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Büchau YG, Leven C, Bange J. A portable low-cost device to quantify advective gas fluxes from mofettes into the lower atmosphere: First application to Starzach mofettes (Germany). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:138. [PMID: 38200374 PMCID: PMC10781820 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a portable low-cost device for in situ gas emission measurement from focused point sources of CO2, such as mofettes. We assess the individual sensors' precision with calibration experiments and perform an independent verification of the system's ability to measure gas flow rates in the range of liters per second. The results from one week of continuous CO2 flow observation from a wet mofette at the Starzach site is presented and correlated with the ambient meteorological dynamics. In the observed period, the gas flow rate of the examined mofette exhibits a dominant cycle of around four seconds that is linked to the gas rising upwards through a water column. We find the examined mofette to have a daily emission of 465 kg ±16 %. Furthermore, two events were observed that increased the flow rate abruptly by around 25 % within only a few minutes and a decaying period of 24 hours. These types of events were previously observed by others at the same site but dismissed as measurement errors. We discuss these events as a hydrogeological phenomenon similar to cold-water geyser eruptions. For meteorological events like the passages of high pressure fronts with steep changes in atmospheric pressure, we do not see a significant correlation between atmospheric parameters and the rate of gas exhalation in our one-week time frame, suggesting that on short timescales the atmospheric pumping effect plays a minor role for wet mofettes at the Starzach site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Georg Büchau
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, Tübingen, 72076, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
| | - Carsten Leven
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, Tübingen, 72076, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jens Bange
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, Tübingen, 72076, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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2
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Diffuse CO2 degassing precursors of the January 2020 eruption of Taal volcano, Philippines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19091. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOn January 12, 2020, Taal volcano in Philippines erupted, 43 years after its previous eruption in 1977. This eruption was preceded by diffuse CO2 degassing precursory signals. Significant temporal variations in diffuse CO2 emission from Taal Main Crater Lake (TMLC) were observed across the ~ 12 years reaching high CO2 degassing rates in 2011 and 2017, with values typical of plume degassing volcanoes. In addition to these CO2 surveys at the TCML, soil CO2 efflux continuous monitoring was implemented at Taal volcano since 2016 and a clear increasing trend of the soil CO2 efflux in 2017 was observed. These geochemical observations are most simply explained by magma recharge to the system, and represent the earliest warning precursor signals to the January 2020 eruptive activity.
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Joshi S, Ippolito SJ, Periasamy S, Sabri YM, Sunkara MV. Efficient Heterostructures of Ag@CuO/BaTiO 3 for Low-Temperature CO 2 Gas Detection: Assessing the Role of Nanointerfaces during Sensing by Operando DRIFTS Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27014-27026. [PMID: 28741353 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetragonal BaTiO3 spheroids synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route using Tween 80 were observed to be polydispersed with a diameter in the range of ∼15-75 nm. Thereon, BaTiO3 spheroids were decorated with different percentages of Ag@CuO by wet impregnation, and their affinity toward carbon dioxide (CO2) gas when employed as sensitive layers in a microsensor was investigated. The results revealed that the metal nanocomposite-based sensor had an exceptional stability and sensitivity toward CO2 gas (6-fold higher response), with appreciable response and recovery times (<10 s) and higher repeatability (98%) and accuracy (96%) at a low operating temperature of 120 °C, compared to those of pure BaTiO3 and CuO. Such improved gas-sensing performances even at a very low concentration (∼700 ppm) is attributable to both the chemical and electrical contributions of Ag@CuO forming intermittent nanointerfaces with BaTiO3 spheroids, exhibiting unique structural stability. The CO2-sensing mechanism of CuO/BaTiO3 nanocomposite was studied by the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy technique that established the reaction of CO2 with BaO and CuO to form the respective carbonate species that is correlated with the change in material resistance consequently monitored as sensor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravanti Joshi
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health and ‡School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- RMIT-IICT Research Centre and ∥Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, Nanomaterials Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Samuel J Ippolito
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health and ‡School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- RMIT-IICT Research Centre and ∥Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, Nanomaterials Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Selvakannan Periasamy
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health and ‡School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- RMIT-IICT Research Centre and ∥Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, Nanomaterials Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ylias M Sabri
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health and ‡School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- RMIT-IICT Research Centre and ∥Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, Nanomaterials Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manorama V Sunkara
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health and ‡School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- RMIT-IICT Research Centre and ∥Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, Nanomaterials Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
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Monitoring diffuse volcanic degassing during volcanic unrests: the case of Campi Flegrei (Italy). Sci Rep 2017; 7:6757. [PMID: 28754925 PMCID: PMC5533770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In volcanoes with active hydrothermal systems, diffuse CO2 degassing may constitute the primary mode of volcanic degassing. The monitoring of CO2 emissions can provide important clues in understanding the evolution of volcanic activity especially at calderas where the interpretation of unrest signals is often complex. Here, we report eighteen years of CO2 fluxes from the soil at Solfatara of Pozzuoli, located in the restless Campi Flegrei caldera. The entire dataset, one of the largest of diffuse CO2 degassing ever produced, is made available for the scientific community. We show that, from 2003 to 2016, the area releasing deep-sourced CO2 tripled its extent. This expansion was accompanied by an increase of the background CO2 flux, over most of the surveyed area (1.4 km2), with increased contributions from non-biogenic source. Concurrently, the amount of diffusively released CO2 increased up to values typical of persistently degassing active volcanoes (up to 3000 t d−1). These variations are consistent with the increase in the flux of magmatic fluids injected into the hydrothermal system, which cause pressure increase and, in turn, condensation within the vapor plume feeding the Solfatara emission.
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Tree-ring width reveals the preparation of the 1974 Mt. Etna eruption. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44019. [PMID: 28266610 PMCID: PMC5339818 DOI: 10.1038/srep44019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced near-infrared reflectance observed in September 1973 in Skylab images of the western flank of Mt. Etna has been interpreted as an eruption precursor of the January 1974 eruption. Until now, it has been unclear when this signal started, whether it was sustained and which process(es) could have caused it. By analyzing tree-ring width time-series, we show that the reduced near-infrared precursory signal cannot be linked to a reduction in annual tree growth in the area. However, comparing the tree-ring width time-series with both remote sensing observations and volcano-seismic activity enables us to discuss the starting date of the pre-eruptive period of the 1974 eruption.
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Morales SE, Holben WE. Functional response of a near-surface soil microbial community to a simulated underground CO2 storage leak. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81742. [PMID: 24303067 PMCID: PMC3841170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of leaks from geologic carbon sequestration, also known as carbon capture and storage, is key to developing effective strategies for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions management and mitigation of potential negative effects. Here, we provide the first report on the potential effects of leaks from carbon capture and storage sites on microbial functional groups in surface and near-surface soils. Using a simulated subsurface CO2 storage leak scenario, we demonstrate how CO2 flow upward through the soil column altered both the abundance (DNA) and activity (mRNA) of microbial functional groups mediating carbon and nitrogen transformations. These microbial responses were found to be seasonally dependent and correlated to shifts in atmospheric conditions. While both DNA and mRNA levels were affected by elevated CO2, they did not react equally, suggesting two separate mechanisms for soil microbial community response to high CO2 levels. The results did not always agree with previous studies on elevated atmospheric (rather than subsurface) CO2 using FACE (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment) systems, suggesting that microbial community response to CO2 seepage from the subsurface might differ from its response to atmospheric CO2 increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Morales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology Program and Systems Ecology Program, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William E. Holben
- Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology Program and Systems Ecology Program, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- Montana—Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
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Frerichs J, Oppermann BI, Gwosdz S, Möller I, Herrmann M, Krüger M. Microbial community changes at a terrestrial volcanic CO2 vent induced by soil acidification and anaerobic microhabitats within the soil column. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 84:60-74. [PMID: 23157486 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 capture and storage (CCS) in deep geological formations is one option currently evaluated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the impact of a possible CO2 leakage from a storage site into surface environments has to be evaluated. During such a hypothetical leakage event, the CO2 migrates upwards along fractures entering surface soils, a scenario similar to naturally occurring CO2 vents. Therefore, such a natural analogue site at the Laacher See was chosen for an ecosystem study on the effects of high CO2 concentrations on soil chemistry and microbiology. The microbial activities revealed differences in their spatial distribution and temporal variability for CO2 -rich and reference soils. Furthermore, the abundance of several functional and group-specific gene markers revealed further differences, for example, a decrease in Geobacteraceae and an increase in sulphate-reducing prokaryotes in the vent centre. Molecular-biological fingerprinting of the microbial communities with DGGE indicated a shift in the environmental conditions within the Laacher See soil column leading to anaerobic and potentially acidic microenvironments. Furthermore, the distribution and phylogenetic affiliation of the archaeal 16S rRNA genes, the presence of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea and the biomarker analysis revealed a predominance of Thaumarchaeota as possible indicator organisms for elevated CO2 concentrations in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Frerichs
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
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Miller-Coleman RL, Dodsworth JA, Ross CA, Shock EL, Williams AJ, Hartnett HE, McDonald AI, Havig JR, Hedlund BP. Korarchaeota diversity, biogeography, and abundance in Yellowstone and Great Basin hot springs and ecological niche modeling based on machine learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35964. [PMID: 22574130 PMCID: PMC3344838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 hot spring sediment samples were collected from 28 sites in 12 areas/regions, while recording as many coincident geochemical properties as feasible (>60 analytes). PCR was used to screen samples for Korarchaeota 16S rRNA genes. Over 500 Korarchaeota 16S rRNA genes were screened by RFLP analysis and 90 were sequenced, resulting in identification of novel Korarchaeota phylotypes and exclusive geographical variants. Korarchaeota diversity was low, as in other terrestrial geothermal systems, suggesting a marine origin for Korarchaeota with subsequent niche-invasion into terrestrial systems. Korarchaeota endemism is consistent with endemism of other terrestrial thermophiles and supports the existence of dispersal barriers. Korarchaeota were found predominantly in >55°C springs at pH 4.7–8.5 at concentrations up to 6.6×106 16S rRNA gene copies g−1 wet sediment. In Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Korarchaeota were most abundant in springs with a pH range of 5.7 to 7.0. High sulfate concentrations suggest these fluids are influenced by contributions from hydrothermal vapors that may be neutralized to some extent by mixing with water from deep geothermal sources or meteoric water. In the Great Basin (GB), Korarchaeota were most abundant at spring sources of pH<7.2 with high particulate C content and high alkalinity, which are likely to be buffered by the carbonic acid system. It is therefore likely that at least two different geological mechanisms in YNP and GB springs create the neutral to mildly acidic pH that is optimal for Korarchaeota. A classification support vector machine (C-SVM) trained on single analytes, two analyte combinations, or vectors from non-metric multidimensional scaling models was able to predict springs as Korarchaeota-optimal or sub-optimal habitats with accuracies up to 95%. To our knowledge, this is the most extensive analysis of the geochemical habitat of any high-level microbial taxon and the first application of a C-SVM to microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy A. Dodsworth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Christian A. Ross
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Everett L. Shock
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Williams
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Hilairy E. Hartnett
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Austin I. McDonald
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Jeff R. Havig
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Hedlund
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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D'Auria L, Giudicepietro F, Aquino I, Borriello G, Del Gaudio C, Lo Bascio D, Martini M, Ricciardi GP, Ricciolino P, Ricco C. Repeated fluid-transfer episodes as a mechanism for the recent dynamics of Campi Flegrei caldera (1989–2010). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Seto CJ, McRae GJ. Reducing risk in basin scale CO2 sequestration: a framework for integrated monitoring design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:845-859. [PMID: 21218768 DOI: 10.1021/es102240w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Injection of CO(2) into geological structures is a key technology for sequestering CO(2) emissions captured from the combustion of fossil fuels. Current projects inject volumes on the order of megatonnes per year. However, injection volumes must be increased by several orders of magnitude for material reductions in ambient concentrations. A number of questions surrounding safety and security of injection have been raised about the large scale deployment of geological CO(2) sequestration. They are site specific and require an effective monitoring strategy to mitigate risks of concern to stakeholders. This paper presents a model-based framework for monitoring design that can provide a quantitative understanding of the trade-offs between operational decisions of cost, footprint size, and uncertainty in monitoring strategies. Potential risks and challenges of monitoring large scale CO(2) injection are discussed, and research areas needed to address uncertainties are identified. Lack of clear guidance surrounding monitoring has contributed to hampering the development of policies to promote the deployment of large scale sequestration projects. Modeling provides an understanding of site specific processes and allows insights into the complexity of these systems, facilitating the calibration of an appropriate plan to manage risk. An integrated policy for risk-based monitoring design, prior to large scale deployment of sequestration will ensure safe and secure storage through an understanding of the real risks associated with large scale injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Seto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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Viveiros F, Cardellini C, Ferreira T, Caliro S, Chiodini G, Silva C. Soil CO2emissions at Furnas volcano, São Miguel Island, Azores archipelago: Volcano monitoring perspectives, geomorphologic studies, and land use planning application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Han WS, Stillman GA, Lu M, Lu C, McPherson BJ, Park E. Evaluation of potential nonisothermal processes and heat transport during CO2sequestration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vick TJ, Dodsworth JA, Costa KC, Shock EL, Hedlund BP. Microbiology and geochemistry of Little Hot Creek, a hot spring environment in the Long Valley Caldera. GEOBIOLOGY 2010; 8:140-154. [PMID: 20002204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A culture-independent community census was combined with chemical and thermodynamic analyses of three springs located within the Long Valley Caldera, Little Hot Creek (LHC) 1, 3, and 4. All three springs were approximately 80 degrees C, circumneutral, apparently anaerobic and had similar water chemistries. 16S rRNA gene libraries constructed from DNA isolated from spring sediment revealed moderately diverse but highly novel microbial communities. Over half of the phylotypes could not be grouped into known taxonomic classes. Bacterial libraries from LHC1 and LHC3 were predominantly species within the phyla Aquificae and Thermodesulfobacteria, while those from LHC4 were dominated by candidate phyla, including OP1 and OP9. Archaeal libraries from LHC3 contained large numbers of Archaeoglobales and Desulfurococcales, while LHC1 and LHC4 were dominated by Crenarchaeota unaffiliated with known orders. The heterogeneity in microbial populations could not easily be attributed to measurable differences in water chemistry, but may be determined by availability of trace amounts of oxygen to the spring sediments. Thermodynamic modeling predicted the most favorable reactions to be sulfur and nitrate respirations, yielding 40-70 kJ mol(-1) e(-) transferred; however, levels of oxygen at or below our detection limit could result in aerobic respirations yielding up to 100 kJ mol(-1) e(-) transferred. Important electron donors are predicted to be H(2), H(2)S, S(0), Fe(2+) and CH(4), all of which yield similar energies when coupled to a given electron acceptor. The results indicate that springs associated with the Long Valley Caldera contain microbial populations that show some similarities both to springs in Yellowstone and springs in the Great Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Vick
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
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Giammanco S, Immè G, Mangano G, Morelli D, Neri M. Comparison between different methodologies for detecting radon in soil along an active fault: The case of the Pernicana fault system, Mt. Etna (Italy). Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 67:178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Natural analogs of geologic CO2 sequestration: Some general implications for engineered sequestration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2006gm000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Kantzas EP, McGonigle AJS. Ground Based Ultraviolet Remote Sensing of Volcanic Gas Plumes. SENSORS 2008; 8:1559-1574. [PMID: 27879780 PMCID: PMC3663011 DOI: 10.3390/s8031559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet spectroscopy has been implemented for over thirty years to monitor volcanic SO2 emissions. These data have provided valuable information concerning underground magmatic conditions, which have been of utility in eruption forecasting efforts. During the last decade the traditionally used correlation spectrometers have been upgraded with miniature USB coupled UV spectrometers, opening a series of exciting new empirical possibilities for understanding volcanoes and their impacts upon the atmosphere. Here we review these technological developments, in addition to the scientific insights they have precipitated, covering the strengths and current limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euripides P Kantzas
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Andrew J S McGonigle
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Screening and ranking framework for geologic CO2 storage site selection on the basis of health, safety, and environmental risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00254-007-0947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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De Rosa M, Gagliardi G, Rocco A, Somma R, De Natale P, De Natale G. Continuous in situ measurements of volcanic gases with a diode-laser-based spectrometer: CO2 and H2O concentration and soil degassing at Vulcano (Aeolian islands: Italy). GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2007; 8:5. [PMID: 17448243 PMCID: PMC1876210 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on a continuous-measurement campaign carried out in Vulcano (Aeolian islands, Sicily), devoted to the simultaneous monitoring of CO2 and H2O concentrations. The measurements were performed with an absorption spectrometer based on a semiconductor laser source emitting around a 2-microm wavelength. The emitted radiation was selectively absorbed by two molecular ro-vibrational transitions specific of the investigated species. Data for CO2 and H2O concentrations, and CO2 soil diffusive flux using an accumulation chamber configuration, were collected at several interesting sampling points on the island (Porto Levante beach- PLB, Fossa Grande Crater - FOG- and Valley of Palizzi, PAL). CO2/H2O values, measured on the ground, are very similar (around 0.019 (+/- 0.006)) and comparable to the previous discrete detected values of 0.213 (Fumarole F5-La Fossa crater rim) and 0.012 (Fumarole VFS - Baia Levante beach) obtaid during the 1977-1993 heating phase of the crater fumaroles. In this work much more homogeneous values are found in different points of the three sites investigated. The field work, although carried out in a limited time window (25th-28th August 2004), pointed out the new apparatus is suitable for continuous gas monitoring of the two species and their ratios, which are important geochemical indicators of volcanic activity, for which other reliable continuous monitoring systems are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio De Rosa
- CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata, Sezione di Napoli, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Gianluca Gagliardi
- CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata, Sezione di Napoli, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Rocco
- CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata, Sezione di Napoli, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Renato Somma
- INGV, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, I-80124 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata, Sezione di Napoli, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Natale
- INGV, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, I-80124 Napoli, Italy
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Lewicki JL, Birkholzer J, Tsang CF. Natural and industrial analogues for leakage of CO2 from storage reservoirs: identification of features, events, and processes and lessons learned. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00254-006-0479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lowenstern JB, Smith RB, Hill DP. Monitoring super-volcanoes: geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2006; 364:2055-72. [PMID: 16844648 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Earth's largest calderas form as the ground collapses during immense volcanic eruptions, when hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometres of magma are explosively withdrawn from the Earth's crust over a period of days to weeks. Continuing long after such great eruptions, the resulting calderas often exhibit pronounced unrest, with frequent earthquakes, alternating uplift and subsidence of the ground, and considerable heat and mass flux. Because many active and extinct calderas show evidence for repetition of large eruptions, such systems demand detailed scientific study and monitoring. Two calderas in North America, Yellowstone (Wyoming) and Long Valley (California), are in areas of youthful tectonic complexity. Scientists strive to understand the signals generated when tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal (hot ground water) processes intersect. One obstacle to accurate forecasting of large volcanic events is humanity's lack of familiarity with the signals leading up to the largest class of volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, it may be difficult to recognize the difference between smaller and larger eruptions. To prepare ourselves and society, scientists must scrutinize a spectrum of volcanic signals and assess the many factors contributing to unrest and toward diverse modes of eruption.
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Durand M, Wilson JG. Spatial analysis of respiratory disease on an urbanized geothermal field. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 101:238-45. [PMID: 16169550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in the parts per billion-parts per million range occurs in the population of Rotorua, a city built upon an actively degassing geothermal field in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. H(2)S is acutely toxic at high concentrations but little is understood of the health effects of chronic, low-level exposure. In Rotorua, H(2)S emissions and ambient concentrations are heterogeneous and approximately 30% of the greater urban area's population live upon or <4 km downwind of the geothermal field. Spatial analysis of disease incidence clustering using a spatial scan statistic is a powerful tool with which to investigate the spatial relationship which may exist between H(2)S and respiratory disease. This paper reports findings from a spatial cluster analysis of 11 years of hospital discharge data at the census area unit resolution. Results indicate that the relative risk (RR) of incidence of noninfectious respiratory diseases may be substantially higher among residents living in the geothermal area than have been reported previously. RR >5 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its associated conditions are found in clusters which are spatially coincident with the geothermal field. Future work which investigates neurological and circulatory disease groups at the same or better spatial resolution may provide further insight into the chronic health effects of H(2)S exposure than these preliminary findings indicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Durand
- Natural Hazards Research Centre, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
AbstractLong Valley Caldera and the Mono-Inyo Domes volcanic field in eastern California lie in a left-stepping offset along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada, at the northern end of the Owens Valley and the western margin of the Basin and Range Province. Over the last 4 Ma, this volcanic field has produced multiple volcanic eruptions, including the caldera-forming eruption at 760 000 abpand the recent Mono-Inyo Domes eruptions 500–660 abpand 250 abp. Beginning in the late 1970s, the caldera entered a sustained period of unrest that persisted through the end of the century without culminating in an eruption. The unrest has included recurring earthquake swarms; tumescence of the resurgent dome by nearly 80 cm; the onset of diffuse magmatic carbon dioxide emissions around the flanks of Mammoth Mountain on the southwest margin of the caldera; and other indicators of magma transport at mid- to upper-crustal depths. Although we have made substantial progress in understanding the processes driving this unrest, many key questions remain, including the distribution, size, and relation between magma bodies within the mid-to-upper crust beneath the caldera, Mammoth Mountain, and the Inyo Mono volcanic chain, and how these magma bodies are connected to the roots of the magmatic system in the lower crust or upper mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Hill
- US Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Durand M, Scott BJ. Geothermal ground gas emissions and indoor air pollution in Rotorua, New Zealand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 345:69-80. [PMID: 15919529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The emission of toxic gases from the soil is a hazard in geothermal regions that are also urbanized because buildings constructed on geothermal ground may be subject to the ingress of gases from the soil directly into the structure. The Rotorua geothermal field, New Zealand, is extensively urbanized but to date no studies have evaluated the extent of the ground gas hazard. The main gases emitted are hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2), both of which are highly toxic and denser than air. This paper reports preliminary findings from a study of selected buildings constructed in the gas anomaly area. Properties were investigated for evidence of ingress by H2S, CO2, and 222Rn, with a view to determine the means and rates of gas entry and the nature of any consequent hazard. H2S and CO2 were investigated using infrared active gas analysers and passive detector tubes left in place for 10-48 h. 222Rn was measured over a period of 3 months by poly-allyl diglycol carbonate sensors. Eight of the nine buildings studied were found to suffer problems with soil gases entering the indoor air through the structure. The primary means of gas entry was directly from the ground through the floors, walls, and subsurface pipes. Indoor vents were located and found emitting up to approximately 200 ppm H2S and approximately 15% CO2, concentrations high enough to present an acute respiratory hazard to persons close to the vent (e.g., children playing at floor level). In some properties, gas problems occurred despite preventative measures having been made during construction or during later renovations. Typically, these measures include the under-laying of concrete floors with a gas-proof butanol seal, under-floor ventilation systems or the installation of positive-pressure air conditioning. Recently constructed buildings (<10 years) with butanol seals were nevertheless affected by ground gas emissions, and we conclude that such measures are not always effective in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Durand
- Natural Hazards Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Nordbotten JM, Celia MA, Bachu S, Dahle HK. Semianalytical solution for CO2 leakage through an abandoned well. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:602-611. [PMID: 15707061 DOI: 10.1021/es035338i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Capture and subsequent injection of carbon dioxide into deep geological formations is being considered as a means to reduce anthropogenic emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. If such a strategy is to be successful, the injected CO2 must remain within the injection formation for long periods of time, at least several hundred years. Because mature continental sedimentary basins have a century-long history of oil and gas exploration and production, they are characterized by large numbers of existing oil and gas wells. For example, more than 1 million such wells have been drilled in the state of Texas in the United States. These existing wells represent potential leakage pathways for injected CO2. To analyze leakage potential, modeling tools are needed that predict leakage rates and patterns in systems with injection and potentially leaky wells. A new semianalytical solution framework allows simple and efficient prediction of leakage rates for the case of injection of supercritical CO2 into a brine-saturated deep aquifer. The solution predicts the extent of the injected CO2 plume, provides leakage rates through an abandoned well located at an arbitrary distance from the injection well, and estimates the CO2 plume extent in the overlying aquifer into which the fluid leaks. Comparison to results from a numerical multiphase flow simulator show excellent agreement. Example calculations show the importance of outer boundary conditions, the influence of both density and viscosity contrasts in the resulting solutions, and the potential importance of local upconing around the leaky well. While several important limiting assumptions are required, the new semianalytical solution provides a simple and efficient procedure for estimation of CO2 leakage for problems involving one injection well, one leaky well, and multiple aquifers separated by impermeable aquitards.
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Spatial characterization of the location of potentially leaky wells penetrating a deep saline aquifer in a mature sedimentary basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00254-004-1073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cardellini C, Chiodini G, Frondini F. Application of stochastic simulation to CO2flux from soil: Mapping and quantification of gas release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Cardellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra; Università di Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - G. Chiodini
- Osservatorio Vesuviano; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Naples Italy
| | - F. Frondini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra; Università di Perugia; Perugia Italy
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Wilson EJ, Johnson TL, Keith DW. Regulating the ultimate sink: managing the risks of geologic CO2 storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:3476-3483. [PMID: 12953855 DOI: 10.1021/es021038+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The geologic storage (GS) of carbon dioxide (CO2) is emerging as an important tool for managing carbon. While this Journal recently published an excellent review of GS technology (Bruant, R. G.; Guswa, A. J.; Celia, M. A.; Peters, C. A. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 240A-245A), few studies have explored the regulatory environment for GS or have compared it with current underground injection experience. We review the risks and regulatory history of deep underground injection on the U.S. mainland and surrounding continental shelf. Our treatment is selective, focusing on the technical and regulatory aspects that are most likely to be important in assessing and managing the risks of GS. We also describe current underground injection activities and explore how these are now regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Wilson
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, 129 Baker Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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29
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Robertsonian polymorphism in house mouseMus musculus domesticus from an area of intense seismic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03194158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hernández Perez P, Notsu K, Tsurumi M, Mori T, Ohno M, Shimoike Y, Salazar J, Pérez N. Carbon dioxide emissions from soils at Hakkoda, north Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Hernández Perez
- Institute of Technology and Renewable Energy; Poligono Industrial de Granadilla; San Isidro, Granadilla, Tenerife Spain
| | - Kenji Notsu
- Laboratory for Earthquake Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Tsurumi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Toshiya Mori
- Laboratory for Earthquake Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masao Ohno
- Department of Earth Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimoike
- Research Institute of Materials and Resources; Akita University; Akita Japan
| | - Jose Salazar
- Institute of Technology and Renewable Energy; Poligono Industrial de Granadilla; San Isidro, Granadilla, Tenerife Spain
| | - Nemesio Pérez
- Institute of Technology and Renewable Energy; Poligono Industrial de Granadilla; San Isidro, Granadilla, Tenerife Spain
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31
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Wardell LJ, Kyle PR, Campbell AR. Carbon dioxide emissions from fumarolic ice towers, Mount Erebus volcano, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDegassing at Mount Erebus occurs as a plume from a persistent convecting anorthoclase phonolite lava lake, and by flank degassing through warm ground and fumarolic ice towers within the summit caldera. The fumarolic ice towers offer a unique and simple approach to quantifying the flank CO2 emissions. Carbon dioxide effluxes were determined at openings in the ice towers by measuring the CO2 concentration, air-flow velocity, and size of the exit orifice. Fluxes ranged from <0.0001 to 0.034 kg s−1 at 43 actively degassing ice towers. Small patches of steaming warm ground contributed 0.010 kg s−1. The δ13C isotopic compositions of the CO2 samples ranged from −2.1 to −4.7‰, suggesting a magmatic origin for the CO2. Fumarolic ice towers allow diffuse degassing to be visually identified, providing a strong advantage in determining the total flux rate of these passive emissions. The estimated output of flank CO2 degassing is 0.46 kg s−1 (40 Mg d−1). Compared with direct airborne measurements of the volcanic plume, passive flank emissions constitute less than 2% of the total volcanic CO2 budget emitted from Mount Erebus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Wardell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - P. R. Kyle
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - A. R. Campbell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
Socorro, NM 87801, USA
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32
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Astorri F, Beaubien SE, Ciotoli G, Lombardi S. An assessment of gas emanation hazard using a geographic information system and geostatistics. HEALTH PHYSICS 2002; 82:358-366. [PMID: 11845838 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200203000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of geostatistical analysis and GIS techniques to assess gas emanation hazards. The Mt. Vulsini volcanic district was selected for this study because of the wide range of natural phenomena locally present that affect gas migration in the near surface. In addition, soil gas samples that were collected in this area should allow for a calibration between the generated risk/hazard models and the measured distribution of toxic gas species at surface. The approach used during this study consisted of three general stages. First data were digitally organized into thematic layers, then software functions in the GIS program "ArcView" were used to compare and correlate these various layers, and then finally the produced "potential-risk" map was compared with radon soil gas data in order to validate the model and/or to select zones for further, more-detailed soil gas investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Astorri
- Earth Sciences Department (Science Della Terra), University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
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33
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Abstract
▪ Abstract Underground storage in porous and permeable reservoir rocks is a technically feasible way to dispose of industrial quantities of carbon dioxide such as are produced by a fossil fuel–fired power plant. All the necessary steps are commercially proven and in use today. Extensive, naturally occurring CO2 accumulations indicate that under favorable conditions CO2 can be retained in underground reservoirs for millions of years. Large-scale commercial underground CO2 sequestration has begun at the Sleipner West gas field in the North Sea. Some of the major issues to be addressed if this technology is to make an impact on CO2 emissions to the atmosphere are cost of CO2 capture, safety and security of storage, and public acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Holloway
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG2 6JE, United Kingdom
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34
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Chiodini G, Frondini F, Cardellini C, Granieri D, Marini L, Ventura G. CO2degassing and energy release at Solfatara volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hill PM. Possible asphyxiation from carbon dioxide of a cross-country skier in eastern California: a deadly volcanic hazard. Wilderness Environ Med 2001; 11:192-5. [PMID: 11055566 DOI: 10.1580/1080-6032(2000)011[0192:pafcdo]2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an incident in which exceedingly high levels of carbon dioxide may have contributed to the death of a skier in eastern California. A cross-country skier was found dead inside a large, mostly covered snow cave, 1 day after he was reported missing. The autopsy report suggests that the skier died of acute pulmonary edema consistent with asphyxiation; carbon dioxide measurements inside the hole in which he was found reached 70%. This area is known for having a high carbon dioxide flux attributed to degassing of a large body of magma (molten rock) 10 to 20 km beneath the ski area. The literature describes many incidents of fatal carbon dioxide exposures associated with volcanic systems in other parts of the world. We believe this case represents the first reported death associated with volcanically produced carbon dioxide in the United States. Disaster and wilderness medicine specialists should be aware of and plan for this potential health hazard associated with active volcanoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hill
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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36
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Werner C, Brantley SL, Boomer K. CO2emissions related to the Yellowstone volcanic system: 2. Statistical sampling, total degassing, and transport mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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McGee KA, Gerlach TM, Kessler R, Doukas MP. Geochemical evidence for a magmatic CO2degassing event at Mammoth Mountain, California, September-December 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Rogie JD, Kerrick DM, Chiodini G, Frondini F. Flux measurements of nonvolcanic CO2emission from some vents in central Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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40
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Battaglia M, Roberts C, Segall P. Magma intrusion beneath long valley caldera confirmed by temporal changes in gravity. Science 1999; 285:2119-22. [PMID: 10497128 DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5436.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Precise relative gravity measurements conducted in Long Valley (California) in 1982 and 1998 reveal a decrease in gravity of as much as -107 +/- 6 microgals (1 microgal = 10(-8) meters per square second) centered on the uplifting resurgent dome. A positive residual gravity change of up to 64 +/- 15 microgals was found after correcting for the effects of uplift and water table fluctuations. Assuming a point source of intrusion, the density of the intruding material is 2.7 x 10(3) to 4.1 x 10(3) kilograms per cubic meter at 95 percent confidence. The gravity results require intrusion of silicate magma and exclude in situ thermal expansion or pressurization of the hydrothermal system as the cause of uplift and seismicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Battaglia
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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41
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Sorey ML, Evans WC, Kennedy BM, Farrar CD, Hainsworth LJ, Hausback B. Carbon dioxide and helium emissions from a reservoir of magmatic gas beneath Mammoth Mountain, California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dixon TH, Mao A, Bursik M, Heflin M, Langbein J, Stein R, Webb F. Continuous monitoring of surface deformation at Long Valley Caldera, California, with GPS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Gerlach TM, Delgado H, McGee KA, Doukas MP, Venegas JJ, Cárdenas L. Application of the LI-COR CO2analyzer to volcanic plumes: A case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Rose TP, Davisson ML. Radiocarbon in Hydrologic Systems Containing Dissolved Magmatic Carbon Dioxide. Science 1996. [DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5280.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Rose
- Isotope Sciences Division, L-231, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - M. Lee Davisson
- Isotope Sciences Division, L-231, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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45
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Koepenick KW, Brantley SL, Thompson JM, Rowe GL, Nyblade AA, Moshy C. Volatile emissions from the crater and flank of Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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