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Ma S, Lv J, Feng Z, Rong Z, Lin Y. Get ready for the CRISPR/Cas system: A beginner's guide to the engineering and design of guide RNAs. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3377. [PMID: 34270141 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a state-of-the-art tool for versatile genome editing that has advanced basic research dramatically, with great potential for clinic applications. The system consists of two key molecules: a CRISPR-associated (Cas) effector nuclease and a single guide RNA. The simplicity of the system has enabled the development of a wide spectrum of derivative methods. Almost any laboratory can utilize these methods, although new users may initially be confused when faced with the potentially overwhelming abundance of choices. Cas nucleases and their engineering have been systematically reviewed previously. In the present review, we discuss single guide RNA engineering and design strategies that facilitate more efficient, more specific and safer gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zinan Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili Rong
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Abstract
Genetic engineering is the use of molecular biology technology to modify DNA sequence(s) in genomes, using a variety of approaches. For example, homologous recombination can be used to target specific sequences in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell genomes or other cultured cells, but it is cumbersome, poorly efficient, and relies on drug positive/negative selection in cell culture for success. Other routinely applied methods include random integration of DNA after direct transfection (microinjection), transposon-mediated DNA insertion, or DNA insertion mediated by viral vectors for the production of transgenic mice and rats. Random integration of DNA occurs more frequently than homologous recombination, but has numerous drawbacks, despite its efficiency. The most elegant and effective method is technology based on guided endonucleases, because these can target specific DNA sequences. Since the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 technology, endonuclease-mediated gene targeting has become the most widely applied method to engineer genomes, supplanting the use of zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and meganucleases. Future improvements in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing may be achieved by increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair. Here, we describe principles of genetic engineering and detail: (1) how common elements of current technologies include the need for a chromosome break to occur, (2) the use of specific and sensitive genotyping assays to detect altered genomes, and (3) delivery modalities that impact characterization of gene modifications. In summary, while some principles of genetic engineering remain steadfast, others change as technologies are ever-evolving and continue to revolutionize research in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Lanigan
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huira C. Kopera
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Abstract
Given recent advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 powered genetic modification of gametes and embryos, both popular media and scientific articles are hailing CRISPR's life-saving, curative potential for people with serious monogenic diseases. But claims that CRISPR modification of gametes or embryos, a form of germline engineering, has therapeutic value are deeply mistaken. This article explains why reproductive uses of CRISPR, and germline engineering more generally, do not treat or save lives that would otherwise have a genetic disease. Reproductive uses of CRISPR create healthy people whose existence is not inevitable in the first place. Creating healthy lives has distinct and lesser moral value from saving or curing lives that would otherwise have genetic disease. The real value in reproductive uses of CRISPR is in helping a very limited population of people have healthy, genetically related children. This diminished value cannot compete with the concerns in opposition to germline engineering, nor is it worth the investment of research money.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Rulli
- University of California, Davis, Philosophy Department, Davis, CA
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4
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Schäfer LP. An ambiguity in Habermas's argument against liberal eugenics. Bioethics 2019; 33:1059-1064. [PMID: 31463995 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In his book The future of human nature, Jürgen Habermas argues against a scenario of liberal eugenics, in which parents are free to prenatally manipulate their children's genetic constitution via germline interventions. In this paper, I draw attention to the fact that his species-ethical line of argument is pervaded by a substantial ambiguity between an argument from actual intervention (AAI) and an argument from mere controllability (AMC). Whereas the first argument focuses on threats for the autonomy and equality of prenatally modified persons, the second argument takes all human beings, whether they have been modified or not, into account. Hence, when invoking Habermas in these debates, bioethicists need to consider carefully which argument they are referring to.
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Vazquez-Vilar M, Orzaez D, Patron N. DNA assembly standards: Setting the low-level programming code for plant biotechnology. Plant Sci 2018; 273:33-41. [PMID: 29907307 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic Biology is defined as the application of engineering principles to biology. It aims to increase the speed, ease and predictability with which desirable changes and novel traits can be conferred to living cells. The initial steps in this process aim to simplify the encoding of new instructions in DNA by establishing low-level programming languages for biology. Together with advances in the laboratory that allow multiple DNA molecules to be efficiently assembled together into a desired order in a single step, this approach has simplified the design and assembly of multigene constructs and has even facilitated the automated construction of synthetic chromosomes. These advances and technologies are now being applied to plants, for which there are a growing number of software and wetware tools for the design, construction and delivery of DNA molecules and for the engineering of endogenous genes. Here we review the efforts of the past decade that have established synthetic biology workflows and tools for plants and discuss the constraints and bottlenecks of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vazquez-Vilar
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nicola Patron
- Department of Engineering Biology, The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR1 7UZ, UK.
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6
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Wells S, Joly JS. The trouble with collective nouns for genome editing. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:365-366. [PMID: 28726008 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We should start as we mean to go on and try to avoid the confusion most of us experience when bombarded with acronyms with overstated significations. You will be familiar with the situation, you are in a seminar or a meeting and someone who has been using a set of acronyms for years, includes them in sentence after sentence that has you lost because you don't know what some or most of them stand for. Even worse when scientists start making verbs out of them, CRISPR seems to have fallen into this category; how many of us have heard someone asking if a mutation can be CRISPRed! Does it matter though? We are all familiar with informal language in scientific talks and discussions which is replaced by more formal dialect when research is published or presented to the general public. However, when an ill-defined acronym slips outside of laboratory chatter and is widely recognised by the general public, we need to proceed with caution to avoid misinterpretation and misunderstandings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Jean Stéphane Joly
- TEFOR Infrastructure, Neuro-PSI, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-yvette, France.
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8
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Quinn JY, Cox RS, Adler A, Beal J, Bhatia S, Cai Y, Chen J, Clancy K, Galdzicki M, Hillson NJ, Le Novère N, Maheshwari AJ, McLaughlin JA, Myers CJ, P U, Pocock M, Rodriguez C, Soldatova L, Stan GBV, Swainston N, Wipat A, Sauro HM. SBOL Visual: A Graphical Language for Genetic Designs. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002310. [PMID: 26633141 PMCID: PMC4669170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) Visual is a graphical standard for genetic engineering. It consists of symbols representing DNA subsequences, including regulatory elements and DNA assembly features. These symbols can be used to draw illustrations for communication and instruction, and as image assets for computer-aided design. SBOL Visual is a community standard, freely available for personal, academic, and commercial use (Creative Commons CC0 license). We provide prototypical symbol images that have been used in scientific publications and software tools. We encourage users to use and modify them freely, and to join the SBOL Visual community: http://www.sbolstandard.org/visual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Y. Quinn
- Autodesk Research, Autodesk Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Aaron Adler
- Information and Knowledge Technologies, Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacob Beal
- Information and Knowledge Technologies, Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Swapnil Bhatia
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yizhi Cai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Chen
- Fuels Synthesis and Technologies Divisions, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Clancy
- Synthetic Biology Unit, ThermoFisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | | | - Nathan J. Hillson
- Fuels Synthesis and Technologies Divisions, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Akshay J. Maheshwari
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Chris J. Myers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Umesh P
- Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - Matthew Pocock
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Turing Ate My Hamster LTD, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Cesar Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Guy-Bart V. Stan
- Department of Bioengineering, Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Swainston
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Wipat
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert M. Sauro
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Patron NJ, Orzaez D, Marillonnet S, Warzecha H, Matthewman C, Youles M, Raitskin O, Leveau A, Farré G, Rogers C, Smith A, Hibberd J, Webb AAR, Locke J, Schornack S, Ajioka J, Baulcombe DC, Zipfel C, Kamoun S, Jones JDG, Kuhn H, Robatzek S, Van Esse HP, Sanders D, Oldroyd G, Martin C, Field R, O'Connor S, Fox S, Wulff B, Miller B, Breakspear A, Radhakrishnan G, Delaux PM, Loqué D, Granell A, Tissier A, Shih P, Brutnell TP, Quick WP, Rischer H, Fraser PD, Aharoni A, Raines C, South PF, Ané JM, Hamberger BR, Langdale J, Stougaard J, Bouwmeester H, Udvardi M, Murray JAH, Ntoukakis V, Schäfer P, Denby K, Edwards KJ, Osbourn A, Haseloff J. Standards for plant synthetic biology: a common syntax for exchange of DNA parts. New Phytol 2015; 208:13-9. [PMID: 26171760 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inventors in the field of mechanical and electronic engineering can access multitudes of components and, thanks to standardization, parts from different manufacturers can be used in combination with each other. The introduction of BioBrick standards for the assembly of characterized DNA sequences was a landmark in microbial engineering, shaping the field of synthetic biology. Here, we describe a standard for Type IIS restriction endonuclease-mediated assembly, defining a common syntax of 12 fusion sites to enable the facile assembly of eukaryotic transcriptional units. This standard has been developed and agreed by representatives and leaders of the international plant science and synthetic biology communities, including inventors, developers and adopters of Type IIS cloning methods. Our vision is of an extensive catalogue of standardized, characterized DNA parts that will accelerate plant bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Patron
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda Tarongers SN, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Heribert Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Colette Matthewman
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark Youles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Oleg Raitskin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Aymeric Leveau
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Gemma Farré
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Christian Rogers
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Julian Hibberd
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alex A R Webb
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - James Locke
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jim Ajioka
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David C Baulcombe
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | | | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - H Peter Van Esse
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Dale Sanders
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cathie Martin
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rob Field
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sarah O'Connor
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Samantha Fox
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Brande Wulff
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ben Miller
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andy Breakspear
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Dominique Loqué
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda Tarongers SN, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Patrick Shih
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - W Paul Quick
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo 02044, Finland
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Christine Raines
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Paul F South
- United States Department of Agriculture, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, ARS 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Departments of Bacteriology and Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Björn R Hamberger
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jane Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - James A H Murray
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Katherine Denby
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Keith J Edwards
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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10
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Abstract
New gene-editing methods challenge old framework.
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11
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Abstract
Genome editing technology, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas, has enabled far more efficient genetic engineering even in non-human primates. This biotechnology is more likely to develop into medicine for preventing a genetic disease if corrective genome editing is integrated into assisted reproductive technology, represented by in vitro fertilization. Although rapid advances in genome editing are expected to make germline gene correction feasible in a clinical setting, there are many issues that still need to be addressed before this could occur. We herein examine current status of genome editing in mammalian embryonic stem cells and zygotes and discuss potential issues in the international regulatory landscape regarding human germline gene modification. Moreover, we address some ethical and social issues that would be raised when each country considers whether genome editing-mediated germline gene correction for preventive medicine should be permitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Araki
- Office of Health and Safety, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishii
- Office of Health and Safety, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808 Japan
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12
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Campos-Melo D, Droppelmann CA, Volkening K, Strong MJ. Comprehensive luciferase-based reporter gene assay reveals previously masked up-regulatory effects of miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15592-602. [PMID: 25192285 PMCID: PMC4200788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the majority of the transcriptome at a post-transcriptional level. Because of this critical role, it is important to ensure that the assays used to determine their functionality are robust and reproducible. Typically, the reporter gene assay in cell-based systems has been the first-line method to study miRNA functionality. In order to overcome some of the potential errors in interpretation that can be associated with this assay, we have developed a detailed protocol for the luciferase reporter gene assay that has been modified for miRNAs. We demonstrate that normalization against the effect of the miRNA and cellular factors on the luciferase coding sequence is essential to obtain the specific impact of the miRNA on the 3'UTR (untranslated region) target. Our findings suggest that there is a real possibility that the roles for miRNA in transcriptome regulation may be misreported due to inaccurate normalization of experimental data and also that up-regulatory effects of miRNAs are not uncommon in cells. We propose to establish this comprehensive method as standard for miRNA luciferase reporter assays to avoid errors and misinterpretations in the functionality of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Campos-Melo
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Cristian A Droppelmann
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Kathryn Volkening
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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13
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Li LJ, He SB, Zhang L. [The exploration and practice of Genetic Engineering teaching]. Yi Chuan 2012; 34:1624-1627. [PMID: 23262111 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic Engineering is an important specialized basic course for the students majoring in life sciences. The quality of teaching is directly related to the students' professional quality and innovation ability. In order to improve the teaching quatity and train advanced biotechnical students, we made some reforms to the contents and teaching methods of Genetic Engineering according to the experience accumulated in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. ljli@whu..edu.cn
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14
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Abstract
It is generally assumed that genetic engineering advances will, inevitably, facilitate the misapplication of biotechnology toward the production of biological weapons. Unexpectedly, however, some of these very advances in the areas of DNA synthesis and sequencing may enable the implementation of automated and nonintrusive safeguards to avert the illicit applications of biotechnology. In the case of DNA synthesis, automated DNA screening tools could be built into DNA synthesizers in order to block the synthesis of hazardous agents. In addition, a comprehensive safety and security regime for dual-use genetic engineering research could include nonintrusive monitoring of DNA sequencing. This is increasingly feasible as laboratories outsource this service to just a few centralized sequencing factories. The adoption of automated, nonintrusive monitoring and surveillance of the DNA synthesis and sequencing pipelines may avert many risks associated with dual-use biotechnology. Here, we describe the historical background and current challenges associated with dual-use biotechnologies and propose strategies to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nouri
- Program on Science and Global Security Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Washington, DC, USA.
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15
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Kamen AA, Aucoin MG, Merten OW, Alves P, Hashimoto Y, Airenne K, Hu YC, Mezzina M, van Oers MM. An initiative to manufacture and characterize baculovirus reference material. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S113-7. [PMID: 21784226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This letter to the editor brings to the attention of researchers an initiative to develop a baculovirus reference material repository. To be successful this initiative needs the support of a broad panel of researchers working with baculovirus vectors for recombinant protein production and gene delivery for either therapy or vaccination. First there is a need to reach a consensus on the nature of the reference material, the production protocols and the baculovirus characterization methods. It will also be important to define repository and distribution procedures so that the reference material is available to any researcher for calibrating experimental data and to compare experiments performed in the various laboratories. As more and more baculovirus-based products are licensed or in the final stages of development, the development of a repository of baculovirus reference material is timely. This letter describes the requirements for the reference material and for the project as a whole to be successful and calls for a partnership that would involve academic, industrial laboratories and governmental organizations to support this international initiative.
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16
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17
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Legato MJ. Prometheus and the heaven scenario: progress and challenges in 21st century science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 8:407-9. [PMID: 22153884 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Abstract
We have created the Knowledgebase of Standard Biological Parts (SBPkb) as a publically accessible Semantic Web resource for synthetic biology (sbolstandard.org). The SBPkb allows researchers to query and retrieve standard biological parts for research and use in synthetic biology. Its initial version includes all of the information about parts stored in the Registry of Standard Biological Parts (partsregistry.org). SBPkb transforms this information so that it is computable, using our semantic framework for synthetic biology parts. This framework, known as SBOL-semantic, was built as part of the Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL), a project of the Synthetic Biology Data Exchange Group. SBOL-semantic represents commonly used synthetic biology entities, and its purpose is to improve the distribution and exchange of descriptions of biological parts. In this paper, we describe the data, our methods for transformation to SBPkb, and finally, we demonstrate the value of our knowledgebase with a set of sample queries. We use RDF technology and SPARQL queries to retrieve candidate "promoter" parts that are known to be both negatively and positively regulated. This method provides new web based data access to perform searches for parts that are not currently possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Galdzicki
- Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cesar Rodriguez
- BIOFAB, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Herbert M. Sauro
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John H. Gennari
- Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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19
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Weber E, Engler C, Gruetzner R, Werner S, Marillonnet S. A modular cloning system for standardized assembly of multigene constructs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16765. [PMID: 21364738 PMCID: PMC3041749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of synthetic biology promises to revolutionize biotechnology through the design of organisms with novel phenotypes useful for medicine, agriculture and industry. However, a limiting factor is the ability of current methods to assemble complex DNA molecules encoding multiple genetic elements in various predefined arrangements. We present here a hierarchical modular cloning system that allows the creation at will and with high efficiency of any eukaryotic multigene construct, starting from libraries of defined and validated basic modules containing regulatory and coding sequences. This system is based on the ability of type IIS restriction enzymes to assemble multiple DNA fragments in a defined linear order. We constructed a 33 kb DNA molecule containing 11 transcription units made from 44 individual basic modules in only three successive cloning steps. This modular cloning (MoClo) system can be readily automated and will be extremely useful for applications such as gene stacking and metabolic engineering.
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20
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Weber E, Engler C, Gruetzner R, Werner S, Marillonnet S. A modular cloning system for standardized assembly of multigene constructs. PLoS One 2011. [PMID: 21364738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.016765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of synthetic biology promises to revolutionize biotechnology through the design of organisms with novel phenotypes useful for medicine, agriculture and industry. However, a limiting factor is the ability of current methods to assemble complex DNA molecules encoding multiple genetic elements in various predefined arrangements. We present here a hierarchical modular cloning system that allows the creation at will and with high efficiency of any eukaryotic multigene construct, starting from libraries of defined and validated basic modules containing regulatory and coding sequences. This system is based on the ability of type IIS restriction enzymes to assemble multiple DNA fragments in a defined linear order. We constructed a 33 kb DNA molecule containing 11 transcription units made from 44 individual basic modules in only three successive cloning steps. This modular cloning (MoClo) system can be readily automated and will be extremely useful for applications such as gene stacking and metabolic engineering.
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21
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22
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Abstract
Advances in gene therapy are increasingly leading to clinical assessment in many fields of medicine with diverse approaches. The basic science stems from approaches aimed at different functions such as correcting a missing/abnormal gene, altering the proportion or expression of normal genes to augment a physiological process or using this principle to destroy malignant or infected cells. As the technology advances, it is increasingly important to ensure that clinical trials answer the questions that need to be asked. In this chapter we review examples of published clinical trials, resources for accessing information about registered trials, the process of regulating trials, good clinical practice, and good manufacturing practice as well as summarising the approach taken by regulatory authorities in reviewing applications for the introduction of products for use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen B Bamford
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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23
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González Vaqué L. [The EU law on genetically modified organisms: the European Commission changes the strategy in order to allow, restrict, or prohibit its culture]. Rev Derecho Genoma Hum 2010:217-240. [PMID: 21510337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
On July 13 2010, the European Commission adopted a series of measures which outline a new approach on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) cultivation in the Member States. This proposal, which still retains the basis of the existing science-based GMO authorisation system, will be implemented through: a Communication from the Commission, explaining the new approach on the freedom for Member States to decide on the cultivation of genetically modified crops; the "Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2001/18/EC as regards the possibility for the Member States to restrict or prohibit the cultivation of GMOs in their territory"; and a new "European Commission Recommendation (2010/C 200/01) of 13 July 2010 on guidelines for the development of national co-existence measures to avoid the unintended presence of GMOs in conventional and organic crops".
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis González Vaqué
- British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
One of the foundations of synthetic biology is the project to develop libraries of standardized genetic parts that could be assembled quickly and cheaply into large systems. The limitations of the initial BioBrick standard have prompted the development of multiple new standards proposing different avenues to overcome these shortcomings. The lack of compatibility between standards, the compliance of parts with only some of the standards or even the type of constructs that each standard supports have significantly increased the complexity of assembling constructs from standardized parts. Here, we describe computer tools to facilitate the rigorous description of part compositions in the context of a rapidly changing landscape of physical construction methods and standards. A context-free grammar has been developed to model the structure of constructs compliant with six popular assembly standards. Its implementation in GenoCAD makes it possible for users to quickly assemble from a rich library of genetic parts, constructs compliant with any of six existing standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean Peccoud
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 540 231 0403; Fax: +1 540 231 2606;
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25
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Schafer BW, Cai CQ, Embrey SK, Herman RA, Song P. Devitalization of transgenic seed that preserves DNA and protein integrity. J Biomol Tech 2008; 19:348-52. [PMID: 19183799 PMCID: PMC2628069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural biotechnology companies have been asked to provide intact transgenic seed to regulatory agencies as reference materials for evaluating transgene and protein detection methods (PCR and immunoassay). Due to intellectual-property and product-stewardship considerations, submission of devitalized seed prior to regulatory approval is preferable in any given country. Commonly used devitalization procedures, such as heating or autoclaving, degrade the protein and/or DNA rendering the seed unfit as a reference material for these tests. A novel method for devitalizing seed was developed that involves hydration, freezing in liquid nitrogen, and lyophilization. The devitalization method described here was found to preserve the transgenic DNA and protein in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and maize (Zea mays) seed allowing its use as a reference material for evaluating detection methods.
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26
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Kumar S, Chandra A, Pandey KC. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crop: an environment friendly insect-pest management strategy. J Environ Biol 2008; 29:641-653. [PMID: 19295059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) and following move towards indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical insecticides led to the contamination of water and food sources, poisoning of non-target beneficial insects and development of insect-pests resistant to the chemical insecticides. Increased public concems about the adverse environmental effects of indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides prompted search of altemative methods for insect-pest control. One of the promising alternatives has been the use of biological control agents. There is well-documented history of safe application of Bt (B. thuringiensis, a gram positive soil bacterium) as effective biopesticides and a number of reports of expression of delta-endotoxin gene(s) in crop plants are available. Only a few insecticidal sprays are required on Bt transgenic crops, which not only save cost and time, but also reduce health risks. Insects exhibit remarkable ability to develop resistance to different insecticidal compounds, which raises concern about the unsystematic use of Bt transgenic technology also. Though resistance to Bt products among insect species under field conditions has been rare, laboratory studies show that insects are capable of developing high levels of resistance to one ormore Cry proteins. Now it is generally agreed that 'high-dose/refuge strategy' is the most promising and practical approach to prolong the effectiveness of Bt toxins. Although manybiosafety concerns, ethical and moral issues exist, area under Bt transgenic crops is rapidly increasing and they are cultivated on more than 32 million hectares world over Even after reservation of European Union (EU) for acceptance of geneticaly modified (GM) crops, 6 out of 25 countries have already adopted Bt crops and many otherindustrial countries will adopt Bt transgenic crops in near future. While the modem biotechnology has been recognized to have a great potential for the promotion of human well-being, adoption of biosafety protocol is necessary to protect human health and environment from the possible adverse effects of the products of genetic engineering. The debate between proponents and opponents of GM technology has created major obstacles in hamessing benefits of the technology It has now become clear that transgenics willbe accepted by the public only when doubts related with general risks and environmental safety are adequately dispelled. Thus, there is need to organize public awareness and present the benefits of Bt transgenic crops to improve social attitude for their rational deployment. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss social and environmental safety issues of Bt transgenic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003, India.
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27
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Chao E, Krewski D. A risk-based classification scheme for genetically modified foods. I: Conceptual development. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:208-22. [PMID: 18778747 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The predominant paradigm for the premarket assessment of genetically modified (GM) foods reflects heightened public concern by focusing on foods modified by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) techniques, while foods modified by other methods of genetic modification are generally not assessed for safety. To determine whether a GM product requires less or more regulatory oversight and testing, we developed and evaluated a risk-based classification scheme (RBCS) for crop-derived GM foods. The results of this research are presented in three papers. This paper describes the conceptual development of the proposed RBCS that focuses on two categories of adverse health effects: (1) toxic and antinutritional effects, and (2) allergenic effects. The factors that may affect the level of potential health risks of GM foods are identified. For each factor identified, criteria for differentiating health risk potential are developed. The extent to which a GM food satisfies applicable criteria for each factor is rated separately. A concern level for each category of health effects is then determined by aggregating the ratings for the factors using predetermined aggregation rules. An overview of the proposed scheme is presented, as well as the application of the scheme to a hypothetical GM food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Chao
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart Street, Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIN 6N5.
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28
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Hoekenga OA. Using metabolomics to estimate unintended effects in transgenic crop plants: problems, promises, and opportunities. J Biomol Tech 2008; 19:159-166. [PMID: 19137102 PMCID: PMC2563928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic crops are widespread in some countries and sectors of the agro-economy, but are also highly contentious. Proponents of transgenic crop improvement often cite the "substantial equivalence" of transgenic crops to the their nontransgenic parents and sibling varieties. Opponents of transgenic crop improvement dismiss the substantial equivalence standard as being without statistical basis and emphasize the possible unintended effects to food quality and composition due to genetic transformation. Systems biology approaches should help consumers, regulators, and other stakeholders make better decisions regarding transgenic crop improvement by characterizing the composition of conventional and transgenically improved crop species and products. In particular, metabolomic profiling via mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance can make broad and deep assessments of food quality and content. The metabolome observed in a transgenic variety can then be assessed relative to the consumer and regulator accepted phenotypic range observed among conventional varieties. I briefly discuss both targeted (closed architecture) and nontargeted (open architecture) metabolomics with respect to the transgenic crop debate and highlight several challenges to the field. While most experimental examples come from tomato (Solanum lycoperiscum), analytical methods from all of systems biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Hoekenga
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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29
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Sheveleva SA, Efimmochkina NR, Nesterenko LN, Zigangirova NA, Khovaev AA, Naroditskiĭ BS, Ivanov GE, Tutel'ian VA, Gintsburg AL. [Requirements to a medical and biologic assessment and the hygienic control of the food production received from recombinant-DNA microorganisms]. Vopr Pitan 2008; 77:49-57. [PMID: 18669332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In work the characteristic of the created in the Russian Federation system of an estimation of safety of the foodstuff received from/or with use of genetically modified microorganisms (GMM) is given, at their admission to realization and the hygienic control of given production over a revolution. It is shown, that strategy of a safety at a stage of registration GMM, the established order and accepted control measures of the foodstuff received from/or with use GMM, in Russia their large-scale commercial use, and the normative-legal and methodical base based on the federal legislation on state regulation in the field of genetically engineering activity, about quality and effectively outstrip safety of foodstuff about protection of the rights of consumers, is harmonized with approaches of the international organizations.
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30
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Khovaev AA. [Questions safety and tendency of using genetically modified microorganisms in food, food additives and food derived]. Vopr Pitan 2008; 77:58-63. [PMID: 18669333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article analysis questions of using genetically modified microorganisms in manufacture food production, present new GMM used in manufacture -food ferments; results of medical biological appraisal/ microbiological and genetic expert examination/ of food, getting by use microorganisms or there producents with indication modern of control methods.
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31
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McCormick D. Freedom of Expression? Biotechniques 2007; 43:251. [PMID: 17907568 DOI: 10.2144/000112539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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32
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Chapotin SM, Wolt JD. Genetically modified crops for the bioeconomy: meeting public and regulatory expectations. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:675-88. [PMID: 17701080 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As the United States moves toward a plant-based bioeconomy, a large research and development effort is focused on creating new feedstocks to meet biomass demand for biofuels, bioenergy, and specialized bioproducts, such as industrial compounds and biomaterial precursors. Most bioeconomy projections assume the widespread deployment of novel feedstocks developed through the use of modern molecular breeding techniques, but rarely consider the challenges involved with the use of genetically modified crops, which can include hurdles due to regulatory approvals, market adoption, and public acceptance. In this paper we consider the implications of various transgenic crops and traits under development for the bioeconomy that highlight these challenges. We believe that an awareness of the issues in crop and trait selection will allow developers to design crops with maximum stakeholder appeal and with the greatest potential for widespread adoption, while avoiding applications unlikely to meet regulatory approval or gain market and public acceptance.
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33
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Abstract
The beginning of the 21st century is characterized by growing interest in the problems of biosafety, which are determined, on the one hand, by the wide use of novel biotechnologies and the necessity to develop the adequate precautionary measures, and, on the other hand, by the objective threat of bioterrorism. Therefore, improvement of the estimation system for genetically modified (GM) sources of food and strengthening the control of their circulation are the urgent problems of modern biology and medicine. Russia is one of the countries where the estimation system of food products obtained from the GM sources is rather efficient. The key features of this system are the complex toxicological and epidemiological examinations. One of the main parts of GM food safety assessment is based upon detection of their potentially toxic properties, which could provoke unintended effects of the genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V Tyshko
- Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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34
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Bügl H, Danner JP, Molinari RJ, Mulligan JT, Park HO, Reichert B, Roth DA, Wagner R, Budowle B, Scripp RM, Smith JAL, Steele SJ, Church G, Endy D. DNA synthesis and biological security. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 25:627-9. [PMID: 17557094 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0607-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bügl
- International Consortium for Polynucleotide Synthesis
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35
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Nedoluzhko AV, Dorokhov DB. [Investigation of genetically modified soybean biosafety in the center of the origin and diversity of Russian Far East]. Tsitol Genet 2007; 41:72-81. [PMID: 17649627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) is the nearest relative of a soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Study of population genetic structure of wild-growing relatives ofgenetically modified (GM) plants in the centers of their origin is one of the main procedures before introduction of GM crops in these areas. We have studied genetic variability of nine wild growing soya populations of Primorye Territory using RAPD analysis. The level of G. soja genetic variability was considerably higher than that of G. max. We have analyzed phylogenetic relationships in the genus Glycine subgenus Soja using RAPD markers. Our data confirm validity of allocation G. gracilis in a rank of a species.
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36
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Abstract
Plastids (chloroplasts) are maternally inherited in most crops. Maternal inheritance excludes plastid genes and transgenes from pollen transmission. Therefore, plastid transformation is considered a superb tool for ensuring transgene containment and improving the biosafety of transgenic plants. Here, we have assessed the strictness of maternal inheritance and the extent to which plastid transformation technology confers an increase in transgene confinement. We describe an experimental system facilitating stringent selection for occasional paternal plastid transmission. In a large screen, we detected low-level paternal inheritance of transgenic plastids in tobacco. Whereas the frequency of transmission into the cotyledons of F(1) seedlings was approximately 1.58 x 10(-5) (on 100% cross-fertilization), transmission into the shoot apical meristem was significantly lower (2.86 x 10(-6)). Our data demonstrate that plastid transformation provides an effective tool to increase the biosafety of transgenic plants. However, in cases where pollen transmission must be prevented altogether, stacking with other containment methods will be necessary to eliminate the residual outcrossing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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37
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Wang R, Yang X. [Supervision of genetically modified foods by the international community]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2007; 36:245-8. [PMID: 17555112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The genetically modified foods (GMF) are latent with great commercial potentiality and related with public health. The international organizations and the governments have been attached important to it and constituted correlative statutes. The article is intended to introduce the development of GMF, review some correlative statutes about GMF supervision by the international organizations and the governments. It is significant to constitute and consummate the law system of GMF in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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38
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39
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Schouten HJ, Krens FA, Jacobsen E. Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants: international regulations for genetically modified organisms should be altered to exempt cisgenesis. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:750-3. [PMID: 16880817 PMCID: PMC1525145 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henk J Schouten
- Henk J. Schouten, Frans A. Krens and Evert Jacobsen are at Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands; Evert Jacobsen is also at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding at Wageningen University and Research Centre.
| | - Frans A Krens
- Henk J. Schouten, Frans A. Krens and Evert Jacobsen are at Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands; Evert Jacobsen is also at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding at Wageningen University and Research Centre.
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Henk J. Schouten, Frans A. Krens and Evert Jacobsen are at Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands; Evert Jacobsen is also at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding at Wageningen University and Research Centre.
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40
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41
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Kriz NG. Regulation of immunologicals in the European union: current and emerging issues. Biologicals 2005; 33:247-52. [PMID: 16289997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus G Kriz
- European Medicines Agency, 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London E14 4HB, UK.
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42
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43
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Anadón A, Roda L, Martínez-Larrañaga MR. Regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the European Union: principles of risk assessment. Vet Hum Toxicol 2004; 46:340-1. [PMID: 15587259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of regulations for genetically modified organisms and the application of environmental risk assessment principles within the European Union are documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Whitney SL, Maltby HJ, Carr JM. "This food may contain ..." What nurses should know about genetically engineered foods. Nurs Outlook 2004; 52:262-6. [PMID: 15499316 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic engineering has been in existence since 1973. The process involves placing genetic DNA from one organism into another. Genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) are the name given to such new species of plants created through this process. Proponents of GEOs assert that foods we are now able to produce have greater nutritional value, longer shelf life, better appearance, taste and smell. There are positive benefits to genetic engineering of plants and animals. A growing concern for the health safety of genetically engineered plants and foods is developing among the cautious. The purpose of this article is to define genetic engineering, present benefits and risks, describe the impact on human health, and address implications for nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Whitney
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, 220 Rowell, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Abstract
Placing genetically modified (GM) plants and derived products on the European Union's (EU) market has been regulated by a Community Directive since 1990. This directive was complemented by a regulation specific for genetically modified and other novel foods in 1997. Specific labelling requirements have been applicable for GM foods since 1998. The law requires a pre-market safety assessment for which criteria have been elaborated and continuously adapted in accordance with the state of the art by national and international bodies and organisations. Consequently, only genetically modified products that have been demonstrated to be as safe as their conventional counterparts can be commercialized. However, the poor acceptance of genetically modified foods has led to a de facto moratorium since 1998. It is based on the lack of a qualified majority of EU member states necessary for authorization to place genetically modified plants and derived foods on the market. New Community Regulations are intended to end this moratorium by providing a harmonized and transparent safety assessment, a centralised authorization procedure, extended labelling provisions and a traceability system for genetically modified organisms (GMO) and derived food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schauzu
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane König
- Harvard University, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Masschusetts 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Citing advances in transgenic animal research and setbacks in human trials of somatic cell genetic interventions, some scientists and others want to begin planning for research involving the genetic modification of human embryos. Because this form of genetic modification could affect later-born children and their offspring, the protection of human subjects should be a priority in decisions about whether to proceed with such research. Yet because of gaps in existing federal policies, embryo modification proposals might not receive adequate scientific and ethical scrutiny. This article describes current policy shortcomings and recommends policy actions designed to ensure that the investigational genetic modification of embryos meets accepted standards for research on human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dresser
- Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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