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Zaremska V, Chidhambaram M, Archunan G, Knoll W, Pelosi P. Reverse chemical ecology indicates long-chain aldehydes as new potential semiochemicals for the African elephant Loxodonta africana. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1061278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical communication between sexes in the elephants has been well studied at the chemical and behavioural levels, but little is known about the proteins mediating the exchange of chemical signals. Two sex pheromones have been identified in Asian elephants: (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and frontalin, and their effects on the elephants’ behaviour have been described in detail. The genomes of both the Asian (Elephas maximus) and the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) have been poorly annotated. In particular, the complete sequences of two odorant-binding proteins and a VEG protein are available for the African elephant, together with isoforms and other members of the same families, which however are incomplete or unreliable. In a previous study, we have expressed the OBP1 of both elephant species, and investigated their binding properties. We showed that OBP1 is tuned to the pheromone (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and few structurally related linear esters, but also binds (E)-β-farnesene and farnesol with good affinity. In this work we have explored the characteristics of the second OBP of the African elephant (LafrOBP2). This protein, which was not found in the trunk wash, does not bind any of the above listed semiochemicals. Instead, it shows selected affinity to unsaturated linear aldehydes of 16 carbon atoms, specifically (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (10E,12Z)-hexadecadienal (bombykal). Fourteen and 18 carbon orthologues show only much reduced binding affinity. Some linear alcohols, fatty acids and esters also weakly bind this protein with dissociation constants about one order of magnitude higher.
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Zaremska V, Renzone G, Arena S, Ciaravolo V, Buberl A, Balfanz F, Scaloni A, Knoll W, Pelosi P. An odorant-binding protein in the elephant's trunk is finely tuned to sex pheromone (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19982. [PMID: 36411331 PMCID: PMC9678865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical communication in elephants has been well studied at the chemical and behavioural levels. Pheromones have been identified in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), including (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and frontalin, and their specific effects on the sexual behaviour of elephants have been accurately documented. In contrast, our knowledge on the proteins mediating detection of pheromones in elephants remains poor and superficial, with only three annotated and reliable entries in sequence databases, two of them being odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), and the third a member of von Ebner's gland (VEG) proteins. Proteomic analysis of trunk wash extract from African elephant (Loxodonta africana) identified one of the OBPs (LafrOBP1) as the main component. We therefore expressed LafrOBP1 and its Asian elephant orthologue in yeast Pichia pastoris and found that both recombinant proteins, as well as the natural LafrOBP1 are tuned to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, but have no affinity for frontalin. Both the natural and recombinant LafrOBP1 carry post-translational modifications such as O-glycosylation, phosphorylation and acetylation, but as these modifications affect only a very small amount of the protein, we cannot establish their potential effects on the ligand-binding properties of OBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Zaremska
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Simona Arena
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciaravolo
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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von Dürckheim KEM, Hoffman LC, Poblete-Echeverría C, Bishop JM, Goodwin TE, Schulte BA, Leslie A. A pachyderm perfume: odour encodes identity and group membership in African elephants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16768. [PMID: 36202901 PMCID: PMC9537315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Group-living animals that live in complex social systems require effective modes of communication to maintain social cohesion, and several acoustic, olfactory and visual signaling systems have been described. Individuals need to discriminate between in- and out-group odour to both avoid inbreeding and to identify recipients for reciprocal behaviour. The presence of a unique group odour, identified in several social mammals, is a proposed mechanism whereby conspecifics can distinguish group from non-group members. African elephants (Loxodonta africana) live in stable, socially complex, multi-female, fission-fusion groups, characterized by female philopatry, male dispersal and linear dominance hierarchies. Elephant social behaviour suggests that individuals use odour to monitor the sex, reproductive status, location, health, identity and social status of conspecifics. To date, it is not clear what fixed or variable information is contained in African elephant secretions, and whether odour encodes kinship or group membership information. Here we use SPME GC-MS generated semiochemical profiles for temporal, buccal and genital secretions for 113 wild African elephants and test their relationship with measures of genetic relatedness. Our results reveal the existence of individual identity odour profiles in African elephants as well as a signature for age encoded in temporal gland and buccal secretions. Olfactory signatures for genetic relatedness were found in labial secretions of adult sisters. While group odour was not correlated with group genetic relatedness, our analysis identified "group membership" as a significant factor explaining chemical differences between social groups. Saturated and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), derived from key volatile compounds from bacterial fermentation, were identified in temporal, buccal and genital secretions suggesting that group odour in African elephants may be the result of bacterial elements of the gut microbiome. The frequent affiliative behavior of African elephants is posited as a likely mechanism for bacterial transmission. Our findings favour flexible group-specific bacterial odours, which have already been proposed for other social mammals and present a useful form of olfactory communication that promotes bond group cohesion among non-relatives in fission-fusion mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E M von Dürckheim
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. .,Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Louwrens C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Digital Agricultural Building, 8115, Office 110, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Carlos Poblete-Echeverría
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline M Bishop
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Thomas E Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, 72032, USA
| | - Bruce A Schulte
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., #11080, Bowling Green, KY, 42101-1080, USA
| | - Alison Leslie
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Schmidt EY, Trofimov BA. Acetylene in Organic Synthesis. From the Chaos of Small Molecules to Highly Organized Structures. A Review. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500822700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Social Behavior and Group Formation in Male Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus): The Effects of Age and Musth in Wild and Zoo-Housed Animals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091215. [PMID: 35565641 PMCID: PMC9100748 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The conservation of wild and zoo-housed Asian elephants partly depends on developing our understanding of male elephant social behavior. Once thought to be solitary, we now know that male elephants can display rich social exchanges with both males and females. However, these interactions are expected to change with age and around the sexually active state of “musth.” We used behavioral data from wild and zoo-housed elephant populations to investigate how age, musth, and environmental factors influence how male elephants socialize and associate with group members. In Sri Lanka, only male elephants of older age (>20 years) exhibited signs of musth, but even some of the youngest zoo-housed elephants underwent musth (as young as 11 years). Additionally, we found that age and musth status predicted whether a wild male elephant associated with females, other males or was alone, as well as the number of conspecifics (males and females) in the same group with which a male was observed. Finally, rates of aggression, prosocial behavior (affiliative behaviors that promote positive social bonds between elephants), and submissive behavior exhibited by wild and zoo-housed male elephants were associated with age, musth status, the number of elephants presented, and group type (all-male or mixed sex). These results provide motivation for future studies of social behavior in male Asian elephants, as they will contribute to the reproduction and conservation of this endangered species. Abstract Asian elephants are endangered, and the long-term viability of the species depends on integrative approaches to address the sustainability of in-situ and ex-situ populations. Growing evidence shows that male elephants exhibit extensive and flexible social behavior that rivals the complexity of that of females. Male elephant sociality is expected to change dramatically around the unique sexual state of musth. However, data related to male Asian elephant sociality is lacking. Here, we conducted complementary observations in Wasgamuwa National Park, Sri Lanka, and North American zoos of male Asian elephant social behavior. Age and musth status, along with other factors, were associated with variation in social behavior and group formation of males. In wild male elephants, both musth status and age impacted elephant associations within all-male and mixed-sex groups: non-musth elephants were generally sighted less often in mixed-sex groups as they aged, while the inverse occurred with musth elephants. Musth status interacted with age to predict the number of conspecifics with which a wild male elephant associated: younger males were observed with more females during non-musth (but the opposite was true during musth), and male elephants between 20 and 30 years were observed with the highest number of male conspecifics except during musth. Finally, we found variation in aggression, prosocial behavior, and submissive behavior was influenced by intrinsic (age and musth status) and extrinsic factors (group size and type) in similar ways in both populations; prosocial behavior was most common and was influenced by the number of conspecifics present (both populations), and age, group type, and musth status (zoo population), while aggression was rare, especially among older elephants. We suggest that longitudinal studies of this threatened species will be particularly helpful to promote the reproduction and conservation of Asian elephants in in-situ and ex-situ environments.
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Pelosi P, Knoll W. Odorant-binding proteins of mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:20-44. [PMID: 34480392 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of vertebrates belong to the lipocalin superfamily and perform a dual function: solubilizing and ferrying volatile pheromones to the olfactory receptors, and complexing the same molecules in specialized glands and assisting their release into the environment. Within vertebrates, to date they have been reported only in mammals, apart from two studies on amphibians. Based on the small number of OBPs expressed in each species, on their sites of production outside the olfactory area and their presence in biological fluids known to be pheromone carriers, such as urine, saliva and sexual secretions, we conclude that OBPs of mammals are specifically dedicated to pheromonal communication. This assumption is further supported by the observation that some OBPs present in biological secretions are endowed with their own pheromonal activity, adding renewed interest to these proteins. Another novel piece of evidence is the recent discovery that glycosylation and phosphorylation can modulate the binding activity of these proteins, improving their affinity to pheromones and narrowing their specificity. A comparison with insects and other arthropods shows a completely different scenario. While mammalian OBPs are specifically tuned to pheromones, those of insects, which are completely different in sequence and structure, include carriers for general odorants in addition to those dedicated to pheromones. Additionally, whereas mammals adopted a single family of carrier proteins for chemical communication, insects and other arthropods are endowed with several families of semiochemical-binding proteins. Here, we review the literature on the structural and functional properties of vertebrate OBPs, summarize the most interesting new findings and suggest possible exciting future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pelosi
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
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Schulte BA, LaDue CA. The Chemical Ecology of Elephants: 21st Century Additions to Our Understanding and Future Outlooks. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2860. [PMID: 34679881 PMCID: PMC8532676 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical signals are the oldest and most ubiquitous means of mediating intra- and interspecific interactions. The three extant species of elephants, the Asian elephant and the two African species, savanna and forest share sociobiological patterns in which chemical signals play a vital role. Elephants emit secretions and excretions and display behaviors that reveal the importance of odors in their interactions. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction of research in elephant chemical ecology leading up to the 21st century, and then we summarize the body of work that has built upon it and occurred in the last c. 20 years. The 21st century has expanded our understanding on elephant chemical ecology, revealing their use of odors to detect potential threats and make dietary choices. Furthermore, complementary in situ and ex situ studies have allowed the careful observations of captive elephants to be extended to fieldwork involving their wild counterparts. While important advances have been made in the 21st century, further work should investigate the roles of chemical signaling in elephants and how these signals interact with other sensory modalities. All three elephant species are threatened with extinction, and we suggest that chemical ecology can be applied for targeted conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Chase A. LaDue
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
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Borrego LG, Ramarosandratana N, Jeanneau E, Métay E, Ramanandraibe VV, Andrianjafy MT, Lemaire M. Effect of the Stereoselectivity of para-Menthane-3,8-diol Isomers on Repulsion toward Aedes albopictus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11095-11109. [PMID: 34514794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases cause around 700,000 deaths every year. Insect repellents are one of the strategies to limit them. Para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), a natural compound, is one of the most promising alternatives to conventional synthetic repellents. This work describes a diastereodivergent method to synthesize each diastereoisomer of PMD from enantiopure citronellal and studies their repellence activity against Aedes albopictus. We found that cis-PMD is the kinetic control product of the cyclization of citronellal, while trans-PMD is the thermodynamic control product. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals highlighted some differences in hydrogen-bond patterns between cis or trans isomers. The present paper demonstrates that (1R)-(+)-cis-PMD has the highest repellency index using a new evaluation system for 24 h. (1S)-(-)-cis-PMD has somewhat lower and (1S)-(+)-trans-PMD and (1R)-(-)-trans-PMD have a slight effect. Volunteer tests show that (1R)-(+)-cis-PMD is the most efficient. This effect could be ascribed to the interaction of PMD/insect odorant receptors and their physical properties, that is, the evaporation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo G Borrego
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS. Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, (ICBMS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Centre de Diffactrométrie Henri Longchambon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Estelle Métay
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS. Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, (ICBMS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Marc Lemaire
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS. Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, (ICBMS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire International Associé, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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LaDue CA, Schulte BA, Kiso WK, Freeman EW. Musth and sexual selection in elephants: a review of signalling properties and potential fitness consequences. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual selection mediated by multimodal signals is common among polygynous species, including seasonally breeding mammals. Indirect benefit models provide plausible explanations for how and why mate selection can occur in the absence of direct benefits. Musth — an asynchronous reproductive state in male elephants — facilitates both inter- and intrasexual selection via indirect benefits, and it is further communicated through a multimodal signal. In this review, we synthesise existing evidence that supports the hypothesis that musth is a multimodal signal subject to sexual selection and that male elephants increase their direct fitness by propagating this signal while females accrue indirect benefits. Musth is characterised by a suite of physiological and behavioural changes, serving to facilitate copulation between the sexes, and via multisensory modalities musth conveys honest information about the condition of a male. Female elephants mate preferentially with musth males, increasing their own fitness in the absence of direct benefits. In addition, musth resolves dynamic dominance hierarchies among male elephants and often eliminates the need for costly physical combat. Future work in this field should investigate potential postcopulatory selection mechanisms in elephants, including sperm competition and cryptic female choice. These topics join other fundamental questions related to sexual selection, signalling, and indirect benefits that are still unanswered in elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. LaDue
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
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El Deeb S, Silva CF, Junior CSN, Hanafi RS, Borges KB. Chiral Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Principle and Applications, Detection and Identification, Design of Experiment, and Exploration of Chiral Recognition Using Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2021; 26:2841. [PMID: 34064769 PMCID: PMC8151978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the literature of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography from January 2016 to March 2021. This is done to explore the state-of-the-art approach and recent developments carried out in this field. The separation principle of the technique is described and supported with simple graphical illustrations, showing migration under normal and reversed polarity modes of the separation voltage. The most relevant applications of the technique for enantioseparation of drugs and other enantiomeric molecules in different fields using chiral selectors in single, dual, or multiple systems are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection sensitivity of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography with UV detector are discussed, and the alternative aspects are explored, besides special emphases to hyphenation compatibility to mass spectrometry. Partial filling and counter migration techniques are described. Indirect identification of the separated enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric migration order are mentioned. The application of Quality by Design principles to facilitate method development, optimization, and validation is presented. The elucidation and explanation of chiral recognition in molecular bases are discussed with special focus on the role of molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Camilla Fonseca Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Clebio Soares Nascimento Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Rasha Sayed Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
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Zhang T, Jin W, Yang S, Li Y, Zhang M, Shi M, Guo X, Li D, Zhang B, Liu S, Hu D. Study of compositions of musks in different types secreted by forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245677. [PMID: 33725016 PMCID: PMC7963063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Musk is a secretion of the forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). Normal musk is a brown solid secretion with a light fragrance. In this study, abnormal types of musk, namely, white and black musks, were discovered during the musk collection process. Researchers have long been concerned with the components of musk. Herein, GC-MS, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were used to analyze the nonpolar organic components, volatile organic components, and sample similarities among different musks, respectively. Abundant steroid hormones and proteins were also found in the musk. The steroid hormone concentrations were detected using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Proteins in the samples were hydrolyzed and the amino acids concentrations were detected. The steroid hormone and amino acid concentrations in white musk were significantly lower than in normal and black musks (p<0.05). The components were subjected to NMDS analysis to understand the differences in components among different types of musk, with the results suggesting that white musk was different from normal and black musks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijiang Jin
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yimeng Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meishan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghui Shi
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Guo
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SL); (DH)
| | - Defu Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SL); (DH)
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LaDue CA, Schulte BA. Pheromonal enrichment in the zoo: An empirical approach with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ye Y, Lu Z, Zhou W. Pheromone effects on the human hypothalamus in relation to sexual orientation and gender. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:293-306. [PMID: 34266600 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pheromones are chemicals that serve communicational purposes within a species. In most terrestrial mammals, pheromones are detected by either the olfactory epithelium or the vomeronasal organ and processed by various downstream structures including the medial amygdala and the hypothalamus to regulate motivated behaviors and endocrine responses. The search for human pheromones began in the 1970s. Whereas bioactive ligands are yet to be identified, there has been accumulating evidence that human body odors exert a range of pheromone-like effects on the recipients, including triggering innate behavioral responses, modulating endocrine levels, signaling social information, and affecting mood and cognition. In parallel, results from recent brain imaging studies suggest that body odors evoke distinct neural responses from those observed with common nonsocial odors. Two endogenous steroids androsta-4,16,- dien-3-one and estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol are considered by some as candidates for human sex pheromones. The two substances produce sexually dimorphic effects on human perception, mood, and physiological arousal. Moreover, they reportedly elicit different hypothalamic response patterns in manners contingent on the recipients' sex and sexual orientation. Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the effects of human chemosignals are not yet clear and await future detailed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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15
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16
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Poldy J. Volatile Cues Influence Host-Choice in Arthropod Pests. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1984. [PMID: 33126768 PMCID: PMC7692281 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many arthropod pests of humans and other animals select their preferred hosts by recognising volatile odour compounds contained in the hosts' 'volatilome'. Although there is prolific literature on chemical emissions from humans, published data on volatiles and vector attraction in other species are more sporadic. Despite several decades since the identification of a small number of critical volatiles underpinning specific host-vector relationships, synthetic chemicals or mixtures still largely fail to reproduce the attractiveness of natural hosts to their disease vectors. This review documents allelochemicals from non-human terrestrial animals and considers where challenges in collection and analysis have left shortfalls in animal volatilome research. A total of 1287 volatile organic compounds were identified from 141 species. Despite comparable diversity of entities in each compound class, no specific chemical is ubiquitous in all species reviewed, and over half are reported as unique to a single species. This review provides a rationale for future enquiries by highlighting research gaps, such as disregard for the contribution of breath volatiles to the whole animal volatilome and evaluating the role of allomones as vector deterrents. New opportunities to improve vector surveillance and disrupt disease transmission may be unveiled by understanding the host-associated stimuli that drive vector-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Poldy
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain Laboratory, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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17
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Zaremska V, Tan J, Lim S, Knoll W, Pelosi P. Isoleucine Residues Determine Chiral Discrimination of Odorant‐Binding Protein. Chemistry 2020; 26:8720-8724. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Zaremska
- Biosensor TechnologiesAustrian Institute of Technology GmbH Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24 3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Jiajun Tan
- Biosensor TechnologiesAustrian Institute of Technology GmbH Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24 3430 Tulln Austria
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Sierin Lim
- Biosensor TechnologiesAustrian Institute of Technology GmbH Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24 3430 Tulln Austria
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Biosensor TechnologiesAustrian Institute of Technology GmbH Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24 3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Biosensor TechnologiesAustrian Institute of Technology GmbH Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24 3430 Tulln Austria
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18
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Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Liu W. Application of enantiomeric fractions in environmental forensics: Uncertainties and inconsistencies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109354. [PMID: 32182482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The assumption that only biological processes are enantioselective introduces challenges in the reliability of enantioselective analysis as a tool for discriminating biotic and abiotic processes in the environmental fate of chiral pollutants. Enantioselectivity does not depend on the nature of the fate process a chiral contaminant undergoes but on the interaction of the chiral contaminant with homochirality inducing external agents (e.g. chiral molecules, macromolecules or surfaces such as enzymes, blood plasma, proteins, chiral co-pollutants, humic acid and soil organominerals). The environmental behavior of a chiral contaminant is difficult to anticipate because the interactions between the chiral contaminants and the homochirality inducing external agents is often complex and strongly influenced by local environment conditions such as pH, redox conditions, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, humic acid, and redox conditions. Furthermore, the use of enantioselective analysis in environmental forensics depend on the adequate separation and accurate identification and quantification of the enantiomers of the chiral contaminant. Matrix effects, instrument effects, inadequate enantioselective separation, and poor quantification techniques introduce uncertainties in the determination of enantiomeric composition. Here we present the weaknesses of this assumption and recommend using enantiomeric fractions as chemical markers of biotransformation with caution. We recommend using stable isotopes, including abiotic controls to determine if enantioselective sorption occurs, and determining stability of enantiomers in solvent or at elevated temperatures to account for confounding factors arising from matrix effects, enantioselective abiotic processes, and enantiomerization due solvent and thermal lability of the chiral analyte, respectively to maintain the integrity of the utility of enantiomeric composition changes as an environmental forensics tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
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19
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Wright MG, Spencer C, Cook RM, Henley MD, North W, Mafra-Neto A. African bush elephants respond to a honeybee alarm pheromone blend. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R778-R780. [PMID: 30040934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We here report the responses of African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana) to a crude approximation of the honeybee alarm pheromone blend. We show that the elephants had an avoidance response to the semiochemical blend. The use of honeybee alarm pheromones to manage elephant movements in a non-invasive manner, using natural cues to which elephants may have an evolved response, holds potential for development of new options for an integrated system for elephant movement management and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Wright
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | | | - Robin M Cook
- Elephants Alive, P.O. Box 960, Hoedspruit 1380, South Africa
| | - Michelle D Henley
- Elephants Alive, P.O. Box 960, Hoedspruit 1380, South Africa; Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X5, Florida 1710, South Africa
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20
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Unfolding the frontalin chemistry: a facile selective hydrogenation of 7-methylidene-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, 2:2 ensembles of ketones and acetylene. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Schmidt EY, Tatarinova IV, Semenova NV, Protsuk NI, Ushakov IA, Trofimov BA. Exploring Acetylene Chemistry: A Transition Metal-Free Route to Dienyl 6,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes from Ketones and Acetylenes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10272-10280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y. Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Inna V. Tatarinova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Semenova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda I. Protsuk
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Igor’ A. Ushakov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Boris A. Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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22
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Li K, Fissette SD, Buchinger TJ, Middleton ZE, Boyer A, Li W. High-performance liquid chromatography quantification of enantiomers of a Dihydroxylated tetrahydrofuran natural product. Chirality 2018; 30:1012-1018. [PMID: 29791052 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Both enantiomers of petromyroxol are putative pheromones in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Here, we describe the separation and quantification of the petromyroxol enantiomers using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The separation was tested on a wide range of chiral columns with normal phases, and effects of the chromatographic parameters such as mobile phase and temperature on the separation were optimized. The AD-H column showed the best separation of enantiomers with n-hexane and ethanol as the mobile phase. The enantiomers were detected by multiple reaction monitoring with a positive atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization on triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Validation revealed that the method was specific, accurate, and precise. The validated method was applied to measure the amount of petromyroxol enantiomers in water conditioned with sea lamprey larvae, the source of the putative pheromone. This method will be applied in quantifying the natural scalemic petromyroxol mixture, enabling further investigations of a rare non-racemic enantiomeric pheromone mixture in a vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Skye D Fissette
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tyler J Buchinger
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zoe E Middleton
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alistair Boyer
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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23
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY. Acetylenes in the Superbase-Promoted Assembly of Carbocycles and Heterocycles. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1117-1130. [PMID: 29668261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this Account, we briefly discuss the recently discovered and rapidly developing superbase-promoted self-organization reactions of several equivalents of acetylenes and ketones to afford complex compounds that represent promising synthetic building blocks common in natural products. Notably, acetylenes play a special role in these reactions because of their dual (acting as an electrophile and a nucleophile) and flexible reactivity. These unique properties of acetylenes are elegantly expressed in superbasic media, where acetylenes are more deprotonated and their electrophilicity increases as a result of complexation with alkali metal cations, with simultaneous enhancement of the nucleophilic reactants due to desolvation. Under these conditions, acetylenes behave as a driving and organizing force toward other reactants. Various combinations of nucleophilic addition to the triple bond and acetylene deprotonation in the presence of other reactants with dual reactivity (e.g., ketones) enables the self-organization of complex molecular architectures that are inaccessible by conventional reactions. Herein we analyze recent achievements in this area concerning the reactions of acetylenes with ketones in superbasic KOH/DMSO-type systems that selectively afford synthetically and pharmaceutically valuable carbo- and heterocycles. Most of the reactions are triggered by the nucleophilic addition of deprotonated ketones (enolate anions) to acetylenes (superbase-catalyzed C-vinylation of ketones with acetylenes, which was recently introduced by our group into a toolkit of organic chemistry). The β,γ-ethylenic ketones thus formed can then take part in cascade processes with ketones and acetylenes to afford either carbocycles (e.g., hexahydroazulenones, acyl terphenyls, functionalized and cyclopentenols) or heterocycles (e.g., furans, benzoxepines, dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, and dioxadispiro[5.1.5.2]pentadecanes), depending on the structure of the reactants and the reaction conditions. Most of these compounds are selectively built from several equivalents of ketones and acetylenes in different combinations, and despite the presence of two or more asymmetric carbons in the products, they are generated as single diastereomers. When other nucleophiles (hydroxylamine, hydrazines, guanidine, and oximes) and ketones are involved in these self-organization processes, the intermediate β,γ-ethylenic ketones allow the formation of diverse heterocyclic systems (pyrroles, isoxazolines, pyrazolines, aminopyrimidines, and azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes). The discovered unique chemical transformations do not require transition metal catalysts and proceed under mild and operationally simple conditions. Most of these syntheses involve cascade addition reactions and therefore represent pot-, atom-, step-, and energy-saving processes that meet the requirements of green chemistry. The significance of the approach discussed herein is that it represents a viable alternative to existing classic and modern transition-metal-based catalytic syntheses of some fundamental carbo- and heterocycles. This is demonstrated by its employment of readily available, inexpensive starting materials like acetylenes and ketones and simple, widely accessible superbasic systems such as KOH/DMSO, which serves as a highly active universal catalyst and auxiliary. As shown in this Account, as this approach has developed, the number of preparatively attractive methods for the synthesis of diverse and potentially useful compounds has rapidly ballooned. The impressive experimental results presented in this Account will hopefully draw the attention of large circles of organic chemists involved in the design of rational and ecologically sound synthetic procedures and thus increase the application of these techniques in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A. Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
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24
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Sakamoto T, Mochizuki T, Goto Y, Hatano M, Ishihara K. Boron Tribromide-Assisted Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysts for Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloaddition. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2373-2377. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Takuya Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Yuta Goto
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Manabu Hatano
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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25
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LaDue CA, Goodwin TE, Schulte BA. Concentration-dependent chemosensory responses towards pheromones are influenced by receiver attributes in Asian elephants. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. LaDue
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
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26
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African elephants (Loxodonta africana) display remarkable olfactory acuity in human scent matching to sample performance. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Dioximes of 1,6-heptanediones from acetylene and ketones: only three atom-economic steps. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Limacher-Burrell A, Bhagwandin A, Maseko BC, Manger PR. Nuclear organization of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) amygdaloid complex: an unusual mammalian amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1191-1216. [PMID: 29098403 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the nuclear organization of the African elephant amygdaloid complex using Nissl, myelin, and a range of immunohistochemical stains. The African elephant is thought to exhibit many affect-laden and social-empathic behaviours; however, to date the amygdaloid complex, which is the generator of emotional states of the brain is yet to be fully explored in the elephants. For the most part, the amygdaloid complex of the African elephant is similar to that observed in other mammals in terms of the presence of nuclei and their topological relationships; however, we did observe several specific differences in amygdaloid organization. The elephant amygdala has undergone rotation in both the coronal and sagittal planes, seemingly associated with the expansion of the temporal lobe. Numerous scalloped cell clusters, termed glomeruli, forming the intermediate nuclei of the basal, accessory basal and central nuclear groups, were occupied by structures immunopositive to doublecortin. The nuclei typically associated with the accessory olfactory system (posterior cortical nucleus and medial nuclear complex) were absent from the elephant amygdala. The anterior cortical nucleus is very large and appears to be comprised of two subdivisions. The lateral nuclear complex is expanded and has two novel subdivisions. The amygdalohippocampal area appears relatively enlarged. The numerous shared and derived characters make the elephant amygdaloid complex very unusual and unique amongst mammals, but the derived characters appear to relate to observed elephant affect-laden behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude'Marie Limacher-Burrell
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Busisiwe C Maseko
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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29
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Schmidt EY, Bidusenko IA, Ushakov IA, Vashchenko AV, Trofimov BA. Decorated Cyclopentadienes from Acetylene and Ketones in Just Two Steps. Org Lett 2017; 19:3127-3130. [PMID: 28548856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The products of the one-pot assembly of acetylene and ketones in the KOH/DMSO system, 7-methylene-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, undergo an acid-catalyzed (CF3COOH, room temperature) rearrangement to rarely substituted cyclopentadienes in good-to-excellent yields. The mechanism of the rearrangement has been supported by the isolation and corresponding transformations of two intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Ivan A Bidusenko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Igor' A Ushakov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Vashchenko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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30
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Appendino G, Brönstrup M, Kubanek JM. Olfaction, taste and chemoreception: scientific evidence replaces "Essays in biopoetry". Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:469-471. [PMID: 28485741 DOI: 10.1039/c7np90016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Giovanni Appendino, Mark Brönstrup and Julia Kubanek introduce the Natural Product Reports themed issue on ‘Olfaction, taste and chemoreception’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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31
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Surov AV, Maltsev AN. Analysis of chemical communication in mammals: Zoological and ecological aspects. BIOL BULL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Kioko J, Taylor K, Milne HJ, Hayes KZ, Kiffner C. Temporal gland secretion in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Bacquet PMB, de Jong MA, Brattström O, Wang H, Molleman F, Heuskin S, Lognay G, Löfstedt C, Brakefield PM, Vanderpoorten A, Nieberding CM. Differentiation in putative male sex pheromone components across and within populations of the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana as a potential driver of reproductive isolation. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6064-84. [PMID: 27648226 PMCID: PMC5016632 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual traits are often the most divergent characters among closely related species, suggesting an important role of sexual traits in speciation. However, to prove this, we need to show that sexual trait differences accumulate before or during the speciation process, rather than being a consequence of it. Here, we contrast patterns of divergence among putative male sex pheromone (pMSP) composition and the genetic structure inferred from variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 and nuclear CAD loci in the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879) to determine whether the evolution of "pheromonal dialects" occurs before or after the differentiation process. We observed differences in abundance of some shared pMSP components as well as differences in the composition of the pMSP among B. anynana populations. In addition, B. anynana individuals from Kenya displayed differences in the pMSP composition within a single population that appeared not associated with genetic differences. These differences in pMSP composition both between and within B. anynana populations were as large as those found between different Bicyclus species. Our results suggest that "pheromonal dialects" evolved within and among populations of B. anynana and may therefore act as precursors of an ongoing speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. B. Bacquet
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics GroupBiodiversity Research CentreEarth and Life InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainCroix du Sud 4‐51348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Maaike A. de Jong
- Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolWoodland RoadBristolBS8 1UGUK
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of ZoologyUniversity Museum of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Hong‐Lei Wang
- Department of BiologyPheromone GroupLund UniversitySE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research ThiruvananthapuramVanasiri Evolutionary Ecology LabCollege of Engineering Trivandrum CampusTrivandrum695016KeralaIndia
| | - Stéphanie Heuskin
- Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of AgroBioChemGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiegePassage des Déportés 2B‐5030GemblouxBelgium
| | - George Lognay
- Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of AgroBioChemGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiegePassage des Déportés 2B‐5030GemblouxBelgium
| | - Christer Löfstedt
- Department of BiologyPheromone GroupLund UniversitySE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Paul M. Brakefield
- Department of ZoologyUniversity Museum of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Alain Vanderpoorten
- Biologie de l’évolution et de la conservationUniversity of LiègeB22 Sart TilmanB‐4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Caroline M. Nieberding
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics GroupBiodiversity Research CentreEarth and Life InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainCroix du Sud 4‐51348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
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Schmidt EY, Bidusenko IA, Cherimichkina NA, Ushakov IA, Trofimov BA. Polycyclic bridgehead acetals with enol functionality: one-pot assembly from aliphatic ketones and acetylene in KOH/DMSO suspension. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY, Bidusenko IA, Cherimichkina NA. Cascade assembly of frontalin derivatives from cyclohexanone and acetylene in the system KOH-DMSO. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801512026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bacquet PMB, Brattström O, Wang HL, Allen CE, Löfstedt C, Brakefield PM, Nieberding CM. Selection on male sex pheromone composition contributes to butterfly reproductive isolation. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142734. [PMID: 25740889 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection can facilitate diversification by inducing character displacement in mate choice traits that reduce the probability of maladaptive mating between lineages. Although reproductive character displacement (RCD) has been demonstrated in two-taxa case studies, the frequency of this process in nature is still debated. Moreover, studies have focused primarily on visual and acoustic traits, despite the fact that chemical communication is probably the most common means of species recognition. Here, we showed in a large, mostly sympatric, butterfly genus, a strong pattern of recurrent RCD for predicted male sex pheromone composition, but not for visual mate choice traits. Our results suggest that RCD is not anecdotal, and that selection for divergence in male sex pheromone composition contributed to reproductive isolation within the Bicyclus genus. We propose that selection may target olfactory mate choice traits as a more common sensory modality to ensure reproductive isolation among diverging lineages than previously envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M B Bacquet
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - O Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - H-L Wang
- Department of Biology, Pheromone Group, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - C E Allen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - C Löfstedt
- Department of Biology, Pheromone Group, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - P M Brakefield
- Department of Zoology, University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - C M Nieberding
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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37
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Citron CA, Barra L, Wink J, Dickschat JS. Volatiles from nineteen recently genome sequenced actinomycetes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2673-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The volatiles from nineteen genome sequenced actinobacteria were analysed by GC/MS and the identified terpenes were correlated to genome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Citron
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Lena Barra
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Joachim Wink
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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38
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Apps PJ, Weldon PJ, Kramer M. Chemical signals in terrestrial vertebrates: search for design features. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1131-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review current information on intraspecific chemical signals and search for patterns in signal chemistry among modern terrestrial vertebrates (Amniota), including tortoises, squamate reptiles (amphisbaenians, lizards, and snakes), birds, and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Apps
- Paul G. Allen Family Foundation Laboratory for Wildlife Chemistry
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust
- Maun
- Botswana
| | - Paul J. Weldon
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
- National Zoological Park
- Front Royal
- USA
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Zhang X, Xu N, Zhang SY, Zhao XQ, Cheng P. From 1D zigzag chains to 3D chiral frameworks: synthesis and properties of praseodymium(iii) and neodymium(iii) coordination polymers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Protective Group-Free Syntheses of (±)-Frontalin, (±)-endo-Brevicomin, (±)-exo-Brevicomin, and (±)-3,4-Dehydro-exo-brevicomin: Racemic Pheromones with a 6,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Ring. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:976-81. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Soso SB, Koziel JA, Johnson A, Lee YJ, Fairbanks WS. Analytical methods for chemical and sensory characterization of scent-markings in large wild mammals: a review. SENSORS 2014; 14:4428-65. [PMID: 24603639 PMCID: PMC4003951 DOI: 10.3390/s140304428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In conjoining the disciplines of "ethology" and "chemistry" the field of "Ethochemistry" has been instituted. Ethochemistry is an effective tool in conservation efforts of endangered species and the understanding of behavioral patterns across all species. Chemical constituents of scent-markings have an important, yet poorly understood function in territoriality, reproduction, dominance, and impact on evolutionary biology, especially in large mammals. Particular attention has recently been focused on scent-marking analysis of great cats (Kalahari leopards (Panthera pardus), puma (Puma concolor) snow leopard (Panthera uncia), African lions (Panthera leo), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), and tigers (Panthera tigris)) for the purpose of conservation. Sensory analyses of scent-markings could address knowledge gaps in ethochemistry. The objective of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the art of both the chemical and sensory analyses of scent-markings in wild mammals. Specific focus is placed on sampling and sample preparation, chemical analysis, sensory analysis, and simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses. Constituents of exocrine and endocrine secretions have been most commonly studied with chromatography-based analytical separations. Odor analysis of scent-markings provides an insight into the animal's sensory perception. A limited number of articles have been published in the area of sensory characterization of scent marks. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses with chromatography-olfactometry hyphenation could potentially aid conservation efforts by linking perceived odor, compounds responsible for odor, and resulting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone B Soso
- Environmental Science Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Environmental Science Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Anna Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - W Sue Fairbanks
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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43
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In situ chemical exploration of underwater ecosystems with microsampling/enrichment device. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1328:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Comparative reproductive biology of elephants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 753:135-69. [PMID: 25091910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to serially collect blood samples and conduct ultrasound examinations in Asian and African elephants has provided unique opportunities to study the biology of these endangered species. As a result, many unique aspects of elephant reproduction have been identified. For females, there are interesting differences in luteal steroidogenic activity, follicular maturation, pituitary gonadotropin secretion, fetal development and reproductive tract anatomy, while males exhibit the unique phenomenon of musth and an unusual reproductive anatomy (internal testes, ampullary semen storage). However, problems associated with uterine and ovarian pathologies hamper captive propagation efforts. Older, nulliparous cows are particularly susceptible, leading to speculation that continuous ovarian cyclicity of non-bred females in zoos is having a negative and cumulative effect on reproductive health. There are notable species differences in reproductive mechanisms as well (e.g., ovarian acyclicity, prolactin secretion, sperm cryosensitivity), implying that species-specific approaches to management and application of assisted reproductive techniques are needed for maximal reproductive efficiency and enhancement of genetic management.
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Kolb A, Zuo W, Siewert J, Harms K, von Zezschwitz P. Improved Synthesis of Cyclic Tertiary Allylic Alcohols by Asymmetric 1,2-Addition of AlMe3to Enones. Chemistry 2013; 19:16366-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Apps PJ. Are mammal olfactory signals hiding right under our noses? Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:487-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rizvanovic A, Amundin M, Laska M. Olfactory discrimination ability of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) for structurally related odorants. Chem Senses 2012; 38:107-18. [PMID: 23246848 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjs097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a food-rewarded two-choice instrumental conditioning paradigm, we assessed the ability of Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, to discriminate between 2 sets of structurally related odorants. We found that the animals successfully discriminated between all 12 odor pairs involving members of homologous series of aliphatic 1-alcohols, n-aldehydes, 2-ketones, and n-carboxylic acids even when the stimuli differed from each other by only 1 carbon. With all 4 chemical classes, the elephants displayed a positive correlation between discrimination performance and structural similarity of odorants in terms of differences in carbon chain length. The animals also successfully discriminated between all 12 enantiomeric odor pairs tested. An analysis of odor structure-activity relationships suggests that a combination of molecular structural properties rather than a single molecular feature may be responsible for the discriminability of enantiomers. Compared with other species tested previously on the same sets of odor pairs (or on subsets thereof), the Asian elephants performed at least as well as mice and clearly better than human subjects, squirrel monkeys, pigtail macaques, South African fur seals, and honeybees. Further comparisons suggest that neither the relative nor the absolute size of the olfactory bulbs appear to be reliable predictors of between-species differences in olfactory discrimination capabilities. In contrast, we found a positive correlation between the number of functional olfactory receptor genes and the proportion of discriminable enantiomeric odor pairs. Taken together, the results of the present study support the notion that the sense of smell may play an important role in regulating the behavior of Asian elephants.
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Rüger AJ, Kramer J, Seifermann S, Busch M, Muller T, Bräse S. Händigkeit - leben in einer chiralen Welt. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201200579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Nieberding CM, Fischer K, Saastamoinen M, Allen CE, Wallin EA, Hedenström E, Brakefield PM. Cracking the olfactory code of a butterfly: the scent of ageing. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:415-24. [PMID: 22390373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although olfaction is a primary mode of communication, its importance in sexual selection remains understudied. Here, using the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, we address all the parameters of importance to sexual selection for a male olfactory signal. We show that variation in the male sex pheromone composition indicates male identity and male age. Courting males of different ages display small absolute (c. 200 ng) but large relative (100%) change of one specific pheromone component (hexadecanal) which, unlike the other components, showed no heritability. Females prefer to mate with mid-aged over younger males and the pheromone composition is sufficient to determine this preference. Surprisingly refined information is thus present in the male olfactory signal and is used for sexual selection. Our data also reveal that there may be no 'lek paradox' to resolve once the precise signal of importance to females is identified, as hexadecanal is, as expected, depleted in additive genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Nieberding
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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