereas their spontaneous mutation frequency was the same as that of wild-type fish. In the spermatogonia of the testis, radiation induced a high level of apoptosis both in wild-type and msh2(-/-) fish, but negligible levels in p53(-/-) fish. The results demonstrate that the msh2 and p53 genes protect genome integrity against spontaneous and radiation-induced mutation by two different pathways: direct removal of mismatches and elimination of damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Otozai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa-Fujiwara
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruko Ryo
- Nomura Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 565-0085, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Taisei Nomura
- Nomura Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 565-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Todo
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Rodriguez E, Azevedo R, Remédios C, Almeida T, Fernandes P, Santos C. Exposure to Cr(VI) induces organ dependent MSI in two loci related with photophosphorylation and with glutamine metabolism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:534-538. [PMID: 23317936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr), as a mutagenic agent in plants, has received less attention than other metal pollutants. To understand if Cr induces microsatellite instability (MSI), Pisum sativum seedlings were exposed for 28 days to different concentrations of Cr(VI) up to 2000mgL(-1), and the genetic instability of ten microsatellites (SSRs) was analyzed. In plants exposed to Cr(VI) up to 1000mg L(-1), MSI was never observed. However, roots exposed to 2000mgL(-1) displayed MSI in two of the loci analyzed, corresponding to a mutation rate of 8.3%. SSR2 (inserted in the locus for plastid photosystem I 24kDa light harvesting protein) and SSR6 (inserted in the locus for P. sativum glutamine synthetase) from Cr(VI)-treated roots presented alleles with, respectively, less 6bp and more 3bp than the corresponding controls. This report demonstrates that: (a) SSRs technique is sensitive to detect Cr-induced mutagenicity in plants, being Cr-induced-MSI dose and organ dependent (roots are more sensitive); (b) two Cr-sensitive loci are related with thylakoid photophosphorylation and with glutamine synthetase, respectively; (c) despite MSI is induced by Cr(VI), it only occurs in plants exposed to concentrations higher than 1000mgL(-1) (values rarely found in real scenarios). Considering these data, we also discuss the known functional changes induced by Cr(VI) in photosynthesis and in glutamine synthetase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytometry, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department Biology, University Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Wang M, Zhao J, Bu Y. Theoretical exploration of structures and electronic properties of double-electron oxidized guanine–cytosine base pairs with intriguing radical–radical interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18453-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Klubicová K, Danchenko M, Skultety L, Berezhna VV, Uvackova L, Rashydov NM, Hajduch M. Soybeans grown in the Chernobyl area produce fertile seeds that have increased heavy metal resistance and modified carbon metabolism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48169. [PMID: 23110204 PMCID: PMC3482187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants grow and reproduce in the radioactive Chernobyl area, however there has been no comprehensive characterization of these activities. Herein we report that life in this radioactive environment has led to alteration of the developing soybean seed proteome in a specific way that resulted in the production of fertile seeds with low levels of oil and β-conglycinin seed storage proteins. Soybean seeds were harvested at four, five, and six weeks after flowering, and at maturity from plants grown in either non-radioactive or radioactive plots in the Chernobyl area. The abundance of 211 proteins was determined. The results confirmed previous data indicating that alterations in the proteome include adaptation to heavy metal stress and mobilization of seed storage proteins. The results also suggest that there have been adjustments to carbon metabolism in the cytoplasm and plastids, increased activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and decreased condensation of malonyl-acyl carrier protein during fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Klubicová
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ludovit Skultety
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Valentyna V. Berezhna
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lubica Uvackova
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Namik M. Rashydov
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Martin Hajduch
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for White-Green Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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32
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Beal MA, Glenn TC, Lance SL, Somers CM. Characterization of unstable microsatellites in mice: no evidence for germline mutation induction following gamma-radiation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:599-607. [PMID: 22930577 DOI: 10.1002/em.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Large tandem repeat DNA loci such as expanded simple tandem repeats and minisatellites are efficient markers for detecting germline mutations; however, mutation detection using these loci can be imprecise and difficult to standardize across labs. Short-tandem repeats, such as microsatellites, offer more precise and high-throughput mutation detection, but germline mutation induction at these loci has not yet been studied in model organisms such as mice. In this study, we used microsatellite enrichment and large-scale DNA sequencing of several closely related inbred mouse lines to identify a panel of 19 polymorphic microsatellites with potentially high spontaneous mutation frequencies. We used this panel and four additional loci from other sources to quantify spontaneous mutation frequency in pedigrees of outbred Swiss-Webster mice. In addition, we also examined mutation induction in families in which sires were treated with acute doses of either 0.5 Gy or 1.0 Gy gamma-irradiation to spermatogonial stem cells. Per locus mutation frequencies ranged from 0 to 5.03 × 10(-3). Considering only the 11 loci with mutations, the mutation frequencies were: control 2.78 × 10(-3), 0.5 Gy 4.09 × 10(-3), and 1.0 Gy 1.82 × 10(-3). There were no statistically significant changes in mutation frequencies among treatment groups. Our study provides the first direct quantification of microsatellite mutation frequency in the mouse germline, but shows no evidence for mutation induction at pre-meiotic male germ cells following acute gamma-irradiation. Further work using the panel is needed to examine mutation induction at different doses of radiation, exposure durations, and stages during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Beal
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2
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33
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Kuchma O, Vornam B, Finkeldey R. Mutation rates in scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the Chernobyl exclusion zone evaluated with amplified fragment-length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and microsatellite markers. Mutat Res 2011; 725:29-35. [PMID: 21782970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a strong mutagenic factor and, accordingly, elevated mutation rates would be expected in plants exposed to high chronic or acute radiation after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Somatic mutations were analyzed in pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) planted before and after the Chernobyl accident and in control material of the same origin planted in sites with natural radiation. Microsatellites (SSRs) and amplified fragment-length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were investigated. The mutation rates for microsatellites were estimated as 2.8 × 10(-4)-7.1 × 10(-4) per locus for different irradiated tree populations; no mutations were detected in the controls. In the case of AFLPs, the observed mutation rates were 3.74 × 10(-3) -3.99 × 10(-3) and 1.06 × 10(-3) per locus for contaminated and control areas, respectively. Thus a statistically highly significant three-fold increase in number of mutations was found by the use of AFLP markers, indicating that ionizing radiation causes strong DNA damage across the entire genome and that AFLPs may be the appropriate marker system for this kind of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Kuchma
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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Yao Y, Bilichak A, Golubov A, Kovalchuk I. Local infection with oilseed rape mosaic virus promotes genetic rearrangements in systemic Arabidopsis tissue. Mutat Res 2011; 709-710:7-14. [PMID: 21376739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that local infection of tobacco plants with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) results in a systemic increase in the homologous recombination frequency (HRF). Here, we analyzed what other changes in the genome are triggered by pathogen infection. For the analysis of HRF, mutation frequency (MF) and microsatellite instability (MI), we used three different transgenic Arabidopsis lines carrying β-glucuronidase (GUS)-based substrates in their genome. We found that local infection of Arabidopsis with ORMV resulted in an increase of all three frequencies, albeit to differing degrees. The most prominent increase was observed in microsatellite instability. The increase in HRF was the lowest, although still statistically significant. The analysis of methylation of the 35S promoter and transgene expression showed that the greater instability of the transgene was not attributed to these changes. Strand breaks brought about a significant increase in non-treated tissues of infected plants. The expression of genes associated with various repair processes, such as KU70, RAD51, MSH2, DNA POL α and DNA POL δ, was also increased. To summarize, our data demonstrate that local ORMV infection destabilizes the genome in systemic tissues of Arabidopsis plants in various ways resulting in large rearrangements, point mutations and microsatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada.
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35
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Klubicová K, Danchenko M, Skultety L, Berezhna VV, Hricová A, Rashydov NM, Hajduch M. Agricultural recovery of a formerly radioactive area: II. Systematic proteomic characterization of flax seed development in the remediated Chernobyl area. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1378-84. [PMID: 21385628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of crop plants grown in remediated, formerly radioactive, areas could establish a framework for future agricultural use of these areas. Recently, we have established a quantitative reference map for mature flax seed proteins (Linum usitatissimum L.) harvested from a remediated plot in Chernobyl town. Herein we describe results from our ongoing studies of this subject, and provide a proteomics-based characterization of developing flax seeds harvested from same field. A quantitative approach, based on 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and tandem mass spectrometry, yielded expression profiles for 379 2-DE spots through seed development. Despite the paucity of genomic resources for flax, the identity for 102 proteins was reliably determined. These proteins were sorted into 11 metabolic functional classes. Proteins of unknown function comprise the largest group, and displayed a pattern of decreased abundance throughout seed development. Analysis of the composite expression profiles for metabolic protein classes revealed specific expression patterns during seed development. For example, there was an overall decrease in abundance of the glycolytic enzymes during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Klubicová
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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36
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Klubicová K, Danchenko M, Skultety L, Miernyk JA, Rashydov NM, Berezhna VV, Pret'ová A, Hajduch M. Proteomics analysis of flax grown in Chernobyl area suggests limited effect of contaminated environment on seed proteome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6940-6. [PMID: 20715763 DOI: 10.1021/es100895s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) on April 26, 1986 is the most serious nuclear disaster in human history. Surprisingly, while the area proximal to the CNPP remains substantially contaminated with long-lived radioisotopes including (90)Sr and (137)Cs, the local ecosystem has been able to adapt. To evaluate plant adaptation, seeds of a local flax (Linum usitatissimum) variety Kyivskyi were sown in radio-contaminated and control fields of the Chernobyl region. A total protein fraction was isolated from mature seeds, and analyzed using 2-dimensional electrophoresis combined with tandem-mass spectrometry. Interestingly, growth of the plants in the radio-contaminated environment had little effect on proteome and only 35 protein spots differed in abundance (p-value of ≤0.05) out of 720 protein spots that were quantified for seeds harvested from both radio-contaminated and control fields. Of the 35 differentially abundant spots, 28 proteins were identified using state-of-the-art MS(E) method. Based on the observed changes, the proteome of seeds from plants grown in radio-contaminated soil display minor adjustments to multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Klubicová
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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37
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Czirják GA, Møller AP, Mousseau TA, Heeb P. Microorganisms associated with feathers of barn swallows in radioactively contaminated areas around chernobyl. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2010; 60:373-380. [PMID: 20640571 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Chernobyl catastrophe provides a rare opportunity to study the ecological and evolutionary consequences of low-level, environmental radiation on living organisms. Despite some recent studies about negative effects of environmental radiation on macroorganisms, there is little knowledge about the effect of radioactive contamination on diversity and abundance of microorganisms. We examined abundance patterns of total cultivable bacteria and fungi and the abundance of feather-degrading bacterial subset present on feathers of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), a colonial migratory passerine, around Chernobyl in relation to levels of ground level environmental radiation. After controlling for confounding variables, total cultivable bacterial loads were negatively correlated with environmental radioactivity, whereas abundance of fungi and feather-degrading bacteria was not significantly related to contamination levels. Abundance of both total and feather-degrading bacteria increased with barn swallow colony size, showing a potential cost of sociality. Males had lower abundance of feather-degrading bacteria than females. Our results show the detrimental effects of low-level environmental radiation on total cultivable bacterial assemblage on feathers, while the abundance of other microorganism groups living on barn swallow feathers, such as feather-degrading bacteria, are shaped by other factors like host sociality or host sex. These data lead us to conclude that the ecological effects of Chernobyl may be more general than previously assumed and may have long-term implications for host-microbe interactions and overall ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Arpád Czirják
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Kodaira M, Ryo H, Kamada N, Furukawa K, Takahashi N, Nakajima H, Nomura T, Nakamura N. No Evidence of Increased Mutation Rates at Microsatellite Loci in Offspring of A-Bomb Survivors. Radiat Res 2010; 173:205-13. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1991.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kodaira
- Departments of Genetics and, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H. Ryo
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - N. Kamada
- Departments of Statistics and, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K. Furukawa
- Departments of Statistics and, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N. Takahashi
- Departments of Genetics and, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H. Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Nomura
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - N. Nakamura
- Departments of Chief Scientist, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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Shi JM, Guo JG, Li WJ, Zhang M, Huang L, Sun YQ. Cytogenetic effects of low doses of energetic carbon ions on rice after exposures of dry seeds, wet seeds and seedlings. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:235-242. [PMID: 20505262 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the biological effects of heavy ion radiation at low doses and the different radiosensitivities of growing and non-growing plants, rice at different lift stages (dry seed, wet seed and seedling) were exposed to carbon ions at doses of 0.02, 0.2, 2 and 20 Gy. Radiobiological effects on survival, root growth and mitotic activity, as well as the induction of chromosome aberrations in root meristem, were observed. The results show that radiation exposure induces a stimulatory response at lower dose and an inhibitory response at higher dose on the mitotic activity of wet seeds and seedlings. Cytogenetic damages are induced in both seeds and seedlings by carbon ion radiation at doses as low as 0.02 Gy. Compared with seedlings, seeds are more resistant to the lethal damage and the growth rate damage by high doses of carbon ions, but are more sensitive to cytogenetic damage by low doses of irradiation. Different types of radiation induced chromosome aberrations are observed between seeds and seedlings. Based on these results, the relationships between low dose heavy ion-induced biological effects and the biological materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Shi
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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40
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Yablokov AV, Nesterenko VB, Nesterenko AV. Chapter III. Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe for the Environment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1181:221-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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Danchenko M, Skultety L, Rashydov NM, Berezhna VV, Mátel L, Salaj T, Pret'ová A, Hajduch M. Proteomic analysis of mature soybean seeds from the Chernobyl area suggests plant adaptation to the contaminated environment. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2915-22. [PMID: 19320472 DOI: 10.1021/pr900034u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The explosion in one of the four reactors of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP, Chernobyl) caused the worst nuclear environmental disaster ever seen. Currently, 23 years after the accident, the soil in the close vicinity of CNPP is still significantly contaminated with long-living radioisotopes, such as (137)Cs. Despite this contamination, the plants growing in Chernobyl area were able to adapt to the radioactivity, and survive. The aim of this study was to investigate plant adaptation mechanisms toward permanently increased level of radiation using a quantitative high-throughput proteomics approach. Soybeans of a local variety (Soniachna) were sown in contaminated and control fields in the Chernobyl region. Mature seeds were harvested and the extracted proteins were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). In total, 9.2% of 698 quantified protein spots on 2-D gel were found to be differentially expressed with a p-value = 0.05. All differentially expressed spots were excised from the 2-D gels and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Identified differentially expressed proteins were categorized into six main metabolic classes. Most abundant functional classes were associated with protein destination and storage followed by disease and defense. On the basis of the identity of these proteins, a working model for plant adaptation toward radio-contaminated Chernobyl soil conditions was proposed. Our results suggest that adaptation toward heavy metal stress, protection against radiation damage, and mobilization of seed storage proteins are involved in plant adaptation mechanism to radioactivity in the Chernobyl region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Danchenko
- Department of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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McCauley LAR, Erdner DL, Nagai S, Richlen ML, Anderson DM. BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM SPECIES ALEXANDRIUM MINUTUM (DINOPHYCEAE) BASED ON rRNA GENE SEQUENCES AND MICROSATELLITE MARKERS(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2009; 45:454-63. [PMID: 27033824 PMCID: PMC5488690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum Halim is one of three species that comprise the "minutum" species complex. This complex is notable due to its role in the etiology of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Recent increases in PSP incidence and the geographic expansion of toxin-producing Alexandrium dinoflagellates have prompted the intensive examination of genetic relationships among globally distributed strains to address questions regarding their present distribution and reasons for their apparent increase. The biogeography of A. minutum was studied using large subunit ribosomal DNA gene (LSU rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and genotypic data from 12 microsatellite loci. rRNA gene and ITS sequencing data distinguished between two clades, herein termed the "Global" and the "Pacific"; however, little to no resolution was seen within each clade. Genotypic data from 12 microsatellite loci provided additional information regarding genetic relationships within the Global clade, but it was not possible to amplify DNA from the Pacific clade using these markers. With the exception of isolates from Italy and Spain, strains generally clustered according to origin, revealing geographic structuring within the Global clade. Additionally, no evidence supported the separation of A. lusitanicum and A. minutum as different species. With the use of microsatellites, it is now possible to initiate studies on the origin, history, and genetic heterogeneity of A. minutum that were not previously possible using only rRNA gene sequence data. This study demonstrates the power of combining a marker with intermediate resolution (rRNA sequences) with finer-scale markers (microsatellites) to examine intraspecies variability among globally distributed isolates and represents the first effort to employ this technique in A. minutum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deana L. Erdner
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Mindy L. Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Shibato J, Imanaka T, Fukutani S, Tamogami S, Endo S, Sahoo SK, Masuo Y, Kimura S. Ultra low-dose radiation: stress responses and impacts using rice as a grass model. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1215-1225. [PMID: 19399245 PMCID: PMC2672026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10031215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report molecular changes in leaves of rice plants (Oryza sativa L. - reference crop plant and grass model) exposed to ultra low-dose ionizing radiation, first using contaminated soil from the exclusion zone around Chernobyl reactor site. Results revealed induction of stress-related marker genes (Northern blot) and secondary metabolites (LC-MS/MS) in irradiated leaf segments over appropriate control. Second, employing the same in vitro model system, we replicated results of the first experiment using in-house fabricated sources of ultra low-dose gamma (gamma) rays and selected marker genes by RT-PCR. Results suggest the usefulness of the rice model in studying ultra low-dose radiation response/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep Rakwal
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), West, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8569, Japan; E-Mails:
(J.S.);
(Y.M.)
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 8207, Kathmandu, Nepal; E-Mails:
(R.R.);
(G.K.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +81-29-861-8508; Fax: +81-29-861-8508
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 8207, Kathmandu, Nepal; E-Mails:
(R.R.);
(G.K.A.)
| | - Junko Shibato
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), West, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8569, Japan; E-Mails:
(J.S.);
(Y.M.)
| | - Tetsuji Imanaka
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (KURRI), Osaka, Japan; E-Mails:
(T.I.);
(S.F.)
| | - Satoshi Fukutani
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (KURRI), Osaka, Japan; E-Mails:
(T.I.);
(S.F.)
| | - Shigeru Tamogami
- Laboratory of Growth Regulation Chemistry, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010–0195, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Satoru Endo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University (HU), Hiroshima, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Sarata Kumar Sahoo
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Chiba 263–8555, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Yoshinori Masuo
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), West, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8569, Japan; E-Mails:
(J.S.);
(Y.M.)
| | - Shinzo Kimura
- Department of Research Planning and Coordination, Japan NIOSH, Kawasaki, Japan; E-Mail:
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Monteiro MS, Lopes T, Mann RM, Paiva C, Soares AMVM, Santos C. Microsatellite instability in Lactuca sativa chronically exposed to cadmium. Mutat Res 2009; 672:90-4. [PMID: 19041419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic metal. Mutagenesis is indicative of genetic instability and can be assayed by use of microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSRs). These are tandem-repeated tracts of DNA composed of units that are 1-6 base pairs (bp) long, spread throughout the genome and highly polymorphic. SSRs can be used in the detection of genomic DNA damage and/or mutational events (e.g. deletions, insertions, point mutations). In order to study chronic exposure to cadmium, Lactuca sativa L. seeds were germinated in distilled water and grown on modified Hoagland's medium, both supplemented with 0, 10 and 100microM Cd(NO(3))(2). After 28 days of exposure, the plants were harvested to assess shoot and root length and accumulation of cadmium. DNA was extracted from young and expanded leaves and roots in order to analyse microsatellite instability (MSI). Mutagenic effects of cadmium were evaluated on nine microsatellite loci. No MSI was found in leaves, but a 2-bp deletion in one lettuce root SSR was detected among the SSRs that were analysed. Thus, SSR analyses may provide a complementary tool in the assessment of different genotoxic effects of compounds on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Monteiro
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. Transgenic Plants as Sensors of Environmental Pollution Genotoxicity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:1539-1558. [PMID: 27879779 PMCID: PMC3663010 DOI: 10.3390/s8031539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid technological development is inevitably associated with manyenvironmental problems which primarily include pollution of soil, water and air. In manycases, the presence of contamination is difficult to assess. It is even more difficult toevaluate its potential danger to the environment and humans. Despite the existence ofseveral whole organism-based and cell-based models of sensing pollution and evaluationof toxicity and mutagenicity, there is no ideal system that allows one to make a quick andcheap assessment. In this respect, transgenic organisms that can be intentionally altered tobe more sensitive to particular pollutants are especially promising. Transgenic plantsrepresent an ideal system, since they can be grown at the site of pollution or potentiallydangerous sites. Plants are ethically more acceptable and esthetically more appealing thananimals as sensors of environmental pollution. In this review, we will discuss varioustransgenic plant-based models that have been successfully used for biomonitoringgenotoxic pollutants. We will also discuss the benefits and potential drawbacks of thesesystems and describe some novel ideas for the future generation of efficient transgenicphytosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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Kim S, Lind MC, Schaefer HF. Structures and Energetics of the Deprotonated Adenine−Uracil Base Pair, Including Proton-Transferred Systems. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:3545-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711518n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kim
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Maria C. Lind
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Hinton TG, Alexakhin R, Balonov M, Gentner N, Hendry J, Prister B, Strand P, Woodhead D. Radiation-induced effects on plants and animals: findings of the United Nations Chernobyl Forum. HEALTH PHYSICS 2007; 93:427-440. [PMID: 18049219 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000281179.03443.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Several United Nations organizations sought to dispel the uncertainties and controversy that still exist concerning the effects of the Chernobyl accident. A Chernobyl Forum of international expertise was established to reach consensus on the environmental consequences and health effects attributable to radiation exposure arising from the accident. This review is a synopsis of the subgroup that examined the radiological effects to nonhuman biota within the 30-km Exclusion Zone. The response of biota to Chernobyl irradiation was a complex interaction among radiation dose, dose rate, temporal and spatial variation, varying radiation sensitivities of the different taxons, and indirect effects from other events. The radiation-induced effects to plants and animals within the 30-km Exclusion Zone around Chernobyl can be framed in three broad time periods relative to the accident: an intense exposure period during the first 30 d following the accident of 26 April 1986; a second phase that extended through the first year of exposure during which time the short-lived radionuclides decayed and longer-lived radionuclides were transported to different components of the environment by physical, chemical and biological processes; and the third and continuing long-term phase of chronic exposure with dose rates<1% of the initial values. The doses accumulated, and the observed effects on plants, soil invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates and fish are summarized for each time period. Physiological and genetic effects on biota, as well as the indirect effects on wildlife of removing humans from the Chernobyl area, are placed in context of what was known about radioecological effects prior to the accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Hinton
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA.
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Kim S, Schaefer HF. Effects of Microsolvation on the Adenine−Uracil Base Pair and Its Radical Anion: Adenine−Uracil Mono- and Dihydrates. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:10381-9. [PMID: 17705454 DOI: 10.1021/jp072727g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microhydration effects upon the adenine-uracil (AU) base pair and its radical anion have been investigated by explicitly considering various structures of their mono- and dihydrates at the B3LYP/DZP++ level of theory. For the neutral AU base pair, 5 structures were found for the monohydrate and 14 structures for the dihydrate. In the lowest-energy structures of the neutral mono- and dihydrates, one and two water molecules bind to the AU base pair through a cyclic hydrogen bond via the N(9)-H and N(3) atoms of the adenine moiety, while the lowest-lying anionic mono- and dihydrates have a water molecule which is involved in noncyclic hydrogen bonding via the O4 atom of the uracil unit. Both the vertical detachment energy (VDE) and adiabatic electron affinity (AEA) of the AU base pair are predicted to increase upon hydration. While the VDE and AEA of the unhydrated AU pair are 0.96 and 0.40 eV, respectively, the corresponding predictions for the lowest-lying anionic dihydrates are 1.36 and 0.75 eV, respectively. Because uracil has a greater electron affinity than adenine, an excess electron attached to the AU base pair occupies the pi* orbital of the uracil moiety. When the uracil moiety participates in hydrogen bonding as a hydrogen bond acceptor (e.g., the N(6)-H(6a)...O(4) hydrogen bond between the adenine and uracil bases and the O(w)-H(w)...N and O(w)-H(w)...O hydrogen bonds between the AU pair and the water molecules), the transfer of the negative charge density from the uracil moiety to either the adenine or water molecules efficiently stabilizes the system. In addition, anionic structures which have C-H...O(w) contacts are energetically more favorable than those with N-H...O(w) hydrogen bonds, because the C-H...O(w) contacts do not allow the unfavorable electron density donation from the water to the uracil moiety. This delocalization effect makes the energetic ordering for the anionic hydrates very different from that for the corresponding neutrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kim
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Møller
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St. Bernard, Case 237, F‐75252 Paris Cedex 05, France E‐mail:
| | - T. A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 E‐mail:
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50
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Kim S, Schaefer HF. Microhydration of cytosine and its radical anion: Cytosine∙(H2O)n (n=1–5). J Chem Phys 2007; 126:064301. [PMID: 17313209 DOI: 10.1063/1.2432123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microhydration effects on cytosine and its radical anion have been investigated theoretically, by explicitly considering various structures of cytosine complexes with up to five water molecules. Each successive water molecule (through n=5) is bound by 7-10 kcal mol(-1) to the relevant cytosine complex. The hydration energies are uniformly higher for the analogous anion systems. While the predicted vertical detachment energy (VDE) of the isolated cytosine is only 0.48 eV, it is predicted to increase to 1.27 eV for the lowest-lying pentahydrate of cytosine. The adiabatic electron affinity (AEA) of cytosine was also found to increase from 0.03 to 0.61 eV for the pentahydrate, implying that the cytosine anion, while questionable in the gas phase, is bound in aqueous solution. Both the VDE and AEA values for cytosine are smaller than those of uracil and thymine for a given hydration number. These results are in qualitative agreement with available experimental results from photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy studies of Schiedt et al. [Chem. Phys. 239, 511 (1998)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kim
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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