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Towers EB, Williams IL, Aristidou ASK, Salako-Akande AO, Lynch WJ. Impact of SMAASH-C, a novel nutritional supplement, on drug-seeking and toxicity in female and male rats. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:214. [PMID: 38802366 PMCID: PMC11130171 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02940-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Relapse to drug use after abstinence is a major challenge in treating substance use disorder. Exposure to drug-associated cues during abstinence can trigger intense craving and precipitate relapse. New and more effective anti-relapse interventions are critically needed, particularly for cocaine use disorder since no effective pharmacological intervention is available. We discovered that a nutritional supplement we developed as part of a nutritional approach for managing patients with substance use disorder reduced patient reports of drug craving and relapse. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of this supplement, SMAASH-C, at reducing drug-craving/relapse vulnerability in males and females in rat models with cocaine. Effects were determined following extended-access cocaine self-administration (24-hr/day for 10 days) and a two-week treatment regimen at a moderate and moderate-to-high dose (0.4 and 0.8 g/kg/day) as well as a 6-week regimen at a moderate dose (0.4 g/kg/day; Experiment 2). We also determined its efficacy to offset serum markers of organ toxicity in response to chronic cocaine self-administration and abstinence (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, amylase; urea nitrogen). In females, both the 2- and 6-week SMAASH-C treatment regimens reduced cocaine-seeking (extinction or cue-induced reinstatement), particularly when drug-seeking was heightened (e.g., during estrus). Despite a lack of efficacy to reduce drug-seeking in males, SMAASH-C treatment normalized cocaine/abstinence-induced increases in serum levels of aspartate transaminase and amylase, which are markers of liver and pancreatic toxicity respectively. Thus, the beneficial effects of oral SMAASH-C treatment over abstinence following chronic cocaine self-administration appears to be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Blair Towers
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ivy L Williams
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ariadne S K Aristidou
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Wendy J Lynch
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Paludetto LS, Florence LLA, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Mapping the Neural Substrates of Cocaine Craving: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:329. [PMID: 38671981 PMCID: PMC11048489 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Craving is one of the most important symptoms of cocaine use disorder (CUD) since it contributes to the relapse and persistence of such disorder. This systematic review aimed to investigate which brain regions are modulated during cocaine craving. The articles were obtained through searches in the Google Scholar, Regional BVS Portal, PubMed, and Scielo databases. Overall, there was a selection of 36 studies with 1574 individuals, the majority being participants with CUD, whereby about 61.56% were individuals with CUD and 38.44% were controls (mean age = 40.4 years). Besides the methodological points, the neurobiological investigations comprised fMRI (58.34%) and PET (38.89%). The induction of cocaine craving was studied using different methods: exposure to cocaine cues (69.45%), stressful stimuli, food cues, and methylphenidate. Brain activations demonstrated widespread activity across the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and the limbic system. In addition to abnormalities in prefrontal cortex activity, abnormalities in various other brain regions' activity contribute to the elucidation of the neurobiology of cocaine craving. Abnormalities in brain activity are justified not only by the dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways but also of the glutamatergic and noradrenergic pathways, and distinct ways of inducing craving demonstrated the involvement of distinct brain circuits and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza Larrubia Alvares Florence
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay;
- Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo 050106, Paraguay
- School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Sudamericana, Salto del Guairá 130112, Paraguay
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil
- Perdizes Institute of the Clinical Hospital (IPer-HCFMUSP), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
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Kalhan S, Schwartenbeck P, Hester R, Garrido MI. People with a tobacco use disorder exhibit misaligned Bayesian belief updating by falsely attributing non-drug cues as worse predictors of positive outcomes compared to drug cues. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 256:111109. [PMID: 38354476 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive behaviours depend on dynamically updating internal representations of the world based on the ever-changing environmental contingencies. People with a substance use disorder (pSUD) show maladaptive behaviours with high persistence in drug-taking, despite severe negative consequences. We recently proposed a salience misattribution model for addiction (SMMA; Kalhan et al., 2021), arguing that pSUD have aberrations in their updating processes where drug cues are misattributed as strong predictors of positive outcomes, but weaker predictors of negative outcomes. We also argued that conversely, non-drug cues are misattributed as weak predictors of positive outcomes, but stronger predictors of negative outcomes. We tested these hypotheses using a multi-cue reversal learning task, with reversals in whether drug or non-drug cues are relevant in predicting the outcome (monetary win or loss). We show that people with a tobacco use disorder (pTUD), do form misaligned internal representations. We found that pTUD updated less towards learning the drug cue's relevance in predicting a loss. Further, when neither drug nor non-drug cue predicted a win, pTUD updated more towards the drug cue being relevant predictors of that win. Our Bayesian belief updating model revealed that pTUD had a low estimated likelihood of non-drug cues being predictors of wins, compared to drug cues, which drove the misaligned updating. Overall, several hypotheses of the SMMA were supported, but not all. Our results implicate that strengthening the non-drug cue association with positive outcomes may help restore the misaligned internal representation in pTUD, and offers a quantifiable, computational account of these updating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Kalhan
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Philipp Schwartenbeck
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Hester
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marta I Garrido
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Clare K, Park K, Pan Y, Lejuez CW, Volkow ND, Du C. Neurovascular effects of cocaine: relevance to addiction. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1357422. [PMID: 38455961 PMCID: PMC10917943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1357422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive drug, and its use is associated with adverse medical consequences such as cerebrovascular accidents that result in debilitating neurological complications. Indeed, brain imaging studies have reported severe reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cocaine misusers when compared to the brains of healthy non-drug using controls. Such CBF deficits are likely to disrupt neuro-vascular interaction and contribute to changes in brain function. This review aims to provide an overview of cocaine-induced CBF changes and its implication to brain function and to cocaine addiction, including its effects on tissue metabolism and neuronal activity. Finally, we discuss implications for future research, including targeted pharmacological interventions and neuromodulation to limit cocaine use and mitigate the negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Clare
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Kicheon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Yingtian Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Carl W. Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Congwu Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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González-Saiz F, Trujols J, Vergara-Moragues E. Cocaine Effect Expectancies among Patients with Cocaine Use Disorder with and without Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Are There Any Relevant Differences? J Psychoactive Drugs 2024; 56:76-87. [PMID: 36480506 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use could be modulated by drug expectancies based on previously experienced subjective effects. Some patients perceive a paradoxical calming effect after cocaine use. This study was performed to explore cocaine effect expectancies in patients diagnosed with cocaine use disorder, with and without co-occurring adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Secondly, we sought to empirically determine the presence of this paradoxical calming effect after cocaine use in patients with co-occurring adult ADHD to identify the individuals most at risk of cocaine use and relapse. Cross-sectional study using a consecutive sampling method of patients diagnosed with cocaine use disorder (n = 221) treated at public therapeutic communities in Andalusia (Spain). Participants completed a battery of instruments to assess the following variables: cocaine effect expectancies, paradoxical calming effect, adult ADHD, and other co-occurring psychiatric disorders. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that two variables, the paradoxical calming effect and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), were independently associated with the probability of being diagnosed with adult ADHD (OR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.88-6.26 and OR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.30-8.95, respectively). The presence of a paradoxical calming reaction to cocaine and/or a diagnosis of ASPD in patients with cocaine use disorder increases the diagnostic suspicion of co-occurring adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco González-Saiz
- Community Mental Health Unit of Villamartin, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Area of Psychiatry, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Network of Biomedical Research Centres for Mental Health), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Trujols
- CIBERSAM (Network of Biomedical Research Centres for Mental Health), Madrid, Spain
- Addictive Behaviours Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esperanza Vergara-Moragues
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioural Science. Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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Iqbal J, Mansour MNM, Saboor HA, Suyambu J, Lak MA, Zeeshan MH, Hafeez MH, Arain M, Mehmood M, Mehmood D, Ashraf M. Role of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in addiction disorders. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:434. [PMID: 38213452 PMCID: PMC10783698 DOI: 10.25259/sni_662_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Addiction disorders pose significant challenges to public health, necessitating innovative treatments. This assesses deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a potential intervention for addiction disorders. Methods A literature review was carried out with a focus on the role of DBS in addiction disorders and its future implications in neurosurgical research. Results The online literature shows that DBS precisely modulates certain brain regions to restore addiction-related neural circuits and promote behavioral control. Conclusion Preclinical evidence demonstrates DBS's potential to rebalance neural circuits associated with addiction, and early clinical trials provide encouraging outcomes in enhancing addiction-related outcomes. Ethical considerations, long-term safety, and personalized patient selection require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- School of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Jenisha Suyambu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jonelta Foundation School of Medicine, University of Perpetual Help System Dalta, Las Pinas City, Philippines
| | - Muhammad Ali Lak
- School of Medicine, Combined Military Hospitals (CMH) Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Mustafa Arain
- School of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maria Mehmood
- School of Medicine, Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Dalia Mehmood
- School of Medicine, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ashraf
- Wolfson School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Chohan MO, Fein H, Mirro S, O'Reilly KC, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Repeated chemogenetic activation of dopaminergic neurons induces reversible changes in baseline and amphetamine-induced behaviors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2545-2560. [PMID: 37594501 PMCID: PMC10872888 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated chemogenetic stimulation is often employed to study circuit function and behavior. Chronic or repeated agonist administration can result in homeostatic changes, but this has not been extensively studied with designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the impact of repeated DREADD activation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons on basal behavior, amphetamine response, and spike firing. We hypothesized that repeated DREADD activation would mimic compensatory effects that we observed with genetic manipulations of DA neurons. METHODS Excitatory hM3D(Gq) DREADDs were virally expressed in adult TH-Cre and WT mice. In a longitudinal design, clozapine N-oxide (CNO, 1.0 mg/kg) was administered repeatedly. We evaluated basal and CNO- or amphetamine (AMPH)-induced locomotion and stereotypy. DA neuronal activity was assessed using in vivo single-unit recordings. RESULTS Acute CNO administration increased locomotion, but basal locomotion decreased after repeated CNO exposure in TH-CrehM3Dq mice relative to littermate controls. Further, after repeated CNO administration, AMPH-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy were diminished in TH-CrehM3Dq mice relative to controls. Repeated CNO administration reduced DA neuronal firing in TH-CrehM3Dq mice relative to controls. A two-month CNO washout period rescued the decreases in basal locomotion and AMPH response. CONCLUSIONS We found that repeated DREADD activation of DA neurons evokes homeostatic changes that should be factored into the interpretation of chronic DREADD applications and their impact on circuit function and behavior. These effects are likely to also be seen in other neuronal systems and underscore the importance of studying neuroadaptive changes with chronic or repeated DREADD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad O Chohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Halli Fein
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sarah Mirro
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kally C O'Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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8
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Zald DH. The influence of dopamine autoreceptors on temperament and addiction risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105456. [PMID: 37926241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
As a major regulator of dopamine (DA), DA autoreceptors (DAARs) exert substantial influence over DA-mediated behaviors. This paper reviews the physiological and behavioral impact of DAARs. Individual differences in DAAR functioning influences temperamental traits such as novelty responsivity and impulsivity, both of which are associated with vulnerability to addictive behavior in animal models and a broad array of externalizing behaviors in humans. DAARs additionally impact the response to psychostimulants and other drugs of abuse. Human PET studies of D2-like receptors in the midbrain provide evidence for parallels to the animal literature. These data lead to the proposal that weak DAAR regulation is a risk factor for addiction and externalizing problems. The review highlights the potential to build translational models of the functional role of DAARs in behavior. It also draws attention to key limitations in the current literature that would need to be addressed to further advance a weak DAAR regulation model of addiction and externalizing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Zald
- Center for Advanced Human Brain Imaging and Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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9
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Kalhan S, Garrido MI, Hester R, Redish AD. Reward prediction-errors weighted by cue salience produces addictive behaviours in simulations, with asymmetrical learning and steeper delay discounting. Neural Netw 2023; 168:631-650. [PMID: 37844522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction in learning and motivational systems are thought to contribute to addictive behaviours. Previous models have suggested that dopaminergic roles in learning and motivation could produce addictive behaviours through pharmacological manipulations that provide excess dopaminergic signalling towards these learning and motivational systems. Redish (2004) suggested a role based on dopaminergic signals of value prediction error, while (Zhang et al., 2009) suggested a role based on dopaminergic signals of motivation. However, both models present significant limitations. They do not explain the reduced sensitivity to drug-related costs/negative consequences, the increased impulsivity generally found in people with a substance use disorder, craving behaviours, and non-pharmacological dependence, all of which are key hallmarks of addictive behaviours. Here, we propose a novel mathematical definition of salience, that combines aspects of dopamine's role in both learning and motivation within the reinforcement learning framework. Using a single parameter regime, we simulated addictive behaviours that the (Zhang et al., 2009; Redish, 2004) models also produce but we went further in simulating the downweighting of drug-related negative prediction-errors, steeper delay discounting of drug rewards, craving behaviours and aspects of behavioural/non-pharmacological addictions. The current salience model builds on our recently proposed conceptual theory that salience modulates internal representation updating and may contribute to addictive behaviours by producing misaligned internal representations (Kalhan et al., 2021). Critically, our current mathematical model of salience argues that the seemingly disparate learning and motivational aspects of dopaminergic functioning may interact through a salience mechanism that modulates internal representation updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Kalhan
- University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marta I Garrido
- University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Hester
- University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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10
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Jiang Z, Chen Z, Chen X. Candidate gene-environment interactions in substance abuse: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287446. [PMID: 37906564 PMCID: PMC10617739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse of psychogenic drugs can lead to multiple health-related problems. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities are factors in the emergence of substance use disorders. Empirical evidence regarding the gene-environment interaction in substance use is mixed. Summaries of the latest findings from a candidate gene approach will be useful for revealing the significance of particular gene contributions. Thus, we aim to identify different gene-environment interactions in patterns of substance use and investigate whether any effects trend notably across different genders and races. METHODS We reviewed published studies, until March 1, 2022, on substance use for candidate gene-environment interaction. Basic demographics of the included studies, target genes, environmental factors, main findings, patterns of gene-environment interaction, and other relevant information were collected and summarized. RESULTS Among a total of 44 studies, 38 demonstrated at least one significant interaction effect. About 61.5% of studies on the 5-HTTLPR gene, 100% on the MAOA gene, 42.9% on the DRD2 gene, 50% on the DRD4 gene, 50% on the DAT gene, 80% on the CRHR1 gene, 100% on the OPRM1 gene, 100% on the GABRA1 gene, and 50% on the CHRNA gene had a significant gene-environment interaction effect. The diathesis-stress model represents a dominant interaction pattern (89.5%) in the studies with a significant interaction effect; the remaining significant effect on substance use is found in the differential susceptibility model. The social push and swing model were not reported in the included studies. CONCLUSION The gene-environment interaction research on substance use behavior is methodologically multidimensional, which causes difficulty in conducting pooled analysis, or stated differently-making it hard to identify single sources of significant influence over maladaptive patterns of drug taking. In decreasing the heterogeneity and facilitating future pooled analysis, researchers must (1) replicate the existing studies with consistent study designs and measures, (2) conduct power calculations to report gene-environment correlations, (3) control for covariates, and (4) generate theory-based hypotheses with factorial based experiments when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zidong Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
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11
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Kroll SL, Hulka LM, Kexel AK, Vonmoos M, Preller KH, Treyer V, Ametamey SM, Baumgartner MR, Boost C, Pahlisch F, Rohleder C, Leweke FM, Quednow BB. Plasma endocannabinoids in cocaine dependence and their relation to cerebral metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 density. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:325. [PMID: 37857616 PMCID: PMC10587180 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models indicate that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a modulatory role in stress and reward processing, both crucially impaired in addictive disorders. Preclinical findings showed endocannabinoid-modulated synaptic plasticity in reward brain networks linked to the metabotropic-glutamate-5 receptor (mGluR5), contributing to drug-reinforcing effects and drug-seeking behavior. Although animal models postulate a link between ECS and cocaine addiction, human translational studies are lacking. Here, we tested previous preclinical findings by investigating plasma endocannabinoids (eCBs) anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and the related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), including their interaction with cerebral mGluR5, in chronic cocaine users (CU). We compared basal plasma concentrations between chronic CU (N = 103; 69 recreational CU and 34 dependent CU) and stimulant-naïve healthy controls (N = 92). Follow-up basal eCB/NAE plasma levels after 12 months were used for reliability and stability check (CU: N = 33; controls: N = 43). In an additional analysis using 11C-ABP688 positron emission tomography (PET) in a male subsample (CU: N = 18; controls: N = 16), we investigated the relationships between eCBs/NAEs and mGluR5 density in the brain. We found higher 2-AG plasma levels in dependent CU compared to controls and recreational CU. 2-AG levels were stable over time across all groups. In the PET-subsample, a positive association between 2-AG and mGluR5 brain density only in CU was found. Our results corroborate animal findings suggesting an alteration of the ECS in cocaine dependence and an association between peripheral 2-AG levels and cerebral mGluR5 in humans. Therefore, the ECS might be a promising pharmaco-therapeutic target for novel treatments of cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Kroll
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lea M Hulka
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kexel
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Vonmoos
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Treyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carola Boost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Pahlisch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - F Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Wells AC, Lotfipour S. Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11628. [PMID: 38389806 PMCID: PMC10880762 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Maternal tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy have been associated with adverse birth outcomes in infants and can lead to preventable pregnancy complications. Exposure to nicotine and other compounds in tobacco and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been shown to increases the risk of miscarriage, prematurity, stillbirth, low birth weight, perinatal morbidity, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Additionally, recent data provided by clinical and pre-clinical research demonstrates that nicotine exposure during pregnancy may heighten the risk for adverse neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD), anxiety, and depression along with altering the infants underlying brain circuitry, response to neurotransmitters, and brain volume. In the United States, one in 14 women (7.2%) reported to have smoked cigarettes during their pregnancy with the global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy estimated to be 1.7%. Approximately 1.1% of women in the United States also reported to have used e-cigarettes during the last 3 months of pregnancy. Due to the large percentage of women utilizing nicotine products during pregnancy in the United States and globally, this review seeks to centralize pre-clinical and clinical studies focused on the neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental complications associated with prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) such as alterations to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NA), hippocampus, and caudate as well as changes to nAChR and cholinergic receptor signaling, long-term drug seeking behavior following PNE, and other related developmental disorders. Current literature analyzing the association between PNE and the risk for offspring developing schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), anxiety, and obesity will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Wells
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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13
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Murnane KS, Edinoff AN, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Updated Perspectives on the Neurobiology of Substance Use Disorders Using Neuroimaging. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2023; 14:99-111. [PMID: 37583934 PMCID: PMC10424678 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s362861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use problems impair social functioning, academic achievement, and employability. Psychological, biological, social, and environmental factors can contribute to substance use disorders. In recent years, neuroimaging breakthroughs have helped elucidate the mechanisms of substance misuse and its effects on the brain. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are all examples. Neuroimaging studies suggest substance misuse affects executive function, reward, memory, and stress systems. Recent neuroimaging research attempts have provided clinicians with improved tools to diagnose patients who misuse substances, comprehend the complicated neuroanatomy and neurobiology involved, and devise individually tailored and monitorable treatment regimens for individuals with substance use disorders. This review describes the most recent developments in drug misuse neuroimaging, including the neurobiology of substance use disorders, neuroimaging, and substance use disorders, established neuroimaging techniques, recent developments with established neuroimaging techniques and substance use disorders, and emerging clinical neuroimaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Murnane
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Amber N Edinoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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14
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Engeli EJE, Russo AG, Ponticorvo S, Zoelch N, Hock A, Hulka LM, Kirschner M, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Quednow BB, Esposito F, Herdener M. Accumbal-thalamic connectivity and associated glutamate alterations in human cocaine craving: A state-dependent rs-fMRI and 1H-MRS study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103490. [PMID: 37639901 PMCID: PMC10474092 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Craving is a core symptom of cocaine use disorder and a major factor for relapse risk. To date, there is no pharmacological therapy to treat this disease or at least to alleviate cocaine craving as a core symptom. In animal models, impaired prefrontal-striatal signalling leading to altered glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens appear to be the prerequisite for cocaine-seeking. Thus, those network and metabolic changes may constitute the underlying mechanisms for cocaine craving and provide a potential treatment target. In humans, there is recent evidence for corresponding glutamatergic alterations in the nucleus accumbens, however, the underlying network disturbances that lead to this glutamate imbalance remain unknown. In this state-dependent randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, cross-over multimodal study, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging in combination with small-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (voxel size: 9.4 × 18.8 × 8.4 mm3) was applied to assess network-level and associated neurometabolic changes during a non-craving and a craving state, induced by a custom-made cocaine-cue film, in 18 individuals with cocaine use disorder and 23 healthy individuals. Additionally, we assessed the potential impact of a short-term challenge of N-acetylcysteine, known to normalize disturbed glutamate homeostasis and to thereby reduce cocaine-seeking in animal models of addiction, compared to a placebo. We found increased functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the cue-induced craving state. However, those changes were not linked to alterations in accumbal glutamate levels. Whereas we additionally found increased functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and a midline part of the thalamus during the cue-induced craving state. Furthermore, obsessive thinking about cocaine and the actual intensity of cocaine use were predictive of cue-induced functional connectivity changes between the nucleus accumbens and the thalamus. Finally, the increase in accumbal-thalamic connectivity was also coupled with craving-related glutamate rise in the nucleus accumbens. Yet, N-acetylcysteine had no impact on craving-related changes in functional connectivity. Together, these results suggest that connectivity changes within the fronto-accumbal-thalamic loop, in conjunction with impaired glutamatergic transmission, underlie cocaine craving and related clinical symptoms, pinpointing the thalamus as a crucial hub for cocaine craving in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etna J E Engeli
- Centre for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea G Russo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Ponticorvo
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States
| | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea M Hulka
- Centre for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kirschner
- Transdiagnostic and Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Pharmaco-Neuroimaging and Cognitive-Emotional Processing, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Centre for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Hersey M, Bartole MK, Jones CS, Newman AH, Tanda G. Are There Prevalent Sex Differences in Psychostimulant Use Disorder? A Focus on the Potential Therapeutic Efficacy of Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:5270. [PMID: 37446929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) affect a growing number of men and women and exert sizable public health and economic burdens on our global society. Notably, there are some sex differences in the onset of dependence, relapse rates, and treatment success with PSUD observed in preclinical and clinical studies. The subtle sex differences observed in the behavioral aspects of PSUD may be associated with differences in the neurochemistry of the dopaminergic system between sexes. Preclinically, psychostimulants have been shown to increase synaptic dopamine (DA) levels and may downregulate the dopamine transporter (DAT). This effect is greatest in females during the high estradiol phase of the estrous cycle. Interestingly, women have been shown to be more likely to begin drug use at younger ages and report higher levels of desire to use cocaine than males. Even though there is currently no FDA-approved medication, modafinil, a DAT inhibitor approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders, has shown promise in the treatment of PSUD among specific populations of affected individuals. In this review, we highlight the therapeutic potential of modafinil and other atypical DAT inhibitors focusing on the lack of sex differences in the actions of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Hersey
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Claire S Jones
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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16
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Zafar R, Siegel M, Harding R, Barba T, Agnorelli C, Suseelan S, Roseman L, Wall M, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D. Psychedelic therapy in the treatment of addiction: the past, present and future. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1183740. [PMID: 37377473 PMCID: PMC10291338 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1183740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychedelic therapy has witnessed a resurgence in interest in the last decade from the scientific and medical communities with evidence now building for its safety and efficacy in treating a range of psychiatric disorders including addiction. In this review we will chart the research investigating the role of these interventions in individuals with addiction beginning with an overview of the current socioeconomic impact of addiction, treatment options, and outcomes. We will start by examining historical studies from the first psychedelic research era of the mid-late 1900s, followed by an overview of the available real-world evidence gathered from naturalistic, observational, and survey-based studies. We will then cover modern-day clinical trials of psychedelic therapies in addiction from first-in-human to phase II clinical trials. Finally, we will provide an overview of the different translational human neuropsychopharmacology techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), that can be applied to foster a mechanistic understanding of therapeutic mechanisms. A more granular understanding of the treatment effects of psychedelics will facilitate the optimisation of the psychedelic therapy drug development landscape, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan Zafar
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim Siegel
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Harding
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Barba
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Agnorelli
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shayam Suseelan
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leor Roseman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Wall
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Invicro, London, United Kingdom
| | - David John Nutt
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Rigoli F, Pezzulo G. The traps of adaptation: Addiction as maladaptive referent-dependent evaluation. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01086-4. [PMID: 37016202 PMCID: PMC10400707 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Referent-dependent evaluation theories propose that the ongoing context influences how the brain attributes value to stimuli. What are the implications of these theories for understanding addiction? The paper asks this question by casting this disorder as a form of maladaptive referent-dependent evaluation. Specifically, addiction is proposed to arise from the establishment of an excessive reference point following repeated drug consumption. Several key aspects of the disorder emerge from this perspective, including withdrawal, tolerance, enhanced craving, negative mood, and diminished stimulus discriminability. As highlighted in the paper, this formulation has important analogies with classical accounts of addiction, such as set point theories and associative learning theories. Moreover, this picture fits with the pattern of striatal dopaminergic activity observed in addiction, a key neural signature of the disorder. Overall, the referent-dependent evaluation approach emerges as a useful add-on to the theoretical toolkit adopted to interpret addiction. This also supports the idea that referent-dependent evaluation might offer a general framework to understand various disorders characterised by disrupted motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rigoli
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK.
| | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
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18
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Taracha E, Czarna M, Turzyńska D, Maciejak P. Amphetamine-induced prolonged disturbances in tissue levels of dopamine and serotonin in the rat brain. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:596-608. [PMID: 36944909 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark of psychostimulants is the persistence of neurobiological changes they produce. The difficulty in reversing long-time effects of psychostimulants use is why addiction therapy is so ineffective. This study aimed to look for such drug-induced changes that can be detected even after many weeks of abstinence. METHODS Rats were given 12 doses of amphetamine (Amph) at 1.5 mg/kg. The rewarding effect of Amph was assessed using ultrasonic vocalization. After 14 and 28 days of abstinence, tissue levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and their metabolites were measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (Acb), dorsomedial (CPuM), and dorsolateral (CPuL) striatum. RESULTS After 28 days of abstinence, DA levels were increased in the dorsal striatum while 5-HT levels were decreased in all brain regions studied. The opposite direction of changes in DA and 5-HT tissue levels observed in the dorsal striatum may be related to the changes in the emotional state during abstinence and may contribute to the incubation of craving and relapses. Tissue levels of 5-HT and DA showed intra- and inter-structural correlations, most pronounced after 14 days of abstinence. Most of them were absent in the control group (ctrl), which may indicate that their appearance was related to the changes induced by earlier Amph administration. We did not find any associations between reward sensitivity and the persistence of Amph-induced neurochemical disturbances. CONCLUSIONS Administration of 12 moderate doses of Amph causes prolonged changes in DA and 5-HT tissue levels. The direction and severity of the changes are dependent on the brain region and the neurotransmitter studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Taracha
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Czarna
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Preclinical Research, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 5 Wilhelma Roentgena St., 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Turzyńska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha St., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Beck A, Ebrahimi C, Rosenthal A, Charlet K, Heinz A. The Dopamine System in Mediating Alcohol Effects in Humans. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36705911 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain-imaging studies show that the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is determined by a complex interaction of different neurotransmitter systems and multiple psychological factors. In this context, the dopaminergic reinforcement system appears to be of fundamental importance. We focus on the excitatory and depressant effects of acute versus chronic alcohol intake and its impact on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, we describe alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission as associated with symptoms of alcohol dependence. We specifically focus on neuroadaptations to chronic alcohol consumption and their effect on central processing of alcohol-associated and reward-related stimuli. Altered reward processing, complex conditioning processes, impaired reinforcement learning, and increased salience attribution to alcohol-associated stimuli enable alcohol cues to drive alcohol seeking and consumption. Finally, we will discuss how the neurobiological and neurochemical mechanisms of alcohol-associated alterations in reward processing and learning can interact with stress, cognition, and emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beck
- Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Matar-Khalil S, Piedrahita Vallejo C, Uárez Portilla C. Del consumo ocasional del tabaco a la adicción a la nicotina. NOVA 2022. [DOI: 10.22490/24629448.6592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducción. El consumo ocasional de nicotina puede generar una dependencia o adicción, siendo detectable mediante modificaciones en los mecanismos neurobiológicos. Objetivo. Contextualizar del consumo a la adicción e identificar teóricamente el mecanismo neurobiológico de transición del consumo regular del tabaco a la adicción de la nicotina. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en inglés y español usando diferentes bases de datos y combinaciones de palabras clave, se seleccionaron los artículos que describieran las características de los procesos neurobiológicos implicados en el uso o consumo intermitentedel tabaco a la adicción a la nicotina como el tema principal. Resultados. El número de investigaciones relacionados a este tema es reducido, aún más en relación con la descripción de los procesos y cambios neurales de la adicción a la nicotina. La adicción a las drogas es un proceso neuroconductual complejo que altera los circuitos del sistema de motivaciónrecompensa del cerebro, por la disminución de la dopamina y la afectación en la regulación del glutamato en los ganglios basales y extensión de la amígdala se asocia con el craving, la anticipación y el déficit en la función ejecutiva. Conclusiones. El tabaco está considerado como una droga legal, por lo que su consumo pareciera ser inofensivo. Sin embargo, las evidencias muestran que su consumo a largo plazo tiene consecuencias graves en la salud de los individuos. El entender cómo cambia el hábito de fumar ocasionalmente al consumocrónico nos hace más conscientes sobre las adaptaciones en el cerebro.
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21
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Raslan MA. Natural Products for the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Narrative Review. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200702. [PMID: 36285806 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is considered a chronic disorder affecting the individual's life, his/her family and society. Up till now the treatment of drug addiction is considered a problematic issue. Synthetic drugs available for the treatment of drug addiction are few, of limited efficacy and associated with serious side effects. Therefore, there is a continuous search for better therapeutic agents for drug addiction. Natural products represent a promising source for drug addiction treatment. This review summaries drug addiction definition, its mechanism of action, its types, its diagnosis, factors affecting its development and different available approaches for its treatment especially the use of natural products. Six plants were discussed thoroughly in this review, including, Tabernanthe iboga Baill., Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep, Hypericum perforatum L., Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Raslan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
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22
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Israel B, Wiprovnick AE, Belcher AM, Kleinman MB, Ramprashad A, Spaderna M, Weintraub E. Practical Considerations for Treating Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Addictions Clinic: Approaches to Clinical Care, Leadership, and Alleviating Shame. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2022; 45:375-414. [PMID: 36055729 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A practical, common-sense framework for recognizing and addressing comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the substance use disorder (SUD) clinic is outlined. The article focuses on strategies that can help establish trauma-informed care or augment an existing approach. Interventions are organized around the task of ameliorating shame (or shame sensitivity), which represents a transdiagnostic mediator of psychopathology and, potentially, capacity for change. Countershaming strategies can guide a trauma-responsive leadership approach. Considering the striking rate of underdiagnosis of PTSD among patients with SUD, implementing routine systematic PTSD screening likely represents the single most consequential trauma-informed intervention that SUD clinics can adopt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Israel
- Division of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 4801 Yellowwood Ave, Ste 2E1, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA.
| | - Alicia E Wiprovnick
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Annabelle M Belcher
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary B Kleinman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland at College Park, Biology/Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Avinash Ramprashad
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Max Spaderna
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eric Weintraub
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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McLaurin KA, Li H, Mactutus CF, Harrod SB, Booze RM. Disrupted Decision-Making: EcoHIV Inoculation in Cocaine Dependent Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9100. [PMID: 36012364 PMCID: PMC9409394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Independently, chronic cocaine use and HIV-1 viral protein exposure induce neuroadaptations in the frontal-striatal circuit as evidenced by both clinical and preclinical studies; how the frontal-striatal circuit responds to HIV-1 infection following chronic drug use, however, has remained elusive. After establishing experience with both sucrose and cocaine self-administration, a pretest-posttest experimental design was utilized to evaluate preference judgment, a simple form of decision-making dependent upon the integrity of frontal-striatal circuit function. During the pretest assessment, male rats exhibited a clear preference for cocaine, whereas female animals preferred sucrose. Two posttest evaluations (3 days and 6 weeks post inoculation) revealed that, independent of biological sex, inoculation with chimeric HIV (EcoHIV), but not saline, disrupted decision-making. Prominent structural alterations in the frontal-striatal circuit were evidenced by synaptodendritic alterations in pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, the EcoHIV rat affords a valid animal model to critically investigate how the frontal-striatal circuit responds to HIV-1 infection following chronic drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosemarie M. Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Kozarzewski L, Maurer L, Mähler A, Spranger J, Weygandt M. Computational approaches to predicting treatment response to obesity using neuroimaging. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:773-805. [PMID: 34951003 PMCID: PMC9307532 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide disease associated with multiple severe adverse consequences and comorbid conditions. While an increased body weight is the defining feature in obesity, etiologies, clinical phenotypes and treatment responses vary between patients. These variations can be observed within individual treatment options which comprise lifestyle interventions, pharmacological treatment, and bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery can be regarded as the most effective treatment method. However, long-term weight regain is comparably frequent even for this treatment and its application is not without risk. A prognostic tool that would help predict the effectivity of the individual treatment methods in the long term would be essential in a personalized medicine approach. In line with this objective, an increasing number of studies have combined neuroimaging and computational modeling to predict treatment outcome in obesity. In our review, we begin by outlining the central nervous mechanisms measured with neuroimaging in these studies. The mechanisms are primarily related to reward-processing and include "incentive salience" and psychobehavioral control. We then present the diverse neuroimaging methods and computational prediction techniques applied. The studies included in this review provide consistent support for the importance of incentive salience and psychobehavioral control for treatment outcome in obesity. Nevertheless, further studies comprising larger sample sizes and rigorous validation processes are necessary to answer the question of whether or not the approach is sufficiently accurate for clinical real-world application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kozarzewski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Maurer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Mähler
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Weygandt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Park K, Clare K, Volkow ND, Pan Y, Du C. Cocaine's effects on the reactivity of the medial prefrontal cortex to ventral tegmental area stimulation: optical imaging study in mice. Addiction 2022; 117:2242-2253. [PMID: 35293056 PMCID: PMC9801493 DOI: 10.1111/add.15869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is modulated by dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and disruption of this modulation might facilitate impulsive behaviors during cocaine intoxication. Here, we assessed the effects of acute cocaine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) on the reactivity of the PFC to VTA stimulation. METHODS Using a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GCaMP6f), we optically imaged the neuronal Ca2+ reactance in medial PFC (mPFC) in response to 'tonic-like' (5 Hz) and 'phasic-like' (50 Hz) electrical VTA stimulation. The high temporal and spatial resolutions of our optical system allowed us to capture single Ca2+ neuronal transients from individual stimuli with 'tonic-like' stimulation and to visualize single neuronal activation evoked by 'phasic-like' VTA stimulation. RESULTS 'Tonic-like' VTA stimulation induced a rapid increase in mean neuronal Ca2+ in mPFC followed by a plateau and recovery upon termination of stimulation. After cocaine, the mPFC sensitivity to 'tonic-like' VTA stimulation was attenuated, with a 50.4% reduction (P = 0.03) in the number of Ca2+ transients corresponding to single electrical stimuli but the recovery time was lengthened (4.30 ± 0.25 sec to 5.41 ± 0.24 sec, P = 0.03). 'Phasic-like' stimulation evoked a rapid Ca2+ fluorescence increase in mPFC with an immediate decay process, and while cocaine did not affect the peak response (7.17 ± 1.07% versus 7.13 ± 0.96%, P = 0.98) it shortened the recovery time to baseline (3.27 ± 0.11 sec versus 2.38 ± 0.23 sec, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Acute cocaine impairs reactivity of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to ventral tegmental area stimulation, decreasing its sensitivity to 'tonic-like' stimulation and lengthening the recovery time to return to baseline while shortening it for phasic stimulation. These changes in mPFC might contribute to cocaine binging during intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kicheon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Clare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Yingtian Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Congwu Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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26
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Camchong J, Haynos AF, Hendrickson T, Fiecas MB, Gilmore CS, Mueller BA, Kushner MG, Lim KO. Resting Hypoconnectivity of Theoretically Defined Addiction Networks during Early Abstinence Predicts Subsequent Relapse in Alcohol Use Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:2688-2702. [PMID: 34671808 PMCID: PMC9393062 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of addiction suggest that alterations in addiction domains including incentive salience, negative emotionality, and executive control lead to relapse in alcohol use disorder (AUD). To determine whether the functional organization of neural networks underlying these domains predict subsequent relapse, we generated theoretically defined addiction networks. We collected resting functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 45 individuals with AUD during early abstinence (number of days abstinent M = 25.40, SD = 16.51) and calculated the degree of resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) within these networks. Regression analyses determined whether the RSFC strength in domain-defined addiction networks measured during early abstinence predicted subsequent relapse (dichotomous or continuous relapse metrics). RSFC within each addiction network measured during early abstinence was significantly lower in those that relapsed (vs. abstained) and predicted subsequent time to relapse. Lower incentive salience RSFC during early abstinence increased the odds of relapsing. Neither RSFC in a control network nor clinical self-report measures predicted relapse. The association between low incentive salience RSFC and faster relapse highlights the need to design timely interventions that enhance RSFC in AUD individuals at risk of relapsing faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Camchong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN 55454, USA
| | - A F Haynos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN 55454, USA
| | - T Hendrickson
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - M B Fiecas
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - C S Gilmore
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - B A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN 55454, USA
| | - M G Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN 55454, USA
| | - K O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN 55454, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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Grasing KW, Burnell K, De A. Biphasic reward effects are characteristic of both lorcaserin and drugs of abuse: implications for treatment of substance use disorders. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:238-248. [PMID: 35324488 PMCID: PMC9149059 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lorcaserin is a modestly selective agonist for 2C serotonin receptors (5-HT2CR). Despite early promising data, it recently failed to facilitate cocaine abstinence in patients and has been compared with dopamine antagonist medications (antipsychotics). Here, we review the effects of both classes on drug reinforcement. In addition to not being effective treatments for cocaine use disorder, both dopamine antagonists and lorcaserin can have biphasic effects on dopamine and reward behavior. Lower doses can cause enhanced drug taking with higher doses causing reductions. This biphasic pattern is shared with certain stimulants, opioids, and sedative-hypnotics, as well as compounds without abuse potential that include agonists for muscarinic and melatonin receptors. Additional factors associated with decreased drug taking include intermittent dosing for dopamine antagonists and use of progressive-ratio schedules for lorcaserin. Clinically relevant doses of lorcaserin were much lower than those that inhibited cocaine-reinforced behavior and can also augment this same behavior in different species. Diminished drug-reinforced behavior only occurred in animals after higher doses that are not suitable for use in patients. In conclusion, drugs of abuse and related compounds often act as biphasic modifiers of reward behavior, especially when evaluated over a broad range of doses. This property may reflect the underlying physiology of the reward system, allowing homeostatic influences on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken W Grasing
- Substance Use Research Laboratory, Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Kim Burnell
- Substance Use Research Laboratory, Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Alok De
- Substance Use Research Laboratory, Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
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28
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Alcohol Use Disorder: Neurobiology and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051192. [PMID: 35625928 PMCID: PMC9139063 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) encompasses the dysregulation of multiple brain circuits involved in executive function leading to excessive consumption of alcohol, despite negative health and social consequences and feelings of withdrawal when access to alcohol is prevented. Ethanol exerts its toxicity through changes to multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and opioid systems. These neurotransmitter imbalances result in dysregulation of brain circuits responsible for reward, motivation, decision making, affect, and the stress response. Despite serious health and psychosocial consequences, this disorder still remains one of the leading causes of death globally. Treatment options include both psychological and pharmacological interventions, which are aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and/or promoting abstinence while also addressing dysfunctional behaviours and impaired functioning. However, stigma and social barriers to accessing care continue to impact many individuals. AUD treatment should focus not only on restoring the physiological and neurological impairment directly caused by alcohol toxicity but also on addressing psychosocial factors associated with AUD that often prevent access to treatment. This review summarizes the impact of alcohol toxicity on brain neurocircuitry in the context of AUD and discusses pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies currently available to treat this addiction disorder.
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29
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Conditioned Inhibition of Amphetamine Sensitization. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 192:107636. [PMID: 35597434 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Repeated intermittent exposure to psychostimulants, such as amphetamine, leads to a progressive enhancement of the drug's ability to increase both behavioral and brain neurochemical responses. The expression of these enhancements, known as sensitization, can be regulated by Pavlovian conditioned stimuli. Cues that are associated with drug experience can facilitate sensitization so that it only occurs in the presence of these stimuli (context-specific sensitization). In contrast, cues that are explicitly related to the absence of drugs (conditioned inhibitors) can prevent the expression of sensitization. We hypothesized that disrupting conditioned inhibition would enable amphetamine sensitization in new contexts. Using male Sprague Dawley rats and a two-context amphetamine conditioning procedure, we found that extinguishing amphetamine experience in one environment led to the loss of conditioned inhibition in a separate context. Thus, amphetamine-induced sensitized locomotion, as well as both enhanced dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens, were observed in a context where the drug was never experienced before. A similar loss of contextual control of sensitization was seen after using baclofen/muscimol microinjections to transiently inhibit the medial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, or ventral subiculum of the hippocampus. In other words, compared to control infusions, these intracranial injections of GABA-receptor agonists were able to block conditioned inhibitors from preventing the expression of sensitized locomotion. Together, these findings reveal the importance of conditioned inhibitors for regulating addiction-like behavior. The results suggest that dopaminergic and glutamatergic brain circuitry controls the context-specific expression of amphetamine sensitization.
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30
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Deng J, Zhang T, Zheng X, Shang L, Zhan C, Zheng F. Recovery of dopaminergic system after cocaine exposure and impact of a long‐acting cocaine hydrolase. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13179. [DOI: 10.1111/adb.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Deng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Xirong Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Linyue Shang
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Chang‐Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Fang Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
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31
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Messina G, Vetrano IG, Bonomo G, Broggi G. Role of deep brain stimulation in management of psychiatric disorders. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 270:61-96. [PMID: 35396031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, most of patients affected by psychiatric disorders are successfully treated with conservative therapies. Still, a variable percentage of them demonstrate resistance to conventional treatments, and alternative methods can then be considered. During the last 20 years, there is a progressive interest in use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in mental illnesses. It has become clear nowadays, that this modality may be effectively applied under specific indications in some patients with major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders, Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, substance use disorder, and even pathologically aggressive behavior. Despite the fact that the efficacy of neuromodulation with DBS, as well as of various lesional interventions, in cases of mental illnesses is still not fully established, there are several premises for wider applications of such "unclassical" psychiatric treatments in the future. Novel technologies of DBS, developments in non-invasive lesioning using stereotactic radiosurgery and transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound, and advances of neurophysiological and neuroimaging modalities may bolster further clinical applications of psychiatric neurosurgery, improve its results, and allow for individually selected treatment strategies tailored to specific needs of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Messina
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ignazio G Vetrano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Bonomo
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Broggi
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, M Cecilia Hospital-GVM, Ravenna, Italy
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32
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Claus ED, Blaine SK, Witkiewitz K, Ansell EB. Sex moderates effects of alcohol and cannabis co-use on alcohol and stress reactivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:530-541. [PMID: 35229336 PMCID: PMC9018602 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous or concurrent use (co-use) of alcohol and cannabis is associated with greater use of both substances over time, academic difficulties, more severe substance use consequences, and adverse impacts on cognitive functioning than the use of a single substance or no substance use. This study examined potential neural mechanisms underlying co-use behaviors in comparison to single substance use. Specifically, we compared alcohol cue reactivity and stress-cue reactivity among individuals who reported frequent same-day co-use of alcohol and cannabis and individuals who reported only alcohol use. METHODS The sample included 88 individuals (41 women) who reported only alcohol use and 24 individuals (8 women) who reported co-use of alcohol and cannabis on at least 50% of drinking occasions. All participants completed fMRI stress and alcohol cue reactivity tasks. Because of known sex effects on stress reactivity and alcohol cue reactivity, we tested sex by co-use interactions. RESULTS During alcohol cue presentation, co-users had less activation in the thalamus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex than alcohol-only users, effects that were driven by differences in responses to neutral cues. Examination of stress cue reactivity revealed sex by co-use interactions in the lingual gyrus, with women co-users showing a greater difference between negative and neutral cue reactivity than all other groups. In addition, women co-users had greater connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and both the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex during negative cue presentation than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence of enhanced stress cue reactivity in individuals reporting co-use of alcohol and cannabis, particularly women co-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara K Blaine
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emily B Ansell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cervantes M, Lewis RG, Della-Fazia MA, Borrelli E, Sassone-Corsi P. Dopamine D2 receptor signaling in the brain modulates circadian liver metabolomic profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117113119. [PMID: 35271395 PMCID: PMC8931347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceWe analyzed the liver metabolome of mice deficient in the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in striatal medium spiny neurons (iMSN-D2RKO) and found profound changes in the liver circadian metabolome compared to control mice. Additionally, we show activation of dopaminergic circuits by acute cocaine administration in iMSN-D2RKO mice reprograms the circadian liver metabolome in response to cocaine. D2R signaling in MSNs is key for striatal output and essential for regulating the first response to the cellular and rewarding effects of cocaine. Our results suggest changes in dopamine signaling in specific striatal neurons evoke major changes in liver physiology. Dysregulation of liver metabolism could contribute to an altered allostatic state and therefore be involved in continued use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Cervantes
- INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Robert G. Lewis
- INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Emiliana Borrelli
- INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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Abdullah M, Huang LC, Lin SH, Yang YK. Dopaminergic and glutamatergic biomarkers disruption in addiction and regulation by exercise: a mini review. Biomarkers 2022; 27:306-318. [PMID: 35236200 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2049367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug addiction is associated with disruption of a multitude of biomarkers in various brain regions, particularly in the reward center. The most pronounced are dopaminergic and glutamatergic biomarkers, which are affected at various levels. Neuropathological changes in biomarkers alter the homeostasis of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic nervous systems and promote addiction-associated characteristics such as repeated intake, maintenance, withdrawal, reinstatement, and relapse. Exercise has been shown to have a buffering effect on such biomarkers and reverse the effects of addictive substances. METHODS A review of the literature searched in PubMed, examining drug addiction and physical exercise in relation to dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems at any of the three biomarker levels (i.e., neurotransmitter, receptor, or transporter). RESULTS We review the collective impact of addictive substances on the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems and the beneficial effect of exercise in terms of reversing the damage to these systems. We propose future directions, including implications of exercise as an add-on therapy, substance use disorder (SUD) prognosis and diagnosis and designing of optimized exercise and pharmaceutical regimens based on the aforementioned biomarkers. CONCLUSION Exercise is beneficial for all types of drug addiction at all stages, by reversing molecular damages caused to dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chung Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chia-Yi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
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35
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Addiction-induced plasticity in underlying neural circuits. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:1605-1615. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Massaly N, Markovic T, Creed M, Al-Hasani R, Cahill CM, Moron JA. Pain, negative affective states and opioid-based analgesics: Safer pain therapies to dampen addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 157:31-68. [PMID: 33648672 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Across centuries and civilizations opioids have been used to relieve pain. In our modern societies, opioid-based analgesics remain one of the most efficient treatments for acute pain. However, the long-term use of opioids can lead to the development of analgesic tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, opioid use disorders, and overdose, which can ultimately produce respiratory depressant effects with fatal consequences. In addition to the nociceptive sensory component of pain, negative affective states arising from persistent pain represent a risk factor for developing an opioid use disorder. Several studies have indicated that the increase in prescribed opioid analgesics since the 1990s represents the root of our current opioid epidemic. In this review, we will present our current knowledge on the endogenous opioid system within the pain neuroaxis and the plastic changes occurring in this system that may underlie the occurrence of pain-induced negative affect leading to misuse and abuse of opioid medications. Dissecting the allostatic neuronal changes occurring during pain is the most promising avenue to uncover novel targets for the development of safer pain medications. We will discuss this along with current and potential approaches to treat pain-induced negative affective states that lead to drug misuse. Moreover, this chapter will provide a discussion on potential avenues to reduce the abuse potential of new analgesic drugs and highlight a basis for future research and drug development based on recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Massaly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Tamara Markovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Meaghan Creed
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose A Moron
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Gamma camera imaging in psychiatric disorders. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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38
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D3 Receptors and PET Imaging. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 60:251-275. [PMID: 35711027 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter encapsulates a short introduction to positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and the information gained by using this technology to detect changes of the dopamine 3 receptor (D3R) at the molecular level in vivo. We will discuss available D3R radiotracers, emphasizing [11C]PHNO. The focus, however, will be on PET findings in conditions including substance abuse, obesity, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and aging. Finally, there is a discussion about progress in producing next-generation selective D3R radiotracers.
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Lim TV, Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. Impaired Learning From Negative Feedback in Stimulant Use Disorder: Dopaminergic Modulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:867-878. [PMID: 34197589 PMCID: PMC8598302 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced alterations to the dopamine system in stimulant use disorder (SUD) are hypothesized to impair reinforcement learning (RL). Computational modeling enables the investigation of the latent processes of RL in SUD patients, which could elucidate the nature of their impairments. METHODS We investigated RL in 44 SUD patients and 41 healthy control participants using a probabilistic RL task that assesses learning from reward and punishment separately. In an independent sample, we determined the modulatory role of dopamine in RL following a single dose of the dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist amisulpride (400 mg) and the agonist pramipexole (0.5 mg) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. We analyzed task performance using computational modelling and hypothesized that RL impairments in SUD patients would be differentially modulated by a dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist and agonist. RESULTS Computational analyses in both samples revealed significantly reduced learning rates from punishment in SUD patients compared with healthy controls, whilst their reward learning rates were not measurably impaired. In addition, the dopaminergic receptor agents modulated RL parameters differentially in both groups. Both amisulpride and pramipexole impaired RL parameters in healthy participants, but ameliorated learning from punishment in SUD patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that RL impairments seen in SUD patients are associated with altered dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsen Vei Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen D Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Gong S, Fayette N, Heinsbroek JA, Ford CP. Cocaine shifts dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity to gate conditioned behaviors. Neuron 2021; 109:3421-3435.e5. [PMID: 34506723 PMCID: PMC8571051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by maladaptation in the brain mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system. Although changes in the properties of D2-receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) and connected striatal circuits following cocaine treatment are known, the contributions of altered D2-receptor (D2R) function in mediating the rewarding properties of cocaine remain unclear. Here, we describe how a 7-day exposure to cocaine alters dopamine signaling by selectively reducing the sensitivity, but not the expression, of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN D2Rs via an alteration in the relative expression and coupling of G protein subunits. This cocaine-induced reduction of D2R sensitivity facilitated the development of the rewarding effects of cocaine as blocking the reduction in G protein expression was sufficient to prevent cocaine-induced behavioral adaptations. These findings identify an initial maladaptive change in sensitivity by which mesolimbic dopamine signals are encoded by D2Rs following cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas Fayette
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jasper A Heinsbroek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Srinivasan C, Phan BN, Lawler AJ, Ramamurthy E, Kleyman M, Brown AR, Kaplow IM, Wirthlin ME, Pfenning AR. Addiction-Associated Genetic Variants Implicate Brain Cell Type- and Region-Specific Cis-Regulatory Elements in Addiction Neurobiology. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9008-9030. [PMID: 34462306 PMCID: PMC8549541 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2534-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent large genome-wide association studies have identified multiple confident risk loci linked to addiction-associated behavioral traits. Most genetic variants linked to addiction-associated traits lie in noncoding regions of the genome, likely disrupting cis-regulatory element (CRE) function. CREs tend to be highly cell type-specific and may contribute to the functional development of the neural circuits underlying addiction. Yet, a systematic approach for predicting the impact of risk variants on the CREs of specific cell populations is lacking. To dissect the cell types and brain regions underlying addiction-associated traits, we applied stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression to compare genome-wide association studies to genomic regions collected from human and mouse assays for open chromatin, which is associated with CRE activity. We found enrichment of addiction-associated variants in putative CREs marked by open chromatin in neuronal (NeuN+) nuclei collected from multiple prefrontal cortical areas and striatal regions known to play major roles in reward and addiction. To further dissect the cell type-specific basis of addiction-associated traits, we also identified enrichments in human orthologs of open chromatin regions of female and male mouse neuronal subtypes: cortical excitatory, D1, D2, and PV. Last, we developed machine learning models to predict mouse cell type-specific open chromatin, enabling us to further categorize human NeuN+ open chromatin regions into cortical excitatory or striatal D1 and D2 neurons and predict the functional impact of addiction-associated genetic variants. Our results suggest that different neuronal subtypes within the reward system play distinct roles in the variety of traits that contribute to addiction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We combine statistical genetic and machine learning techniques to find that the predisposition to for nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use behaviors can be partially explained by genetic variants in conserved regulatory elements within specific brain regions and neuronal subtypes of the reward system. Our computational framework can flexibly integrate open chromatin data across species to screen for putative causal variants in a cell type- and tissue-specific manner for numerous complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Srinivasan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - BaDoi N Phan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Alyssa J Lawler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Easwaran Ramamurthy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Michael Kleyman
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Ashley R Brown
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Irene M Kaplow
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Morgan E Wirthlin
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Andreas R Pfenning
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Role of hippocampal NF-κB and GluN2B in the memory acquisition impairment of experiences gathered prior to cocaine administration in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20033. [PMID: 34625609 PMCID: PMC8501066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine can induce severe neurobehavioral changes, among others, the ones involved in learning and memory processes. It is known that during drug consumption, cocaine-associated memory and learning processes take place. However, much less is known about the effects of this drug upon the mechanisms involved in forgetting.The present report focuses on the mechanisms by which cocaine affects memory consolidation of experiences acquired prior to drug administration. We also study the involvement of hippocampus in these processes, with special interest on the role of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 2B (GluN2B), and their relationship with other proteins, such as cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). For this purpose, we developed a rat experimental model of chronic cocaine administration in which spatial memory and the expression or activity of several proteins in the hippocampus were assessed after 36 days of drug administration. We report an impairment in memory acquisition of experiences gathered prior to cocaine administration, associated to an increase in GluN2B expression in the hippocampus. We also demonstrate a decrease in NF-κB activity, as well as in the expression of the active form of CREB, confirming the role of these transcription factors in the cocaine-induced memory impairment.
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Forouzan S, McGrew K, Kosten TA. Drugs and bugs: Negative affect, psychostimulant use and withdrawal, and the microbiome. Am J Addict 2021; 30:525-538. [PMID: 34414622 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A growing body of literature demonstrates that the human microbiota plays a crucial role in health and disease states, as well as in the body's response to stress. In addition, the microbiome plays a role in psychological well-being and regulating negative affect. Regulation of negative affect is a factor in psychostimulant abuse disorders. We propose a risk chain in which stress leads to negative affect that places an individual at risk to develop or relapse to psychostimulant abuse disorder. Stress, negative affect, and psychostimulant use all alter the gut microbiome. METHODS This review brings together the literature on affective disorders, stress, and psychostimulant abuse disorders to assess possible modulatory actions of the gut-brain axis to regulate these conditions. RESULTS Studies reviewed across the various disciplines suggest that the dysbiosis resulting from drug use, drug withdrawal, or stress may cause an individual to be more susceptible to addiction and relapse. Probiotics and prebiotics reduce stress and negative affect. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Treatment during the withdrawal phase of psychostimulant abuse disorder, when the microbiome is altered, may ameliorate the symptoms of stress and negative affect leading to a reduced risk of relapse to psychostimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Forouzan
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keely McGrew
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Therese A Kosten
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zhang R, Manza P, Tomasi D, Kim SW, Shokri-Kojori E, Demiral SB, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, McPherson KL, Biesecker CL, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are distinctly associated with rest-activity rhythms and drug reward. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e149722. [PMID: 34264865 DOI: 10.1172/jci149722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain components of rest-activity rhythms such as greater eveningness (delayed phase), physical inactivity (blunted amplitude) and shift work (irregularity) are associated with increased risk for drug use. Dopaminergic (DA) signaling has been hypothesized to mediate the associations, though clinical evidence is lacking. METHODS We examined associations between rhythm components and striatal D1 (D1R) and D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) availability in 32 healthy adults (12 female, age: 42.40±12.22) and its relationship to drug reward. Rest-activity rhythms were assessed by one-week actigraphy combined with self-reports. [11C]NNC112 and [11C]raclopride Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans were conducted to measure D1R and D2/3R availability, respectively. Additionally, self-reported drug-rewarding effects of 60 mg oral methylphenidate were assessed. RESULTS We found that delayed rhythm was associated with higher D1R availability in caudate, which was not attributable to sleep loss or 'social jet lag', whereas physical inactivity was associated with higher D2/3R availability in nucleus accumbens (NAc). Delayed rest-activity rhythm, higher caudate D1R and NAc D2/3R availability were associated with greater sensitivity to the rewarding effects of methylphenidate. CONCLUSION These findings reveal specific components of rest-activity rhythms associated with striatal D1R, D2/3R availability and drug-rewarding effects. Personalized interventions that target rest-activity rhythms may help prevent and treat substance use disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03190954FUNDING. This work was accomplished with support from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (ZIAAA000550).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Sung Won Kim
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Sukru B Demiral
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Katherine L McPherson
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Catherine L Biesecker
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
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Cutando L, Puighermanal E, Castell L, Tarot P, Bertaso F, Bonnavion P, Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Isingrini E, Galante M, Dallerac G, Pascoli V, Lüscher C, Giros B, Valjent E. Regulation of GluA1 phosphorylation by d-amphetamine and methylphenidate in the cerebellum. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12995. [PMID: 33368923 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prescription stimulants, such as d-amphetamine or methylphenidate are used to treat suffering from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They potently release dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) and cause phosphorylation of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 in the striatum. Whether other brain regions are also affected remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that d-amphetamine and methylphenidate increase phosphorylation at Ser845 (pS845-GluA1) in the membrane fraction of mouse cerebellum homogenate. We identify Bergmann glial cells as the source of pS845-GluA1 and demonstrate a requirement for intact NE release. Consequently, d-amphetamine-induced pS845-GluA1 was prevented by β1-adenoreceptor antagonist, whereas the blockade of DA D1 receptor had no effect. Together, these results indicate that NE regulates GluA1 phosphorylation in Bergmann glial cells in response to prescription stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutando
- IGF University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm Montpellier France
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- IGF University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm Montpellier France
- Neurosciences Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Laia Castell
- IGF University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm Montpellier France
| | - Pauline Tarot
- IGF University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm Montpellier France
| | | | - Patricia Bonnavion
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | - Alban Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | - Elsa Isingrini
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center University of Paris, CNRS Paris France
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Micaela Galante
- Pharmacologie et Biochimie de la Synapse, Institut des Neurosciences Paris‐Saclay University of Paris‐Saclay, University of Paris‐Sud, CNRS, UMR Orsay France
| | - Glenn Dallerac
- Pharmacologie et Biochimie de la Synapse, Institut des Neurosciences Paris‐Saclay University of Paris‐Saclay, University of Paris‐Sud, CNRS, UMR Orsay France
| | - Vincent Pascoli
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Medical Faculty University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Medical Faculty University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Bruno Giros
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center University of Paris, CNRS Paris France
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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Nall RW, Heinsbroek JA, Nentwig TB, Kalivas PW, Bobadilla AC. Circuit selectivity in drug versus natural reward seeking behaviors. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1450-1472. [PMID: 33420731 PMCID: PMC8178159 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is characterized, in part by behavior biased toward drug use and away from natural sources of reward (e.g., social interaction, food, sex). The neurobiological underpinnings of SUDs reveal distinct brain regions where neuronal activity is necessary for the manifestation of SUD-characteristic behaviors. Studies that specifically examine how these regions are involved in behaviors motivated by drug versus natural reward allow determinations of which regions are necessary for regulating seeking of both reward types, and appraisals of novel SUD therapies for off-target effects on behaviors motivated by natural reward. Here, we evaluate studies directly comparing regulatory roles for specific brain regions in drug versus natural reward. While it is clear that many regions drive behaviors motivated by all reward types, based on the literature reviewed we propose a set of interconnected regions that become necessary for behaviors motivated by drug, but not natural rewards. The circuitry is selectively necessary for drug seeking includes an Action/Reward subcircuit, comprising nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area, a Prefrontal subcircuit comprising prelimbic, infralimbic, and insular cortices, a Stress subcircuit comprising the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and a Diencephalon circuit including lateral hypothalamus. Evidence was mixed for nucleus accumbens shell, insular cortex, and ventral pallidum. Studies for all other brain nuclei reviewed supported a necessary role in regulating both drug and natural reward seeking. Finally, we discuss emerging strategies to further disambiguate the necessity of brain regions in drug- versus natural reward-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusty W. Nall
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jasper A. Heinsbroek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Todd B. Nentwig
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Peter W. Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- These authors share senior authorship
| | - Ana-Clara Bobadilla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- These authors share senior authorship
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Stormezand GN, Doorduin J, Chaves LT, García DV, Nienhuis FJ, Schoevers RA, Kremer BPH, Booij J, Dierckx RAJO. No evidence for decreased D2/3 receptor availability and frontal hypoperfusion in subjects with compulsive pornography use. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 311:111284. [PMID: 33774451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pornographic addiction refers to an addiction model associated with compulsive and repeated use of pornographic material. Whether the use of pornography may indeed become addictive remains a matter of debate. The current study investigated whether compulsive pornography use (CPU) is accompanied by reduced D2/3 receptor availability in the striatum and frontal hypofunctionality. Male subjects between 18 and 50 years of age with and without CPU were recruited using online and newspaper advertisements. Questionnaires were used to the assess the severity of compulsive pornography use (CIUS) and symptoms of depression, impulsivity and sensation seeking. Dopaminergic imaging was performed using [11C]-raclopride PET. Striatal binding potentials (BPND) and regional frontal cerebral influx values (R1) of [11C]-raclopride were calculated. Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI was performed to assess regional cerebral blood flow. No group differences between striatal BPND's of [11C]-raclopride in subjects with (n = 15) and without (n = 10) CPU were detected. In CPU subjects, no correlation was found between the CIUS score and striatal BPND's. Cerebral R1 values in frontal brain regions and cerebral blood flow measurements did not differ between groups. The current study fails to provide imaging support for sharing similar neurobiological alterations as previously has been reported in other addictive modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles N Stormezand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lumi T Chaves
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - David Vállez García
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fokko J Nienhuis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Berry P H Kremer
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Matuskey D, Angarita GA, Worhunsky P, Koohsari S, Gravel P, Pittman B, Gaiser EC, Gallezot JD, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Carson RE, Potenza MN, Malison RT. Dopamine D 2/3 receptor availability in cocaine use disorder individuals with obesity as measured by [ 11C]PHNO PET. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108514. [PMID: 33454626 PMCID: PMC7889720 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) work with the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) preferring ligand [11C]PHNO in obese individuals has demonstrated higher binding and positive correlations with body mass index (BMI) in otherwise healthy individuals. These findings implicated brain reward areas including the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) and pallidum. In cocaine use disorder (CUD), similar SN/VTA binding profiles have been found compared to healthy control subjects. This study investigates whether BMI-[11C]PHNO relationships are similar in individuals with CUD. METHODS Non-obese CUD subjects (N = 12) were compared to age-matched obese CUD subjects (N = 14). All subjects underwent [11C]PHNO acquisition using a High Resolution Research Tomograph PET scanner. Parametric images were computed using the simplified reference tissue model with cerebellum as the reference region. [11C]PHNO measures of receptor availability were calculated and expressed as non-displaceable binding potential (BPND). RESULTS In between-group analyses, D2/3R availability in non-obese and obese CUD groups was not significantly different overall. BMI was inversely correlated withBPND in the SN/VTA (r = -0.45, p = 0.02 uncorrected) in all subjects. CONCLUSION These data suggest that obesity in CUD was not associated with significant differences in D2/3R availability. This in contrast to previous findings in non-CUD individuals that found increased availability of D3Rs in the SN/VTA associated with obesity. These findings could potentially reflect dysregulation of D3R in CUD, impacting how affected individuals respond to natural stimuli such as food.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Gustavo A. Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Sheida Koohsari
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Paul Gravel
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Edward C. Gaiser
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard E. Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert T. Malison
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT
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Shifts in the neurobiological mechanisms motivating cocaine use with the development of an addiction-like phenotype in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:811-823. [PMID: 33241478 PMCID: PMC8290931 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of addiction is accompanied by a shift in the mechanisms motivating cocaine use from nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) signaling to glutamate AMPA-kainate receptor (AMPA-R) signaling. OBJECTIVE Here, we determined whether similar shifts occur for NAc-D2R signaling and following systemic manipulation of D1R, D2R, and AMPA-R signaling. METHODS Male rats were given short-access (20 infusions/day) or extended-access to cocaine (24 h/day, 96 infusions/day, 10 days). Motivation for cocaine was assessed following 14 days of abstinence using a progressive-ratio schedule. Once responding stabilized, the effects of NAc-D2R antagonism (eticlopride; 0-10.0 μg/side) and systemic D1R (SCH-23390; 0-1.0 mg/kg), D2R (eticlopride; 0-0.1 mg/kg), and AMPA-R (CNQX; 0-1.5 mg/kg) antagonism, and NAc-dopamine-R gene expression (Drd1/2/3) were examined. RESULTS Motivation for cocaine was markedly higher in the extended- versus short-access group confirming the development of an addiction-like phenotype in the extended-access group. NAc-infused eticlopride decreased motivation for cocaine in both the short- and extended-access groups although low doses (0.1-0.3 μg) were more effective in the short-access group and high doses (3-10 μg/side) tended to be more effective in the extended-access group. Systemic administration of eticlopride (0.1 mg/kg) was more effective in the extended-access group, and systemic administration of CNQX was effective in the extended- but not short-access group. NAc-Drd2 expression was decreased in both the short- and extended-access groups. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that in contrast to NAc-D1R, D2R remain critical for motivating cocaine use with the development of an addiction-like phenotype. These findings also indicate that shifts in the mechanisms motivating cocaine use impact the response to both site-specific and systemic pharmacological treatment.
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A salience misattribution model for addictive-like behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:466-477. [PMID: 33657434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adapting to the changing environment is a key component of optimal decision-making. Internal-models that accurately represent and selectively update from behaviorally relevant/salient stimuli may facilitate adaptive behaviors. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dopaminergic systems may produce these adaptive internal-models through selective updates from behaviorally relevant stimuli. Dysfunction of ACC and dopaminergic systems could therefore produce misaligned internal-models where updates are disproportionate to the salience of the cues. An aspect of addictive-like behaviors is reduced adaptation and, ACC and dopaminergic systems typically exhibit dysfunction in drug-dependents. We argue that ACC and dopaminergic dysfunction in dependents may produce misaligned internal-models such that drug-related stimuli are misattributed with a higher salience compared to non-drug related stimuli. Hence, drug-related rewarding stimuli generate over-weighted updates to the internal-model, while negative feedback and non-drug related rewarding stimuli generate down-weighted updates. This misaligned internal-model may therefore incorrectly reinforce maladaptive drug-related behaviors. We use the proposed framework to discuss ways behavior may be made more adaptive and how the framework may be supported or falsified experimentally.
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