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Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Torres MDT, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Recombinant production of antimicrobial peptides in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108296. [PMID: 38042311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Classical plant breeding methods are limited in their ability to confer disease resistance on plants. However, in recent years, advancements in molecular breeding and biotechnological have provided new approaches to overcome these limitations and protect plants from disease. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute promising agents that may be able to protect against infectious agents. Recently, peptides have been recombinantly produced in plants at scale and low cost. Because AMPs are less likely than conventional antimicrobials to elicit resistance of pathogenic bacteria, they open up exciting new avenues for agricultural applications. Here, we review recent advances in the design and production of bioactive recombinant AMPs that can effectively protect crop plants from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box, 465, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Marcelo Der Torossian Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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Efremova LN, Strelnikova SR, Gazizova GR, Minkina EA, Komakhin RA. A Synthetic Strong and Constitutive Promoter Derived from the Stellaria media pro-SmAMP1 and pro-SmAMP2 Promoters for Effective Transgene Expression in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1407. [PMID: 33256091 PMCID: PMC7760760 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic promoters are vital for genetic engineering-based strategies for crop improvement, but effective methodologies for their creation and systematic testing are lacking. We report here on the comparative analysis of the promoters pro-SmAMP1 and pro-SmAMP2 from Stellaria media ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE1 (AMP1) and ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE2 (AMP2). These promoters are more effective than the well-known Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Although these promoters share about 94% identity, the pro-SmAMP1 promoter demonstrated stronger transient expression of a reporter gene in Agrobacterium infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, while the pro-SmAMP2 promoter was more effective for the selection of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells when driving a selectable marker. Using the cap analysis of gene expression method, we detected no differences in the structure of the transcription start sites for either promoter in transgenic plants. For both promoters, we used fine-scale deletion analysis to identify 160 bp-long sequences that retain the unique properties of each promoter. With the use of chimeric promoters and directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the superiority of the pro-SmAMP1 promoter for Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration is caused by the proline-inducible ACTCAT cis-element strictly positioned relative to the TATA box in the core promoter. Surprisingly, the ACTCAT cis-element not only activated but also suppressed the efficiency of the pro-SmAMP1 promoter under proline stress. The absence of the ACTCAT cis-element and CAANNNNATC motif (negative regulator) in the pro-SmAMP2 promoter provided a more constitutive gene expression profile and better selection of transgenic cells on selective medium. We created a new synthetic promoter that enjoys high effectiveness both in transient expression and in selection of transgenic cells. Intact promoters with differing properties and high degrees of sequence identity may thus be used as a basis for the creation of new synthetic promoters for precise and coordinated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa N. Efremova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow 127550, Russia; (L.N.E.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Svetlana R. Strelnikova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow 127550, Russia; (L.N.E.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Guzel R. Gazizova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (G.R.G.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Elena A. Minkina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (G.R.G.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Roman A. Komakhin
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow 127550, Russia; (L.N.E.); (S.R.S.)
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Tavakoli M, Karbasi S, Soleymani Eil Bakhtiari S. Evaluation of physical, mechanical, and biodegradation of chitosan/graphene oxide composite as bone substitutes. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1653467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadreza Tavakoli
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Karbasi
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Soleymani Eil Bakhtiari
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
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Huang Y, Xuan H, Yang C, Guo N, Wang H, Zhao J, Xing H. GmHsp90A2 is involved in soybean heat stress as a positive regulator. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:26-33. [PMID: 31203891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 s (Hsp90s), one of the most conserved and abundant molecular chaperones, is an essential component of the protective stress response. A previous study reported at least 12 genes in the GmHsp90s family in soybean and that GmHsp90A2 overexpression enhanced thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we investigate the roles of GmHsp90A2 in soybean by utilizing stable transgenic soybean lines overexpressing GmHsp90A2 and mutant lines generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The results showed that compared with wild-type plants (WT) and empty vector control plants (VC), T3 transgenic soybean plants overexpressing GmHsp90A2 exhibited increased tolerance to heat stress through higher chlorophyll and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in plants. Conversely, reduced chlorophyll and increased MDA contents in T2 homozygous GmHsp90A2-knockout mutants indicated decreased tolerance to heat stress. GmHsp90A2 was found to interact with GmHsp90A1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Furthermore, subcellular localization analyses revealed that GmHsp90A2 was localized to the cytoplasm and cell membrane; as shown by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, GmHsp90A2 interacted with GmHsp90A1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm and cell membrane. Hence, we conclude that GmHsp90A1 is able to bind to GmHsp90A2 to form a complex and that this complex enters the nucleus. In summary, GmHsp90A2 might respond to heat stress and positively regulate thermotolerance by interacting with GmHsp90A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huidong Xuan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Guo
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haitang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Vetchinkina EM, Komakhina VV, Vysotskii DA, Zaitsev DV, Smirnov AN, Babakov AV, Komakhin RA. Expression of plant antimicrobial peptide pro-SmAMP2 gene increases resistance of transgenic potato plants to Alternaria and Fusarium pathogens. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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De Guglielmo C ZM, Fernandez Da Silva R. Principales promotores utilizados en la transformación genética de plantas. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v18n2.61529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
El conocimiento pleno de los promotores determina el éxito en la obtención de nuevos cultivares de plantas a través de técnicas biotecnológicas, ya que dicha secuencia del ADN regula la transcripción de otras regiones adyacentes o cercanas, encontrándose los siguientes promotores: constitutivos, tejido-específicos o estadio-específicos, inducibles y sintéticos. En esta revisión se resume de manera precisa los conceptos, ventajas y limitaciones de los distintos tipos de promotores, con ejemplos claros de ello.Palabras clave: promotor, biotecnología vegetal, transcripción genética.
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Komakhin RA, Vysotskii DA, Shukurov RR, Voblikova VD, Komakhina VV, Strelnikova SR, Vetchinkina EM, Babakov AV. Novel strong promoter of antimicrobial peptides gene pro-SmAMP2 from chickweed (Stellaria media). BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:43. [PMID: 27189173 PMCID: PMC4870781 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study we found that in chickweed the expression level of the pro-SmAMP2 gene was comparable or even higher to that of the β-actin gene. This high level of the gene expression has attracted our attention as an opportunity for the identification of novel strong promoters of plant origin, which could find its application in plant biotechnology. Therefore, in the present study we focused on the nucleotide sequence identification and the functional characteristics of the pro-SmAMP2 promoter in transgenic plants. RESULTS In chickweed (Stellaria media), a 2120 bp promoter region of the pro-SmAMP2 gene encoding antifungal peptides was sequenced. Six 5'-deletion variants -2120, -1504, -1149, -822, -455, and -290 bp of pro-SmAMP2 gene promoter were fused with the coding region of the reporter gene gusA in the plant expression vector pCambia1381Z. Independent transgenic plants of tobacco Nicotiana tabacum were obtained with each genetic structure. GUS protein activity assay in extracts from transgenic plants showed that all deletion variants of the promoter, except -290 bp, expressed the gusA gene. In most transgenic plants, the GUS activity level was comparable or higher than in plants with the viral promoter CaMV 35S. GUS activity remains high in progenies and its level correlates positively with the amount of gusA gene mRNA in T3 homozygous plants. The activity of the рro-SmAMP2 promoter was detected in all organs of the transgenic plants studied, during meiosis and in pollen as well. CONCLUSION Our results show that the рro-SmAMP2 promoter can be used for target genes expression control in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Komakhin
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiriazevskaya 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Denis A Vysotskii
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiriazevskaya 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vera D Voblikova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiriazevskaya 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera V Komakhina
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiriazevskaya 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana R Strelnikova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiriazevskaya 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M Vetchinkina
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiriazevskaya 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Babakov
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiriazevskaya 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia
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Symptom recovery in virus-infected plants: Revisiting the role of RNA silencing mechanisms. Virology 2015; 479-480:167-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hohn T. Plant pararetroviruses: interactions of cauliflower mosaic virus with plants and insects. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:629-38. [PMID: 24075119 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Virion associated protein (VAP) binds to the icosahedral capsid of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) - a plant pararetrovirus. The interactive coiled-coil domains of this protein can interact with the coiled-coils of either the movement protein or the aphid transmission factor, thereby mediating both cell-to-cell movement and aphid transmission. The host counters CaMV infection with two lines of defense: innate immunity and silencing. The viral protein 'transactivator/viroplasmin' (TAV) is recognized as an effector and either initiates the innate immunity reaction in a non-permissive host or interferes with it in a permissive host. As a silencing suppressor, TAV interferes with dicing of dsRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hohn
- Basel University, Botanical Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Pooggin MM. How can plant DNA viruses evade siRNA-directed DNA methylation and silencing? Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15233-59. [PMID: 23887650 PMCID: PMC3759858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants infected with DNA viruses produce massive quantities of virus-derived, 24-nucleotide short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can potentially direct viral DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing. However, growing evidence indicates that the circular double-stranded DNA accumulating in the nucleus for Pol II-mediated transcription of viral genes is not methylated. Hence, DNA viruses most likely evade or suppress RNA-directed DNA methylation. This review describes the specialized mechanisms of replication and silencing evasion evolved by geminiviruses and pararetoviruses, which rescue viral DNA from repressive methylation and interfere with transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing of viral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail M Pooggin
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
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Shcherbak N, Kishchenko O, Sakhno L, Komarnytsky I, Kuchuk M. Lox-dependent gene expression in transgenic plants obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. CYTOL GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452713030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Chen Z, Wang J, Ye MX, Li H, Ji LX, Li Y, Cui DQ, Liu JM, An XM. A Novel Moderate Constitutive Promoter Derived from Poplar (Populus tomentosa Carrière). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6187-204. [PMID: 23507754 PMCID: PMC3634493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel sequence that functions as a promoter element for moderate constitutive expression of transgenes, designated as the PtMCP promoter, was isolated from the woody perennial Populus tomentosa. The PtMCP promoter was fused to the GUS reporter gene to characterize its expression pattern in different species. In stable Arabidopsis transformants, transcripts of the GUS reporter gene could be detected by RT-PCR in the root, stem, leaf, flower and silique. Further histochemical and fluorometric GUS activity assays demonstrated that the promoter could direct transgene expression in all tissues and organs, including roots, stems, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and flowers of seedlings and maturing plants. Its constitutive expression pattern was similar to that of the CaMV35S promoter, but the level of GUS activity was significantly lower than in CaMV35S promoter::GUS plants. We also characterized the promoter through transient expression in transgenic tobacco and observed similar expression patterns. Histochemical GUS staining and quantitative analysis detected GUS activity in all tissues and organs of tobacco, including roots, stems, leaves, flower buds and flowers, but GUS activity in PtMCP promoter::GUS plants was significantly lower than in CaMV35S promoter::GUS plants. Our results suggested that the PtMCP promoter from poplar is a constitutive promoter with moderate activity and that its function is presumably conserved in different species. Therefore, the PtMCP promoter may provide a practical choice to direct moderate level constitutive expression of transgenes and could be a valuable new tool in plant genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Jia Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Mei-Xia Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Hao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Le-Xiang Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Dong-Qing Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Jun-Mei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Xin-Min An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding (NDRC), Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (MOE), the Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory (SFA), College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua Eastern Road No.35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (J.W.); (M.-X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.-X.J.); (Y.L.); (D.-Q.C.); (J.-M.L.)
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Kharazmi S, Behjatnia SAA, Hamzehzarghani H, Niazi A. Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite as a plant gene delivery vector trans-activated by taxonomically diverse geminiviruses. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1269-79. [PMID: 22476203 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) replicates in tobacco, tomato and datura plants in the presence of the helper viruses tomato leaf curl virus-Australia, Iranian isolates of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus, and beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV). Infectious recombinant CLCuMB constructs were made in which segments of either the CaMV 35S or the petunia ChsA promoter replaced the CLCuMB βC1 ORF, and these were designated pBinβΔC1-35S and pBinβΔC1-ChsA, respectively. Inoculation of tobacco plants containing a functional 35S-GUS transgene with pBinβΔC1-35S, and normal petunia plants with pBinβΔC1-ChsA, in the presence of helper viruses resulted in silencing of GUS and ChsA activities in transgenic tobacco and non-transgenic petunia plants, respectively. Replication of CLCuMB with different geminiviruses, especially BSCTV, a curtovirus with a broad host range, makes it a valuable gene delivery vector to the large number of host plant species of geminiviruses that support CLCuMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kharazmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Sorochinskii BV, Burlaka OM, Naumenko VD, Sekan AS. Unintended effects of genetic modifications and methods of their analysis in plants. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Boyko A, Molinier J, Chatter W, Laroche A, Kovalchuk I. Acute but not chronic exposure to abiotic stress results in transient reduction of expression levels of the transgene driven by the 35S promoter. N Biotechnol 2010; 27:70-7. [PMID: 19800040 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transgenic plant performance depends on the stable expression of the integrated transgene. In this paper, we have analyzed the stability of the most frequently used constitutive promoter, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. We used several independent Nicotiana tabacum lines transgenic for the luciferase (LUC) or green fluorescence protein (GFP) coding genes driven by the same 35S promoter. As an indication of the expression level, we measured the steady state RNA level, protein level and protein activity. Exposure of plants to an acute single dose of UVC, UVB or X-ray radiation resulted in a decrease of the transgene expression level, whereas exposure to high temperature increased it. In most of the cases, the expression changed at one to two hours post exposure and returned to normal at four hours. By contrast, plants germinated and grown in the presence of a low dose of either UVB radiation or CuSO(4) for two weeks did not show any changes in expression level. We conclude that although the expression level of the transgenes driven by the 35S promoter can be transiently altered by the acute exposure, no substantial changes occur upon constant low exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boyko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB. T1K 3M4, Canada
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16
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Li D, Behjatnia SAA, Dry IB, Walker AR, Randles JW, Rezaian MA. Tomato leaf curl virus satellite DNA as a gene silencing vector activated by helper virus infection. Virus Res 2008; 136:30-4. [PMID: 18514962 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) satellite DNA (sat-DNA) constructs containing functional segments of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, replicate in tobacco in the presence of helper TLCV and silence GUS activity in transgenic tobacco plants containing a CaMV 35S-GUS expression cassette. We have analysed these plants for evidence of the hallmarks of silencing. The GUS transcript was not detectable in the leaves of GUS-silenced tobacco plants. These plants contained siRNAs of approximately 23 nt in length homologous to both the 35S promoter region and the GUS ORF. The absence of GUS expression and the existence of siRNAs in transgenic plants show that the silencing induced by TLCV sat-DNA is due to RNA silencing. To test the utility of this silencing system, a 341 nucleotide promoter sequence of the petunia chalcone synthase A (ChsA) was inserted into the sat-DNA and inoculated into petunia plants, together with the helper TLCV, and found to markedly reduce pigmentation of flowers and the level of ChsA transcript. This DNA-based silencing system has the potential to introduce epigenetic traits via short DNA inserts to a variety of plants that are hosts to different geminiviruses supporting the sat-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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17
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Lemaux PG. Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I). ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:771-812. [PMID: 18284373 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Through the use of the new tools of genetic engineering, genes can be introduced into the same plant or animal species or into plants or animals that are not sexually compatible-the latter is a distinction with classical breeding. This technology has led to the commercial production of genetically engineered (GE) crops on approximately 250 million acres worldwide. These crops generally are herbicide and pest tolerant, but other GE crops in the pipeline focus on other traits. For some farmers and consumers, planting and eating foods from these crops are acceptable; for others they raise issues related to safety of the foods and the environment. In Part I of this review some general and food issues raised regarding GE crops and foods will be addressed. Responses to these issues, where possible, cite peer-reviewed scientific literature. In Part II to appear in 2009, issues related to environmental and socioeconomic aspects of GE crops and foods will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy G Lemaux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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18
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Squires J, Stephens J, Shoelz JE, Palukaitis P. Assessment of CaMV-mediated gene silencing and integration of CaMV into GM plants with a 35S RNA promoter. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY RESEARCH 2007; 6:259-70. [PMID: 18289501 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2007043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four GM plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum), each expressing the gene encoding the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) regulated by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S RNA promoter, were assessed for the extent of transgene silencing and viral genome integration following infection by CaMV. The first three species are systemic hosts of CaMV, while N. tabacum is only a local host for a few strains of CaMV. A generalized systemic silencing of the GFP transgene was not observed in a total of 100 plants of each species infected with CaMV, although some localized loss of GFP was observed in CaMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves, and some loss of fluorescence was observed in older leaves of uninfected as well as infected plants. Progeny seedlings obtained from the above infected plants also did not exhibit transgene silencing showing that virus infection did not affect the stability of the transgene. These progeny plants also did not show signs of virus infection, indicating that the presence of the CaMV 35S RNA promoter sequences in the plant genome did not potentiate seed transmission of the virus. Integration of infective CaMV into the CaMV 35S RNA promoter could not be detected in 944 samples taken from leaves of the above infected plant species or in 2912 samples taken from progeny seedlings. Based on a detection limit of one copy per 4000 haploid genomes, we conclude that if integration of virus does occur into the CaMV 35S RNA promoter, then it occurs at such a low frequency as to be insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Squires
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Vanderschuren H, Stupak M, Fütterer J, Gruissem W, Zhang P. Engineering resistance to geminiviruses--review and perspectives. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:207-20. [PMID: 17309676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the conceptual development of virus resistance strategies ranging from coat protein-mediated interference of virus propagation to RNA-mediated virus gene silencing, much progress has been achieved to protect plants against RNA and DNA virus infections. Geminiviruses are a major threat to world agriculture, and breeding resistant crops against these DNA viruses is one of the major challenges faced by plant virologists and biotechnologists. In this article, we review the most recent transgene-based approaches that have been developed to achieve durable geminivirus resistance. Although most of the strategies have been tested in model plant systems, they are ready to be adopted for the protection of crop plants. Furthermore, a better understanding of geminivirus gene and protein functions, as well as the native immune system which protects plants against viruses, will allow us to develop novel tools to expand our current capacity to stabilize crop production in geminivirus epidemic zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Vanderschuren
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Moissiard G, Voinnet O. RNA silencing of host transcripts by cauliflower mosaic virus requires coordinated action of the four Arabidopsis Dicer-like proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19593-8. [PMID: 17164336 PMCID: PMC1698440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604627103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is an ancient mechanism of gene regulation with important antiviral roles in plants and insects. Although induction of RNA silencing by RNA viruses has been well documented in plants, the interactions between DNA viruses and the host silencing machinery remain poorly understood. We investigate this question with cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a dsDNA virus that expresses its genome through the polycistronic 35S RNA, which carries an unusually extensive secondary structure known as translational leader. We show that CaMV-derived siRNAs accumulate in turnip- and Arabidopsis-infected plants and that the leader is a major, albeit not exclusive, source for those molecules. Biogenesis of leader-derived siRNA requires the coordinated and hierarchical action of the four Arabidopsis Dicer-like (DCL) proteins. Our study also uncovers a "facilitating" role exerted by the microRNA biosynthetic enzyme DCL1 on accumulation of DCL2-, DCL3-, and DCL4-dependent siRNAs derived from the 35S leader. This feature of DCL1 defines a small RNA biosynthetic pathway that might have relevance for endogenous gene regulation. Several leader-derived siRNAs were found to bear near-perfect sequence complementarity to Arabidopsis transcripts, and, using a sensor transgene, we provide direct evidence that at least one of those molecules acts as a bona fide siRNA in infected turnip. Extensive bioinformatics searches identified >100 transcripts potentially targeted by CaMV-derived siRNAs, several of which are effectively down-regulated during infection. The implications of virus-directed silencing of host gene expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Moissiard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Voinnet
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Cerdeira AL, Duke SO. The current status and environmental impacts of glyphosate-resistant crops: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2006; 35:1633-58. [PMID: 16899736 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine]-resistant crops (GRCs), canola (Brassica napus L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have been commercialized and grown extensively in the Western Hemisphere and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere. Glyphosate-resistant cotton and soybean have become dominant in those countries where their planting is permitted. Effects of glyphosate on contamination of soil, water, and air are minimal, compared to some of the herbicides that they replace. No risks have been found with food or feed safety or nutritional value in products from currently available GRCs. Glyphosate-resistant crops have promoted the adoption of reduced- or no-tillage agriculture in the USA and Argentina, providing a substantial environmental benefit. Weed species in GRC fields have shifted to those that can more successfully withstand glyphosate and to those that avoid the time of its application. Three weed species have evolved resistance to glyphosate in GRCs. Glyphosate-resistant crops have greater potential to become problems as volunteer crops than do conventional crops. Glyphosate resistance transgenes have been found in fields of canola that are supposed to be non-transgenic. Under some circumstances, the largest risk of GRCs may be transgene flow (introgression) from GRCs to related species that might become problems in natural ecosystems. Glyphosate resistance transgenes themselves are highly unlikely to be a risk in wild plant populations, but when linked to transgenes that may impart fitness benefits outside of agriculture (e.g., insect resistance), natural ecosystems could be affected. The development and use of failsafe introgression barriers in crops with such linked genes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Cerdeira
- Brazilian Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Embrapa/Environment, C.P. 69, Jaguariuna-SP-13820-000, Brazil
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22
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Østergaard L, Kempin SA, Bies D, Klee HJ, Yanofsky MF. Pod shatter-resistant Brassica fruit produced by ectopic expression of the FRUITFULL gene. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:45-51. [PMID: 17177784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis has proven to be extremely useful as a reference organism for studies in plant biology, and huge efforts have been employed to unravel various mechanisms of Arabidopsis growth. A major challenge now is to demonstrate that this wealth of knowledge can be used for global agricultural and environmental improvement. Brassica species are closely related to Arabidopsis and represent ideal candidates for model-to-crop approaches as they include important crop plants, such as canola. Brassica plants normally disperse their seeds by a pod-shattering mechanism. Although this mechanism is an advantage in nature, unsynchronized pod shatter constitutes one of the biggest problems for canola farmers. Here, we show that ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis FRUITFULL gene in Brassica juncea is sufficient to produce pod shatter-resistant Brassica fruit and that the genetic pathway leading to valve margin specification is conserved between Arabidopsis and Brassica. These studies demonstrate a genetic strategy for the control of seed dispersal that should be generally applicable to diverse Brassica crop species to reduce seed loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Østergaard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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23
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Stewart CN. Monitoring the presence and expression of transgenes in living plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2005; 10:390-6. [PMID: 16023400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A range of bio- and nanotechnologies have been developed that could be adapted towards monitoring the presence and expression of transgenes, in real time and in the field, in plants of agronomic and ecological importance. Transgene escape from crop hosts to wild relatives or landraces is one example in which monitoring might be useful, depending on the ecological impact of the transgene. In addition, there might be non-biosafety-related practical reasons to monitor transgene expression. Transgenes can be tagged with green fluorescent protein and imaged or measured using instruments designed to detect fluorescence signals on the plant. In addition, nanotechnologies using aptamers, quantum dots and molecular beacons are rapidly evolving and could also be used for post hoc (after transformation) in vivo monitoring. These nanotechnologies have the benefit of being useful on a post hoc basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA.
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24
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Bastar MT, Luthar Z, Skof S, Bohanec B. Quantitative determination of mosaic GFP gene expression in tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2004; 22:939-44. [PMID: 15127224 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 01/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A specific form of gene silencing that was observed visually as a mosaic distribution of fluorescent and non-fluorescent cells apparently dispersed at random within tissues was found in a few green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transformed tobacco lines. To characterize this event quantitatively, we studied flow cytometric measurements in GFP-expressing and -silenced cells in T1 and T2 progeny of four selected plants. The proportion of silenced cells varied considerably among the T1 lines but with notable genotype differences. Mosaic expression was inherited into the T2 generation in which the majority of progenies tested exhibited a level of silencing similar to that of their T1 parental plants. However, in some T2 progenies segregation, evident as a decrease or increase in the proportion of fluorescent cells, was observed. We discuss several factors, such as copy number, promoter activity or polyploidy, that may be the possible causes of the gene silencing, but none sufficiently explain the appearance of the mosaic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bastar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Slovenia
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27
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Abstract
The discovery that plants recognize and degrade invading viral RNA caused a paradigm shift in our understanding of viral/host interactions. Combined with the discovery that plants cosuppress their own genes if they are transformed with homologous transgenes, new models for both plant intercellular communication and viral defense have emerged. Plant biologists adapted homology-based defense mechanisms triggered by incoming viruses to target individual genes for silencing in a process called virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Both VIGS- and dsRNA-containing transformation cassettes are increasingly being used for reverse genetics as part of an integrated approach to determining gene function. Virus-derived vectors silence gene expression without transformation and selection. However, because viruses also alter gene expression in their host, the process of VIGS must be understood. This review examines how DNA and RNA viruses have been modified to silence plant gene expression. I discuss advantages and disadvantages of VIGS in determining gene function and guidelines for the safe use of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Robertson
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, USA.
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28
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Haslberger AG. Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:739-41. [PMID: 12833088 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0703-739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Haslberger
- University of Vienna and the World Health Organization FOS Program for Food Safety, Geneva, Switzerland.
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29
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Seemanpillai M, Dry I, Randles J, Rezaian A. Transcriptional silencing of geminiviral promoter-driven transgenes following homologous virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:429-438. [PMID: 12744514 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.5.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Promoters isolated from the Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) drive both constitutive and tissue-specific expression in transgenic tobacco. Following systemic TLCV infection of plants stably expressing TLCV promoter:GUS transgenes, transgene expression driven by all six TLCV promoters was silenced. Silencing in the TLCV coat protein promoter:GUS plants (V2:GUSdeltaC) was characterized in more detail. Transgene silencing observed in leaf, stem, and pre-anthesis floral tissue occurred with the continued replication of TLCV in host tissues. Infection of the V2:GUSdeltaC plants with heterologous geminiviruses did not result in transgene silencing, indicating that silencing was specifically associated with TLCV infection. Nuclear run-on assays indicated that silencing was due to the abolition of transcription from the V2:GUSdeltaC transgene. Bisulfite sequencing showed that silencing was associated with cytosine hypermethylation of the TLCV-derived promoter sequences of the V2:GUSdeltaC transgene. Progeny derived from V2:GUSdeltaC plants silenced by TLCV infection were analyzed. Transgene expression was silenced in progeny seedlings but was partially reactivated in the majority of plants by 75 days postgermination. Progeny seedlings treated with the nonmethylatable cytosine analog 5-azacytidine or the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate exhibited partial reactivation of expression. This is the first report of the hypermethylation of a virus-derived transgene associated with a DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Seemanpillai
- The University of Adelaide, Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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30
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Reddy MSS, Dinkins RD, Collins GB. Gene silencing in transgenic soybean plants transformed via particle bombardment. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2003; 21:676-83. [PMID: 12789418 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-002-0567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2002] [Revised: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 11/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgenes are susceptible to silencing in plants especially when multiple copies of the gene of interest are introduced. Transgenic plants derived by particle bombardment, which is the common method for transforming soybean, have a tendency to have multiple integration events. Three independent transgenic soybean plants obtained via particle bombardment were analyzed for transgene silencing. A GUS transgenic soybean line had at least 100 copies of the GUS gene while there were approximately 60 copies of the transgene in the two soybean lines transformed with a 15-kDa zein storage protein gene from maize. Soybean plants transformed with the GUS gene showed variable GUS expression. The coding region and promoter of the GUS gene in the plants with low expression of GUS were heavily methylated. Variability in GUS expression was observed in the progeny of the high expressors in the T(2) and T(3) generations as well. Expression level of the 15-kDa zein gene in transgenic soybean plants showed correlation with the level of transgene methylation. The helper component-proteinase from potyviruses is known to suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing. Transgenic plants were inoculated with the soybean mosaic potyvirus (SMV) to test possible effects on transgene silencing in soybean. Infection with SMV did not suppress transgene silencing in these plants and suggests that the silencing in these plants may not be due to post-transcriptional gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Srinivasa Reddy
- Department of Agronomy, N109 Agriculture Science Center Building North, University of Kentucky, KY 40546-0091, Lexington, USA
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31
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Cockburn A. Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. J Biotechnol 2002; 98:79-106. [PMID: 12126808 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genes change continuously by natural mutation and recombination enabling man to select and breed crops having the most desirable traits such as yield or flavour. Genetic modification (GM) is a recent development which allows specific genes to be identified, isolated, copied and inserted into other plants with a high level of specificity. The food safety considerations for GM crops are basically the same as those arising from conventionally bred crops, very few of which have been subject to any testing yet are generally regarded as being safe to eat. In contrast a rigorous safety testing paradigm has been developed for GM crops, which utilises a systematic, stepwise and holistic approach. The resultant science based process, focuses on a classical evaluation of the toxic potential of the introduced novel trait and the wholesomeness of the transformed crop. In addition, detailed consideration is given to the history and safe use of the parent crop as well as that of the gene donor. The overall safety evaluation is conducted under the concept known as substantial equivalence which is enshrined in all international crop biotechnology guidelines. This provides the framework for a comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences between the GM product and its comparator which has a known history of safe use. By building a detailed profile on each step in the transformation process, from parent to new crop, and by thoroughly evaluating the significance from a safety perspective, of any differences that may be detected, a very comprehensive matrix of information is constructed which enables the conclusion as to whether the GM crop, derived food or feed is as safe as its traditional counterpart. Using this approach in the evaluation of more than 50 GM crops which have been approved worldwide, the conclusion has been that foods and feeds derived from genetically modified crops are as safe and nutritious as those derived from traditional crops. The lack of any adverse effects resulting from the production and consumption of GM crops grown on more than 300 million cumulative acres over the last 5 years supports these safety conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cockburn
- Monsanto UK Ltd, The Maris Centre, 45 Hauxton Road, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 2LQ, UK.
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Kelemen Z, Mai A, Kapros T, Fehér A, Györgyey J, Waterborg JH, Dudits D. Transformation vector based on promoter and intron sequences of a replacement histone H3 gene. A tool for high, constitutive gene expression in plants. Transgenic Res 2002; 11:69-72. [PMID: 11874105 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013923826979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the possibility of using non-viral, plant-based gene sequences to create strong and constitutive expression vectors. Replacement histone H3 genes are highly and constitutively expressed in all plants. Sequences of the cloned alfalfa histone H3.2 gene MsH3gl were tested. Constructs of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were produced with H3.2 gene promoter and intron sequences. Their efficiency was compared with that of the commonly used strong 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. Combination of the H3.2 promoter and intron produced significantly higher GUS expression than the strong viral 35S promoter. Histochemical GUS analysis revealed a constitutive pattern of expression. Thus, alfalfa replacement H3 gene sequences can be used instead of viral promoters to drive heterologous gene expression in plants, avoiding perceived risks of viral sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kelemen
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged
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Moyes CL, Lilley JM, Casais CA, Cole SG, Haeger PD, Dale PJ. Barriers to gene flow from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) into populations of Sinapis arvensis. Mol Ecol 2002; 11:103-12. [PMID: 11903908 DOI: 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One concern over growing herbicide-tolerant crops is that herbicide-tolerance genes may be transferred into the weeds they are designed to control. Brassica napus (oilseed rape) has a number of wild relatives that cause weed problems and the most widespread of these is Sinapis arvensis (charlock). Sinapis arvensis seed was collected from 102 populations across the UK, within and outside B. napus-growing areas. These populations were tested for sexual compatibility with B. napus and it was found that none of them hybridized readily in the glasshouse. In contrast to previous studies, we have found that hybrids can be formed naturally with S. arvensis as the maternal parent. Six diverse B. napus cultivars (Capricorn, Drakkar, Falcon, Galaxy, Hobson and Regent) were tested for their compatibility with S. arvensis but no cultivar hybridized readily in the glasshouse. We were unable to detect gene transfer from B. napus to S. arvensis in the field, confirming the extremely low probability of hybridization predicted from the glasshouse work.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Moyes
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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34
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Polidoros AN, Mylona PV, Scandalios JG. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the maize Cat2 gene have altered catalase levels that affect plant-pathogen interactions and resistance to oxidative stress. Transgenic Res 2001; 10:555-69. [PMID: 11817543 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013027920444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco genotypes expressing the maize Cat2 gene were developed with altered catalase (CAT) levels that resulted in a moderate increase of CAT activity in two transgenic lines. Bacterial infection, with a pathogen that does not share homology with the transgene, caused local and systemic down-regulation of the steady state mRNA levels of the 35S-driven transgene in a manner resembling post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Phenotypic symptoms of hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) were similar in control SR1 and the transgenic genotypes. Induction of hin1, used as a molecular marker of plant responses to invading bacteria, displayed a similar pattern between control and transgenic lines, but some variation in the levels of expression was observed. The major difference was recorded in the ability of the plants to restrict bacterial growth during HR. All transgenic lines were more sensitive than control SR1, with two lines exhibiting a significantly reduced capacity to inhibit bacterial growth. This is consistent with the putative enhanced capacity of transgenic lines containing the maize Cat2 gene to more effectively remove H2O2, which may act as a direct antimicrobial agent. Steady state mRNA levels of PR-1 and PR-5 varied among the genotypes, possibly indicating differences in strength of the SAR signal. Transgenic line 2, which was the most sensitive during HR, was most effective in restricting bacterial growth during SAR. This indicates that a reverse correlation might exist between the severity of infection during HR and the ability to inhibit bacterial growth during SAR. Growth under high light conditions affected plant-pathogen interactions in control SR1, as well as in transgenic line 8. Early induction and higher expression of PR-1 and PR-5 was detected in both SR1 and line 8 in high light-grown plants as compared with their low light-grown counterparts. Our data indicate that growth under high light conditions can predispose plants to better resist pathogen attack, and may amplify local and systemic defense signals. Finally, one transgenic line, which exhibited 1.3-fold higher average CAT activity in comparison with the untransformed SR1 control, suffered significantly less methyl viologen (MV) damage than untransformed control plants at moderate and high MV concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Polidoros
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University Raleigh, 27695-7614, USA
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Candresse T, Krause-Sakate R, Richard-Forget F, Redondo E, German-Retana S, Le Gall O. Plant viruses and the recent discovery of unforeseen basic cellular processes. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 2001; 324:935-41. [PMID: 11570282 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Given their small genome size, the biological cycle of plant viruses is tightly integrated with the cellular processes of their host plants, so that studies of the viral biology will often provide insights into basic cellular processes. In the last decade, two such unforeseen mechanisms were discovered. One concerns intercellular communications: for their movement in infected plants, viruses use channels (plasmodesmata, phloem) also used by the plant to exchange information-rich molecules (proteins, RNAs) between cells. The second phenomenon concerns the existence, in plants, of an anti-viral defence mechanism based on the specific degradation of RNA molecules in the cytoplasm. This same mechanism, also allowing the regulation of gene expression (post-transcriptional gene silencing, PTGS) now appears to be widespread in pluricellular organisms. Besides their general interest, these new results modify drastically our vision of interactions between plant and viruses and raise numerous new research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Candresse
- Equipe de virologie, UMR GD2P, IBVM, centre Inra de Bordeaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon, France.
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