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Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Pleiotropy, epistasis and the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Nat Rev Genet 2024:10.1038/s41576-024-00711-3. [PMID: 38565962 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Pleiotropy (whereby one genetic polymorphism affects multiple traits) and epistasis (whereby non-linear interactions between genetic polymorphisms affect the same trait) are fundamental aspects of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Recent advances in the ability to characterize the effects of polymorphic variants on molecular and organismal phenotypes in human and model organism populations have revealed the prevalence of pleiotropy and unexpected shared molecular genetic bases among quantitative traits, including diseases. By contrast, epistasis is common between polymorphic loci associated with quantitative traits in model organisms, such that alleles at one locus have different effects in different genetic backgrounds, but is rarely observed for human quantitative traits and common diseases. Here, we review the concepts and recent inferences about pleiotropy and epistasis, and discuss factors that contribute to similarities and differences between the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in model organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy F C Mackay
- Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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2
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Teixeira SK, Pontes R, Zuleta LFG, Wang J, Xu D, Hildebrand S, Russell J, Zhan X, Choi M, Tang M, Li X, Ludwig S, Beutler B, Krieger JE. Genetic determinants of blood pressure and heart rate identified through ENU-induced mutagenesis with automated meiotic mapping. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj9797. [PMID: 38427739 PMCID: PMC10906923 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We used N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea-induced germline mutagenesis combined with automated meiotic mapping to identify specific systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) determinant loci. We analyzed 43,627 third-generation (G3) mice from 841 pedigrees to assess the effects of 45,378 variant alleles within 15,760 genes, in both heterozygous and homozygous states. We comprehensively tested 23% of all protein-encoding autosomal genes and found 87 SBP and 144 HR (with 7 affecting both) candidates exhibiting detectable hypomorphic characteristics. Unexpectedly, only 18 of the 87 SBP genes were previously known, while 26 of the 144 genes linked to HR were previously identified. Furthermore, we confirmed the influence of two genes on SBP regulation and three genes on HR control through reverse genetics. This underscores the importance of our research in uncovering genes associated with these critical cardiovascular risk factors and illustrate the effectiveness of germline mutagenesis for defining key determinants of polygenic phenotypes that must be studied in an intact organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Pontes
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando G. Zuleta
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Darui Xu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sara Hildebrand
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mihwa Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jose E. Krieger
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Sutton DC, Andrews JC, Dolezal DM, Park YJ, Li H, Eberl DF, Yamamoto S, Groves AK. Comparative exploration of mammalian deafness gene homologues in the Drosophila auditory organ shows genetic correlation between insect and vertebrate hearing. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297846. [PMID: 38412189 PMCID: PMC10898740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Johnston's organ, the Drosophila auditory organ, is anatomically very different from the mammalian organ of Corti. However, recent evidence indicates significant cellular and molecular similarities exist between vertebrate and invertebrate hearing, suggesting that Drosophila may be a useful platform to determine the function of the many mammalian deafness genes whose underlying biological mechanisms are poorly characterized. Our goal was a comprehensive screen of all known orthologues of mammalian deafness genes in the fruit fly to better understand conservation of hearing mechanisms between the insect and the fly and ultimately gain insight into human hereditary deafness. We used bioinformatic comparisons to screen previously reported human and mouse deafness genes and found that 156 of them have orthologues in Drosophila melanogaster. We used fluorescent imaging of T2A-GAL4 gene trap and GFP or YFP fluorescent protein trap lines for 54 of the Drosophila genes and found 38 to be expressed in different cell types in Johnston's organ. We phenotypically characterized the function of strong loss-of-function mutants in three genes expressed in Johnston's organ (Cad99C, Msp-300, and Koi) using a courtship assay and electrophysiological recordings of sound-evoked potentials. Cad99C and Koi were found to have significant courtship defects. However, when we tested these genes for electrophysiological defects in hearing response, we did not see a significant difference suggesting the courtship defects were not caused by hearing deficiencies. Furthermore, we used a UAS/RNAi approach to test the function of seven genes and found two additional genes, CG5921 and Myo10a, that gave a statistically significant delay in courtship but not in sound-evoked potentials. Our results suggest that many mammalian deafness genes have Drosophila homologues expressed in the Johnston's organ, but that their requirement for hearing may not necessarily be the same as in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Sutton
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C. Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dylan M. Dolezal
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ye Jin Park
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Huffington Center on Aging, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Li
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Huffington Center on Aging, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Eberl
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Ma S, Zhang T, Wang R, Wang P, Liu Y, Chang J, Wang A, Lan X, Sun L, Sun H, Shi R, Lu W, Liu D, Zhang N, Hu W, Wang X, Xing W, Jia L, Xia Q. High-throughput and genome-scale targeted mutagenesis using CRISPR in a nonmodel multicellular organism, Bombyx mori. Genome Res 2024; 34:134-144. [PMID: 38191205 PMCID: PMC10903940 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278297.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale genetic mutant libraries are powerful approaches to interrogating genotype-phenotype correlations and identifying genes responsible for certain environmental stimuli, both of which are the central goal of life science study. We produced the first large-scale CRISPR-Cas9-induced library in a nonmodel multicellular organism, Bombyx mori We developed a piggyBac-delivered binary genome editing strategy, which can simultaneously meet the requirements of mixed microinjection, efficient multipurpose genetic operation, and preservation of growth-defect lines. We constructed a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) plasmid library containing 92,917 sgRNAs targeting promoters and exons of 14,645 protein-coding genes, established 1726 transgenic sgRNA lines following microinjection of 66,650 embryos, and generated 300 mutant lines with diverse phenotypic changes. Phenomic characterization of mutant lines identified a large set of genes responsible for visual phenotypic or economically valuable trait changes. Next, we performed pooled context-specific positive screens for tolerance to environmental pollutant cadmium exposure, and identified KWMTBOMO12902 as a strong candidate gene for breeding applications in sericulture industry. Collectively, our results provide a novel and versatile approach for functional B. mori genomics, as well as a powerful resource for identifying the potential of key candidate genes for improving various economic traits. This study also shows the effectiveness, practicality, and convenience of large-scale mutant libraries in other nonmodel organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyuan Ma
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
| | - Tong Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiasong Chang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Aoming Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xinhui Lan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Le Sun
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Run Shi
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Health Science, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Weiqing Xing
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ling Jia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
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5
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Sone R, Fujimaki S, Kawahara A. Efficient detection of single nucleotide variants in targeted genomic loci. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:172-177. [PMID: 38243758 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Single nucleotide variants (SNVs), including single nucleotide polymorphisms, are often associated with morphological and/or physiological abnormalities in various organisms. Targeted genomic DNA can be amplified and directly sequenced to detect these mutations, but this method is relatively time consuming and expensive. We recently established the heteroduplex mobility assay to detect genetic mutations as an easy, low-cost method in genome editing, but detecting such small genetic differences remains difficult. Here, we developed a new, simple method to detect single nucleotide changes in the zebrafish genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis. We first designed a specific single stranded DNA with four tandem guanine nucleotides inserted beside the mutation site, called guanine-inserted primer (GIP). When reannealing, hybridized complexes of GIP and PCR amplicons with or without 1-bp-mutated alleles form different bulge structures, presumably leading to different mobilities on a polyacrylamide gel. This GIP-interacting mobility assay is easy to use; therefore, it could contribute to the detection of SNVs in any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sone
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Saori Fujimaki
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Bruter AV, Varlamova EA, Okulova YD, Tatarskiy VV, Silaeva YY, Filatov MA. Genetically modified mice as a tool for the study of human diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:135. [PMID: 38236499 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Modeling a human disease is an essential part of biomedical research. The recent advances in the field of molecular genetics made it possible to obtain genetically modified animals for the study of various diseases. Not only monogenic disorders but also chromosomal and multifactorial disorders can be mimicked in lab animals due to genetic modification. Even human infectious diseases can be studied in genetically modified animals. An animal model of a disease enables the tracking of its pathogenesis and, more importantly, to test new therapies. In the first part of this paper, we review the most common DNA modification technologies and provide key ideas on specific technology choices according to the task at hand. In the second part, we focus on the application of genetically modified mice in studying human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Ekaterina A Varlamova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Yulia D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Yulia Y Silaeva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334.
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Peng D, Jackson D, Palicha B, Kernfeld E, Laughner N, Shoemaker A, Celniker SE, Loganathan R, Cahan P, Andrew DJ. Organogenetic transcriptomes of the Drosophila embryo at single cell resolution. Development 2024; 151:dev202097. [PMID: 38174902 PMCID: PMC10820837 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
To gain insight into the transcription programs activated during the formation of Drosophila larval structures, we carried out single cell RNA sequencing during two periods of Drosophila embryogenesis: stages 10-12, when most organs are first specified and initiate morphological and physiological specialization; and stages 13-16, when organs achieve their final mature architectures and begin to function. Our data confirm previous findings with regards to functional specialization of some organs - the salivary gland and trachea - and clarify the embryonic functions of another - the plasmatocytes. We also identify two early developmental trajectories in germ cells and uncover a potential role for proteolysis during germline stem cell specialization. We identify the likely cell type of origin for key components of the Drosophila matrisome and several commonly used Drosophila embryonic cell culture lines. Finally, we compare our findings with other recent related studies and with other modalities for identifying tissue-specific gene expression patterns. These data provide a useful community resource for identifying many new players in tissue-specific morphogenesis and functional specialization of developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dorian Jackson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bianca Palicha
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eric Kernfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathaniel Laughner
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ashleigh Shoemaker
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susan E. Celniker
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah J. Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Koçak G, Yildiz C. The Effects of Ferulic Acid, Tryptophan, and L-Glutamine on the Cryopreservation of Mouse Spermatozoa. Biopreserv Biobank 2023. [PMID: 38150493 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2023.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of ferulic acid (0.1, 1, ve 10 mM), tryptophan (5, 25, ve 50 mM), and L-glutamine (10, 50, ve 100 mM) at different doses added to 18% raffinose + 3% skimmed milk powder sperm extender on the freezing of mouse spermatozoa in liquid nitrogen were investigated. The combination of 18% raffinose + 3% skimmed milk powder without additives was used as the control group. Frozen spermatozoa were thawed in a 37°C water bath for 30 seconds. After freeze-thawing, motility, dead spermatozoa ratio, plasma membrane integrity, abnormal acrosome ratio, motility endurance (for 4 hours), and cell apoptosis tests were performed in Human Tubal Fluid (HTF). Compared with the control group after freezing and thawing, the highest motility and plasma membrane integrity were obtained in the 10 mM L-glutamine group with 56.6% ± 2.11% and 77.8% ± 0.87%, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, when compared to the control group, the lowest rate of dead spermatozoa and abnormal acrosome was found in the 10 mM L-glutamine group as 26.0% ± 1.46% and 6.3% ± 1.09%, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest motility values for spermatozoa endurance were determined in the 10 and 50 mM L-glutamine groups up to the 4th hour compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In the evaluation of apoptosis in semen samples, there was no significant difference between the control, 0.1 mM ferulic acid, and 10 mM L-glutamine groups (p > 0.05). As a result, it was determined that the addition of 10 mM L-glutamine to the spermatozoa extender increased the motility, viable spermatozoa, functional membrane integrity, intact acrosome ratios, or motility endurance after freeze-thawing and could be used successfully in the freezing extender of mouse spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Koçak
- Laboratory and Veterinary Health Program, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Tuzluca Vocational High School, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Yildiz
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
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Varlamova EG, Borisova EV, Evstratova YA, Newman AG, Kuldaeva VP, Gavrish MS, Kondakova EV, Tarabykin VS, Babaev AA, Turovsky EA. Socrates: A Novel N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Mouse Mutant with Audiogenic Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17104. [PMID: 38069426 PMCID: PMC10707124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the common neurological diseases that affects not only adults but also infants and children. Because epilepsy has been studied for a long time, there are several pharmacologically effective anticonvulsants, which, however, are not suitable as therapy for all patients. The genesis of epilepsy has been extensively investigated in terms of its occurrence after injury and as a concomitant disease with various brain diseases, such as tumors, ischemic events, etc. However, in the last decades, there are multiple reports that both genetic and epigenetic factors play an important role in epileptogenesis. Therefore, there is a need for further identification of genes and loci that can be associated with higher susceptibility to epileptic seizures. Use of mouse knockout models of epileptogenesis is very informative, but it has its limitations. One of them is due to the fact that complete deletion of a gene is not, in many cases, similar to human epilepsy-associated syndromes. Another approach to generating mouse models of epilepsy is N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-directed mutagenesis. Recently, using this approach, we generated a novel mouse strain, soc (socrates, formerly s8-3), with epileptiform activity. Using molecular biology methods, calcium neuroimaging, and immunocytochemistry, we were able to characterize the strain. Neurons isolated from soc mutant brains retain the ability to differentiate in vitro and form a network. However, soc mutant neurons are characterized by increased spontaneous excitation activity. They also demonstrate a high degree of Ca2+ activity compared to WT neurons. Additionally, they show increased expression of NMDA receptors, decreased expression of the Ca2+-conducting GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors, suppressed expression of phosphoinositol 3-kinase, and BK channels of the cytoplasmic membrane involved in protection against epileptogenesis. During embryonic and postnatal development, the expression of several genes encoding ion channels is downregulated in vivo, as well. Our data indicate that soc mutation causes a disruption of the excitation-inhibition balance in the brain, and it can serve as a mouse model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Varlamova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina V. Borisova
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Yuliya A. Evstratova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “MIREA—Russian Technological University”, 78, Vernadskogo Ave., 119454 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrew G. Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
| | - Vera P. Kuldaeva
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maria S. Gavrish
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Elena V. Kondakova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victor S. Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Babaev
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Egor A. Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
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10
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Abstract
Over the past decade, CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing has become a powerful tool for generating mutations in a variety of model organisms, from Escherichia coli to zebrafish, rodents and large mammals. CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing effectively generates insertions or deletions (indels), which allow for rapid gene disruption. However, a large proportion of human genetic diseases are caused by single-base-pair substitutions, which result in more subtle alterations to protein function, and which require more complex and precise editing to recreate in model systems. Precise genome editing (PGE) methods, however, typically have efficiencies of less than a tenth of those that generate less-specific indels, and so there has been a great deal of effort to improve PGE efficiency. Such optimisations include optimal guide RNA and mutation-bearing donor DNA template design, modulation of DNA repair pathways that underpin how edits result from Cas-induced cuts, and the development of Cas9 fusion proteins that introduce edits via alternative mechanisms. In this Review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in optimising PGE methods and their potential for generating models of human genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Rebecca J. Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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11
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Hodorovich DR, Lindsley PM, Berry AA, Burton DF, Marsden KC. Morphological and sensorimotor phenotypes in a zebrafish CHARGE syndrome model are domain-dependent. Genes Brain Behav 2023:e12839. [PMID: 36717082 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by a spectrum of defects affecting multiple tissues and behavioral difficulties such as autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and sensory deficits. Most CHARGE cases arise from de novo, loss-of-function mutations in chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding-protein-7 (CHD7). CHD7 is required for processes such as neuronal differentiation and neural crest cell migration, but how CHD7 affects neural circuit function to regulate behavior is unclear. To investigate the pathophysiology of behavioral symptoms in CHARGE, we established a mutant chd7 zebrafish line that recapitulates multiple CHARGE phenotypes including ear, cardiac, and craniofacial defects. Using a panel of behavioral assays, we found that chd7 mutants have specific auditory and visual behavior deficits that are independent of defects in sensory structures. Mauthner cell-dependent short-latency acoustic startle responses are normal in chd7 mutants, while Mauthner-independent long-latency responses are reduced. Responses to sudden decreases in light are also reduced in mutants, while responses to sudden increases in light are normal, suggesting that the retinal OFF pathway may be affected. Furthermore, by analyzing multiple chd7 alleles we observed that the penetrance of morphological and behavioral phenotypes is influenced by genetic background but that it also depends on the mutation location, with a chromodomain mutation causing the highest penetrance. This pattern is consistent with analysis of a CHARGE patient dataset in which symptom penetrance was highest in subjects with mutations in the CHD7 chromodomains. These results provide new insight into the heterogeneity of CHARGE and will inform future work to define CHD7-dependent neurobehavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Hodorovich
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick M Lindsley
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Austen A Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Biogen, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derek F Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kurt C Marsden
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Vetrivel S, Truong DJJ, Wurst W, Graw J, Giesert F. Identification of ocular regulatory functions of core histone variant H3.2. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109346. [PMID: 36529279 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The posttranscriptional modifications (PTM) of the Histone H3 family play an important role in ocular system differentiation. However, there has been no study on the nature of specific Histone H3 subtype carrying these modifications. Fortuitously, we had previously identified a dominant small-eye mutant Aey69 mouse with a mutation in the H3.2 encoding Hist2h3c1 gene (Vetrivel et al., 2019). In continuation, in the present study, the role of Histone H3.2 with relation to the microphtalmic Aey69 has been elaborated. Foremost, a transgenic mouse line expressing the fusion protein H3.2-GFP was generated using Crispr/Cas9. The approach was intended to confer a unique tag to the Hist2h3c1 gene which is similar in sequence and encoded protein structure to other histones. The GFP tag was then used for ChIP Seq analysis of the genes regulated by H3.2. The approach revealed ocular specific H3.2 targets including Ephrin family genes. Altered enrichment of H3.2 was found in the mutant Aey69 mouse, specifically around the ligand Efna5 and the receptor Ephb2. The effect of this altered enrichment on Ephrin signaling was further analysed by QPCR and immunohistochemistry. This study identifies Hist2h3c1 encoded H3.2 as an important epigenetic player in ocular development. By binding to specific regions of ocular developmental factors Histone H3.2 facilitates the function of these genes for successful early ocular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmilee Vetrivel
- Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dong-Jiunn Jeffery Truong
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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13
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Kandaswamy S, Zobel L, John B, Santhiya ST, Bogedein J, Przemeck GKH, Gailus-durner V, Fuchs H, Biel M, de Angelis MH, Graw J, Michalakis S, Amarie OV. Mutations within the cGMP-binding domain of CNGA1 causing autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in human and animal model. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8. [PMID: 36115851 PMCID: PMC9482621 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of progressive inherited retinal dystrophies that may present clinically as part of a syndromic entity or as an isolated (nonsyndromic) manifestation. In an Indian family suffering from retinitis pigmentosa, we identified a missense variation in CNGA1 affecting the cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) and characterized a mouse model developed with mutated CNBD. A gene panel analysis comprising 105 known RP genes was used to analyze a family with autosomal-recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) and revealed that CNGA1 was affected. From sperm samples of ENU mutagenesis derived F1 mice, we re-derived a mutant with a Cnga1 mutation. Homozygous mutant mice, developing retinal degeneration, were examined for morphological and functional consequences of the mutation. In the family, we identified a rare CNGA1 variant (NM_001379270.1) c.1525 G > A; (p.Gly509Arg), which co-segregated among the affected family members. Homozygous Cnga1 mice harboring a (ENSMUST00000087213.12) c.1526 A > G (p.Tyr509Cys) mutation showed progressive degeneration in the retinal photoreceptors from 8 weeks on. This study supports a role for CNGA1 as a disease gene for arRP and provides new insights on the pathobiology of cGMP-binding domain mutations in CNGA1-RP.
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14
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Abstract
Current estimates suggest that nearly half a billion people worldwide are affected by hearing loss. Because of the major psychological, social, economic, and health ramifications, considerable efforts have been invested in identifying the genes and molecular pathways involved in hearing loss, whether genetic or environmental, to promote prevention, improve rehabilitation, and develop therapeutics. Genomic sequencing technologies have led to the discovery of genes associated with hearing loss. Studies of the transcriptome and epigenome of the inner ear have characterized key regulators and pathways involved in the development of the inner ear and have paved the way for their use in regenerative medicine. In parallel, the immense preclinical success of using viral vectors for gene delivery in animal models of hearing loss has motivated the industry to work on translating such approaches into the clinic. Here, we review the recent advances in the genomics of auditory function and dysfunction, from patient diagnostics to epigenetics and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Taiber
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; ,
| | - Kathleen Gwilliam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ,
| | - Ronna Hertzano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ,
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen B Avraham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; ,
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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Nath P, Maiti D. A review of the mutagenic potential of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) to induce hematological malignancies. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23067. [PMID: 35393684 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to summarize the existing literature on the mutagenicity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in inducing hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. Blood or hematological malignancies are the most common malignant disorders seen in people of all age groups. Driven by a number of genetic alterations, leukemia rule out the normal proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) and severely affects blood functions. Out of all hematological malignancies, AML is the most aggressive type, with a high incidence and mortality rate. AML is found as either de novo or secondary therapeutic AML (t-AML). t-AML is a serious adverse consequence of alkylator chemotherapy to the cancer patient and alone constitutes about 10%-20% of all reported AML cases. Cancer patients who received alkylator chemotherapy are at an elevated risk of developing t-AML. ENU has a long history of use as a potent carcinogen that induces blood malignancies in mice and rats that are pathologically similar to human AML and t-AML. ENU, once entered into the body, circulates all over the body tissues and reaches BM. It creates an overall state of suppression within the BM by damaging the marrow cells, alkylating the DNA, and forming DNA adducts within the early and late hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The BM holds a weak DNA repair mechanism due to low alkyltransferase, and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) enzyme content often fails to obliterate those adducts, acting as a catalyst to bring genetic abnormalities, including point gene mutations as well as chromosomal alterations, for example, translocation and inversion. Taking advantage of ENU-induced immune-suppressed state and weak immune surveillance, these mutations remain viable and slowly give rise to transformed HSCs. This review also highlights the carcinogenic nature of ENU and the complex relation between the ENU's overall toxicity in the induction of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatosh Nath
- Immunology Microbiology Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Debasish Maiti
- Immunology Microbiology Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, India
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16
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Duran I, Zieba J, Csukasi F, Martin JH, Wachtell D, Barad M, Dawson B, Fafilek B, Jacobsen CM, Ambrose CG, Cohn DH, Krejci P, Lee BH, Krakow D. 4-PBA Treatment Improves Bone Phenotypes in the Aga2 Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:675-686. [PMID: 34997935 PMCID: PMC9018561 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetically heterogenous disorder most often due to heterozygosity for mutations in the type I procollagen genes, COL1A1 or COL1A2. The disorder is characterized by bone fragility leading to increased fracture incidence and long-bone deformities. Although multiple mechanisms underlie OI, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a cellular response to defective collagen trafficking is emerging as a contributor to OI pathogenesis. Herein, we used 4-phenylbutiric acid (4-PBA), an established chemical chaperone, to determine if treatment of Aga2+/- mice, a model for moderately severe OI due to a Col1a1 structural mutation, could attenuate the phenotype. In vitro, Aga2+/- osteoblasts show increased protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation protein levels, which improved upon treatment with 4-PBA. The in vivo data demonstrate that a postweaning 5-week 4-PBA treatment increased total body length and weight, decreased fracture incidence, increased femoral bone volume fraction (BV/TV), and increased cortical thickness. These findings were associated with in vivo evidence of decreased bone-derived protein levels of the ER stress markers binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as well as increased levels of the autophagosome marker light chain 3A/B (LC3A/B). Genetic ablation of CHOP in Aga2+/- mice resulted in increased severity of the Aga2+/- phenotype, suggesting that the reduction in CHOP observed in vitro after treatment is a consequence rather than a cause of reduced ER stress. These findings suggest the potential use of chemical chaperones as an adjunct treatment for forms of OI associated with ER stress. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Jennifer Zieba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabiana Csukasi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Jorge H Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Davis Wachtell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Barad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bohumil Fafilek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christina M Jacobsen
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine G Ambrose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Zheng T, Huang W, Yu H, Hu BH, Song P, McCarty CM, Lu L, Jaster J, Jin G, Zhang Y, Zheng QY. gom1 Mutant Mice as a Model of Otitis Media. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:213-223. [PMID: 35118601 PMCID: PMC8964886 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-022-00838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) disease is a common cause of hearing loss that is primarily the result of middle ear infection. At present, our understanding of the mechanisms leading to OM is limited due to the lack of animal models of OM with effusion (OME). Here, we report that the mice with genetic otitis media one (gom1) mutants are prone to OM. gom1 Mice were produced by the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis program as an animal model to study OM. These mice demonstrate many common features of OM, such as middle ear effusion and hearing impairment. We revealed that gom1 mice display various signs of middle ear and inner ear dysfunctions, including elevated thresholds of auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) and lack of cochlear microphonic responses. Decreased compliance in tympanometry measurements indicates tympanic membrane and ossicular chain malfunction. We confirmed through histological examinations of middle ear structures that 34/34 (100 %) of the mutant mice suffered from severe OME. While individual ears had different levels of effusion and inflammatory cells in the middle ear cavity, all had thickened middle ear mucosa and submucosa compared to control mice (B6). Moreover, the mutant mice displayed cochlear hair cell loss. These observations also suggested the craniofacial abnormalities in the gom1 mouse model. Together, these results indicate that gom1 mice could be valuable for investigating the genetic contribution to the development of middle ear disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihua Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Heping Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bo Hua Hu
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Peter Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joseph Jaster
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qing Yin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The generation of a comprehensive catalog of null alleles covering all protein-coding genes is the goal of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium. Over the past 20 years, significant progress has been made towards achieving this goal through the combined efforts of many large-scale programs that built an embryonic stem cell resource to generate knockout mice and more recently employed CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis to delete critical regions predicted to result in frameshift mutations, thus, ablating gene function. The IMPC initiative builds on prior and ongoing work by individual research groups creating gene knockouts in the mouse. Here, we analyze the collective efforts focusing on the combined null allele resource resulting from strains developed by the research community and large-scale production programs. Based upon this pooled analysis, we examine the remaining fraction of protein-coding genes focusing on clearly defined mouse-human orthologs as the highest priority for completing the mutant mouse null resource. In summary, we find that there are less than 3400 mouse-human orthologs remaining in the genome without a targeted null allele that can be further prioritized to achieve our overall goal of the complete functional annotation of the protein-coding portion of a mammalian genome.
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19
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Ali Khan A, Raess M, de Angelis MH. Moving forward with forward genetics: A summary of the INFRAFRONTIER Forward Genetics Panel Discussion. F1000Res 2021; 10:456. [PMID: 34900227 PMCID: PMC8634052 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25369.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, forward genetics approaches have been extensively used to identify gene function. Essentially, forward genetics is the elucidation of the genetic basis of a specific phenotype by screening a population containing random genomic modifications that alter gene function. These approaches have shed light on some essential gene functions in development and disease and have expanded the realm of understanding for genetic disorders. Due to the availability of efficient mutagenesis methods, phenotyping techniques, reliable validation, comprehensive sequence information and translational potential, mouse models are favored for forward genetics approaches. However, in this post-genomic CRISPR-Cas9 era, the relevance and future of forward genetics was brought into question. With more than 7300 mouse strains archived and close interactions with several leading mouse researchers around the world, INFRAFRONTIER - the European Research Infrastructure for mouse models organised a panel discussion on forward genetics at the International Mammalian Genome Conference 2018 to discuss the future of forward genetics as well as challenges faced by researchers using this approach in the current research environment. The commentary presents an overview of this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ali Khan
- INFRAFRONTIER GmbH, Neuherberg / Munich, Bavaria, 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Raess
- INFRAFRONTIER GmbH, Neuherberg / Munich, Bavaria, 85764, Germany
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20
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Rathkolb B, Howaldt M, Krebs S, Prückl P, Sauer S, Hrabě de Angelis M, Aigner B. Distinct Morphological and Behavioural Alterations in ENU-Induced Heterozygous Trpc7K810Stop Mutant Mice. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1732. [PMID: 34828338 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trpc7 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 7; 862 amino acids) knockout mice are described showing no clear phenotypic alterations, therefore, the functional relevance of the gene remains unclear. A complementary approach for the functional analysis of a given gene is the examination of individuals harbouring a mutant allele of the gene. In the phenotype-driven Munich ENU mouse mutagenesis project, a high number of phenotypic parameters was used for establishing novel mouse models on the genetic background of C3H inbred mice. The phenotypically dominant mutant line SMA002 was established and further examined. Analysis of the causative mutation as well as the phenotypic characterization of the mutant line were carried out. The causative mutation was detected in the gene Trpc7 which leads to the production of a truncated protein due to the novel stop codon at amino acid position 810 thereby affecting the highly conserved cytoplasmic C terminus of the protein. Trpc7 heterozygous mutant mice of both sexes were viable and fertile, but showed distinct morphological and behavioural alterations which is in contrast to the published phenotype of Trpc7 knockout mice. Thus, the Trpc7K810Stop mutation leads to a dominant negative effect of the mutant protein.
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21
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Chhabra NF, Amend AL, Bastidas-Ponce A, Sabrautzki S, Tarquis-Medina M, Sachs S, Rubey M, Lorenz-Depiereux B, Feuchtinger A, Bakhti M, Lickert H, Przemeck GKH, Hrabě de Angelis M. A point mutation in the Pdia6 gene results in loss of pancreatic β-cell identity causing overt diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101334. [PMID: 34487921 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are oxidoreductases that are involved in catalyzing the formation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds during protein folding. One of the PDI members is the PDI-associated 6 (PDIA6) protein, which has been shown to play a vital role in β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. However, very little is known about the function of this protein in β-cells in vivo. This study aimed to describe the consequences of a point mutation in Pdia6 on β-cell development and function. METHODS We generated an ENU mouse model carrying a missense mutation (Phe175Ser) in the second thioredoxin domain of the Pdia6 gene. Using biochemical and molecular tools, we determined the effects of the mutation on the β-cell development at embryonic day (E)18.5 and β-cell identity as well as function at postnatal stages. RESULTS Mice homozygous for the Phe175Ser (F175S) mutation were mildly hyperglycemic at weaning and subsequently became hypoinsulinemic and overtly diabetic at the adult stage. Although no developmental phenotype was detected during embryogenesis, mutant mice displayed reduced insulin-expressing β-cells at P14 and P21 without any changes in the rate of cell death and proliferation. Further analysis revealed an increase in BiP and the PDI family member PDIA4, but without any concomitant apoptosis and cell death. Instead, the expression of prominent markers of β-cell maturation and function, such as Ins2, Mafa, and Slc2a2, along with increased expression of α-cell markers, Mafb, and glucagon was observed in adult mice, suggesting loss of β-cell identity. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that a global Pdia6 mutation renders mice hypoinsulinemic and hyperglycemic. This occurs due to the loss of pancreatic β-cell function and identity, suggesting a critical role of PDIA6 specifically for β-cells.
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Brown SDM. Advances in mouse genetics for the study of human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:R274-R284. [PMID: 34089057 PMCID: PMC8490014 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse is the pre-eminent model organism for studies of mammalian gene function and has provided an extraordinarily rich range of insights into basic genetic mechanisms and biological systems. Over several decades, the characterization of mouse mutants has illuminated the relationship between gene and phenotype, providing transformational insights into the genetic bases of disease. However, if we are to deliver the promise of genomic and precision medicine, we must develop a comprehensive catalogue of mammalian gene function that uncovers the dark genome and elucidates pleiotropy. Advances in large-scale mouse mutagenesis programmes allied to high-throughput mouse phenomics are now addressing this challenge and systematically revealing novel gene function and multi-morbidities. Alongside the development of these pan-genomic mutational resources, mouse genetics is employing a range of diversity resources to delineate gene–gene and gene–environment interactions and to explore genetic context. Critically, mouse genetics is a powerful tool for assessing the functional impact of human genetic variation and determining the causal relationship between variant and disease. Together these approaches provide unique opportunities to dissect in vivo mechanisms and systems to understand pathophysiology and disease. Moreover, the provision and utility of mouse models of disease has flourished and engages cumulatively at numerous points across the translational spectrum from basic mechanistic studies to pre-clinical studies, target discovery and therapeutic development.
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Aigner B, Rathkolb B, Hrabě De Angelis M, Wolf E. Analysis of the sex-specific variability of blood parameters in C3H inbred mice by using data from a long-term, high-throughput project. Physiol Res 2021; 70:227-236. [PMID: 33676383 PMCID: PMC8820573 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice are important models for biomedical research by providing the possibility of standardizing genetic background and environmental conditions, which both affect phenotypic variability. Use of both sexes in experiments is strongly recommended because of possible differences in the outcome. However, sex-specific phenotypic variability is discussed with regard to putative consequences on the group size which is necessary for achieving valid and reproducible results. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the sex-specific variability of 25 blood parameters of C3H inbred mice in two different mouse facilities withinthe long-term, high-throughput Munich ENU mouse mutagenesis project. Using the 95 % data range, data of4,780-20,706 mice per parameter were analyzed and resulted in ratios of the coefficient of variation (= female CV / (female CV + male CV)) from 0.44 to 0.58 for the 25 parameters, with an overall mean of 0.51 in both facilities. Together with data analyses of three additional, smaller studies with 72-247 animals per parameter examined and various genetic backgrounds (inbred strains, F1 hybrids) included, hints for reproducible sex-specific variability were observed for particular parameters. Thus, the overall analysis comprising all 25 clinical chemical and hematological parameters of the standardized, long-term analysis of a high number of group housed, young adult, twelve-week-old C3H inbred mice showed no evidence for substantial sex-specific variability. The results may provide a basis for the examination of sex-specific variability in particular blood parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aigner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Liedtke D, Hofmann C, Jakob F, Klopocki E, Graser S. Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase-A Gatekeeper of Physiological Conditions in Health and a Modulator of Biological Environments in Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1648. [PMID: 33302551 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that is best known for its role during mineralization processes in bones and skeleton. The enzyme metabolizes phosphate compounds like inorganic pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate to provide, among others, inorganic phosphate for the mineralization and transportable vitamin B6 molecules. Patients with inherited loss of function mutations in the ALPL gene and consequently altered TNAP activity are suffering from the rare metabolic disease hypophosphatasia (HPP). This systemic disease is mainly characterized by impaired bone and dental mineralization but may also be accompanied by neurological symptoms, like anxiety disorders, seizures, and depression. HPP characteristically affects all ages and shows a wide range of clinical symptoms and disease severity, which results in the classification into different clinical subtypes. This review describes the molecular function of TNAP during the mineralization of bones and teeth, further discusses the current knowledge on the enzyme’s role in the nervous system and in sensory perception. An additional focus is set on the molecular role of TNAP in health and on functional observations reported in common laboratory vertebrate disease models, like rodents and zebrafish.
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Yan X, Atorf J, Ramos D, Thiele F, Weber S, Dalke C, Sun M, Puk O, Michel D, Fuchs H, Klaften M, Przemeck GKH, Sabrautzki S, Favor J, Ruberte J, Kremers J, de Angelis MH, Graw J. Mutation in Bmpr1b Leads to Optic Disc Coloboma and Ventral Retinal Gliosis in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:44. [PMID: 32106289 PMCID: PMC7329948 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical phenotype of retinal gliosis occurs in different forms; here, we characterize one novel genetic feature, (i.e., signaling via BMP-receptor 1b). Methods Mouse mutants were generated within a recessive ENU mutagenesis screen; the underlying mutation was identified by linkage analysis and Sanger sequencing. The eye phenotype was characterized by fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography, optokinetic drum, electroretinography, and visual evoked potentials, by histology, immunohistology, and electron-microscopy. Results The mutation affects intron 10 of the Bmpr1b gene, which is causative for skipping of exon 10. The expression levels of pSMAD1/5/8 were reduced in the mutant retina. The loss of BMPR1B-mediated signaling leads to optic nerve coloboma, gliosis in the optic nerve head and ventral retina, defective optic nerve axons, and irregular retinal vessels. The ventral retinal gliosis is proliferative and hypertrophic, which is concomitant with neuronal delamination and the reduction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs); it is dominated by activated astrocytes overexpressing PAX2 and SOX2 but not PAX6, indicating that they may retain properties of gliogenic precursor cells. The expression pattern of PAX2 in the optic nerve head and ventral retina is altered during embryonic development. These events finally result in reduced electrical transmission of the retina and optic nerve and significantly reduced visual acuity. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that BMPR1B is necessary for the development of the optic nerve and ventral retina. This study could also indicate a new mechanism in the formation of retinal gliosis; it opens new routes for its treatment eventually preventing scar formation in the retina.
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Abstract
The laboratory mouse has become the model organism of choice in numerous areas of biological and biomedical research, including the study of congenital birth defects. The appeal of mice for these experimental studies stems from the similarities between the physiology, anatomy, and reproduction of these small mammals with our own, but it is also based on a number of practical reasons: mice are easy to maintain in a laboratory environment, are incredibly prolific, and have a relatively short reproductive cycle. Another compelling reason for choosing mice as research subjects is the number of tools and resources that have been developed after more than a century of working with these small rodents in laboratory environments. As will become obvious from the reading of the different chapters in this book, research in mice has already helped uncover many of the genes and processes responsible for congenital birth malformations and human diseases. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the methods, scientific advances, and serendipitous circumstances that have made these discoveries possible, with a special emphasis on how the use of genetics has propelled scientific progress in mouse research and paved the way for future discoveries.
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FUNATO H. Forward genetic approach for behavioral neuroscience using animal models. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2020; 96:10-31. [PMID: 31932526 PMCID: PMC6974404 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forward genetics is a powerful approach to understand the molecular basis of animal behaviors. Fruit flies were the first animal to which this genetic approach was applied systematically and have provided major discoveries on behaviors including sexual, learning, circadian, and sleep-like behaviors. The development of different classes of model organism such as nematodes, zebrafish, and mice has enabled genetic research to be conducted using more-suitable organisms. The unprecedented success of forward genetic approaches was the identification of the transcription-translation negative feedback loop composed of clock genes as a fundamental and conserved mechanism of circadian rhythm. This approach has now expanded to sleep/wakefulness in mice. A conventional strategy such as dominant and recessive screenings can be modified with advances in DNA sequencing and genome editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa FUNATO
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Chiang CY, Ching YH, Chang TY, Hu LS, Yong YS, Keak PY, Mustika I, Lin MD, Liao BY. Novel eye genes systematically discovered through an integrated analysis of mouse transcriptomes and phenome. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:73-82. [PMID: 31934309 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, reverse genetic and high throughput approaches have been frequently applied to the mouse (Mus musculus) to understand how genes function in tissues/organs and during development in a mammalian system. Despite these efforts, the associated phenotypes for the majority of mouse genes remained to be fully characterized. Here, we performed an integrated transcriptome-phenome analysis by identifying coexpressed gene modules based on tissue transcriptomes profiled with each of various platforms and functionally interpreting these modules using the mouse phenotypic data. Consequently, >15,000 mouse genes were linked with at least one of the 47 tissue functions that were examined. Specifically, our approach predicted >50 genes previously unknown to be involved in mice (Mus musculus) visual functions. Fifteen genes were selected for further analysis based on their potential biomedical relevance and compatibility with further experimental validation. Gene-specific morpholinos were introduced into zebrafish (Danio rerio) to target their corresponding orthologs. Quantitative assessments of phenotypes of developing eyes confirmed predicted eye-related functions of 13 out of the 15 genes examined. These novel eye genes include: Adal, Ankrd33, Car14, Ccdc126, Dhx32, Dkk3, Fam169a, Grifin, Kcnj14, Lrit2, Ppef2, Ppm1n, and Wdr17. The results highlighted the potential for this phenome-based approach to assist the experimental design of mutating and phenotyping mouse genes that aims to fully reveal the functional landscape of mammalian genomes.
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Furuse T, Mizuma H, Hirose Y, Kushida T, Yamada I, Miura I, Masuya H, Funato H, Yanagisawa M, Onoe H, Wakana S. A new mouse model of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome exhibits abnormal sleep-wake patterns and alterations of glucose kinetics in the brain. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038828. [PMID: 31399478 PMCID: PMC6765196 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) proteins causes infantile epilepsy, which is designated as a GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS; OMIM #606777). Patients with GLUT1DS display varied clinical phenotypes, such as infantile seizures, ataxia, severe mental retardation with learning disabilities, delayed development, hypoglycorrhachia, and other varied symptoms. Glut1Rgsc200 mutant mice mutagenized with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) carry a missense mutation in the Glut1 gene that results in amino acid substitution at the 324th residue of the GLUT1 protein. In this study, these mutants exhibited various phenotypes, including embryonic lethality of homozygotes, a decreased cerebrospinal-fluid glucose value, deficits in contextual learning, a reduction in body size, seizure-like behavior and abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. During EEG recording, the abnormality occurred spontaneously, whereas the seizure-like phenotypes were not observed at the same time. In sleep-wake analysis using EEG recording, heterozygotes exhibited a longer duration of wake times and shorter duration of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time. The shortened period of NREM sleep and prolonged duration of the wake period may resemble the sleep disturbances commonly observed in patients with GLUT1DS and other epilepsy disorders. Interestingly, an in vivo kinetic analysis of glucose utilization by positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose imaging revealed that glucose transportation was reduced, whereas hexokinase activity and glucose metabolism were enhanced. These results indicate that a Glut1Rgsc200 mutant is a useful tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of GLUT1DS. This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper. Summary: New phenotypes are revealed by a GLUT1 deficiency mutant mouse model carrying a missense mutation in Glut1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Furuse
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuma
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hirose
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kushida
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yamada
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miura
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuya
- Resource Advancement Unit, Integrated Bioresource Information Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Chang H, Pan Y, Landrette S, Ding S, Yang D, Liu L, Tian L, Chai H, Li P, Li DM, Xu T. Efficient genome-wide first-generation phenotypic screening system in mice using the piggyBac transposon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18507-16. [PMID: 31451639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906354116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide phenotypic screens provide an unbiased way to identify genes involved in particular biological traits, and have been widely used in lower model organisms. However, cost and time have limited the utility of such screens to address biological and disease questions in mammals. Here we report a highly efficient piggyBac (PB) transposon-based first-generation (F1) dominant screening system in mice that enables an individual investigator to conduct a genome-wide phenotypic screen within a year with fewer than 300 cages. The PB screening system uses visually trackable transposons to induce both gain- and loss-of-function mutations and generates genome-wide distributed new insertions in more than 55% of F1 progeny. Using this system, we successfully conducted a pilot F1 screen and identified 5 growth retardation mutations. One of these mutants, a Six1/4 PB/+ mutant, revealed a role in milk intake behavior. The mutant animals exhibit abnormalities in nipple recognition and milk ingestion, as well as developmental defects in cranial nerves V, IX, and X. This PB F1 screening system offers individual laboratories unprecedented opportunities to conduct affordable genome-wide phenotypic screens for deciphering the genetic basis of mammalian biology and disease pathogenesis.
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Nandini S, Conley Calderon JL, Sabblah TT, Love R, King LE, King SJ. Mice with an autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2O disease mutation in both dynein alleles display severe moto-sensory phenotypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11979. [PMID: 31427617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common peripheral neuromuscular disorder worldwide. The axonal degeneration in CMT causes distal muscle weakness and atrophy, resulting in gait problems and difficulties with basic motor coordination skills. A mutation in the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DHC) gene was discovered to cause an autosomal dominant form of the disease designated Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2O disease (CMT2O) in 2011. The mutation is a single amino acid change of histidine into arginine at amino acid 306 (H306R) in DHC. We previously generated a knock-in mouse carrying the corresponding CMT2O mutation (H304R) and examined the heterozygous H304R/+offspring in a variety of motor skills and histological assays. Here we report the initial characterization of the homozygous H304R/R mouse, which is the first homozygous mutant DHC mouse to survive past the neonatal stage. We show that H304R/R mice have significantly more severe disease symptoms than the heterozygous H304R/+mice. The H304R/R mice have significant defects in motor skills, including grip strength, motor coordination, and gait and also related defects in neuromuscular junction architecture. Furthermore, the mice have defects in sensation, another aspect of CMT disease. Our results show that the H304R/+ and H304R/R mice will be important models for studying the onset and progression of both heterozygous and homozygous CMT disease alleles.
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Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most prevalent sensory deficit in the elderly. This progressive hearing impairment leads to social isolation and is also associated with comorbidities, such as frailty, falls, and late-onset depression. Moreover, there is a growing evidence linking it with cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia. Given the large social and welfare burden that results from ARHL, and because ARHL is potentially a modifiable risk factor for dementia, there is an urgent need for therapeutic interventions to ameliorate age-related auditory decline. However, a prerequisite for design of therapies is knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Currently, our understanding of ARHL is very limited. Here, we review recent findings from research into ARHL from both human and animal studies and discuss future prospects for advances in our understanding of genetic susceptibility, pathology, and potential therapeutic approaches in ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxford OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sally J Dawson
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
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Abe K, Cox A, Takamatsu N, Velez G, Laxer RM, Tse SML, Mahajan VB, Bassuk AG, Fuchs H, Ferguson PJ, Hrabe de Angelis M. Gain-of-function mutations in a member of the Src family kinases cause autoinflammatory bone disease in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11872-7. [PMID: 31138708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819825116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an autoinflammatory bone disease that presents with bone destruction occurring primarily in children. In a mouse ENU mutagenesis screen, the Ali18 strain was isolated because of spontaneous inflammation in the joints and bones. Sequencing candidate genes in the Ali18 critical region identified a missense mutation in the C-terminal regulatory region of the Src family kinase (SFK) member, Fgr. Genome editing revealed Fgr dependency of the inflammatory phenotype in Ali18 mice. Further, whole exome sequencing in our CRMO cohort identified two patients with missense mutations in FGR. In vitro functional assays confirm altered protein function. This work identifies FGR as a CRMO susceptibility gene and suggests that targeting SFKs may be useful in its treatment. Autoinflammatory syndromes are characterized by dysregulation of the innate immune response with subsequent episodes of acute spontaneous inflammation. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an autoinflammatory bone disorder that presents with bone pain and localized swelling. Ali18 mice, isolated from a mutagenesis screen, exhibit a spontaneous inflammatory paw phenotype that includes sterile osteomyelitis and systemic reduced bone mineral density. To elucidate the molecular basis of the disease, positional cloning of the causative gene for Ali18 was attempted. Using a candidate gene approach, a missense mutation in the C-terminal region of Fgr, a member of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs), was identified. For functional confirmation, additional mutations at the N terminus of Fgr were introduced in Ali18 mice by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. N-terminal deleterious mutations of Fgr abolished the inflammatory phenotype in Ali18 mice, but in-frame and missense mutations in the same region continue to exhibit the phenotype. The fact that Fgr null mutant mice are morphologically normal suggests that the inflammation in this model depends on Fgr products. Furthermore, the levels of C-terminal negative regulatory phosphorylation of FgrAli18 are distinctly reduced compared with that of wild-type Fgr. In addition, whole-exome sequencing of 99 CRMO patients including 88 trios (proband and parents) identified 13 patients with heterozygous coding sequence variants in FGR, including two missense mutant proteins that affect kinase activity. Our results strongly indicate that gain-of-function mutations in Fgr are involved in sterile osteomyelitis, and thus targeting SFKs using specific inhibitors may allow for efficient treatment of the disease.
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Vetrivel S, Tiso N, Kügler A, Irmler M, Horsch M, Beckers J, Hladik D, Giesert F, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Sabrautzki S, Hrabě de Angelis M, Graw J. Mutation in the mouse histone gene Hist2h3c1 leads to degeneration of the lens vesicle and severe microphthalmia. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107632. [PMID: 30991053 PMCID: PMC6876282 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During an ENU (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) mutagenesis screen, we observed a dominant small-eye mutant mouse with viable homozygotes. A corresponding mutant line was established and referred to as Aey69 (abnormality of the eye #69). Comprehensive phenotyping of the homozygous Aey69 mutants in the German Mouse Clinic revealed only a subset of statistically significant alterations between wild types and homozygous mutants. The mutation causes microphthalmia without a lens but with retinal hyperproliferation. Linkage was demonstrated to mouse chromosome 3 between the markers D3Mit188 and D3Mit11. Sequencing revealed a 358 A-> C mutation (Ile120Leu) in the Hist2h3c1 gene and a 71 T-> C (Val24Ala) mutation in the Gja8 gene. Detailed analysis of eye development in the homozygous mutant mice documented a perturbed lens development starting from the lens vesicle stage including decreasing expression of crystallins as well as of lens-specific transcription factors like PITX3 and FOXE3. In contrast, we observed an early expression of retinal progenitor cells characterized by several markers including BRN3 (retinal ganglion cells) and OTX2 (cone photoreceptors). The changes in the retina at the early embryonic stages of E11.5-E15.5 happen in parallel with apoptotic processes in the lens at the respective stages. The excessive retinal hyperproliferation is characterized by an increased level of Ki67. The hyperproliferation, however, does not disrupt the differentiation and appearance of the principal retinal cell types at postnatal stages, even if the overgrowing retina covers finally the entire bulbus of the eye. Morpholino-mediated knock-down of the hist2h3ca1 gene in zebrafish leads to a specific perturbation of lens development. When injected into zebrafish zygotes, only the mutant mouse mRNA leads to severe malformations, ranging from cyclopia to severe microphthalmia. The wild-type Hist2h3c1 mRNA can rescue the morpholino-induced defects corroborating its specific function in lens development. Based upon these data, it is concluded that the ocular function of the Hist2h3c1 gene (encoding a canonical H3.2 variant) is conserved throughout evolution. Moreover, the data highlight also the importance of Hist2h3c1 in the coordinated formation of lens and retina during eye development. A dominant small-eye mutant mouse is caused by a mutation in the histone gene Hist2H3c1. Morpholino-mediated knock-down of hist2h3ca1 in the zebrafish validated this finding. The mutation leads to degeneration of the lens vesicle and retina hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmilee Vetrivel
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Kügler
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Hladik
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Giesert
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Sabrautzki
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Medicine, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Zimmer AM, Pan YK, Chandrapalan T, Kwong RWM, Perry SF. Loss-of-function approaches in comparative physiology: is there a future for knockdown experiments in the era of genome editing? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/7/jeb175737. [PMID: 30948498 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function technologies, such as morpholino- and RNAi-mediated gene knockdown, and TALEN- and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout, are widely used to investigate gene function and its physiological significance. Here, we provide a general overview of the various knockdown and knockout technologies commonly used in comparative physiology and discuss the merits and drawbacks of these technologies with a particular focus on research conducted in zebrafish. Despite their widespread use, there is an ongoing debate surrounding the use of knockdown versus knockout approaches and their potential off-target effects. This debate is primarily fueled by the observations that, in some studies, knockout mutants exhibit phenotypes different from those observed in response to knockdown using morpholinos or RNAi. We discuss the current debate and focus on the discrepancies between knockdown and knockout phenotypes, providing literature and primary data to show that the different phenotypes are not necessarily a direct result of the off-target effects of the knockdown agents used. Nevertheless, given the recent evidence of some knockdown phenotypes being recapitulated in knockout mutants lacking the morpholino or RNAi target, we stress that results of knockdown experiments need to be interpreted with caution. We ultimately argue that knockdown experiments should not be discontinued if proper control experiments are performed, and that with careful interpretation, knockdown approaches remain useful to complement the limitations of knockout studies (e.g. lethality of knockout and compensatory responses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yihang K Pan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | | | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Cao C, Zhang Y, Jia Q, Wang X, Zheng Q, Zhang H, Song R, Li Y, Luo A, Hong Q, Qin G, Yao J, Zhang N, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhou Q, Zhao J. An exonic splicing enhancer mutation in DUOX2 causes aberrant alternative splicing and severe congenital hypothyroidism in Bama pigs. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/1/dmm036616. [PMID: 30651277 PMCID: PMC6361156 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs share many similarities with humans in terms of anatomy, physiology and genetics, and have long been recognized as important experimental animals in biomedical research. Using an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen, we previously identified a large number of pig mutants, which could be further established as human disease models. However, the identification of causative mutations in large animals with great heterogeneity remains a challenging endeavor. Here, we select one pig mutant, showing congenital nude skin and thyroid deficiency in a recessive inheritance pattern. We were able to efficiently map the causative mutation using family-based genome-wide association studies combined with whole-exome sequencing and a small sample size. A loss-of-function variant (c.1226 A>G) that resulted in a highly conserved amino acid substitution (D409G) was identified in the DUOX2 gene. This mutation, located within an exonic splicing enhancer motif, caused aberrant splicing of DUOX2 transcripts and resulted in lower H2O2 production, which might cause a severe defect in thyroid hormone production. Our findings suggest that exome sequencing is an efficient way to map causative mutations and that DUOX2D409G/D409G mutant pigs could be a potential large animal model for human congenital hypothyroidism. Summary: Here, we show that an exonic splicing enhancer variant in DUOX2 (c.1226 A>G) causes aberrant splicing of DUOX2 transcripts, resulting in lower H2O2 production, to cause severe congenital hypothyroidism in Bama pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qitao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruigao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Ailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianlong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Blease A, Nicol T, Falcone S, Starbuck B, Greenaway S, Hutchinson M, Potter PK. Generation and Identification of Mutations Resulting in Chronic and Age-Related Phenotypes in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:e42. [PMID: 29927552 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging is inevitable, and our society must deal with the consequences: namely, an increased incidence of disease and ill health. Many mouse models of disease are acute or early onset or are induced in young mice, despite the fact that aging is a significant risk factor for a range of significant diseases. To improve modeling of such diseases, we should incorporate aging into our models. Many systems are affected by aging, with a decline in mitochondrial function, an increase in senescence, a loss of resilience, telomere shortening, and a decline in immune function being key factors in the increased susceptibility to disease that is associated with aging. To develop novel models of age-related disease, we undertook a phenotype-driven screen of a pipeline of mutagenized mice. Here, we describe some of the underlying protocols and outline important aspects to consider when studying aged mice. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Blease
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Nicol
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Falcone
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Starbuck
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Greenaway
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Hutchinson
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul K Potter
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Tharmarajah G, Eckhard U, Jain F, Marino G, Prudova A, Urtatiz O, Fuchs H, de Angelis MH, Overall CM, Van Raamsdonk CD. Melanocyte development in the mouse tail epidermis requires the Adamts9 metalloproteinase. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:693-707. [PMID: 29781574 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mouse tail has an important role in the study of melanogenesis, because mouse tail skin can be used to model human skin pigmentation. To better understand the development of melanocytes in the mouse tail, we cloned two dominant ENU-generated mutations of the Adamts9 gene, Und3 and Und4, which cause an unpigmented ring of epidermis in the middle of the tail, but do not alter pigmentation in the rest of the mouse. Adamts9 encodes a widely expressed zinc metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats with few known substrates. Melanocytes are lost in the Adamts9 mutant tail epidermis at a relatively late stage of development, around E18.5. Studies of our Adamts9 conditional allele suggest that there is a melanocyte cell-autonomous requirement for Adamts9. In addition, we used a proteomics approach, TAILS N-terminomics, to identify new Adamts9 candidate substrates in the extracellular matrix of the skin. The tail phenotype of Adamts9 mutants is strikingly similar to the unpigmented trunk belt in Adamts20 mutants, which suggests a particular requirement for Adamts family activity at certain positions along the anterior-posterior axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tharmarajah
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fagun Jain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Giada Marino
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Prudova
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Oscar Urtatiz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin H de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science, Weihenstephan Technische Universitat, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine D Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
We are entering a new era of mouse phenomics, driven by large-scale and economical generation of mouse mutants coupled with increasingly sophisticated and comprehensive phenotyping. These studies are generating large, multidimensional gene-phenotype data sets, which are shedding new light on the mammalian genome landscape and revealing many hitherto unknown features of mammalian gene function. Moreover, these phenome resources provide a wealth of disease models and can be integrated with human genomics data as a powerful approach for the interpretation of human genetic variation and its relationship to disease. In the future, the development of novel phenotyping platforms allied to improved computational approaches, including machine learning, for the analysis of phenotype data will continue to enhance our ability to develop a comprehensive and powerful model of mammalian gene-phenotype space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris C Holmes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Terrence F Meehan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
Johnston's organ - the hearing organ of Drosophila - has a very different structure and morphology to that of the hearing organs of vertebrates. Nevertheless, it is becoming clear that vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs share many physiological, molecular and genetic similarities. Here, we compare the molecular and cellular features of hearing organs in Drosophila with those of vertebrates, and discuss recent evidence concerning the functional conservation of Usher proteins between flies and mammals. Mutations in Usher genes cause Usher syndrome, the leading cause of human deafness and blindness. In Drosophila, some Usher syndrome proteins appear to physically interact in protein complexes that are similar to those described in mammals. This functional conservation highlights a rational role for Drosophila as a model for studying hearing, and for investigating the evolution of auditory organs, with the aim of advancing our understanding of the genes that regulate human hearing and the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongchao Li
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA .,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Treise I, Huber EM, Klein-Rodewald T, Heinemeyer W, Grassmann SA, Basler M, Adler T, Rathkolb B, Helming L, Andres C, Klaften M, Landbrecht C, Wieland T, Strom TM, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Wolf E, Groettrup M, Ollert M, Neff F, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Hrabě de Angelis M, Groll M, Busch DH. Defective immuno- and thymoproteasome assembly causes severe immunodeficiency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5975. [PMID: 29654304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis, we generated the mutant mouse line TUB6 that is characterised by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and systemic sterile autoinflammation in homozygotes, and a selective T cell defect in heterozygotes. The causative missense point mutation results in the single amino acid exchange G170W in multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit-1 (MECL-1), the β2i-subunit of the immuno- and thymoproteasome. Yeast mutagenesis and crystallographic data suggest that the severe TUB6-phenotype compared to the MECL-1 knockout mouse is caused by structural changes in the C-terminal appendage of β2i that prevent the biogenesis of immuno- and thymoproteasomes. Proteasomes are essential for cell survival, and defective proteasome assembly causes selective death of cells expressing the mutant MECL-1, leading to the severe immunological phenotype. In contrast to the immunosubunits β1i (LMP2) and β5i (LMP7), mutations in the gene encoding MECL-1 have not yet been assigned to human disorders. The TUB6 mutant mouse line exemplifies the involvement of MECL-1 in immunopathogenesis and provides the first mouse model for primary immuno- and thymoproteasome-associated immunodeficiency that may also be relevant in humans.
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43
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Nadeau JH. Do Gametes Woo? Evidence for Their Nonrandom Union at Fertilization. Genetics 2017; 207:369-87. [PMID: 28978771 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental tenet of inheritance in sexually reproducing organisms such as humans and laboratory mice is that gametes combine randomly at fertilization, thereby ensuring a balanced and statistically predictable representation of inherited variants in each generation. This principle is encapsulated in Mendel's First Law. But exceptions are known. With transmission ratio distortion, particular alleles are preferentially transmitted to offspring. Preferential transmission usually occurs in one sex but not both, and is not known to require interactions between gametes at fertilization. A reanalysis of our published work in mice and of data in other published reports revealed instances where any of 12 mutant genes biases fertilization, with either too many or too few heterozygotes and homozygotes, depending on the mutant gene and on dietary conditions. Although such deviations are usually attributed to embryonic lethality of the underrepresented genotypes, the evidence is more consistent with genetically-determined preferences for specific combinations of egg and sperm at fertilization that result in genotype bias without embryo loss. This unexpected discovery of genetically-biased fertilization could yield insights about the molecular and cellular interactions between sperm and egg at fertilization, with implications for our understanding of inheritance, reproduction, population genetics, and medical genetics.
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Hai T, Guo W, Yao J, Cao C, Luo A, Qi M, Wang X, Wang X, Huang J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang D, Shang H, Hong Q, Zhang R, Jia Q, Zheng Q, Qin G, Li Y, Zhang T, Jin W, Chen ZY, Wang H, Zhou Q, Meng A, Wei H, Yang S, Zhao J. Creation of miniature pig model of human Waardenburg syndrome type 2A by ENU mutagenesis. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1463-1475. [PMID: 29094203 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human Waardenburg syndrome 2A (WS2A) is a dominant hearing loss (HL) syndrome caused by mutations in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene. In mouse models with MITF mutations, WS2A is transmitted in a recessive pattern, which limits the study of hearing loss (HL) pathology. In the current study, we performed ENU (ethylnitrosourea) mutagenesis that resulted in substituting a conserved lysine with a serine (p. L247S) in the DNA-binding domain of the MITF gene to generate a novel miniature pig model of WS2A. The heterozygous mutant pig (MITF +/L247S) exhibits a dominant form of profound HL and hypopigmentation in skin, hair, and iris, accompanied by degeneration of stria vascularis (SV), fused hair cells, and the absence of endocochlear potential, which indicate the pathology of human WS2A. Besides hypopigmentation and bilateral HL, the homozygous mutant pig (MITF L247S/L247S) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MITF bi-allelic knockout pigs both exhibited anophthalmia. Three WS2 patients carrying MITF mutations adjacent to the corresponding region were also identified. The pig models resemble the clinical symptom and molecular pathology of human WS2A patients perfectly, which will provide new clues for better understanding the etiology and development of novel treatment strategies for human HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Dayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Shang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Qianlong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Qitao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Qiantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Anming Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Marion School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Alwan R, Bruel A, Da Silva A, Blanquet V, Bouhouche K. An siRNA-based screen in C2C12 myoblasts identifies novel genes involved in myogenic differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Ren H, Wang G, Jiang J, Li J, Fu L, Liu L, Li N, Zhao J, Sun X, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhou P. Comparative transcriptome and histological analyses provide insights into the prenatal skin pigmentation in goat ( Capra hircus). Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:703-711. [PMID: 28972038 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00072.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Youzhou dark goat is a natural mutant with dark skin over the whole body including the visible mucous membranes. In the present study, we characterized 100-day-old fetal skin at the histomorphological and transcriptomic levels in dark-skinned (Youzhou dark goat) and white-skinned (Yudong white goat) goats with deep RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, and histological methods. Histological analysis indicated that there were marked differences in both melanin distribution and epidermal ultrastructure between the hyperpigmented and normal skin in two breeds of goat. Subsequent analyses suggested that a presumed structure variation (duplication or insertion) in ASIP might be responsible for its lower expression in the hyperpigmented skin (Youzhou dark goat) by determining the distribution of melanocytes across the body at early development stage. Analyses for genes with differential expression between the dark-skinned and white-skinned goats indicated the network composed of ASIP-MC1R, ECM-receptor interaction, and MAPK signaling might play crucial roles in the determination of skin pigmentation in fetal goats. Moreover, we also identified 1,616 novel transcripts in goat skin by RNA sequencing, which may represent two distinct groups of transcript based on their characteristics. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the characteristics of global gene expression in early-stage skin pigmentation and development and describe an animal model for human diseases associated with pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxing Ren
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Gaofu Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Jing Jiang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Jie Li
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Lin Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Liangjia Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Nianfu Li
- Youyang Animal Husbandry Bureau, Youyang, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhong Zhao
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Li Zhang
- Youyang Animal Husbandry Bureau, Youyang, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Youyang Animal Husbandry Bureau, Youyang, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China; and
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48
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Shang W, Wang F, Fan G, Wang H. Key elements for designing and performing a CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screen. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:439-449. [PMID: 28967615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetic screens are invaluable for uncovering gene functions, but are traditionally hampered by some technical limitations. Over the past few years, since the advent of the revolutionary CRISPR/Cas9 technology, its power in genome editing has been harnessed to overcome the traditional limitations in reverse genetic screens, with successes in various biological contexts. Here, we outline these CRISPR/Cas9-based screens, provide guidance on the design of effective screens and discuss the potential future directions of development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Shang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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49
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Kumar S, Rathkolb B, Sabrautzki S, Krebs S, Kemter E, Becker L, Beckers J, Bekeredjian R, Brommage R, Calzada-Wack J, Garrett L, Hölter SM, Horsch M, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Moreth K, Neff F, Rozman J, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabe de Angelis M, Wolf E, Aigner B. Standardized, systemic phenotypic analysis reveals kidney dysfunction as main alteration of Kctd1 I27N mutant mice. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:57. [PMID: 28818080 PMCID: PMC5559776 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased levels of blood plasma urea were used as phenotypic parameter for establishing novel mouse models for kidney diseases on the genetic background of C3H inbred mice in the phenotype-driven Munich ENU mouse mutagenesis project. The phenotypically dominant mutant line HST014 was established and further analyzed. Methods Analysis of the causative mutation as well as the standardized, systemic phenotypic analysis of the mutant line was carried out. Results The causative mutation was detected in the potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 1 (Kctd1) gene which leads to the amino acid exchange Kctd1I27N thereby affecting the functional BTB domain of the protein. This line is the first mouse model harboring a Kctd1 mutation. Kctd1I27N homozygous mutant mice die perinatally. Standardized, systemic phenotypic analysis of Kctd1I27N heterozygous mutants was carried out in the German Mouse Clinic (GMC). Systematic morphological investigation of the external physical appearance did not detect the specific alterations that are described in KCTD1 mutant human patients affected by the scalp-ear-nipple (SEN) syndrome. The main pathological phenotype of the Kctd1I27N heterozygous mutant mice consists of kidney dysfunction and secondary effects thereof, without gross additional primary alterations in the other phenotypic parameters analyzed. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling analysis at the age of 4 months revealed about 100 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in kidneys of Kctd1I27N heterozygous mutants as compared to wild-type controls. Conclusions In summary, the main alteration of the Kctd1I27N heterozygous mutants consists in kidney dysfunction. Additional analyses in 9–21 week-old heterozygous mutants revealed only few minor effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0365-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Sabrautzki
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Raffi Bekeredjian
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Brommage
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, TU Munich, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristin Moreth
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, TU Munich, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Aigner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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50
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Sabrautzki S, Kaiser G, Przemeck GKH, Gerst F, Lorza-Gil E, Panse M, Sartorius T, Hoene M, Marschall S, Häring HU, Hrabě de Angelis M, Ullrich S. Point mutation of Ffar1 abrogates fatty acid-dependent insulin secretion, but protects against HFD-induced glucose intolerance. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1304-1312. [PMID: 29031729 PMCID: PMC5641630 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40) mediates fatty acid-dependent augmentation of glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS) in pancreatic β-cells. Genetically engineered Ffar1-knockout/congenic mice univocally displayed impaired fatty acid-mediated insulin secretion, but in vivo experiments delivered controversial results regarding the function of FFAR1 in glucose homeostasis and liver steatosis. This study presents a new coisogenic mouse model carrying a point mutation in Ffar1 with functional consequence. These mice reflect the situations in humans in which point mutations can lead to protein malfunction and disease development. Methods The Munich N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis-derived F1 archive containing over 16,800 sperms and corresponding DNA samples was screened for mutations in the coding region of Ffar1. Two missense mutations (R258W and T146S) in the extracellular domain of the protein were chosen and homozygote mice were generated. The functional consequence of these mutations was examined in vitro in isolated islets and in vivo in chow diet and high fat diet fed mice. Results Palmitate, 50 μM, and the FFAR1 agonist TUG-469, 3 μM, stimulated insulin secretion in islets of Ffar1T146S/T146S mutant mice and of wild-type littermates, while in islets of Ffar1R258W/R258W mutant mice, these stimulatory effects were abolished. Insulin content and mRNA levels of Ffar1, Glp1r, Ins2, Slc2a2, Ppara, and Ppard were not significantly different between wild-type and Ffar1R258W/R258W mouse islets. Palmitate exposure, 600 μM, significantly increased Ppara mRNA levels in wild-type but not in Ffar1R258W/R258W mouse islets. On the contrary, Slc2a2 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in both wild-type and Ffar1R258W/R258W mouse islets after palmitate treatment. HFD feeding induced glucose intolerance in wild-type mice. Ffar1R258W/R258W mutant mice remained glucose tolerant although their body weight gain, liver steatosis, insulin resistance, and plasma insulin levels were not different from those of wild-type littermates. Worth mentioning, fasting plasma insulin levels were lower in Ffar1R258W/R258W mice. Conclusion A point mutation in Ffar1 abrogates the stimulatory effect of palmitate on GIIS, an effect that does not necessarily translate to HFD-induced glucose intolerance. Generation of mice carrying point mutations in Ffar1 using ENU. FFAR1 point mutation R258W abrogates fatty acid-induced insulin secretion. Dysfunctional FFAR1 inhibits the development of diet-induced glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Sabrautzki
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics and the German Mouse Clinic, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Kaiser
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard K H Przemeck
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics and the German Mouse Clinic, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felicia Gerst
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Estela Lorza-Gil
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhura Panse
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Sartorius
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Hoene
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susan Marschall
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics and the German Mouse Clinic, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics and the German Mouse Clinic, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354 München, Germany
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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