1
|
Jakab A, Patai ÁV, Darvas M, Tormássi-Bély K, Micsik T. Microenvironment, systemic inflammatory response and tumor markers considering consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611574. [PMID: 38645565 PMCID: PMC11026638 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Colorectal carcinomas (CRC) are one of the most frequent malignancies worldwide. Based on gene expression profile analysis, CRCs can be classified into four distinct subtypes also known as the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), which predict biological behaviour. Besides CMS, several other aspects of tumor microenvironment (TME) and systemic inflammatory response (SIR) influence the outcome of CRC patients. TME and inflammation have important role in the immune (CMS1) and mesenchymal (CMS4) subtypes, however, the relationship between these and systemic inflammation has not been assessed yet. Our objective was to evaluate the connection between CMS, TME and SIR, and to analyze the correlation between these markers and routinely used tumor markers, such as CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) and CA19-9 (Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9). Methods: FFPE (Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded) samples of 185 CRC patients were collected. TME was described using tumor-stroma ratio (TSR), Klintrup-Makinen (KM) grade, and Glasgow Microenvironment Score (GMS). CMS classification was performed on tissue microarray using MLH1, PMS2, MSH2 and MSH6, and pan-cytokeratin, CDX2, FRMD6, HTR2B and ZEB1 immunohistochemical stains. Pre-operative tumor marker levels and inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein - CRP, albumin, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), absolute platelet count (APC)] and patient history were retrieved using MedSolution database. Results: Amongst TME-markers, TSR correlated most consistently with adverse clinicopathological features (p < 0.001) and overall survival (p < 0.001). Elevated CRP and modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) were associated with worse outcome and aggressive phenotype, similarly to tumor markers CEA and CA19-9. Stroma-Tumor Marker score (STM score), a new combined score of CA19-9 and TSR delivered the second best prognostication after mGPS. Furthermore, CMS4 showed association with TSR and several laboratory markers (albumin and platelet derived factors), but not with other SIR descriptors. CMS did not show any association with CEA and CA19-9 tumor markers. Conclusion: More routinely available TME, SIR and tumor markers alone and in combination deliver reliable prognostic data for choosing the patients with higher risk for propagation. CMS4 is linked with high TSR and poor prognosis, but in overall, CMS-classification showed only limited effect on SIR- and tumor-markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakab
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology Working Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád V. Patai
- Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology Working Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Darvas
- Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology Working Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Tormássi-Bély
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology Working Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Micsik
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology Working Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Saint George University Teaching Hospital of Fejér County, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weng M, Yue Y, Wu D, Zhou C, Guo M, Sun C, Liao Q, Sun M, Zhou D, Miao C. Increased MPO in Colorectal Cancer Is Associated With High Peripheral Neutrophil Counts and a Poor Prognosis: A TCGA With Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940706. [PMID: 35912260 PMCID: PMC9331745 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloperoxidase (MPO) has been demonstrated to be a local mediator of inflammation in tissue damage in various inflammatory diseases. Given its controversial effect on colorectal cancer (CRC), there has been growing interest in investigating the role of this enzyme in CRC. The mechanism underlying MPO activity and CRC progression requires further clarification. Methods The expression and function of MPO in CRC were evaluated using TCGA analysis. TCGA, TIMER, and Human Cell Landscape analyses were used to analyze the correlation between MPO expression and neutrophil infiltration in CRC. Spearman’s bivariate correlation analysis was used to verify the correlation between MPO levels in CRC and the peripheral neutrophil count. In the clinical analysis, 8,121 patients who underwent elective surgery for CRC were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study from January 2008 to December 2014. Propensity score matching was used to address the differences in baseline characteristics. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to identify independent prognostic factors in patients with CRC. Results MPO was upregulated in CRC tissues, which is related to malignant progression and worse survival in CRC patients from TCGA analysis. MPO was significantly correlated with the infiltration level of neutrophils in CRC in TCGA, TIMER, and Human Cell Landscape analyses. MPO was positively correlated with the peripheral neutrophil count. Data of the 8,121 patients who underwent CRC surgery were available for analysis. After propensity score matching, 3,358 patients were included in each group. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that high preoperative neutrophil levels were associated with decreased overall survival (OS; P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS; P = 0.015). The preoperative neutrophil count was an independent risk factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.157; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.055–1.268; P = 0.002) and DFS (HR, 1.118; 95% CI, 1.009–1.238; P = 0.033). Conclusions Our research indicates that increased MPO levels in CRC are significantly correlated with high preoperative neutrophil counts, and both serve as prognostic indicators for worse survival in CRC patients. Our study suggests that neutrophils may be key players in the mechanism linking MPO levels with poor CRC outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changming Zhou
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwu Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minli Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Changhong Miao, ; Di Zhou, ; Minli Sun,
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Changhong Miao, ; Di Zhou, ; Minli Sun,
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Changhong Miao, ; Di Zhou, ; Minli Sun,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu F, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang S, Zhao L, Yang H, Wu J, Cui B. Comprehensive Analysis of Subtype-Specific Molecular Characteristics of Colon Cancer: Specific Genes, Driver Genes, Signaling Pathways, and Immunotherapy Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758776. [PMID: 34912802 PMCID: PMC8667669 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a complex, heterogeneous disease. The Colorectal Cancer Subtyping Consortium reported a novel classification system for colon cancer in 2015 to better understand its heterogeneity. This molecular classification system divided colon cancer into four distinct consensus molecular subtypes (CMS 1, 2, 3, and 4). However, the characteristics of different colon cancer molecular subtypes have not been fully elucidated. This study comprehensively analyzed the molecular characteristics of varying colon cancer subtypes using multiple databases and algorithms, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, DriverDBv3 database, CIBERSORT, and MCP-counter algorithms. We analyzed the alterations in the subtype-specific genes of different colon cancer subtypes, such as the RNA levels and DNA alterations, and showed that specific subtype-specific genes significantly affected prognosis. We also explored the changes in colon cancer driver genes and representative genes of 10 signaling pathways in different subtypes. We identified genes that were altered in specific subtypes. We further detected the infiltration of 22 immune cell types in four colon cancer subtypes and the infiltration level of primary immune cells among these subtypes. Additionally, we explored changes in immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) and immunotherapy responses among different colon cancer subtypes. This study may provide clues for the molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis and progression in colon cancer. It also offers potential biomarkers and targets for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of different colon cancer subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chifeng City Hospital, Chifeng, China
| | - Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital & Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinrong Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Køstner AH, Nielsen PS, Georgsen JB, Parner ET, Nielsen MB, Kersten C, Steiniche T. Systemic Inflammation Associates With a Myeloid Inflamed Tumor Microenvironment in Primary Resected Colon Cancer-May Cold Tumors Simply Be Too Hot? Front Immunol 2021; 12:716342. [PMID: 34531864 PMCID: PMC8438238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation measured by the acute-phase protein CRP associates with poor outcome across cancer types. In contrast, local tumor-associated inflammation, primarily evaluated by T-lymphocytes, correlates with favorable prognosis. Yet, little is known whether these two responses are related or opposing processes and why elevated CRP in relation to cancer is detrimental for clinical outcome. As proof of concept, we developed a platform combining multiplexed IHC and digital imaging, enabling a virtual readout of both lymphoid and myeloid immune markers and their spatial patterns in the primary tumors of resected stage II and III colon cancer (CC) patients with and without accompanying systemic inflammation. Twenty-one patients with elevated CRP (>30 mg/l) and 15 patients with low CRP (<10 mg/l) were included in the analyses. Whole slides from the primary tumors were stained for markers of adaptive (CD8+, CD4+, foxp3 regulatory T cells, CD20+ B cells) and innate (CD68+ macrophages, CD66b+ neutrophils) immunity and the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. Associations between individual immune markers, preoperative CRP values, mismatch repair status (MMR), and risk of recurrence or death were assessed. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was used to explore whether distinct immune phenotypes were present. Tumors from systemically inflamed patients (CRP >30 mg/l) displayed significantly more myeloid features in terms of higher densities of CD66b+neutrophils (p = 0.001) and CD68+macrophages (p = 0.04) and less lymphoid features (lower CD8 T cell, p = 0.03, and foxp3 regulatory T cell densities, p = 0.03) regardless of MMR status. Additionally, systemically inflamed patients harbored lower mean distances between neutrophils and tumor cells within the TME. Intriguingly, microsatellite instable (MSI) tumor status correlated with systemic inflammation. However, using a combinatorial approach, we found that regardless of an adaptive composite score (compounded CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), a high innate score (CD66b+ neutrophils and CD68+ macrophages) associated significantly with elevated CRP. In conclusion, tumor-associated systemic inflammation correlated with a myeloid-dominated TME in a small cohort of resectable CC patients. Our data highlight the importance of a comprehensive immune classification of tumors including players of innate immunity and support a role for CRP as an informative biomarker of the immune response taking place at the tumor site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik Thorlund Parner
- Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bak Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Kersten
- Department of Oncology, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang W, Wang G, Fu S, Zhang B, Liu Z, Wang R. Decreased mean platelet volume is associated with microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: A propensity score-matched analysis. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:351-359. [PMID: 33896834 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer (CRC) generally have a better prognosis and a more effective immune response than patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC. Moreover, activated platelets play a crucial role in modulating innate immune cells. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation. This study is to examine the association between MPV and MSI status in CRC. METHODS We collected the clinical and pathological variables of 424 CRC patients diagnosed at the Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018. Associations between MPV levels and MSI status were examined. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to reduce the possibility of selection bias. RESULTS 424 CRC patients were divided into low-MPV group and high-MPV group according to the optimal cut-off value of MPV. 131 high-MPV patients were matched to low-MPV counterparts in a 1:1 ratio by propensity score matching. As MPV levels increased, the percentage of patients with MSI-H reduced. Furthermore, compared with MSS group, the MSI-H group had a significantly lower MPV levels (p= 0.003 after matching). In addition, logistic regression analysis identified reduced MPV as an independent risk factor for MSI-H in CRC patients after controlling for other potential parameters. CONCLUSION Lower MPV is associated with MSI-H subtype of CRC. Further study on MPV in MSI-H CRC is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Fu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zengyao Liu
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruitao Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Wang G, Jiang L, Wei Q, Luo C, Chen L, Ying J. Systemic Inflammatory Markers of Resectable Colorectal Cancer Patients with Different Mismatch Repair Gene Status. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2925-2935. [PMID: 33833576 PMCID: PMC8019618 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s298885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to assess the differences in gene expression and systemic inflammatory markers in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with different mismatch repair (MMR) statuses. Methods Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify the different expression genes in patients with CRC at different MMR statuses. A total of 208 patients with resectable colorectal cancer, including 104 deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) patients and 104 matched proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) patients, were retrospectively analyzed. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that chemokine-mediated signaling pathway and inflammatory responses were the main differences in gene expression between dMMR and pMMR CRC patients. In all 208 patients with CRC, those with dMMR frequently had it located on the right side, with more mucinous adenocarcinoma and grade 3 tumors. Patients with dMMR had an earlier American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage than pMMR patients. Meanwhile, lymph nodes (LNs) metastasis was more frequently negative in dMMR patients than pMMR patients. Interestingly, patients with CRC with dMMR had more regional lymph nodes removed during surgery, although with less metastatic cancer. Patients with resectable CRC with dMMR were more likely to have higher levels of neutrophil, monocyte, platelet, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR), Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) and C-reactive protein (CRP). In patients with dMMR, those with higher levels of PLR, MLR, CAR, and co-effect present had shorter overall survival (OS) significantly. It was noteworthy that the prognosis of high levels of systemic inflammatory markers did not predict prolonged OS in patients with pMMR CRC. Conclusion dMMR CRC has presented a comprehensively distinct systemic inflammatory microenvironment. The systemic inflammatory response can predict oncological outcomes in patients with CRC with dMMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieer Ying
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310022, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jakubowska K, Koda M, Grudzińska M, Lomperta K, Famulski W. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in tissue material combined with systemic lymphocyte inflammation in patients with colorectal cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 14:97. [PMID: 33767866 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of cancer immunotherapy has been actively explored in the treatment of various malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. In light of recent reports, the present study aimed to investigate the combination of the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) and tumor progression status in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who underwent surgery. The medical records of 160 patients diagnosed with CRC were retrospectively reviewed. TILs were determined as a percentage of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the total intratumoral or stromal area as determined in five high power fields (magnification, x200-400), at the invasive front and in the centre of the tumour. Blood samples were obtained within 3 days prior to and 7 days following the surgical treatment. The assessment of the TIL percentage was performed in the tissue at the invasive front and in the centre of the primary tumour mass in combination with the determination of ALC in whole blood samples. The samples were obtained prior to and after surgery from patients with CRC, and the tumour progression status was also assessed (TILs/ALC/tumour progression status). A significant association was observed between the percentage of TILs in the main mass of tumour and the tumour size (P=0.031), the pT stage (P=0.049) and the incidence of necrosis (P=0.037) following surgery. The histological type was associated with the evaluated combined parameters prior to surgery (P=0.046). Lymph node pouch invasion was associated with TILs at the invasive front of tumour and with ALC prior to and after surgery (P=0.006 and P=0.037). Furthermore, the data indicated that the percentage of TILs located on the invasive front and centre of the tumour, and the ALC prior to and following surgery correlated with the treatment status (P=0.032, P=0.018, P≤0.001 and P≤0.001). A significant association was noted between eight features and evaluated combined parameters following surgery. These included the tumour size (P=0.021), TNM stage (P<0.001), tumour deposits (P=0.001), incidence of necrosis (P=0.042) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). Furthermore, the degree of invasion of venous (P<0.001), lymphatic (P<0.001) and perineural (P<0.001) sites was also significantly associated with TILs, ALC obtained after surgical treatment and tumor progression status. The data demonstrated that local and systemic chronic inflammation was associated with tumour progression in patients with CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jakubowska
- Department of Pathomorphology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 15-027 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mariusz Koda
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grudzińska
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Lomperta
- Department of Pathomorphology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 15-027 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Waldemar Famulski
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roufas C, Georgakopoulos-Soares I, Zaravinos A. Molecular correlates of immune cytolytic subgroups in colorectal cancer by integrated genomics analysis. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab005. [PMID: 34316699 PMCID: PMC8210146 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has shown promising results in metastatic dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer (CRC), the majority of pMMR/MSS patients do not respond to such therapies. To systematically evaluate the determinants of immune response in CRC, we explored whether patients with diverse levels of immune cytolytic activity (CYT) have different patterns of chromothripsis and kataegis. Analysis of CRC genomic data from the TCGA, indicated an excess of chromothriptic clusters among CYT-low colon adenocarcinomas, affecting known cancer drivers (APC, KRAS, BRAF, TP53 and FBXW7), immune checkpoints (CD274, PDCD1LG2, IDO1/2 and LAG3) and immune-related genes (ENTPD1, PRF1, NKG7, FAS, GZMA/B/H/K and CD73). CYT-high tumors were characterized by hypermutation, enrichment in APOBEC-associated mutations and kataegis events, as well as APOBEC activation. We also assessed differences in the most prevalent mutational signatures (SBS15, SBS20, SBS54 and DBS2) across cytolytic subgroups. Regarding the composition of immune cells in the tumor milieu, we found enrichment of M1 macrophages, CD8+ T cells and Tregs, as well as higher CD8+ T-cells/Tregs ratio among CYT-high tumors. CYT-high patients had higher immunophenoscores, which is predictive of their responsiveness if they were to be treated with anti-PD-1 alone or in combination with anti-CTLA-4 drugs. These results could have implications for patient responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Roufas
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh MP, Rai S, Pandey A, Singh NK, Srivastava S. Molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer: An emerging therapeutic opportunity for personalized medicine. Genes Dis 2021; 8:133-145. [PMID: 33997160 PMCID: PMC8099693 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular subtypes-based therapies offer new potential framework for desired and precise outcome in clinical settings. Current treatment strategies in colorectal cancer are largely 'one drug fit all' model for patients that display same pathological conditions. However, CRC is a very heterogenous set of malignancy that does not support for above criteria. Each subtype displays different pathological and genetic signatures. Based on these features, therapeutic stratification for individual patients may be designed, which may ultimately lead to improved therapeutic outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we have attempted to briefly outline major CRC pathways. A detailed overview of molecular subtypes and their clinical significance has been discussed. Present and future methods, governing CRC subtyping in the era of personalized therapy with a special emphasis on CMS subtypes of CRC has been reviewed. Together, discovery and validation of new CRC patient stratification methods, screening for novel therapeutic targets, and enhanced diagnosis of CRC may improve the treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Sandhya Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Nand K. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Powell AGMT, Eley C, Chin C, Coxon AH, Christian A, Lewis WG. Prognostic significance of serum inflammatory markers in esophageal cancer. Esophagus 2021; 18:267-277. [PMID: 32865623 PMCID: PMC7960607 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-020-00772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the relative prognostic value of biomarkers to measure the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and potentially improve prognostic modeling in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EC). METHODS Consecutive 330 patients undergoing surgery for EC between 2004 and 2018 within a regional UK cancer network were identified. Serum measurements of haemoglobin, C-reactive protein, albumin, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), and differential neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were obtained before surgery, and correlated with histopathological factors and outcomes. Primary outcome measures were disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Of 330 OC patients, 294 underwent potentially curative esophagectomy. Univariable DFS analysis revealed pT, pN, pTNM stage (all p < 0.001), poor differentiation (p = 0.001), vascular invasion (p < 0.001), R1 status (p < 0.001), perioperative chemotherapy (p = 0.009), CRP (p = 0.010), mGPS (p = 0.011), and NLR (p < 0.001), were all associated with poor survival. Multivariable Cox regression analysis of DFS revealed only NLR [Hazard Ratio (HR) 3.63, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.11-6.24, p < 0.001] retained significance. Multivariable Cox regression analysis of OS revealed similar findings: NLR [HR 2.66, (95% CI 1.58-4.50), p < 0.001]. CONCLUSION NLR is an important SIR prognostic biomarker associated with DFS and OS in EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arfon G. M. T. Powell
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Catherine Eley
- Department of Surgery, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Carven Chin
- Department of Surgery, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alexandra H Coxon
- Department of Surgery, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam Christian
- Department of Pathology, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Wyn G. Lewis
- Department of Surgery, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Badran SS, Grant L, Campo MV, Inthagard J, Pennel K, Quinn J, Konanahalli P, Hayman L, Horgan PG, McMillan DC, Roxburgh CS, Roseweir A, Park JH, Edwards J. Relationship between immune checkpoint proteins, tumour microenvironment characteristics, and prognosis in primary operable colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 7:121-134. [PMID: 33338327 PMCID: PMC7869939 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is an important factor for colorectal cancer prognosis, affecting the patient's immune response. Immune checkpoints, which regulate the immune functions of lymphocytes, may provide prognostic power. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the immune checkpoints TIM‐3, LAG‐3 and PD‐1 in patients with stage I–III colorectal cancer. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect TIM‐3, LAG‐3, PD‐1 and PD‐L1 in 773 patients with stage I–III colorectal cancer. Immune checkpoint protein expression was assessed in tumour cells using the weighted histoscore, and in immune cells within the stroma using point counting. Scores were analysed for associations with survival and clinical factors. High tumoural LAG‐3 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.45 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–2.09, p = 0.049) and PD‐1 (HR 1.34 95% CI 1.00–1.78, p = 0.047) associated with poor survival, whereas high TIM‐3 (HR 0.60 95% CI 0.42–0.84, p = 0.003), LAG‐3 (HR 0.58 95% CI 0.40–0.87, p = 0.006) and PD‐1 (HR 0.65 95% CI 0.49–0.86, p = 0.002) on immune cells within the stroma associated with improved survival, while PD‐L1 in the tumour (p = 0.487) or the immune cells within the stroma (p = 0.298) was not associated with survival. Furthermore, immune cell LAG‐3 was independently associated with survival (p = 0.017). Checkpoint expression scores on stromal immune cells were combined into a Combined Immune Checkpoint Stromal Score (CICSS), where CICSS 3 denoted all high, CICSS 2 denoted any two high, and CICSS 1 denoted other combinations. CICSS 3 was associated with improved patient survival (HR 0.57 95% CI 0.42–0.78, p = 0.001). The results suggest that individual and combined high expression of TIM‐3, LAG‐3, and PD‐1 on stromal immune cells are associated with better colorectal cancer prognosis, suggesting there is added value to investigating multiple immune checkpoints simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sf Al-Badran
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lauren Grant
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maejoy V Campo
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jitwadee Inthagard
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn Pennel
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean Quinn
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Liam Hayman
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Campbell Sd Roxburgh
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonia Roseweir
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson-Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan W, Cai W, Huang X, Peng S. Prognostic value of immune scores in the microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:256. [PMID: 32994819 PMCID: PMC7509622 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an important means of cancer treatment; however, the complex composition and heterogeneity of the colorectal cancer (CRC) microenvironment pose a huge challenge to cancer immunotherapy. Using data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, the differences in the microenvironment between cases with low and high immune scores were examined at the multiomics level using bioinformatics approaches. It was revealed that the samples with high immune scores had good cytolytic immune responses and relatively abundant stromal cells, as well as significant infiltration of 22 immune cell subsets and a high non-synonymous mutation burden and neoantigen burden. All of these characteristics contribute to a good prognosis. To better understand the impact of immune-related genes on prognosis, differentially expressed genes between the low and high immune score samples were identified and it was concluded that serpin family Emember 1 (SERPINE1) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) may be potential therapeutic targets. The relationship between the immune score and the infiltration of 22 immune cells and the difference in SERPINE1 expression were verified by analyzing the GSE17536 and GSE21510 data sets downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The present study analyzed the unique properties of immune cells in the CRC microenvironment, which are of great significance for understanding CRC immune mechanism and may also provide novel ideas for the targeted design of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Yuan
- Department of Data Science, College of Mathematics and Information Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200093, P.R. China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Data Technology, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Chizhou University, Chizhou, Anhui 247000, P.R. China
| | - Sihua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200093, P.R. China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maibach F, Sadozai H, Seyed Jafari SM, Hunger RE, Schenk M. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Their Prognostic Value in Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2105. [PMID: 33013886 PMCID: PMC7511547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in tumor immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, have demonstrated the capacity of the immune system to fight cancer in a number of malignancies such as melanoma and lung cancer. The numbers, localization and phenotypes of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are not only predictive of response to immunotherapy but also key modulators of disease progression. In this review, we focus on TIL profiling in cutaneous melanoma using histopathological approaches and highlight the observed prognostic value of the primary TIL subsets. The quantification of TIL in formalin-fixed tumor samples ranges from visual scoring of lymphocytic infiltrates in H&E to multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence followed by enumeration using image analysis software. Nevertheless, TIL enumeration in the current literature primarily relies upon single marker immunohistochemistry analyses of major lymphocyte subsets such as conventional T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8), regulatory T cells (FOXP3) and B cells (CD20). We review key studies in the literature on associations between TIL subsets and patient survival. We also cover recent findings with respect to the existence of ectopic lymphoid aggregates found in the TME which are termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and are generally a positive prognostic feature. In addition to their prognostic significance, the existence of various TIL sub-populations has also been reported to predict a patient's response to ICB. Thus, the literature on the predictive potential of TIL subsets in melanoma patients receiving ICB has also been discussed. Finally, we describe recently developed state-of-the-art profiling approaches for tumor infiltrating immune cells such as digital pathology scoring algorithms (e.g., Immunoscore) and multiplex proteomics-based immunophenotyping platforms (e.g., imaging mass cytometry). Translating these novel technologies have the potential to revolutionize tumor immunopathology leading to altering our current understanding of cancer immunology and dramatically improving outcomes for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Maibach
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Sadozai
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert E. Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Erbs E, Rafaelsen SR, Lindebjerg J, Jensen LH, Hansen TF. The impact of mismatch repair status to the preoperative staging of colon cancer: implications for clinical management. COLORECTAL CANCER 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/crc-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims: We sought to investigate if mismatch repair (MMR) status influences the preoperative staging of local colon cancer. Methods: Data from 590 patients in the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group national clinical database who were operated on for stage I-III colon cancer in 2010-15 were included. MMR status was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: 22.9% had deficient(d) MMR tumors. Correlation of the clinical and pathological T-category was significant for both groups. The correlation of pre- and postoperative N-category was inferior (p >0.05) in dMMR cancers compared to a significant (p <0.01) correlation in proficient MMR cancers. 64.8% of dMMR tumors assessed node-positive demonstrated no sign of metastatic involvement at the postoperative assessment. Conclusion: MMR status seems to impact the accuracy of preoperative lymph node staging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Erbs
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Vejle Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle 7100, Denmark
| | - Søren Rafael Rafaelsen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Vejle Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle 7100, Denmark
| | - Jan Lindebjerg
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Vejle Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle 7100, Denmark
| | - Lars Henrik Jensen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Vejle Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle 7100, Denmark
| | - Torben Frøstrup Hansen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Vejle Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle 7100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pestana RC, Sen S, Hobbs BP, Hong DS. Histology-agnostic drug development - considering issues beyond the tissue. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:555-568. [PMID: 32528101 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With advances in tumour biology and immunology that continue to refine our understanding of cancer, therapies are now being developed to treat cancers on the basis of specific molecular alterations and markers of immune phenotypes that transcend specific tumour histologies. With the landmark approvals of pembrolizumab for the treatment of patients whose tumours have high microsatellite instability and larotrectinib and entrectinib for those harbouring NTRK fusions, a regulatory pathway has been created to facilitate the approval of histology-agnostic indications. Negative results presented in the past few years, however, highlight the intrinsic complexities faced by drug developers pursuing histology-agnostic therapeutic agents. When patient selection and statistical analysis involve multiple potentially heterogeneous histologies, guidance is needed to navigate the challenges posed by trial design. Additionally, as new therapeutic agents are tested and post-approval data become available, the regulatory framework for acting on these data requires further optimization. In this Review, we summarize the development and testing of approved histology-agnostic therapeutic agents and present data on other agents currently under development. Finally, we discuss the challenges intrinsic to histology-agnostic drug development in oncology, including biological, regulatory, design and statistical considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carmagnani Pestana
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Centro de Oncologia e Hematologia Einstein Familia Dayan-Daycoval, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shiraj Sen
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Brian P Hobbs
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The prevalence of cancer associated systemic inflammation: Implications of prognostic studies using the Glasgow Prognostic Score. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 150:102962. [PMID: 32344318 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognostic importance of SIR in patients with cancer is widely recognised. More recently it has become clear that the systemic inflammatory response is an important etiologic factor in the development of cancer cachexia. Two recent meta-analysis carried out in 2017 and 2018 were interrogated and the number of patients with specific cancer types were identified. The percentage of patients with operable cancer (n>28,000) who were systemically inflamed varied from 21% to 38%. The percentage of patients with inoperable cancer (n>12,000) who were systemically inflamed varied from 29% to 79%. Overall, the percentage of patients (n>40,000) who were systemically inflamed varied from 28% to 63% according to tumour type. The most commonly studied cancer was colorectal cancer (n∼10,000 patients) and 40% were systemically inflamed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Park JH, Fuglestad AJ, Køstner AH, Oliwa A, Graham J, Horgan PG, Roxburgh CSD, Kersten C, McMillan DC. Systemic Inflammation and Outcome in 2295 Patients with Stage I-III Colorectal Cancer from Scotland and Norway: First Results from the ScotScan Colorectal Cancer Group. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:2784-2794. [PMID: 32248375 PMCID: PMC7334267 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammatory response (SIR) is an adverse prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The ScotScan Colorectal Cancer Group was established to examine how markers of the SIR differ between populations and may be utilised to guide prognosis. Patients and Methods Patients undergoing resection of stage I–III CRC from two prospective datasets in Scotland and Norway were included. The relationship between the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS; combination of C-reactive protein and albumin) and overall survival (OS) was examined. The relationship between OS, adjuvant chemotherapy regime and mGPS was examined in patients with stage III colon cancer. Results A total of 2295 patients were included. Patients from Scotland were more inflamed despite controlling for associated characteristics using multivariate logistic regression or propensity score matching (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.98–4.01, p < 0.001). mGPS had similar independent prognostic value in both cohorts (Scotland: HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.12–1.45; Norway: HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.49) and stratified survival independent of TNM group in the whole cohort. In patients with stage III colon cancer receiving adjuvant therapy, there appeared to be a survival benefit in systemically inflamed patients receiving oxaliplatin but not single-agent 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine. Conclusions The SIR differs between populations from different countries; however prognostic value remains similar. The present study strongly supports the routine reporting of the mGPS in patients with CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1245/s10434-020-08268-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Anne H Køstner
- Center for Cancer Treatment, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Agata Oliwa
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Janet Graham
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Campbell S D Roxburgh
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christian Kersten
- Center for Cancer Treatment, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fujiwara Y, Haruki K, Hamura R, Horiuchi T, Shirai Y, Furukawa K, Gocho T, Shiba H, Yanaga K. A Novel Prognostic Score Combining Preoperative Biliary Drainage and Inflammatory Status for Patients with Periampullary Cancers. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24:813-822. [PMID: 31062271 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The benefit of preoperative biliary drainage for patients with operable periampullary cancers is controversial because biliary drainage would activate inflammatory response such as cholangitis. The aim of this study was to identify a novel prognostic score in patients with operable periampullary cancers including pancreatic cancer and extrahepatic distal bile duct cancer with a typical reference to preoperative biliary drainage and inflammatory status. METHODS Between 2000 and 2015, 246 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into four groups of the following three factors; the presence of preoperative biliary drainage, decreased serum albumin value (< 3.5 g dl-1), and increased CR P value (> 1.0 mg dl-1). The relationship between clinicopathological variables and disease-free survival (DFS) as well as over-all survival (OS) was investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses. To compare the sensitivity and specificity among the types of cancer, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was evaluated in patients with pancreatic cancer and extrahepatic distal bile duct cancer. RESULTS In multivariate analysis of DFS and OS, the novel prognostic factor combining preoperative biliary drainage and inflammatory status was an independent risk factor of tumor recurrence and prognosis as well as differentiation of the tumor and resected margin. CONCLUSION The novel prognostic score combining preoperative biliary drainage and inflammatory status may be an independent predictor of tumor recurrence and prognosis in patients with periampullary cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Haruki
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ryoga Hamura
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takashi Horiuchi
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shirai
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kenei Furukawa
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takeshi Gocho
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shiba
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kreidieh M, Mukherji D, Temraz S, Shamseddine A. Expanding the Scope of Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: Current Clinical Approaches and Future Directions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9037217. [PMID: 32090113 PMCID: PMC7008242 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9037217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in an increasing range of heavily mutated tumor types such as melanoma has culminated in their exploration in different subsets of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). As a result of their dramatic and durable response rates in patients with chemorefractory, mismatch repair-deficient-microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H) mCRC, ICIs have become potential alternatives to classical systemic therapies. The anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) agents, Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab, have been granted FDA approval for this subset of patients. Unfortunately, however, not all CRC cases with the dMMR-MSI-H phenotype respond well to ICIs, and ongoing studies are currently exploring biomarkers that can predict good response to them. Another challenge lies in developing novel treatment strategies for the subset of patients with the mismatch repair-proficient-microsatellite instability-low (pMMR-MSI-L) phenotype that comprises 95% of all mCRC cases in whom treatment with currently approved ICIs has been largely unsuccessful. Approaches aiming at overcoming the resistance of tumors in this subset of patients are being developed including combining different checkpoint inhibitors with either chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), or bispecific T-cell (BTC) antibodies. This review describes the rationale behind using immunotherapeutics in CRC. It sheds light on the progress made in the use of immunotherapy in the treatment of patients with dMMR-MSI-H CRC. It also discusses emerging approaches and proposes potential strategies for targeting the immune microenvironment in patients with pMMR-MSI-L CRC tumors in an attempt to complement immune checkpoint inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malek Kreidieh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sally Temraz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Castaneda CA, Castillo M, Aliaga K, Bernabe LA, Casavilca S, Sanchez J, Torres-Cabala CA, Gomez HL, Mas L, Dunstan J, Cotrina JM, Abugattas J, Chavez I, Ruiz E, Montenegro P, Rojas V, Orrego E, Galvez-Nino M, Felix B, Landa-Baella MP, Vidaurre T, Villa MR, Zevallos R, Taxa L, Guerra H. Level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and density of infiltrating immune cells in different malignancies. Biomark Med 2019; 13:1481-1491. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To correlate levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) evaluated using the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group methodology, and both density of tumor-infiltrating immune cell and clinicopathological features in different malignancies. Methods: 209 pathological samples from gastric cancer, cervical cancer (CC), non-small-lung cancer, cutaneous melanoma (CM) and glioblastoma were tested for TIL in hematoxylin eosin, and density of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD68+ and CD163+ cells by digital analysis. Results: TIL levels were higher in invasive margin compartments (IMC). TIL in IMC, intratumoral and stromal compartments predicted survival. CC and gastric cancer had higher TIL in intratumoral; CC and CM had higher TIL in stromal compartment and IMC. CM had the highest density of lymphocyte and macrophage populations. CD20 density was associated with survival in the whole series. Conclusion: Standardized evaluation of TIL levels may provide valuable prognostic information in a spectrum of different malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Castaneda
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru
| | - Miluska Castillo
- Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Karina Aliaga
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Luis A Bernabe
- Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Sandro Casavilca
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Joselyn Sanchez
- Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Departments of Pathology & Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Henry L Gomez
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Luis Mas
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Jorge Dunstan
- Department of Soft Tissue Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Jose M Cotrina
- Department of Soft Tissue Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Julio Abugattas
- Department of Soft Tissue Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Ivan Chavez
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Eloy Ruiz
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Paola Montenegro
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Victor Rojas
- Department of Chest Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Enrique Orrego
- Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Marco Galvez-Nino
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Brayam Felix
- Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Maria P Landa-Baella
- Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Tatiana Vidaurre
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Maria R Villa
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Rocio Zevallos
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Luis Taxa
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Henry Guerra
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima 15038, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Watson MM, Kanani A, Lea D, Khajavi RB, Søreide JA, Kørner H, Hagland HR, Søreide K. Elevated Microsatellite Alterations at Selected Tetranucleotides (EMAST) in Colorectal Cancer is Associated with an Elderly, Frail Phenotype and Improved Recurrence-Free Survival. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 27:1058-1067. [PMID: 31686344 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-08048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotides (EMAST) is a poorly investigated form of microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer (CRC). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological features of EMAST in CRC and its relation to outcome. METHODS A population-based, consecutive cohort of surgically treated stage I-III CRC patients investigated for high-frequency MSI (MSI-H) and EMAST. Clinicopathological differences were reported as odds ratios (OR) and survival was presented as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Of 161 patients included, 25% were aged > 79 years. There was a large overlap in the prevalence of EMAST (31.7%) and MSI-H (27.3%) [82.4% of EMAST were also MSI-H]. EMAST had the highest prevalence in the proximal colon (OR 15.9, 95% CI 5.6-45.1; p < 0.001) and in women (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.9-8.6; p < 0.001), and were poorly differentiated (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.3-10.7; p < 0.001). Compared with EMAST-negative patients, EMAST-positive patients were older (median age 77 vs. 69 years; p < 0.001), leaner (median weight 67.5 vs. 77 kg; p = 0.001), had significantly higher rates of hypoalbuminemia (24% vs. 6%; OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6; p = 0.002) and anemia (45% vs. 20%; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-6.8; p = 0.001), and had elevated preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (51% vs. 34%; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.9; p = 0.046). Improved recurrence-free survival was found in both MSI-H and EMAST subtypes. In multivariable analysis, node status (pN +), together with elevated CRP and MSI-positive, were the strongest prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSIONS EMAST in CRC is associated with an older, leaner, and frailer phenotype with a lower risk of recurrence. The relevance of, and putative mechanisms to, EMAST warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Watson
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arezo Kanani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dordi Lea
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ramesh B Khajavi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jon Arne Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hartwig Kørner
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne R Hagland
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Wyk HC, Roseweir A, Alexander P, Park JH, Horgan PG, McMillan DC, Edwards J. The Relationship Between Tumor Budding, Tumor Microenvironment, and Survival in Patients with Primary Operable Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:4397-4404. [PMID: 31605345 PMCID: PMC6863941 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Tumor budding is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) and has recently been well-defined by the International Tumour Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC). Objective The aim of the present study was to use the ITBCC budding evaluation method to examine the relationship between tumor budding, tumor factors, tumor microenvironment, and survival in patients with primary operable CRC. Methods Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 952 CRC patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2007 were evaluated for tumor budding according to the ITBCC criteria. The tumor microenvironment was evaluated using tumor stroma percentage (TSP) and Klintrup–Makinen (KM) grade to assess the tumor inflammatory cell infiltrate. Results High budding (n = 268, 28%) was significantly associated with TNM stage (p < 0.001), competent mismatch repair (MMR; p < 0.05), venous invasion (p < 0.001), weak KM grade (p < 0.001), high TSP (p < 0.001), and reduced cancer-specific survival (CSS) (hazard ratio 8.68, 95% confidence interval 6.30–11.97; p < 0.001). Tumor budding effectively stratifies CSS stage T1 through to T4 (all p < 0.05) independent of associated factors. Conclusions Tumor budding effectively stratifies patients’ survival in primary operable CRC independent of other phenotypic features. In particular, the combination of T stage and budding should form the basis of a new staging system for primary operable CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hester C van Wyk
- Academic Unit of Surgery, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life of Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Antonia Roseweir
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Alexander
- Academic Unit of Surgery, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life of Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life of Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life of Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life of Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Macrophages Improve Survival in Microsatellite Unstable Colorectal Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13455. [PMID: 31530839 PMCID: PMC6748965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the loss of DNA repair mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI), somatic mutations accumulate within DNA; making them more prone to attack by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and macrophages. We hypothesize that MSI-High (MSI-H) patients have favorable survival due to increased tumor immunogenicity. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to evaluate gene expression from 283 patients with CRC, comparing MSI-H and microsatellite stable (MSS) patients. CIBERSORT algorithm estimated the fraction of immune cell types. We found that low expression of DNA repair genes (MLH1, MLH3, PMS1, PMS2, ATR, PRKDC, ATM, BRCA2) associated with MSI-H. MSI-H was directly associated with Helper T-cells (p = 0.034) and M1 macrophages (p < 0.0001). MSI-H tumors associated with diminished intra-tumoral heterogeneity as well as higher expression of checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4, LAG3 and TIM3 (p < 0.0001). Improved OS was seen in patients with low ATM, PMS2 and MLH3. In the TCGA CRC cohort, decreased expression of DNA repair genes associated with MSI-H. MSI-H patients had improved survival, likely due to higher TIL and M1 macrophage infiltration as well as lower intra-tumoral heterogeneity. MSI-H also associates with expression of immune checkpoint molecules with potential for development of therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zaravinos A, Roufas C, Nagara M, de Lucas Moreno B, Oblovatskaya M, Efstathiades C, Dimopoulos C, Ayiomamitis GD. Cytolytic activity correlates with the mutational burden and deregulated expression of immune checkpoints in colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:364. [PMID: 31429779 PMCID: PMC6701076 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers (MSI+ CRCs) expressing PD-L1, respond to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 checkpoint blockade, whereas microsatellite-stable tumors do not respond the same. Our aim was to examine how the immune landscape relates to different aspects of the CRC’s biology, including neoepitope burden. Methods We used TCGA data to stratify patients based on a cytolytic T-cell activity expression index and correlated immune cytolytic activity (CYT) with mutational, structural, and neoepitope features of each tumor sample. The expression of several immune checkpoints was verified in an independent cohort of 72 CRC patients, relative to their MSI status, using immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Results CRC exhibits a range of intertumoral cytolytic T-cell activity, with lower cytolytic levels in the tumor, compared to the normal tissue. We separated CRC patients into CYT-high and CYT-low subgroups. High cytolytic activity correlated with increased mutational load in colon tumors, the count of MHC-I/−II classically defined and alternatively defined neoepitopes, high microsatellite instability and deregulated expression of several inhibitory immune checkpoints (VISTA, TIGIT, PD-1, IDO1, CTLA-4, and PD-L1, among others). Many immune checkpoint molecules (IDO1, LAG3, TIGIT, VISTA, PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4) expressed significantly higher in MSI+ CRCs compared to MSS tumors. The expression of Treg markers was also significantly higher in CYT-high tumors. Both individual and simultaneous high levels of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 had a positive effect on the patients’ overall survival. On the reverse, simultaneous low expression of both genes led to a significant shift towards negative effect. Assessed globally, CYT-low CRCs contained more recurrent somatic copy number alterations. PD-L1 protein was absent in most samples in the independent cohort and stained lowly in 33% of MSI CRCs. PD-L1+ CRCs stained moderately for CD8 and weakly for FOXP3. CYT-high colon tumors had higher TIL load, whereas CYT-high rectum tumors had higher TAN load compared to their CYT-low counterparts. Conclusions Overall, we highlight the link between different genetic events and the immune microenvironment in CRC, taking into consideration the status of microsatellite instability. Our data provide further evidence that MSI+ and CYT-high tumors are better candidates for combinatorial checkpoint inhibition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1372-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Centre for Risk and Decision Sciences (CERIDES), 2404, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Constantinos Roufas
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Majdi Nagara
- Inserm, UMR-S 1251, MMG, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Beatriz de Lucas Moreno
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Center for Research in Health and Life Sciences, European University Madrid, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Oblovatskaya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christodoulos Efstathiades
- Centre for Risk and Decision Sciences (CERIDES), 2404, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Dimopoulos
- Centre for Risk and Decision Sciences (CERIDES), 2404, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Climent M, Ryan ÉJ, Stakelum Á, Khaw YL, Creavin B, Lloyd A, Alhassan D, Mohan HM, Kennelly R, Sheahan K, Winter DC. Systemic inflammatory response predicts oncological outcomes in patients undergoing elective surgery for mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2019; 34:1069-1078. [PMID: 30993458 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A variety of inflammatory scoring systems and their prognostic value have been reported in many solid organ cancers. This study aimed to examine the association between the systemic and local inflammatory responses, and oncological outcomes in patients undergoing elective surgery for mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) phenotype colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive patients undergoing resection for dMMR CRC were identified from a prospectively maintained database and compared with a cohort of patients with proficient mismatch repair system tumours. Systemic inflammatory response was assessed by the modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-monocyte ratio, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, prognostic index and prognostic nutritional index. Local inflammatory response was defined by the presence of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, tumour infiltrating neutrophils, plasma cells or macrophages at the invasive front. The inflammatory infiltrate was assessed using the Klintrup-Mäkinen (KM) score. RESULTS On univariable analysis, preoperative NLR ≥ 5 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-5.19; p = 0.007) and mGPS (HR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.6; p = 0.03) predicted worse overall survival, but only NLR was associated with greater recurrence (HR 3.6; 95% CI 1.5-8.8; p = 0.004). Increased local inflammatory response, as measured by KM score (HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.1-0.7; p = 0.009) and the presence of macrophages in the peritumoral infiltrate (HR 0.17; 95% CI 0.07-0.3; p < 0.001), was associated with better outcomes. NLR was the only independent prognostic factor of overall and disease-free survival. CONCLUSION Systemic inflammatory response predicts oncological outcomes in CRC patients, but only NLR has prognostic value in the dMMR group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Climent
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Éanna J Ryan
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Áine Stakelum
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yi Ling Khaw
- Department of Histopathology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ben Creavin
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Angus Lloyd
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dalal Alhassan
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Helen M Mohan
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rory Kennelly
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Sheahan
- Department of Histopathology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Des C Winter
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kong P, Wang J, Song Z, Liu S, He W, Jiang C, Xie Q, Yang L, Xia X, Xia L. Circulating Lymphocytes, PD-L1 Expression on Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes, and Survival of Colorectal Cancer Patients with Different Mismatch Repair Gene Status. J Cancer 2019; 10:1745-1754. [PMID: 31205530 PMCID: PMC6547994 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcomes of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy on colorectal cancer (CRC) are influenced by mismatch repair (MMR) gene status, which is associated with distinct tumor immune infiltrates and systemic inflammatory response status. However, the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression and the systemic inflammatory response for patients with MMR deficiency has not been fully investigated. In this study, we examined the association of systemic inflammatory markers, PD-1/PD-L1 pathway expression, microsatellite instability (MSI) status, and clinicopathological characteristics of CRC with patient survival between MMR-deficient (dMMR) group (N=168) and MMR-proficient (pMMR) group (N=169). We found a large proportion of dMMR CRC patients displayed increased level of systemic inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), and low expression of PD-L1 in tumor stroma. Several systemic inflammatory markers were associated with AJCC stage only in dMMR patients. Similarly, Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) PD-L1 or stroma PD-L1 expression was associated with AJCC stage only in dMMR patients. Circulating serum lymphocytes and TIL PD-L1 expression are both independent prognosis predictors for CRC patients. Overall, we found that dMMR CRC displayed a comprehensively distinct tumor immune microenvironment and systemic inflammatory response makers. PD-L1 expression at different location has different impacts on CRC patient survival, and the TIL PD-L1 expression might be a potential predictor for dMMR CRC patient response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Ze Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Chang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Qiankun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Liangping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shin SJ, Kim SY, Choi YY, Son T, Cheong JH, Hyung WJ, Noh SH, Park CG, Kim HI. Mismatch Repair Status of Gastric Cancer and Its Association with the Local and Systemic Immune Response. Oncologist 2019; 24:e835-e844. [PMID: 30894409 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI)-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer is known to be associated with increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), elevated host systemic immune response, and a favorable prognosis. In gastric cancer, however, MSI status has rarely been evaluated in the context of TILs and systemic immune response. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated data for 345 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy with MSI typing. The numbers of TILs were counted after immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and granzyme B to quantify the subsets of TILs. To evaluate the systemic immune response, the differential white blood cell count and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were obtained. RESULTS Of the 345 patients, 57 demonstrated MSI-H tumors and 288 demonstrated non-MSI-H tumors. MSI-H tumors carried significantly higher densities of CD8+ T cells, Foxp3+ T cells, and granzyme B+ T cells and a higher ratio of Foxp3/CD4 and granzyme B/CD8. The prognostic impact of TILs differed between patients with MSI-H tumors and those with non-MSI-H tumors. The TIL subsets were not found to be significant prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS) or overall survival (OS) in the MSI-H tumor group. In the non-MSI-H tumor group, multivariate analysis showed that stage, PNI, and CD4+ T cells were independent prognostic factors for RFS, and stage, PNI, and the Foxp3/CD4 ratio were independent prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSIONS The association between systemic/local immune response and prognosis differed according to MSI status. Different tumor characteristics and prognoses according to MSI status could be associated with the immunogenicity caused by microsatellite instability and subsequent host immune response. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This study demonstrates that the density of each subset of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) differed between microsatellite instability (MSI)-high and non-MSI-high tumors. Moreover, the prognostic effect of the preoperative systemic immune response status and TILs differed between the MSI-high (MSI-H) and non-MSI-H tumor groups. The present study may help to identify the mechanisms of cancer progression and develop treatment strategies for MSI-high gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeil Son
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Hyung
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Robot and Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Noh
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Robot and Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Williams DS, Mouradov D, Jorissen RN, Newman MR, Amini E, Nickless DK, Teague JA, Fang CG, Palmieri M, Parsons MJ, Sakthianandeswaren A, Li S, Ward RL, Hawkins NJ, Faragher I, Jones IT, Gibbs P, Sieber OM. Lymphocytic response to tumour and deficient DNA mismatch repair identify subtypes of stage II/III colorectal cancer associated with patient outcomes. Gut 2019; 68:465-474. [PMID: 29382774 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) response and deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) are determinants of prognosis in colorectal cancer. Although highly correlated, evidence suggests that these are independent predictors of outcome. However, the prognostic significance of combined TIL/MMR classification and how this compares to the major genomic and transcriptomic subtypes remain unclear. DESIGN A prospective cohort of 1265 patients with stage II/III cancer was examined for TIL/MMR status and BRAF/KRAS mutations. Consensus molecular subtype (CMS) status was determined for 142 cases. Associations with 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated and validated in an independent cohort of 602 patients. RESULTS Tumours were categorised into four subtypes based on TIL and MMR status: TIL-low/proficient-MMR (pMMR) (61.3% of cases), TIL-high/pMMR (14.8%), TIL-low/dMMR (8.6%) and TIL-high/dMMR (15.2%). Compared with TIL-high/dMMR tumours with the most favourable prognosis, both TIL-low/dMMR (HR=3.53; 95% CI=1.88 to 6.64; Pmultivariate<0.001) and TIL-low/pMMR tumours (HR=2.67; 95% CI=1.47 to 4.84; Pmultivariate=0.001) showed poor DFS. Outcomes of patients with TIL-low/dMMR and TIL-low/pMMR tumours were similar. TIL-high/pMMR tumours showed intermediate survival rates. These findings were validated in an independent cohort. TIL/MMR status was a more significant predictor of prognosis than National Comprehensive Cancer Network high-risk features and was a superior predictor of prognosis compared with genomic (dMMR, pMMR/BRAFwt /KRASwt , pMMR/BRAFmut /KRASwt , pMMR/BRAFwt /KRASmut ) and transcriptomic (CMS 1-4) subtypes. CONCLUSION TIL/MMR classification identified subtypes of stage II/III colorectal cancer associated with different outcomes. Although dMMR status is generally considered a marker of good prognosis, we found this to be dependent on the presence of TILs. Prognostication based on TIL/MMR subtypes was superior compared with histopathological, genomic and transcriptomic subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Williams
- Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri Mouradov
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert N Jorissen
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marsali R Newman
- Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elham Amini
- Clinipath Pathology, Sonic Healthcare, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David K Nickless
- Australian Clinical Labs, The Northern Hospital, Epping, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Teague
- Australian Clinical Labs, The Northern Hospital, Epping, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine G Fang
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie J Parsons
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anuratha Sakthianandeswaren
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shan Li
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn L Ward
- Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Hawkins
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Faragher
- Department of Surgery, Western Health, Footscray, Australia
| | - Ian T Jones
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Western Health, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver M Sieber
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fujiwara Y, Haruki K, Shiba H, Hamura R, Shirai Y, Furukawa K, Gocho T, Yanaga K. The Comparison of Inflammation-Based Prognostic Scores in Patients With Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer After Pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Surg Res 2019; 238:102-112. [PMID: 30769246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-based prognostic scores are associated with tumor recurrence and survival in various cancers. The aim of this study was to identify the significance of inflammation-based prognostic scores and to detect the most useful score in patients with distal extrahepatic bile duct cancer after pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS Between 2000 and 2015, 121 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The relationship between clinicopathological variables including various prognostic scores and disease-free (DFS) as well as overall (OS) survival was investigated by univariate analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was calculated to compare the predictive ability of each scoring system. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the clinicopathological variables associated. RESULTS In univariate analysis, Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), mGPS, C-reactive protein/Alb ratio score, prognostic index, and preoperative monocyte count were significant risk factors for both DFS and OS. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of GPS is consistently larger in comparison with other four scores in both DFS as well as OS. In multivariate analysis, GPS was an independent risk factor of both tumor recurrence and poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS GPS score is an independent tumor recurrence and prognostic factor in patients with distal extrahepatic bile duct cancer and is superior to the other prognostic scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Haruki
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shiba
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoga Hamura
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shirai
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenei Furukawa
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Gocho
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Quan Q, Zhu M, Liu S, Chen P, He W, Huang Y, Rong Y, Qiu H, Zhang B, Xia L. Positive impact of the negative lymph node count on the survival rate of stage III colon cancer with pN1 and right-side disease. J Cancer 2019; 10:1052-1059. [PMID: 30854111 PMCID: PMC6400801 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the role of the negative lymph node count (NLN) as a predictor of prognosis in patients with stage III colon cancer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on patients who were diagnosed with stage III colon cancer at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. According to the number of negative lymph nodes, all patients were divided into the low or high NLN group. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the risk factors for survival. Results: The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the optimal cutoff value of NLN was nine. In total, 167 and 298 patients were distributed into the low and high NLN groups, respectively. Patients in the high NLN group tended to present with a greater proportion of right-side colon cancer and pN1 stage disease, superior DFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P = 0.001) than those in the low NLN group. Multivariable analyses confirmed increased NLN as a positive prognostic variable, independent of other potential confounding factors. Subgroup analysis showed that in patients with a right-side location, those with 9 or fewer negative lymph nodes had a 5-year OS rate of 35.4% versus 77.1% in those with more than 9 negative lymph nodes evaluated (P < 0.001). For patients with stage pN1, those with NLN ≤9 exhibited an inferior 5-year OS rate than those with NLN > 9 (71.1% vs 84.8%, respectively; P = 0.009). There was no association between the number of negative lymph nodes identified and survival for patients with stage pN2 and left-side disease. Conclusion: NLN is an important prognostic factor for stage III colon cancer patients with right-side and stage pN1 disease other than for patients with stage pN2 and left-side disease, which can be partly explained in terms of inflammation and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu S, Kong P, Wang X, Yang L, Jiang C, He W, Quan Q, Huang J, Xie Q, Xia X, Zhang B, Xia L. Tumor microenvironment classification based on T-cell infiltration and PD-L1 in patients with mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2335-2343. [PMID: 30675299 PMCID: PMC6341814 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of tumor microenvironments according to the presence or absence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression has been used to predict the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies in several cancer types, not including colorectal cancer (CRC). The current study investigated the TIL/PD-L1 status of patients with CRC, particularly patients who presented as mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) and mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR). A total of 243 patients with CRC were enrolled and defined as pMMR (121 patients) or dMMR (122 patients). Using Pearson's χ2 test and multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis, the associations between MMR status, TIL presence and PD-L1 expression were investigated, in addition to the association between TIL/PD-L1 status and clinicopathological features. The results demonstrated that the dMMR group more frequently exhibited TIL+ (85/122 vs. 61/121) and PD-L1+ (49/122 vs. 32/121) phenotypes compared with the pMMR group. PD-L1+ expression was identified in 42.4% of TIL+ cases in the dMMR group, while only 18.0% of TIL+ cases were PD-L1+ in the pMMR group. High programmed death-1 expression and dMMR status were revealed as two independent risk factors for TIL+ PD-L1+ status. In conclusion, compared with the pMMR group, the dMMR group was more likely to present with a TIL+ PD-L1+ status, which suggests that a TIL+ PD-L1+ tumor microenvironment may partly contribute to the improved response of dMMR patients to anti-PD-1/L1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Chang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qiankun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Liangping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Roseweir AK, Kong CY, Park JH, Bennett L, Powell AGMT, Quinn J, van Wyk HC, Horgan PG, McMillan DC, Edwards J, Roxburgh CS. A novel tumor-based epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition score that associates with prognosis and metastasis in patients with Stage II/III colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:150-159. [PMID: 29992570 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that host factors within the tumor center and microenvironment play a key role in dictating colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes. As a result, the metastatic process has now been defined as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Establishment of the role of EMT within the tumor center and its effect on the tumor microenvironment would be beneficial for prognosis and therapeutic intervention in CRC. The present study assessed five immunohistochemical EMT markers within the tumor center on a 185 Stage II/III CRC patient tissue microarray. In 185 patients with CRC, cytoplasmic snail (HR 1.94 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-3.29, p = 0.012) and a novel combined EMT score (HR 3.86 95% CI 2.17-6.86, p < 0.001) were associated with decreased cancer-specific survival. The combined EMT score was also associated with increased tumor budding (p = 0.046), and systemic inflammation (p = 0.007), as well as decreased memory T-cells within the stroma (p = 0.030) and at the invasive margin (p = 0.035). Furthermore, the combined EMT score was associated with cancer-specific survival independent of TNM-stage (HR 4.12 95% CI 2.30-7.39, p < 0.001). In conclusion, a novel combined EMT score stratifies patient's survival in Stage II/III CRC and associates with key factors of tumor metastasis. Therefore, the combined EMT score could be used to identify patients at risk of micrometastases and who may benefit from standard adjuvant therapy, potentially in combination with EMT blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Roseweir
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - C Y Kong
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - J H Park
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Bennett
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A G M T Powell
- Department of Genetics and Cancer, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - J Quinn
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - H C van Wyk
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - P G Horgan
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - D C McMillan
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - C S Roxburgh
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhu B, Zhang P, Liu M, Jiang C, Liu H, Fu J. Prognostic Significance of CSN2, CD8, and MMR Status-Associated Nomograms in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1202-1212. [PMID: 30075461 PMCID: PMC6080638 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COP9 signalosome subunit 2 (CSN2) is believed to be involved in human cancer, but its prognostic significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been elucidated. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the expression of CSN2 andCD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and mismatch repair (MMR) status in 267 paraffin-embedded specimens using immunohistochemistry in a training cohort. A number of risk factors were used to form nomograms to evaluate survival, and Harrell's concordance index (C-index) was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy. Further validation was performed in an independent cohort of 238cases. RESULTS Low CSN2 expression and a low number of CD8 + TILs were significantly associated with diminished disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in CRC patients, and patients with MMR-deficient CRC had enhanced DFS and OS. Moreover, the multivariate Cox analysis identified CSN2, CD8 + TILs, and MMR status as independent prognostic factors for DFS and OS. Using these three markers and four clinicopathological risk variables, two nomograms were constructed and validated for predicting DFS and OS (C-index: training cohort, 0.836 (95% CI:0.804-0.868) and 0.841 (0.808-0.874), respectively; validation cohort, 0.801 (0.760-843) and 0.843 (0.806-0.881), respectively). CONCLUSIONS CSN2, CD8+ TILs, and MMR status were independent prognostic factors. The nomograms could be used to generate individualized predictions for DFS and OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Pei Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Mulin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Congqiao Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dolan RD, McLees NG, Irfan A, McSorley ST, Horgan PG, Colville D, McMillan DC. The Relationship Between Tumor Glucose Metabolism and Host Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:467-471. [PMID: 30166353 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.216697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important and long recognized characteristics of tumor cells is their dysregulated cellular energetics with anaerobic driven glucose uptake. In patients with cancer, the prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory response has been well established, and the recent combination of PET and CT scanning combines the assessment of tumor physiologic activity with detailed anatomic localization. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the assessment of the relationship between both the tumor and the host inflammatory responses using PET/CT. Methods: An extensive literature review using targeted subject headings was performed in the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the Excerpta Medica database, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews on March 31, 2018. On completion of the online search, the title and abstracts of each identified study were examined for relevance. Studies with duplicate datasets, not available in English, and that did not have full text availability were excluded. Full texts of relevant articles were obtained and were then examined to identify any further relevant articles. Results: Twelve studies containing 2,588 patients were included in the final analysis. All of the included studies used the 18F-FDG tracer in PET/CT imaging and had biochemical assessment of the systemic inflammatory response. Most studies showed a direct relationship between the tumor and bone marrow glucose uptake and host systemic inflammatory responses as measured by C-reactive protein (n = 2), albumin (n = 2), white cell count (n = 3), neutrophils (n = 2), and platelets (n = 2). Most of the studies (n = 8) also showed a direct relationship between tumor and bone marrow glucose uptake and poor outcomes. Conclusion: This review suggests a direct relationship between the tumor and bone marrow glucose uptake and host systemic inflammation. This may suggest new approaches for more optimal therapeutic targeting and monitoring strategies in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Dolan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Naomi G McLees
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ahmer Irfan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen T McSorley
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Colville
- West of Scotland PET Centre, Gartnavel Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C McMillan
- West of Scotland PET Centre, Gartnavel Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
He WZ, Hu WM, Kong PF, Yang L, Yang YZ, Xie QK, Jiang C, Yin CX, Qiu HJ, Zhang B, Zhang HZ, Xia LP. Systemic neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and mismatch repair status in colorectal cancer patients: correlation and prognostic value. J Cancer 2018; 9:3093-3100. [PMID: 30210632 PMCID: PMC6134814 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with increased local immune response as compared with mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) CRC. We evaluated the relationship between MMR status and systemic inflammatory factors, including neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). We also assessed the prognostic value of these parameters. Methods and materials: We analysed the relationship between MMR status (obtained by histochemical analysis), neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, NLR, and CRP level. The impact of systemic inflammatory factors on survival was also evaluated in dMMR and pMMR CRC patients. Results: A total of 1353 male and 892 female patients were eligible for analysis, of which, 253 patients (11.3%) were found to have dMMR status. Patients with dMMR status presented with increased neutrophil counts, and higher NLR and CRP levels in early stage CRC. In stage IV CRC patients, no correlation between MMR status and systemic inflammatory factors was found. Lymphocyte counts did not correlate with MMR status. High NLR was a prognostic factor for poor survival in pMMR CRC. However, NLR was not a prognostic factor in dMMR CRC. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dMMR CRC correlates with higher neutrophil count, NLR and CRP levels only in non-metastatic patients, and NLR has prognostic value only in pMMR CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhuo He
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Ming Hu
- Department of Pathology,SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peng-Fei Kong
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Pathology,SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Kun Xie
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Chang Jiang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Yin
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Juan Qiu
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology,SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Ping Xia
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu B, Luo J, Jiang Y, Yu L, Liu M, Fu J. Prognostic significance of nomograms integrating IL-37 expression, neutrophil level, and MMR status in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3682-3694. [PMID: 30004182 PMCID: PMC6089143 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐37 and neutrophils are considered to be involved in human cancer, but their prognostic significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of IL‐37 expression and neutrophil levels in CRC. We retrospectively analyzed IL‐37 expression, CD66b+ neutrophil levels, and mismatch repair (MMR) status in 337 paraffin‐embedded CRC specimens from the training cohort by immunohistochemistry. Their prognostic values were assessed using Kaplan‐Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression models. Moreover, several risk factors were used to form nomograms to evaluate survival, and the performance of the nomograms was assessed with respect to calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness. Further validation was performed in an independent cohort of 245 cases. Low IL‐37 expression and high CD66b+ neutrophil levels were significantly associated with diminished disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), and patients with MMR‐deficient CRC had better clinical outcomes. Furthermore, multivariate Cox analysis identified IL‐37, CD66b+ neutrophils, and MMR status as independent prognostic factors for DFS and OS. Two nomograms integrating the three markers with four clinicopathological risk factors were developed and validated for predicting DFS and OS with good calibration and discrimination (C‐index: training cohort, 0.798 (95% confidence interval:0.764‐0.832) and 0.828 (0.796‐0.860), respectively; validation cohort, 0.739 (0.696‐0.783) and 0.761 (0.715‐0.808), respectively). Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the nomograms were clinically useful. Intratumoral IL‐37, CD66b+ neutrophils, and MMR status were independent prognostic factors for CRC patients. Nomograms incorporating these biomarkers and clinicopathological features could be conveniently used to facilitate the individualized prediction of DFS and OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Yiyao Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryTianjin First Central HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Luhua Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryThe first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Mulin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roseweir AK, Halcrow ES, Chichilo S, Powell AG, McMillan DC, Horgan PG, Edwards J. ERK and p38MAPK combine to improve survival in patients with BRAF mutant colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:323-329. [PMID: 29988110 PMCID: PMC6070918 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In colorectal cancer (CRC), BRAF mutations influence tumour progression. In mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumours, BRAF mutations are associated with a good prognosis, whereas in MMR-competent tumours, they are detrimental. The differential expression of the downstream MAPK pathway members, which are constitutively activated in BRAF mutant patients, may account for these differences. METHODS Phosphorylation of ERK, p38MAPK and JNK was assessed by immunohistochemistry, utilising CRC tissue microarrays. A discovery cohort (n = 187) and a validation cohort (n = 801) were analysed for associations with BRAF mutations, clinicopathological characteristics and cancer-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS In 801 CRC patients, nuclear ERK phosphorylation (HR 0.65 95% CI 0.48-0.88, p = 0.004) and the combined nuclear pERK/p-p38 score (HR 0.61 95% CI 0.45-0.82, p = 0.001) were independently associated with CSS, and were further associated with increased BRAF mutations (p = 0.003 and p = 0.002). When stratified for BRAF status, only MMR-competent patients harbouring the mutation and a strong combined nuclear pERK/p-p38 score (HR 0.49 95% CI 0.27-0.89, p = 0.016) demonstrated improved CSS. This improvement in CSS was specific to stage III CRC (HR 0.25 95% CI 0.10-0.64, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS MMR-competent stage III tumours harbouring BRAF mutations have an improved prognosis when strong nuclear phosphorylation of both ERK and p38MAPK is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia K Roseweir
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine-University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G4 OSF, UK. .,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Elaine S Halcrow
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sergey Chichilo
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Arfon Gmt Powell
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine-University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G4 OSF, UK
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine-University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G4 OSF, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
López-Correa PE, Lino-Silva LS, Gamboa-Domínguez A, Zepeda-Najar C, Salcedo-Hernández RA. Frequency of Defective Mismatch Repair System in a Series of Consecutive Cases of Colorectal Cancer in a National Cancer Center. J Gastrointest Cancer 2018; 49:379-384. [PMID: 29974347 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-018-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of colorectal cancer (CRC) with defective mismatch repair (dMMR) is estimated between 5 and 15%. In our population, the frequency of dMMR is unknown. Our objective was to show the frequency of dMMR. METHODS Determination of dMMR with immunohistochemistry was performed prospectively for 202 patients who presented consecutively with CRC for the first time at our institution. RESULTS The median age was 59 years (IQR 47 to 68), 119 (58.9%) were women, and 43 (21.3%) cases showed dMMR. The only clinicopathological characteristics associated with dMMR were the location in the right colon and the presence of a family history of cancer. In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of the tumor in the right colon was associated with dMMR (OR = 5.823, 95%-C.I. = 2.653-12.784, p < .001). CONCLUSION The 21.3% of the cases demonstrated a dMMR and the only clinical-pathological characteristic associated with dMMR was location in the right colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E López-Correa
- Surgical pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Surgical pathology, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo S Lino-Silva
- Surgical pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Gastrointestinal Pathology Division, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México (Mexico's National Cancer Institute), Av. San Fernando # 22, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Armando Gamboa-Domínguez
- Surgical Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Zepeda-Najar
- Surgical Oncology, Hospital Ángeles Tijuana, Tijuana, Baja California Norte, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
He WZ, Xie QK, Hu WM, Kong PF, Yang L, Yang YZ, Jiang C, Yin CX, Qiu HJ, Zhang HZ, Zhang B, Xia LP. An increased number of negative lymph nodes is associated with a higher immune response and longer survival in colon cancer patients. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:1597-1604. [PMID: 29950897 PMCID: PMC6014727 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s160100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among the number of negative lymph nodes (LNs), the local and systemic immune response, and survival in patients with colon cancer. Patients and methods One thousand one hundred and fifty-seven patients with colon cancer who underwent surgery at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between 2009 and 2014 were included. We examined negative LNs in relation to the local and systemic immune response, including percentage carcinoma, neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration, Crohn's-like reaction, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelets, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Disease-free survival and overall survival were also examined. We performed subgroup analysis based on the distribution of negative LNs. Results An increased number of negative LNs was associated with greater neutrophil invasion (p=0.001), more lymphocyte invasion (p=0.001), and more Crohn's-like reaction (p=0.001). No significant correlation was observed between negative LNs and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. More than 12 negative LNs were associated with increased platelets and CRP levels. A higher number of negative LNs was independently associated with longer disease-free survival in stage I+II patients (p=0.004) and stage III patients (p=0.015), while negative LNs were also independent prognostic factors in stage IV patients (p=0.007). Conclusion Our study suggests that negative LNs are indicators of the immune response and are associated with a better prognosis in patients with colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhuo He
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Kun Xie
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Ming Hu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Kong
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Jiang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Xi Yin
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Juan Qiu
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Ping Xia
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Narayanan S, Kawaguchi T, Yan L, Peng X, Qi Q, Takabe K. Cytolytic Activity Score to Assess Anticancer Immunity in Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:2323-2331. [PMID: 29770915 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within the tumor microenvironment is a known positive prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that since cytotoxic T cells release cytolytic proteins such as perforin (PRF1) and pro-apoptotic granzymes (GZMA) to attack cancer cells, a cytolytic activity score (CYT) would be a useful tool to assess anticancer immunity. METHODS Genomic expression data were obtained from 456 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CYT was defined by GZMA and PRF1 expression, and CIBERSORT was used to evaluate intratumoral immune cell composition. RESULTS High CYT was associated with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), as well as high levels of activated memory CD4+T cells, gamma-delta T cells, and M1 macrophages. CYT-high CRC patients had improved overall survival (p = 0.019) and disease-free survival (p = 0.016) compared with CYT-low CRC patients, especially in TIL-positive tumors. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CYT- high associates with improved survival independently after controlling for age, lymphovascular invasion, colonic location, microsatellite instability, and TIL positivity. The levels of immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs)-programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-correlated significantly with CYT (p < 0.0001); with improved survival in CYT-high and ICM-low patients, and poorer survival in ICM-high patients. CONCLUSIONS High CYT within CRC is associated with improved survival, likely due to increased immunity and cytolytic activity of T cells and M1 macrophages. High CYT is also associated with high expression of ICMs; thus, further studies to elucidate the role of CYT as a predictive biomarker of the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Narayanan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tsutomu Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Qianya Qi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. .,Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Flaherty DC, Jalas JR, Sim MS, Stojadinovic A, Protic M, Lee DJ, Bilchik AJ. The Negative Impact of Body Mass Index on the Tumor Microenvironment in Colon Cancer: Results of a Prospective Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
42
|
Steele KE, Tan TH, Korn R, Dacosta K, Brown C, Kuziora M, Zimmermann J, Laffin B, Widmaier M, Rognoni L, Cardenes R, Schneider K, Boutrin A, Martin P, Zha J, Wiestler T. Measuring multiple parameters of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in human cancers by image analysis. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:20. [PMID: 29510739 PMCID: PMC5839005 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immuno-oncology and cancer immunotherapies are areas of intense research. The numbers and locations of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are important measures of the immune response to cancer with prognostic, pharmacodynamic, and predictive potential. We describe the development, validation, and application of advanced image analysis methods to characterize multiple immunohistochemistry-derived CD8 parameters in clinical and nonclinical tumor tissues. METHODS Commercial resection tumors from nine cancer types, and paired screening/on-drug biopsies of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients enrolled in a phase 1/2 clinical trial investigating the PD-L1 antibody therapy durvalumab (NCT01693562), were immunostained for CD8. Additional NCT01693562 samples were immunostained with a CD8/PD-L1 dual immunohistochemistry assay. Whole-slide scanning was performed, tumor regions were annotated by a pathologist, and images were analyzed with customized algorithms using Definiens Developer XD software. Validation of image analysis data used cell-by-cell comparison to pathologist scoring across a range of CD8+ TIL densities of all nine cancers, relying primarily on 95% confidence in having at least moderate agreement regarding Lin concordance correlation coefficient (CCC = 0.88-0.99, CCC_lower = 0.65-0.96). RESULTS We found substantial variability in CD8+ TILs between individual patients and across the nine types of human cancer. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma had several-fold more CD8+ TILs than some other cancers. TIL densities were significantly higher in the invasive margin versus tumor center for carcinomas of head and neck, kidney and pancreas, and NSCLC; the reverse was true only for prostate cancer. In paired patient biopsies, there were significantly increased CD8+ TILs 6 weeks after onset of durvalumab therapy (mean of 365 cells/mm2 over baseline; P = 0.009), consistent with immune activation. Image analysis accurately enumerated CD8+ TILs in PD-L1+ regions of lung tumors using the dual assay and also measured elongate CD8+ lymphocytes which constituted a fraction of overall TILs. CONCLUSIONS Validated image analysis accurately enumerates CD8+ TILs, permitting comparisons of CD8 parameters among tumor regions, individual patients, and cancer types. It also enables the more complex digital solutions needed to better understand cancer immunity, like analysis of multiplex immunohistochemistry and spatial evaluation of the various components comprising the tumor microenvironment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01693562 . Study code: CD-ON-MEDI4736-1108. Interventional study (ongoing but not currently recruiting). Actual study start date: August 29, 2012. Primary completion date: June 23, 2017 (final data collection date for primary outcome measure).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Steele
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Tze Heng Tan
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - René Korn
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Karma Dacosta
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Charles Brown
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Johannes Zimmermann
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian Laffin
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
- Present address: Brian Laffin-BMS US Medical Oncology, 3401 Princeton Pike, Lawrence Township, NJ, 08648, USA
| | - Moritz Widmaier
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Rognoni
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruben Cardenes
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Schneider
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Philip Martin
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Jiping Zha
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
- Present address: Jiping Zha - NGM Biopharmaceuticals, 333 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tobias Wiestler
- Professional Services, Definiens AG, Bernhard-Wicki-Strasse 5, 80636, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Qian Z, Zhang G, Song G, Shi J, Gong L, Mou Y, Han Y. Integrated analysis of genes associated with poor prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25500-25512. [PMID: 28424419 PMCID: PMC5421946 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignances in the gut. Liver is the most common metastasis site of CRC. This study focuses on the primary CRC and its liver metastasis, aiming to discover several liver metastasis related genes and provide therapeutic candidates. We compared gene expression patterns among the groups of normal colorectal mucosa, primary tumor and the liver metastasis using a CRC gene expression dataset. 84 genes were found to be upregulated in both primary tumor and liver metastases. Function enrichment analysis indicated that these genes are enriched in pathways such as chemotaxis, coagulation and lipid metabolism which are crucial in multi-step cancer metastasis. Gene network analysis identified several important hub genes that may be involved in carcinogenesis and liver metastasis. Then we used a validation dataset containing 562 CRC samples with detailed clinical information, to screen prognostic biomarkers for overall survival (OS) and relapse free survival (RFS). Finally, overexpression of THBS2 (thrombospondin 2), INHBB (inhibin, beta B) and BGN (biglycan) were proved to be correlated with poor OS and RFS. In conclusion, this study indicated that chemotaxis, coagulation and lipid metabolism might play critical roles in the processes of carcinogenesis and liver metastasis. THBS2, INHBB and BGN are prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Qian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Guobing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Guangyuan Song
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Ji Shi
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Gong
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Mou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yong Han
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dolan RD, McSorley ST, Horgan PG, McMillan DC. Determinants of lymph node count and positivity in patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0185. [PMID: 29595652 PMCID: PMC5895435 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis in colon cancer is based on pathological criteria including TNM staging. However, there are deficiencies in this approach, and the lymph node ratio (LNR) has been proposed to improve the prediction of outcomes. LNR is dependent on optimal retrieval of lymph nodes-lymph node count (LNC). Recent studies have suggested that an elevated preoperative systemic inflammatory response (SIR) was associated with a lower LNC and a higher LNR. However, there are a number of potential confounding factors. The aim of the present study was to examine, in detail, these relationships in a large cohort of patients.A prospectively maintained database of all patients undergoing colon cancer resection in our institution was examined. The SIR was measured by a number of inflammatory markers and their scores: modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) (C-reactive protein/albumin), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR) using standard thresholds. The relationships between LNC and LNR, and clinicopathological characteristics (including the mGPS, NLR, PLR, and LMR) were examined using chi-square test for trend and binary logistic regression analysis, where appropriate.Of the 896 patients included in the study, 418 (47%) were male, the median LNC was 17 (1-71), and the median LNR in node positive disease was 0.16 (0.03-1). On multivariate analysis, there was a significant independent relationship between an elevated LNC (≥12) and laparoscopic surgery (P < .001), right-sided tumors (P < .001), later date of resection (2007-2016) (P < .001), T stage (P < .001), and venous invasion (P < .001). In those patients with a LNC ≥12 and node-positive disease (n = 272), on multivariate analysis, there was a significant relationship between an elevated LNR (≥0.25), and T stage (P < .01) and differentiation (P < .05). Finally, in patients with node-positive disease who had surgery later (2007-2016), LNR was directly superior to N stage for both cancer-specific survival (LNR: hazard ratio [HR] 2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-5.52, P = .011) and overall survival (LNR: HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.12-3.68, P = .022).Neither LNC nor LNR was associated with markers of the SIR; however, LNC and LNR were directly associated. In high-quality surgical and pathological practice, LNR had superior prognostic value compared with N stage in patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer.
Collapse
|
45
|
Patel M, McSorley ST, Park JH, Roxburgh CSD, Edwards J, Horgan PG, McMillan DC. The relationship between right-sided tumour location, tumour microenvironment, systemic inflammation, adjuvant therapy and survival in patients undergoing surgery for colon and rectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:705-712. [PMID: 29337962 PMCID: PMC5846060 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been an increasing interest in the role of tumour location in the treatment and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), specifically in the adjuvant setting. Together with genomic data, this has led to the proposal that right-sided and left-sided tumours should be considered as distinct biological and clinical entities. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between tumour location, tumour microenvironment, systemic inflammatory response (SIR), adjuvant chemotherapy and survival in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for stage I–III colon and rectal cancer. Methods: Clinicopathological characteristics were extracted from a prospective database. MMR and BRAF status was determined using immunohistochemistry. The tumour microenvironment was assessed using routine H&E pathological sections. SIR was assessed using modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil:platelet score (NPS) and lymphocyte:monocyte ratio (LMR). Results: Overall, 972 patients were included. The majority were over 65 years (68%), male (55%), TNM stage II/III (82%). In all, 40% of patients had right-sided tumours and 31% had rectal cancers. Right-sided tumour location was associated with older age (P=0.001), deficient MMR (P=0.005), higher T stage (P<0.001), poor tumour differentiation (P<0.001), venous invasion (P=0.021), and high CD3+ within cancer cell nests (P=0.048). Right-sided location was consistently associated with a high SIR, mGPS (P<0.001) and NPS (P<0.001). There was no relationship between tumour location, adjuvant chemotherapy (P=0.632) or cancer-specific survival (CSS; P=0.377). In those 275 patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, right-sided location was not associated with the MMR status (P=0.509) but was associated with higher T stage (P=0.001), venous invasion (P=0.036), CD3+ at the invasive margin (P=0.033) and CD3+ within cancer nests (P=0.012). There was no relationship between tumour location, SIR or CSS in the adjuvant group. Conclusions: Right-sided tumour location was associated with an elevated tumour lymphocytic infiltrate and an elevated SIR. There was no association between tumour location and survival in the non-adjuvant or adjuvant setting in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for stage I–III colon and rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meera Patel
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.,Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Stephen T McSorley
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Campbell S D Roxburgh
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Joann Edwards
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The role of the systemic inflammatory response in predicting outcomes in patients with operable cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16717. [PMID: 29196718 PMCID: PMC5711862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading causes of death worldwide and an elevated systemic inflammatory response (SIR) is associated with reduced survival in patients with operable cancer. This review aims to examine the evidence for the role of systemic inflammation based prognostic scores in patients with operable cancers. A wide-ranging literature review using targeted medical subject headings for human studies in English was carried out in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CDSR databases until the end of 2016. The SIR has independent prognostic value, across tumour types and geographical locations. In particular neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (n = 158), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (n = 68), lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR) (n = 21) and Glasgow Prognostic Score/ modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS/mGPS) (n = 60) were consistently validated. On meta-analysis there was a significant relationship between elevated NLR and overall survival (OS) (p < 0.00001)/ cancer specific survival (CSS) (p < 0.00001), between elevated LMR and OS (p < 0.00001)/CSS (p < 0.00001), and elevated PLR and OS (p < 0.00001)/CSS (p = 0.005). There was also a significant relationship between elevated GPS/mGPS and OS (p < 0.00001)/CSS (p < 0.00001). These results consolidate the prognostic value of the NLR, PLR, LMR and GPS/mGPS in patients with resectable cancers. This is particularly true for the NLR/GPS/mGPS which should form part of the routine preoperative and postoperative workup.
Collapse
|
47
|
Staging the tumor and staging the host: A two centre, two country comparison of systemic inflammatory responses of patients undergoing resection of primary operable colorectal cancer. Am J Surg 2017; 216:458-464. [PMID: 28967380 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How systemic inflammation-based prognostic scores such as the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) differ across populations of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. The present study examined the mGPS and NLR in patients from United Kingdom (UK) and Japan. METHODS Patients undergoing resection of TNM I-III CRC in two centres in the UK and Japan were included. Differences in clinicopathological characteristics and mGPS (0-CRP≤10 mg/L, 1-CRP>10 mg/L, 2-CRP>10 mg/L, albumin<35 g/L) and NLR (≤5/>5) were examined. RESULTS Patients from UK (n = 581) were more likely to be female, high ASA and BMI, present as an emergency (all P < 0.01) and have higher T stage compared to those from Japan (n = 559). After controlling for differences in tumor and host characteristics, patients from Japan were less likely to be systemically inflamed (OR: mGPS: 0.37, 95%CI 0.27-0.50, P < 0.001; NLR: 0.53, 95%CI 0.35-0.79, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Systemic inflammatory responses differ between populations with colorectal cancer. Given their prognostic value, reporting of systemic inflammation-based scores should be incorporated into future studies reporting patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lv Y, Pan Y, Dong C, Liu P, Zhang C, Xing D. Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score at Recurrence Predicts Poor Survival in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3780-3788. [PMID: 28775246 PMCID: PMC5553437 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) at the time of recurrence on post-recurrence survival (PRS) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after surgical resection. Material/Methods The clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome data of 266 patients with recurrent NSCLC were collected and reviewed retrospectively. The prognostic impact of mGPS at recurrence in patients with recurrent NSCLC was investigated in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results A total of 266 patients were analyzed. The mGPS at the time of recurrence of 0, 1, and 2 was assigned to 60.9%, 33.1%, and 6.0% of total patients, respectively. In univariate analyses, the median post-recurrence survival times for those with mGPS 0, 1, and 2 were 19, 14, and 4 months, respectively (log-rank test; P=0.005). No statistically significant difference in post-recurrence survival was observed among the patients with different mGPS before surgery (log-rank test; P=0.064). Age at surgery, histological type, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and mGPS at recurrence significantly predicted PRS. After adjusting for confounding variables in the model, age (hazard ratio 1.59, P=0.003) as well as disease-free interval (DFI) (hazard ratio 1.40, P=0.023), and mGPS at recurrence (hazard ratio 1.47, P=0.002) remained independent predictors of PRS. Conclusions mGPS at the time of recurrence might be an independent adverse prognostic factor in recurrent NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Lv
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yinghua Pan
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Changxia Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Peiji Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Dong Xing
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
PD-L1 Expression in Mismatch Repair-deficient Endometrial Carcinomas, Including Lynch Syndrome-associated and MLH1 Promoter Hypermethylated Tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:326-333. [PMID: 27984238 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient endometrial carcinomas (ECs) bearing Lynch syndrome (LS)-associated germline mutations or sporadic MLH1 promoter hypermethylation (MLH1hm) are highly immunogenic and may represent excellent candidates for therapies targeting the programmed cell death (PD)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint pathway. This study evaluates PD-L1 expression in MMR-deficient ECs including LS-associated and MLH1hm cases, in comparison with MMR-intact tumors. Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1/CD274 was performed on 38 MMR-deficient and 29 MMR-intact ECs. Staining was scored in the tumor and the peritumoral immune compartment. The majority of MMR-deficient tumors were PD-L1 positive (53%) in at least a subset of tumor cells. LS-associated tumors were more likely to be PD-L1 positive relative to MLH1hm tumors (70% vs. 33%, P=0.05). Only 10% of MMR-intact ECs demonstrated any tumoral PD-L1 expression; this was significantly lower than was observed in MMR-deficient tumors (P=0.0005). When reviewed by histologic grade, PD-L1 expression remained highest in LS-associated ECs followed by MLH1hm and MMR-intact carcinomas, respectively. The MMR immunohistochemical pattern most uniformly associated with PD-L1 expression was MSH6 loss. Immune PD-L1 expression was seen in 100% of MMR-deficient and 66% of MMR-intact cases. This study represents the first to characterize differences in PD-L1 expression between LS-associated and MLH1hm endometrial cancers. It demonstrates that tumoral PD-L1 expression is more common in LS-associated endometrial cancers relative to MLH1hm and MMR-intact tumors, although sporadic cancers often show PD-L1 positive immune staining. These data suggest that MMR deficiency may be a better predictor of response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy than tumor grade in EC, and that potential benefit may vary based on the molecular mechanism of MMR defects.
Collapse
|
50
|
Colorectal cancer subtypes: Translation to routine clinical pathology. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 57:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|