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The endocannabinoid system. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:485-499. [PMID: 32648908 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, the discovery of a cannabinoid (CB) receptor that interacts with the psychoactive compound in Cannabis led to the identification of anandamide, an endogenous receptor ligand or endocannabinoid. Research on endocannabinoids has since exploded, and additional receptors along with their lipid mediators and signaling pathways continue to be revealed. Specifically, in humans, the release of endocannabinoids from membrane lipids occurs on demand and the signaling process is rapidly attenuated by the breakdown of the ligand suggesting a tight regulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Additionally, the varying distribution of CB receptors between the central nervous system and other tissues allows for the ECS to participate in a wide range of cognitive and physiological processes. Select plant-derived 'phyto'cannabinoids such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) bind to the CB receptors and trigger the ECS, and in the case of Δ9-THC, while it has therapeutic value, can also produce detrimental effects. Current research is aimed at the identification of additional phytocannabinoids with minimal psychotropic effects with potential for therapeutic development. Although decades of research on the ECS and its components have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms and implications of endocannabinoid signaling in mammals, it continues to evolve. Here, we provide a brief overview of the ECS and its overlap with other related lipid-mediated signaling pathways.
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Salvinorin A and Salvia divinorum: Clinical and Forensic Aspects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020116. [PMID: 33546518 PMCID: PMC7913753 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia divinorum Epling and Játiva is a perennial mint from the Lamiaceae family, endemic to Mexico, predominantly from the state of Oaxaca. Due to its psychoactive properties, S. divinorum had been used for centuries by Mazatecans for divinatory, religious, and medicinal purposes. In recent years, its use for recreational purposes, especially among adolescents and young adults, has progressively increased. The main bioactive compound underlying the hallucinogenic effects, salvinorin A, is a non-nitrogenous diterpenoid with high affinity and selectivity for the κ-opioid receptor. The aim of this work is to comprehensively review and discuss the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, highlighting their psychological, physiological, and toxic effects. Potential therapeutic applications and forensic aspects are also covered in this review. The leaves of S. divinorum can be chewed, drunk as an infusion, smoked, or vaporised. Absorption of salvinorin A occurs through the oral mucosa or the respiratory tract, being rapidly broken down in the gastrointestinal system to its major inactive metabolite, salvinorin B, when swallowed. Salvinorin A is rapidly distributed, with accumulation in the brain, and quickly eliminated. Its pharmacokinetic parameters parallel well with the short-lived psychoactive and physiological effects. No reports on toxicity or serious adverse outcomes were found. A variety of therapeutic applications have been proposed for S. divinorum which includes the treatment of chronic pain, gastrointestinal and mood disorders, neurological diseases, and treatment of drug dependence. Notwithstanding, there is still limited knowledge regarding the pharmacology and toxicology features of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, and this is needed due to its widespread use. Additionally, the clinical acceptance of salvinorin A has been hampered, especially due to the psychotropic side effects and misuse, turning the scientific community to the development of analogues with better pharmacological profiles.
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Zeng S, Chen D, Liu G, Wu YX, Gao ZQ, Su Y, Yuan JN, Liu L, Shan JC, Pang QF, Zhu T. Salvinorin A protects against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury via Nrf2 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107221. [PMID: 33293260 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salvinorin A (SA), a neoclerodane diterpene, is isolated from the dried leaves ofSalvia divinorum. SA has traditionally been used treatments for chronic pain diseases. Recent research has demonstrated that SA possesses the anti-inflammatory property. The present study aim to explore the effects and potentialmechanisms ofSA in protection against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we firstly found that verylowdosesof SA (50 μg/kg) could markedly decrease the infiltration of pulmonary neutrophils, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and then attenuated ALI cause by MRSA infection in mice. In vitro findings revealed that SA attenuated lipoteichoicacid-induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Mechanism research revealed that SA increased both mRNA levels and protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and up-regulated mRNA expression of its downstream genes (HO-1, Gclm, Trx-1, SOD1 and SOD2). Additionally, Nrf2 knockout mice abolished the inhibitory effect of SA on neutrophil accumulation and oxidative stress in MRSA-induced ALI. In conclusion, SA attenuates MRSA-induced ALI via Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ya-Xian Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Gao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ying Su
- Library, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jia-Ning Yuan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jia-Chen Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing-Feng Pang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Hernández-Alvarado RB, Madariaga-Mazón A, Ortega A, Martinez-Mayorga K. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Salvinorin A. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3979-3992. [PMID: 33164503 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the main bioactive compound in Salvia divinorum, an endemic plant with ancestral use by the inhabitants of the Mazateca mountain range (Sierra Mazateca) in Oaxaca, México. The main use of la pastora, as locally known, is in spiritual rites due to its extraordinary hallucinogenic effects. Being the first known nonalkaloidal opioid-mediated psychotropic molecule, salvinorin A set new research areas in neuroscience. The absence of a protonated amine group, common to all previously known opioids, results in a fast metabolism with the concomitant fast elimination and swift loss of activity. The worldwide spread and psychotropic effects of salvinorin A account for its misuse and classification as a drug of abuse. Consequently, salvinorin A and Salvia divinorum are now banned in many countries. Several synthetic efforts have been focused on the improvement of physicochemical and biological properties of salvinorin A: from total synthesis to hundreds of analogues. In this Review, we discuss the impact of salvinorin A in chemistry and neuroscience covering the historical relevance, isolation from natural sources, synthetic efforts, and pharmacological and safety profiles. Altogether, the chemistry behind and the taboo that encloses salvinorin A makes it one of the most exquisite naturally occurring drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Bruno Hernández-Alvarado
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510 México
| | - Abraham Madariaga-Mazón
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510 México
| | - Alfredo Ortega
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510 México
| | - Karina Martinez-Mayorga
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510 México
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Calzada F, Bautista E. Plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea from Mexican flora with amoebicidal and giadicidal activity, and their phytochemical constituents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 253:112676. [PMID: 32084551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Flora of the Mexican region is represented by approximately 30,000 vascular plant species, many of which are used as traditional medicines based on knowledge compiled and refined since ancient times (e.g. Cruz-Badiano and Florentino Codexes). The traditional use of plants as medicines, including the treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, is generally practiced in communities that are geographically isolated or in human settlements where health services are scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this review is to evaluate current research advances in the ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of Mexican medicinal plants exhibiting antiprotozoal activity, used to treat diarrhoea, and to identify the gaps in this research area for future studies. METHODS The literature study and compilation of information relied on books and scientific journals from leading electronic databases including Scopus, Springer, SciFinder, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar; the topics searched for were antiprotozoal activity, followed by Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia. Ethnopharmacological data were obtained from books regarding medicinal plants and their uses in Mexico as well as from the government databases of "Comisiòn Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)" as "NaturaLista" and "EncicloVida". RESULTS A total of 80 plant species used in the Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea have been evaluated as potential sources of antiprotozoal agents against E. histolytica or G. lamblia. From these samples, 150 compounds have been isolated and screened in vitro, including specialized metabolites such as flavonoids and terpenoids as well as semisynthesized derivatives. However, in vivo pharmacological studies on these substances are limited. Additional pharmacological and molecular studies of the most active compounds have also been summarized. CONCLUSION Research performed in the past 25 years on specialized metabolites derived from plants with antiprotozoal activity has yielded relevant findings whose results provide evidence-based support for the use of these plants in the traditional medicine of Mexico to treat diarrhoea. Toxicological and clinical trials of standardized extracts and bioactive compounds are proposed as priority future works in this research area. In addition, in vivo assays are required, of more extracts and/or pure compounds. The optimization of the pharmacological properties of the bioactive specialized metabolites through semisynthetic derivatives and computational methods could aid in developing new antiprotozoal phytomedicines and novel drugs for the treatment of these types of infections. Furthermore, elucidation of the mechanism of action of these bioactive compounds through pharmacological and molecular studies are also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calzada
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, 2° Piso CORSE, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elihú Bautista
- CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para las Zonas Áridas, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C, Mexico.
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Low-dose curcumin reduced TNBS-associated mucin depleted foci in mice by scavenging superoxide anion and lipid peroxides, rebalancing matrix NO synthase and aconitase activities, and recoupling mitochondria. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:949-965. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Flavonoids from Citrus aurantium ameliorate TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis through protecting colonic mucus layer integrity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Silva AR, Grosso C, Delerue-Matos C, Rocha JM. Comprehensive review on the interaction between natural compounds and brain receptors: Benefits and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:87-115. [PMID: 31029947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given their therapeutic activity, natural products have been used in traditional medicines throughout the centuries. The growing interest of the scientific community in phytopharmaceuticals, and more recently in marine products, has resulted in a significant number of research efforts towards understanding their effect in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson (PD) and Huntington (HD). Several studies have shown that many of the primary and secondary metabolites of plants, marine organisms and others, have high affinities for various brain receptors and may play a crucial role in the treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in mammalians. Actually, such compounds may act on the brain receptors either by agonism, antagonism, allosteric modulation or other type of activity aimed at enhancing a certain effect. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the state of the art on the interactions between natural compounds and brain receptors. This information is of foremost importance when it is intended to investigate and develop cutting-edge drugs, more effective and with alternative mechanisms of action to the conventional drugs presently used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we reviewed the effect of 173 natural products on neurotransmitter receptors, diabetes related receptors, neurotrophic factor related receptors, immune system related receptors, oxidative stress related receptors, transcription factors regulating gene expression related receptors and blood-brain barrier receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Rocha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Grupo de investigação de Química Orgânica Aplicada (QUINOA), Laboratório de polifenóis alimentares, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica (DQB), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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Coffeen U, Pellicer F. Salvia divinorum: from recreational hallucinogenic use to analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. J Pain Res 2019; 12:1069-1076. [PMID: 30962708 PMCID: PMC6434906 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s188619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a herbal plant native to the southwest region of Mexico. Traditional preparations of this plant have been used in illness treatments that converge with inflammatory conditions and pain. Currently, S. divinorum extracts have become popular in several countries as a recreational drug due to its hallucinogenic effects. Its main active component is a diterpene named salvinorin A (SA), a potent naturally occurring hallucinogen with a great affinity to the κ opioid receptors and with allosteric modulation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors. Recent biochemical research has revealed the mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of SA at the cellular and molecular level. Nevertheless, because of their short-lasting and hallucinogenic effect, the research has focused on discovering a new analogue of SA that is able to induce analgesia and reduce inflammation with a long-lasting effect but without the hallucinatory component. In this review, we explore the role of S. divinorum, SA and its analogues. We focus mainly on their analgesic and anti-inflammatory roles but also mention their psychoactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Coffeen
- Research in Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, México,
| | - Francisco Pellicer
- Research in Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, México,
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Makrane H, Aziz M, Berrabah M, Mekhfi H, Ziyyat A, Bnouham M, Legssyer A, Elombo FK, Gressier B, Eto B. Myorelaxant Activity of essential oil from Origanum majorana L. on rat and rabbit. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:40-49. [PMID: 30205180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) was usually used in Moroccan folk medicine to treat infantile colic and abdominal discomfort. MATERIALS AND METHODS The essential oil from the aerial part of the dry Origanum majorana L. (EOOM) was obtained through hydro distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The effect of EOOM on muscle relaxation was measured on rabbit and rat intestinal smooth muscle mounted in an isotonic transducer. RESULTS 1) The main compounds obtained from the aqueous extract of this plant were alpha Terpineol, L-terpinen-4-ol and Beta.-Linalool. 2) EOOM inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum, with an IC50 = 64.08 ± 2.42 μg/mL. 3) In rat intestine, EOOM induced the relaxation of the tissue in concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 = 39.70 ± 2.29 μg/mL when the tissue was pre-contracted with CCh 10-6 M, and 48.70 ± 2.26 μg/mL when the tissue was pre-contracted with 25 mM KCl. 4) The relaxation effect induced by EOOM was more important than that obtained in the presence of atropine, hexamethonium, Nifedipine, L-NAME and Blue of methylene. CONCLUSION the present result indicates that essential oil of Origanum majorana L. exhibit an effect on intestinal relaxation in vitro. This effect further validates the traditional use of Origanum majorana L. to treat infantile colic and abdominal discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Makrane
- Laboratory of Physiology, Genetic and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed the First University, PB 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Aziz
- Laboratory of Physiology, Genetic and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed the First University, PB 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Berrabah
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Mineral and Analytical Solid, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed the First University, PB 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Hassane Mekhfi
- Laboratory of Physiology, Genetic and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed the First University, PB 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Ziyyat
- Laboratory of Physiology, Genetic and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed the First University, PB 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bnouham
- Laboratory of Physiology, Genetic and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed the First University, PB 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdelkhaleq Legssyer
- Laboratory of Physiology, Genetic and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed the First University, PB 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Ferdinand Kouoh Elombo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Lille, France; Laboratoires TBC, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Lille, France
| | - Bernard Gressier
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Eto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Lille, France; Laboratoires TBC, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Lille, France.
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Zielińska A, Sałaga M, Włodarczyk M, Fichna J. Focus on current and future management possibilities in inflammatory bowel disease-related chronic pain. Int J Colorectal Dis 2019; 34:217-227. [PMID: 30564910 PMCID: PMC6331746 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-018-3218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral pain is a symptom reported by over 70% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) sufferers. So far, a single, specific cause of this debilitating state has not been established. Chronic pain is one of the most important factors decreasing the quality of life in IBD course. Concurrently, management of pain is the most challenging issue encountered by clinicians in IBD treatment. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease-caused visceral pain and explores currently available approaches to its management. We also covered recent pharmacological developments in the field. CONCLUSIONS Pain-related disability has major effects on quality of life and on functional and social outcomes in IBD patients. Currently, there is no one standardized method of managing chronic visceral pain in IBD. Therefore, future development, focusing primarily on alleviating the pain, but also on reducing inflammation, is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland ,Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Faculty of Military Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Zjawiony JK, Machado AS, Menegatti R, Ghedini PC, Costa EA, Pedrino GR, Lukas SE, Franco OL, Silva ON, Fajemiroye JO. Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:157. [PMID: 30971961 PMCID: PMC6445891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, pain has contributed to low life quality, poor health, and economic loss. Opioids are very effective analgesic drugs for treating mild, moderate, or severe pain. Therapeutic application of opioids has been limited by short and long-term side effects. These side effects and opioid-overuse crisis has intensified interest in the search for new molecular targets and drugs. The present review focuses on salvinorin A and its analogs with the aim of exploring their structural and pharmacological profiles as clues for the development of safer analgesics. Ethnopharmacological reports and growing preclinical data have demonstrated the antinociceptive effect of salvinorin A and some of its analogs. The pharmacology of analogs modified at C-2 dominates the literature when compared to the ones from other positions. The distinctive binding affinity of these analogs seems to correlate with their chemical structure and in vivo antinociceptive effects. The high susceptibility of salvinorin A to chemical modification makes it an important pharmacological tool for cellular probing and developing analogs with promising analgesic effects. Additional research is still needed to draw reliable conclusions on the therapeutic potential of salvinorin A and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan K Zjawiony
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Antônio S Machado
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ghedini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elson A Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Octávio L Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Osmar N Silva
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - James O Fajemiroye
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Centro Universitário de Anápolis, Unievangélica, Anápolis, Brazil
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Diadzein ameliorates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 843:292-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Natural Antispasmodics: Source, Stereochemical Configuration, and Biological Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3819714. [PMID: 30402474 PMCID: PMC6196993 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3819714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural products with antispasmodic activity have been used in traditional medicine to alleviate different illnesses since the remote past. We searched the literature and compiled the antispasmodic activity of 248 natural compounds isolated from terrestrial plants. In this review, we summarized all the natural products reported with antispasmodic activity until the end of 2017. We also provided chemical information about their extraction as well as the model used to test their activities. Results showed that members of the Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families had the highest number of isolated compounds with antispasmodic activity. Moreover, monoterpenoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and alkaloids were the chemical groups with the highest number of antispasmodic compounds. Lastly, a structural comparison of natural versus synthetic compounds was discussed.
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Uranga JA, Vera G, Abalo R. Cannabinoid pharmacology and therapy in gut disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:134-147. [PMID: 30076849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sp. and their products (marijuana, hashish…), in addition to their recreational, industrial and other uses, have a long history for their use as a remedy for symptoms related with gastrointestinal diseases. After many reports suggesting these beneficial effects, it was not surprising to discover that the gastrointestinal tract expresses endogenous cannabinoids, their receptors, and enzymes for their synthesis and degradation, comprising the so-called endocannabinoid system. This system participates in the control of tissue homeostasis and important intestinal functions like motor and sensory activity, nausea, emesis, the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity, and the correct cellular microenvironment. Thus, different cannabinoid-related pharmacological agents may be useful to treat the main digestive pathologies. To name a few examples, in irritable bowel syndrome they may normalize dysmotility and reduce pain, in inflammatory bowel disease they may decrease inflammation, and in colorectal cancer, apart from alleviating some symptoms, they may play a role in the regulation of the cell niche. This review summarizes the main recent findings on the role of cannabinoid receptors, their synthetic or natural ligands and their metabolizing enzymes in normal gastrointestinal function and in disorders including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and gastrointestinal chemotherapy-induced adverse effects (nausea/vomiting, constipation, diarrhea).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - G Vera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - R Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain.
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Coffeen U, Canseco-Alba A, Simón-Arceo K, Almanza A, Mercado F, León-Olea M, Pellicer F. Salvinorin A reduces neuropathic nociception in the insular cortex of the rat. Eur J Pain 2017; 22:311-318. [PMID: 28975684 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain is one of the most important challenges in public health. The search for novel treatments is important for an adequate relief without adverse effects. In this sense salvinorin A (SA), the main diterpene of the medicinal plant Salvia divinorum is an important antinociceptive compound, which acts as a potent agonist of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and cannabinoid CB1 receptors. METHODS We evaluated nociceptive responses in a neuropathic pain model induced by the sciatic nerve ligature (SNL) in the right hind paw, after the microinjection of SA, Salvinorin B (SB), KOR and CB1 antagonists directly in the insular cortex (IC) in male wistar rats. RESULTS We found a potent antinociceptive effect with the administration of SA. Moreover, this effect was blocked by the administration of a KOR antagonist as well as the administration of a CB1 antagonist. CONCLUSION Salvinorin A has a potent antinociceptive effect when is administered centrally in the IC by the interaction with KOR and CB1 receptors. SIGNIFICANCE We show evidence on the effectiveness of the administration of salvinorin A in the IC in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. These results support the use of novel compounds like SA as a therapeutic alternative for neuropathic pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Coffeen
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Integrativa, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX, México
| | - A Canseco-Alba
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
| | - K Simón-Arceo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Integrativa, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX, México
| | - A Almanza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX, México
| | - F Mercado
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX, México
| | - M León-Olea
- Departamento de Neuromorfología Funcional, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX, México
| | - F Pellicer
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Integrativa, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX, México
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Badal S, Smith KN, Rajnarayanan R. Analysis of natural product regulation of cannabinoid receptors in the treatment of human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 180:24-48. [PMID: 28583800 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The organized, tightly regulated signaling relays engaged by the cannabinoid receptors (CBs) and their ligands, G proteins and other effectors, together constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system governs many biological functions including cell proliferation, regulation of ion transport and neuronal messaging. This review will firstly examine the physiology of the ECS, briefly discussing some anomalies in the relay of the ECS signaling as these are consequently linked to maladies of global concern including neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease and cancer. While endogenous ligands are crucial for dispatching messages through the ECS, there are also commonalities in binding affinities with copious exogenous ligands, both natural and synthetic. Therefore, this review provides a comparative analysis of both types of exogenous ligands with emphasis on natural products given their putative safer efficacy and the role of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in uncovering the ECS. Efficacy is congruent to both types of compounds but noteworthy is the effect of a combination therapy to achieve efficacy without unideal side-effects. An example is Sativex that displayed promise in treating Huntington's disease (HD) in preclinical models allowing for its transition to current clinical investigation. Despite the in vitro and preclinical efficacy of Δ9-THC to treat neurodegenerative ailments, its psychotropic effects limit its clinical applicability to treating feeding disorders. We therefore propose further investigation of other compounds and their combinations such as the triterpene, α,β-amyrin that exhibited greater binding affinity to CB1 than CB2 and was more potent than Δ9-THC and the N-alkylamides that exhibited CB2 selective affinity; the latter can be explored towards peripherally exclusive ECS modulation. The synthetic CB1 antagonist, Rimonabant was pulled from commercial markets for the treatment of diabetes, however its analogue SR144528 maybe an ideal lead molecule towards this end and HU-210 and Org27569 are also promising synthetic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
| | - K N Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Rajnarayanan
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
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Rossi A, Caiazzo E, Bilancia R, Riemma MA, Pagano E, Cicala C, Ialenti A, Zjawiony JK, Izzo AA, Capasso R, Roviezzo F. Salvinorin A Inhibits Airway Hyperreactivity Induced by Ovalbumin Sensitization. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:525. [PMID: 28133450 PMCID: PMC5233683 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene isolated from Salvia divinorum, exerts a number of pharmacological actions which are not solely limited to the central nervous system. Recently it has been demonstrated that Salvinorin A inhibits acute inflammatory response affecting leukotriene (LT) production. Since LTs are potent lipid mediators implicated in allergic diseases, we evaluated the effect of Salvinorin A on allergic inflammation and on airways following sensitization in the mouse. Mice were sensitized with s.c. injection of ovalbumin (OVA) on days 1 and 8. Sensitized mice received on days 9 and 12 on the shaved dorsal surface air administration to induce the development of the air-pouches. On day 15 animals were challenged by injection of OVA into the air-pouch. Salvinorin A, administered (10 mg/kg) before each allergen exposure, significantly reduced OVA-induced LT increase in the air pouch. This effect was coupled to a reduction in cell recruitment and Th2 cytokine production. In another set of experiments, mice were sensitized with OVA and both bronchial reactivity and pulmonary inflammation were assessed. Salvinorin A abrogated bronchial hyperreactivity and interleukin (IL)-13 production, without effect on pulmonary inflammation. Indeed cell infiltration and peribronchial edema were still present following diterpenoid treatment. Similarly, pulmonary IL-4 and plasmatic IgE levels were not modulated. Conversely, Salvinorin A significantly reduced LTC4 production in the lung of sensitized mice. Finally mast cell activity was evaluated by means of toluidine blue staining. Data obtained evidenced that Salvinorin A significantly inhibited mast cell degranulation in the lung. Our study demonstrates that Salvinorin A inhibits airway hyperreactivity induced by sensitization by inhibition of LT production and mast cell degranulation. In conclusion Salvinorin A could represent a promising candidate for drug development in allergic diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Bilancia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Maria A Riemma
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Ialenti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi University, MS, USA
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico IIPortici, Italy
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Xu X, Ma S, Feng Z, Hu G, Wang L, Xie XQ. Chemogenomics knowledgebase and systems pharmacology for hallucinogen target identification-Salvinorin A as a case study. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:284-295. [PMID: 27810775 PMCID: PMC5327504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse is a serious problem worldwide. Recently, hallucinogens have been reported as a potential preventative and auxiliary therapy for substance abuse. However, the use of hallucinogens as a drug abuse treatment has potential risks, as the fundamental mechanisms of hallucinogens are not clear. So far, no scientific database is available for the mechanism research of hallucinogens. We constructed a hallucinogen-specific chemogenomics database by collecting chemicals, protein targets and pathways closely related to hallucinogens. This information, together with our established computational chemogenomics tools, such as TargetHunter and HTDocking, provided a one-step solution for the mechanism study of hallucinogens. We chose salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen extracted from the plant Salvia divinorum, as an example to demonstrate the usability of our platform. With the help of HTDocking program, we predicted four novel targets for salvinorin A, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2, cannabinoid receptor 1, cannabinoid receptor 2 and dopamine receptor 2. We looked into the interactions between salvinorin A and the predicted targets. The binding modes, pose and docking scores indicate that salvinorin A may interact with some of these predicted targets. Overall, our database enriched the information of systems pharmacological analysis, target identification and drug discovery for hallucinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shifan Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Guanxing Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lirong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Departments of Computational Biology and of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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20
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Beyond Cannabis: Plants and the Endocannabinoid System. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:594-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Akaberi M, Iranshahi M, Mehri S. Molecular Signaling Pathways Behind the Biological Effects of Salvia Species Diterpenes in Neuropharmacology and Cardiology. Phytother Res 2016; 30:878-93. [PMID: 26988179 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Salvia, from the Lamiaceae family, has diverse biological properties that are primarily attributable to their diterpene contents. There is no comprehensive review on the molecular signaling pathways of these active components. In this review, we investigated the molecular targets of bioactive Salvia diterpenes responsible for the treatment of nervous and cardiovascular diseases. The effects on different pathways, including apoptosis signaling, oxidative stress phenomena, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and tau phosphorylation, have all been considered to be mechanisms of the anti-Alzheimer properties of Salvia diterpenes. Additionally, effects on the benzodiazepine and kappa opioid receptors and neuroprotective effects are noted as neuropharmacological properties of Salvia diterpenes, including tanshinone IIA, salvinorin A, cryptotanshinone, and miltirone. Tanshinone IIA, as the primary diterpene of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has beneficial activities in heart diseases because of its ability to scavenge free radicals and its effects on transcription factors, such as nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, tanshinone IIA has also been proposed to have cardioprotective properties including antiarrhythmic activities and effects on myocardial infarction. With respect to the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia diterpenes, comprehensive clinical trials are warranted to evaluate these valuable molecules as lead compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akaberi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Rossi A, Pace S, Tedesco F, Pagano E, Guerra G, Troisi F, Werner M, Roviezzo F, Zjawiony JK, Werz O, Izzo AA, Capasso R. The hallucinogenic diterpene salvinorin A inhibits leukotriene synthesis in experimental models of inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 106:64-71. [PMID: 26859523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) involved in a number of autoimmune/inflammatory disorders including asthma, allergic rhinitis and cardiovascular diseases. Salvinorin A (SA), a diterpene isolated from the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum, is a well-established analgesic compound, but its anti-inflammatory properties are under-researched and its effects on LT production is unknown to date. Here, we studied the possible effect of SA on LT production and verified its actions on experimental models of inflammation in which LTs play a prominent role. Peritoneal macrophages (PM) stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187 were chosen as in vitro system to evaluate the effect of SA on LT production. Zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice and carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats were selected as LT-related models to evaluate the effect of SA on inflammation as well as on LT biosynthesis. SA inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, A23187-induced LTB4 biosynthesis in isolated PM. In zymosan-induced peritonitis, SA inhibited cell infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, vascular permeability and LTC4 production in the peritoneal cavity without decreasing the production of prostaglandin E2. In carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats, a more sophisticated model of acute inflammation related to LTs, SA significantly inhibited LTB4 production in the inflammatory exudates, along with reducing the phlogistic process in the lung. In conclusion, SA inhibited LT production and it was effective in experimental models of inflammation in which LTs play a pivotal role. SA might be considered as a lead compound for the development of drugs useful in LTs-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, Italy; Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, Germany.
| | - Federica Tedesco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Troisi
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, Germany.
| | - Markus Werner
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, Germany.
| | - Fiorentina Roviezzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, Germany.
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
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Smith JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Analyst 2016; 140:4932-48. [PMID: 26031385 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPSs), sometimes referred to as "legal highs" in more colloquial environments/the media, are a class of compounds that have been recently made available for abuse (not necessarily recently discovered) which provide similar effects to the traditional well studied illegal drugs but are not always controlled under existing local, regional or international drug legislation. Following an unprecedented increase in the number of NPSs in the last 5 years (with 101 substances discovered for the first time in 2014 alone) its, occasionally fatal, consequences have been extensively reported in the media. Such NPSs are typically marketed as 'not for human consumption' and are instead labelled and sold as plant food, bath salts as well as a whole host of other equally nondescript aliases in order to bypass legislative controls. NPSs are a new multi-disciplinary research field with the main emphasis in terms of forensic identification due to their adverse health effects, which can range from minimal to life threatening and even fatalities. In this mini-review we overview this recent emerging research area of NPSs and the analytical approaches reported to provide detection strategies as well as detailing recent reports towards providing point-of-care/in-the-field NPS ("legal high") sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie P Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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24
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Cannabinoid Receptors in Regulating the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 239:343-362. [PMID: 28161834 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors are fundamentally involved in all aspects of intestinal physiology, such as motility, secretion, and epithelial barrier function. They are part of a broader entity, the so-called endocannabinoid system which also includes their endocannabinoid ligands and the ligands' synthesizing/degrading enzymes. The system has a strong impact on the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract and is believed to maintain homeostasis in the gut by controlling hypercontractility and by promoting regeneration after injury. For instance, genetic knockout of cannabinoid receptor 1 leads to inflammation and cancer of the intestines. Derivatives of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, such as nabilone and dronabinol, activate cannabinoid receptors and have been introduced into the clinic to treat chemotherapy-induced emesis and loss of appetite; however, they may cause many psychotropic side effects. New drugs that interfere with endocannabinoid degradation to raise endocannabinoid levels circumvent this obstacle and could be used in the future to treat emesis, intestinal inflammation, and functional disorders associated with visceral hyperalgesia.
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Sharma C, Sadek B, Goyal SN, Sinha S, Kamal MA, Ojha S. Small Molecules from Nature Targeting G-Protein Coupled Cannabinoid Receptors: Potential Leads for Drug Discovery and Development. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:238482. [PMID: 26664449 PMCID: PMC4664820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/238482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid molecules are derived from Cannabis sativa plant which acts on the cannabinoid receptors types 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) which have been explored as potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery and development. Currently, there are numerous cannabinoid based synthetic drugs used in clinical practice like the popular ones such as nabilone, dronabinol, and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol mediates its action through CB1/CB2 receptors. However, these synthetic based Cannabis derived compounds are known to exert adverse psychiatric effect and have also been exploited for drug abuse. This encourages us to find out an alternative and safe drug with the least psychiatric adverse effects. In recent years, many phytocannabinoids have been isolated from plants other than Cannabis. Several studies have shown that these phytocannabinoids show affinity, potency, selectivity, and efficacy towards cannabinoid receptors and inhibit endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes, thus reducing hyperactivity of endocannabinoid systems. Also, these naturally derived molecules possess the least adverse effects opposed to the synthetically derived cannabinoids. Therefore, the plant based cannabinoid molecules proved to be promising and emerging therapeutic alternative. The present review provides an overview of therapeutic potential of ligands and plants modulating cannabinoid receptors that may be of interest to pharmaceutical industry in search of new and safer drug discovery and development for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Mahrastra 425405, India
| | - Satyesh Sinha
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Trautmann SM, Sharkey KA. The Endocannabinoid System and Its Role in Regulating the Intrinsic Neural Circuitry of the Gastrointestinal Tract. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:85-126. [PMID: 26638765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important neuromodulators in the central nervous system. They regulate central transmission through pre- and postsynaptic actions on neurons and indirectly through effects on glial cells. Cannabinoids (CBs) also regulate neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ENS consists of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons arranged in two ganglionated plexuses which control all the functions of the gut. Increasing evidence suggests that endocannabinoids are potent neuromodulators in the ENS. In this review, we will highlight key observations on the localization of CB receptors and molecules involved in the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids in the ENS. We will discuss endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms, endocannabinoid tone and concepts of CB receptor metaplasticity in the ENS. We will also touch on some examples of enteric neural signaling in relation neuromuscular, secretomotor, and enteroendocrine transmission in the ENS. Finally, we will briefly discuss some key future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Trautmann
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Calzada F, Bautista E, Yépez-Mulia L, García-Hernandez N, Ortega A. Antiamoebic and Antigiardial Activity of Clerodane Diterpenes from Mexican Salvia
Species Used for the Treatment of Diarrhea. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1600-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calzada
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología; UMAE Hospital de Especialidades; 2° Piso CORCE, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI México D. F. México
| | - Elihú Bautista
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria México D. F. México
| | - Lilian Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias; UMAE Hospital de Pediatría; 2° Piso, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI México City México
| | - Normand García-Hernandez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana; UMAE Hospital de Pediatría; Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, I México City México
| | - Alfredo Ortega
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria México D. F. México
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Colonic Insult Impairs Lymph Flow, Increases Cellular Content of the Lymph, Alters Local Lymphatic Microenvironment, and Leads to Sustained Inflammation in the Rat Ileum. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1553-63. [PMID: 25939039 PMCID: PMC4466086 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic dysfunction has been linked to inflammation since the 1930s. Lymphatic function in the gut and mesentery is grossly underexplored in models of inflammatory bowel disease despite the use of lymphatic occlusion in early models of inflammatory bowel disease. Activation of the innate and adaptive immune system is a hallmark of TNBS-induced inflammation and is linked to disruption of the intrinsic lymph pump. Recent identification of crosstalk between lymphatic vessel resident immune cells and regulation of lymphatic vessel contractility underscore the importance of the timing of lymphatic dysfunction during tissue inflammation in response to TNBS. METHODS To evaluate lymphatic function in TNBS induced inflammation, lymph was collected and flow measured from mesenteric lymphatics. Cellularity and cytokine profile of the lymph was also measured. Histopathology was performed to determine severity of injury and immunofluorescent staining of the mesentery was done to evaluate changes in the population of immune cells that reside near and on gastro-intestinal collecting lymphatics. RESULTS Lymph transport fell 24 hours after TNBS administration and began recovering at 72 hours. Significant reduction of lymph flow preceded significant increase in histopathological score and occurred simultaneously with increased myeloperoxidase activity. These changes were preceded by increased MHCII cells surrounding mesenteric lymphatics leading to an altered lymphatic environment that would favor dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in environmental factors that effect lymphatic function occur before the development of gross GI inflammation. Reduced lymphatic function in TNBS-mediated inflammation is likely an early factor in the development of injury and that recovery of function is associated with resolution of inflammation.
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Capasso R, Orlando P, Pagano E, Aveta T, Buono L, Borrelli F, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA. Palmitoylethanolamide normalizes intestinal motility in a model of post-inflammatory accelerated transit: involvement of CB₁ receptors and TRPV1 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:4026-37. [PMID: 24818658 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a naturally occurring acylethanolamide chemically related to the endocannabinoid anandamide, interacts with targets that have been identified in peripheral nerves controlling gastrointestinal motility, such as cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, TRPV1 channels and PPARα. Here, we investigated the effect of PEA in a mouse model of functional accelerated transit which persists after the resolution of colonic inflammation (post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intestinal inflammation was induced by intracolonic administration of oil of mustard (OM). Mice were tested for motility and biochemical and molecular biology changes 4 weeks later. PEA, oleoylethanolamide and endocannabinoid levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and receptor and enzyme mRNA expression by qRT-PCR. KEY RESULTS OM induced transient colitis and a functional post-inflammatory increase in upper gastrointestinal transit, associated with increased intestinal anandamide (but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, PEA or oleoylethanolamide) levels and down-regulation of mRNA for TRPV1 channels. Exogenous PEA inhibited the OM-induced increase in transit and tended to increase anandamide levels. Palmitic acid had a weaker effect on transit. Inhibition of transit by PEA was blocked by rimonabant (CB1 receptor antagonist), further increased by 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (TRPV1 antagonist) and not significantly modified by the PPARα antagonist GW6471. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Intestinal endocannabinoids and TRPV1 channel were dysregulated in a functional model of accelerated transit exhibiting aspects of post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome. PEA counteracted the accelerated transit, the effect being mediated by CB1 receptors (possibly via increased anandamide levels) and modulated by TRPV1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Salvinorin A content in legal high products of Salvia divinorum sold in Mexico. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 249:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Low dosage of rimonabant leads to anxiolytic-like behavior via inhibiting expression levels and G-protein activity of kappa opioid receptors in a cannabinoid receptor independent manner. Neuropharmacology 2015; 89:298-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Novel orally available salvinorin A analog PR-38 protects against experimental colitis and reduces abdominal pain in mice by interaction with opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:618-26. [PMID: 25265540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvinorin A (SA) is a potent anti-inflammatory diterpene isolated from the Mexican plant S. divinorum. Recently we showed that the novel SA analog, PR-38 has an inhibitory effect on mouse gastrointestinal (GI) motility mediated by opioid and cannabinoid (CB) receptors. The aim of the study was to characterize possible anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive action of PR-38 in the mouse GI tract. METHODS Macro- and microscopic colonic damage scores and myeloperoxidase activity were determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.), intracolonic (i.c.), and per os (p.o.) administration of PR-38 in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) models of colitis in mice. Additionally, MOP, KOP and CB1 protein expression was determined using Western blot analysis of mouse colon samples. The antinociceptive effect of PR-38 was examined based on the number of behavioral responses to i.c. instillation of mustard oil (MO). RESULTS The i.p. (10 mg/kg, twice daily), i.c. (10 mg/kg, twice daily) and p.o. (20 mg/kg, once daily) administration of PR-38 significantly attenuated TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis in mice. The effect of PR-38 was partially blocked by the KOP antagonist nor-binaltorphimine and CB1 antagonist AM 251. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase of MOP, KOP and CB1 receptor expression during colonic inflammation, which was reversed to the control levels by the administration of PR-38. PR-38 significantly decreased the number of pain responses after i.c. instillation of MO in the TNBS-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PR-38 has the potential to become a valuable anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapeutic for the treatment of GI inflammation.
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Sałaga M, Polepally PR, Sobczak M, Grzywacz D, Kamysz W, Sibaev A, Storr M, Do Rego JC, Zjawiony JK, Fichna J. Novel orally available salvinorin A analog PR-38 inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces abdominal pain in mouse models mimicking irritable bowel syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:69-78. [PMID: 24891526 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid and cannabinoid systems play a crucial role in multiple physiological processes in the central nervous system and in the periphery. Selective opioid as well as cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists exert a potent inhibitory action on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and pain. In this study, we examined (in vitro and in vivo) whether PR-38 (2-O-cinnamoylsalvinorin B), a novel analog of salvinorin A, can interact with both systems and demonstrate therapeutic effects. We used mouse models of hypermotility, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. We also assessed the influence of PR-38 on the central nervous system by measurement of motoric parameters and exploratory behaviors in mice. Subsequently, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of PR-38 in mouse blood samples after intraperitoneal and oral administration. PR-38 significantly inhibited mouse colonic motility in vitro and in vivo. Administration of PR-38 significantly prolonged the whole GI transit time, and this effect was mediated by µ- and κ-opioid receptors and the CB1 receptor. PR-38 reversed hypermotility and reduced pain in mouse models mimicking functional GI disorders. These data expand our understanding of the interactions between opioid and cannabinoid systems and their functions in the GI tract. We also provide a novel framework for the development of future potential treatments of functional GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - P R Polepally
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - M Sobczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - D Grzywacz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - W Kamysz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - A Sibaev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - M Storr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - J C Do Rego
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - J K Zjawiony
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - J Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
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McPartland JM, Guy GW, Di Marzo V. Care and feeding of the endocannabinoid system: a systematic review of potential clinical interventions that upregulate the endocannabinoid system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89566. [PMID: 24622769 PMCID: PMC3951193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The “classic” endocannabinoid (eCB) system includes the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, the eCB ligands anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and their metabolic enzymes. An emerging literature documents the “eCB deficiency syndrome” as an etiology in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, psychological disorders, and other conditions. We performed a systematic review of clinical interventions that enhance the eCB system—ways to upregulate cannabinoid receptors, increase ligand synthesis, or inhibit ligand degradation. Methodology/Principal Findings We searched PubMed for clinical trials, observational studies, and preclinical research. Data synthesis was qualitative. Exclusion criteria limited the results to 184 in vitro studies, 102 in vivo animal studies, and 36 human studies. Evidence indicates that several classes of pharmaceuticals upregulate the eCB system, including analgesics (acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, glucocorticoids), antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants. Clinical interventions characterized as “complementary and alternative medicine” also upregulate the eCB system: massage and manipulation, acupuncture, dietary supplements, and herbal medicines. Lifestyle modification (diet, weight control, exercise, and the use of psychoactive substances—alcohol, tobacco, coffee, cannabis) also modulate the eCB system. Conclusions/Significance Few clinical trials have assessed interventions that upregulate the eCB system. Many preclinical studies point to other potential approaches; human trials are needed to explore these promising interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. McPartland
- GW Pharmaceuticals, Porton Down Science Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Geoffrey W. Guy
- GW Pharmaceuticals, Porton Down Science Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomoleculare, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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Casselman I, Nock CJ, Wohlmuth H, Weatherby RP, Heinrich M. From local to global-fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:768-783. [PMID: 24315983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to collect a flowering specimen of Salvia divinorum allowing the identification of this species. While the species' traditional use is confined to a very small region of Mexico, since Hofmann and Wasson's expedition 50 years ago, Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized for its main active constituent, the diterpene salvinorin A, which has a unique effect on human physiology. Salvinorin A is a kappa-opioid agonist and the first reported psychoactive diterpene. METHODS This review concentrates on the investigation of Salvia divinorum over the last 50 years including ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, taxonomy, systematics, genetics, chemistry and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic research. For the purpose of this review, online search engines were used to find relevant research. Searches were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 using the search term "Salvia divinorum". Papers were excluded if they described synthetic chemical synthesis of salvinorin A or analogues. RESULTS Ethnobotanically there is a comprehensive body of research describing the traditional Mazatec use of the plant, however, the modern ethnobotanical use of this plant is not well documented. There are a limited number of botanical investigations into this plant and there are still several aspects of the botany of Salvia divinorum which need further investigation. One study has investigated the phylogenetic relationship of Salvia divinorum to other species in the genus. To date the main focus of chemistry research on Salvia divinorum has been salvinorin A, the main active compound in Salvia divinorum, and other related diterpenoids. Finally, the effects of salvinorin A, a KOR agonist, have primarily been investigated using animal models. CONCLUSIONS As Salvia divinorum use increases worldwide, the emerging cultural use patterns will warrant more research. More botanical information is also needed to better understand this species, including germination, pollination vector and a better understanding of the endemic environment of Salvia divinorum. As well there is a gap in the genetic knowledge of this species and very little is known about its intra-species genetics. The terpenes in Salvia divinorum are very well documented, however, other classes of constituents in this species warrant further investigation and identification. To date, the majority of the pharmacology research on Salvia divinorum has focused on the effects of salvinorin A using animal models. Published human studies have not reported any harmful effects when salvinorin A is administered within the dose range of 0.375-21µg/kg but what are the implications when applied to a larger population? More data on the toxicology and safety of Salvia divinorum are needed before larger scale clinical trials of the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A are undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Casselman
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia.
| | - Catherine J Nock
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Hans Wohlmuth
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Robert P Weatherby
- Division of Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Sq. London WC1N 1AX, UK; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Sobczak M, Sałaga M, Storr MA, Fichna J. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of opioid receptors and their ligands in the gastrointestinal tract: current concepts and future perspectives. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:24-45. [PMID: 23397116 PMCID: PMC3895212 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are widely distributed in the human body and are crucially involved in numerous physiological processes. These include pain signaling in the central and the peripheral nervous system, reproduction, growth, respiration, and immunological response. Opioid receptors additionally play a major role in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review discusses the physiology and pharmacology of the opioid system in the GI tract. We additionally focus on GI disorders and malfunctions, where pathophysiology involves the endogenous opioid system, such as opioid-induced bowel dysfunction, opioid-induced constipation or abdominal pain. Based on recent reports in the field of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry, we will also discuss the opportunities of targeting the opioid system, suggesting future treatment options for functional disorders and inflammatory states of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sobczak
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Martin A. Storr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Paudel MK, Shirota O, Sasaki-Tabata K, Tanaka H, Sekita S, Morimoto S. Development of an enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody against the psychoactive diterpenoid salvinorin A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1654-1660. [PMID: 23987562 DOI: 10.1021/np400358n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1), the main active constituent in Salvia divinorum, is a highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist with hallucinogenic effects, which is regulated in several countries. In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against 1 was prepared, and an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) system was developed for the detection of salvinorins. To raise mAbs against 1, salvinorin B (2) hemisuccinate was synthesized and used to prepare the immunogen 2-bovine serum albumin conjugate. This technique was used to prepare a hybridoma cell line, 3D5, which secreted a mAb that recognized 1. The mAb was shown to have specificity for 1 and other salvinorins in cross-reactivity tests. The intra-assay calibration range by icELISA using the mAb against 1 was 0.0195-0.625 μg/mL. After validating the icELISA using intra- and interassays, a recovery experiment and analysis of several plants in the family Lamiaceae, including S. divinorum, confirmed that the analytical method based on ELISA is not only simple but also precise, accurate, sensitive, and sufficiently reliable. The results indicate that icELISA is a useful tool in the identification of S. divinorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Kumar Paudel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Feng Y, Li Y, Chen C, Lin X, Yang Y, Cai H, Lv Z, Cao M, Li K, Xu J, Li S, Jia Y. Inhibiting roles of berberine in gut movement of rodents are related to activation of the endogenous opioid system. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1564-71. [PMID: 23339028 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although Berberine (BER) is popular in treating gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, its mechanisms are not clear yet. In order to investigate the effects and possible mechanism of BER on GI motility in rodents, we first explored GI motility by recording the myoelectrical activity of jejunum and colon in rats, and upper GI transit with a charcoal marker in mice. Then, the plasma levels of gastrin, motilin, somatostatin and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (Glp-1) were measured by ELISA or radioimmunoassay (RIA). Furthermore, endogenous opioid-peptides (β-endorphin, dynorphin-A, met-enkephalin) were detected by RIA after treatment with BER. Our results showed that BER concentration-dependently inhibited myoelectrical activity and GI transit, which can be antagonized by opioid-receptor antagonists to different extents. The elevated somatostatin and Glp-1, and decreased gastrin and motilin in plasma, which were caused by BER application, also could be antagonized by the opioid-receptor antagonists. Additionally, plasma level of β-endorphin, but not dynorphin-A and met-enkephalin, was increased by applying BER. Taken together, these studies show that BER plays inhibiting roles on GI motility and up-regulating roles on somatostatin, Glp-1 and down-regulating roles on gastrin, motilin. The pharmacological mechanisms of BER on GI motility and plasma levels of GI hormones were discovered to be closely related to endogenous opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Izzo AA, Capasso R, Aviello G, Borrelli F, Romano B, Piscitelli F, Gallo L, Capasso F, Orlando P, Di Marzo V. Inhibitory effect of cannabichromene, a major non-psychotropic cannabinoid extracted from Cannabis sativa, on inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1444-60. [PMID: 22300105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabichromene (CBC) is a major non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid that inhibits endocannabinoid inactivation and activates the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1). Both endocannabinoids and TRPA1 may modulate gastrointestinal motility. Here, we investigated the effect of CBC on mouse intestinal motility in physiological and pathological states. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Inflammation was induced in the mouse small intestine by croton oil. Endocannabinoid (anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol), palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; TRPA1 and cannabinoid receptors were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR; upper gastrointestinal transit, colonic propulsion and whole gut transit were evaluated in vivo; contractility was evaluated in vitro by stimulating the isolated ileum, in an organ bath, with ACh or electrical field stimulation (EFS). KEY RESULTS Croton oil administration was associated with decreased levels of anandamide (but not 2-arachidonoyl glycerol) and palmitoylethanolamide, up-regulation of TRPA1 and CB₁ receptors and down-regulation of CB₂ receptors. Ex vivo CBC did not change endocannabinoid levels, but it altered the mRNA expression of TRPA1 and cannabinoid receptors. In vivo, CBC did not affect motility in control mice, but normalized croton oil-induced hypermotility. In vitro, CBC reduced preferentially EFS- versus ACh-induced contractions. Both in vitro and in vivo, the inhibitory effect of CBC was not modified by cannabinoid or TRPA1 receptor antagonists. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS CBC selectively reduces inflammation-induced hypermotility in vivo in a manner that is not dependent on cannabinoid receptors or TRPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Schicho R, Storr M. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for gastrointestinal diseases: future therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:193-207. [PMID: 22111567 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids extracted from the marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa) and synthetic cannabinoids have numerous effects on gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Recent experimental data support an important role for cannabinoids in GI diseases. Genetic studies in humans have proven that defects in endocannabinoid metabolism underlie functional GI disorders. Mammalian cells have machinery, the so-called endocannabinoid system (ECS), to produce and metabolize their own cannabinoids in order to control homeostasis of the gut in a rapidly adapting manner. Pharmacological manipulation of the ECS by cannabinoids, or by drugs that raise the levels of endogenous cannabinoids, have shown beneficial effects on GI pathophysiology. This review gives an introduction into the functions of the ECS in the GI tract, highlights the role of the ECS in GI diseases and addresses its potential pharmacological exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 6D25, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
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Guida F, Luongo L, Aviello G, Palazzo E, De Chiaro M, Gatta L, Boccella S, Marabese I, Zjawiony JK, Capasso R, Izzo AA, de Novellis V, Maione S. Salvinorin A reduces mechanical allodynia and spinal neuronal hyperexcitability induced by peripheral formalin injection. Mol Pain 2012; 8:60. [PMID: 22913292 PMCID: PMC3522567 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salvinorin A (SA), the main active component of Salvia Divinorum, is a non-nitrogenous kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. It has been shown to reduce acute pain and to exert potent antinflammatory effects. This study assesses the effects and the mode of action of SA on formalin-induced persistent pain in mice. Specifically, the SA effects on long-term behavioural dysfuctions and changes in neuronal activity occurring at spinal level, after single peripheral formalin injection, have been investigated. Moreover, the involvement of microglial and glial cells in formalin-induced chronic pain condition and in SA-mediated effects has been evaluated. Results Formalin induced a significant decrease of mechanical withdrawal threshold at the injected and contralateral paw as well as an increase in the duration and frequency, and a rapid decrease in the onset of evoked activity of the nociceptive neurons 7 days after formalin injection. SA daily treatment significantly reduced mechanical allodynia in KOR and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) sensitive manner. SA treatment also normalized the spinal evoked activity. SA significantly reduced the formalin-mediated microglia and astrocytes activation and modulated pro and anti-inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord. Conclusion SA is effective in reducing formalin-induced mechanical allodynia and spinal neuronal hyperactivity. Our findings suggest that SA reduces glial activation and contributes in the establishment of dysfunctions associated with chronic pain with mechanisms involving KOR and CB1R. SA may provide a new lead compound for developing anti-allodynic agents via KOR and CB1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Capasso R, Aviello G, Romano B, Borrelli F, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA. Modulation of mouse gastrointestinal motility by allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae): evidence for TRPA1-independent effects. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1966-1977. [PMID: 21955242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC, mustard oil), a constituent of many common cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae), activates transient receptor potential of ankyrin type-1 (TRPA1) channels, claimed to regulate gastrointestinal contractility. In this study, we have investigated the effect of AITC on intestinal motility. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of AITC were investigated in vivo on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice and in mouse isolated ileum [contractions induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS), acetylcholine and spontaneous contractility]. The contractor activity of AITC was studied in mouse isolated colon. The ability of TRPA1 channel antagonists to block AITC-induced elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) [Ca(2+)](i) was assessed in HEK293 cells transfected with rat TRPA1 channels. KEY RESULTS AITC increased [Ca(2+)](i) in HEK293 cells, reduced ileal contractility (acetylcholine-, EFS-induced contractions and spontaneous contractility), but contracted the isolated colon. Gentamicin and camphor (non-selective TRPA1 channel antagonists), HC-030031 and AP18 (selective TRPA1 channel agonists) inhibited AITC-induced effects in HEK293 cells but not in the ileum or colon. AITC-induced contractions were reduced by tetrodotoxin and strongly reduced by nifedipine, cyclopiazonic acid and ryanodine. In vivo, AITC reduced (following i.p. administration) or increased (following intragastric administration) upper gastrointestinal transit in mice These effects were not affected by HC-030031. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS AITC, depending, in vitro, on the regions of gut examined and, in vivo, on the route of administration, exerted both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on intestinal motility, which were not sensitive to TRPA1 channel antagonists. The proposition that TRPA1 channels are the primary targets for AITC to induce contraction should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Endocannabinoid Research Group, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyInstitute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Gabriella Aviello
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Endocannabinoid Research Group, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyInstitute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Barbara Romano
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Endocannabinoid Research Group, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyInstitute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Endocannabinoid Research Group, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyInstitute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Endocannabinoid Research Group, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyInstitute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Endocannabinoid Research Group, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyInstitute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Endocannabinoid Research Group, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyInstitute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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Ross GR, Lichtman A, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. Evidence for the putative cannabinoid receptor (GPR55)-mediated inhibitory effects on intestinal contractility in mice. Pharmacology 2012; 90:55-65. [PMID: 22759743 DOI: 10.1159/000339076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids inhibit intestinal motility via presynaptic cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1) in enteric neurons while cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2) receptors are located mainly in immune cells. The recently de-orphanized G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR55, has been proposed to be the 'third' cannabinoid receptor. Although gene expression of GPR55 is evident in the gut, functional evidence for GPR55 in the gut is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that GPR55 activation inhibits neurogenic contractions in the gut. METHODS We assessed the inhibitory effect of the atypical cannabinoid O-1602, a GPR55 agonist, in mouse colon. Isometric tension recordings in colonic tissue strips were used from either wild-type, GPR55(-/-) or CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) knockout mice. RESULTS O-1602 inhibited the electrical field- induced contractions in the colon strips from wild-type and CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting a non-CB1/CB2 receptor-mediated prejunctional effect. The concentration-dependent response of O-1602 was significantly inhibited in GPR55(-/-) mice. O-1602 did not relax colonic strips precontracted with high K(+) (80 mmol/l), indicating no involvement of Ca(2+) channel blockade in O-1602-induced relaxation. However, 10 µmol/l O-1602 partially inhibited the exogenous acetylcholine (10 µmol/l)-induced contractions. Moreover, we also assessed the inhibitory effects of JWH015, a CB2/GPR55 agonist on neurogenic contractions of mouse ileum. Surprisingly, the effects of JWH015 were independent of the known cannabinoid receptors. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of GPR55 leads to inhibition of neurogenic contractions in the gut and are predominantly prejunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracious R Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
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Fichna J, Dicay M, Lewellyn K, Janecka A, Zjawiony JK, MacNaughton WK, Storr MA. Salvinorin A has antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects in experimental models of colitis in mice mediated by KOR and CB1 receptors. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1137-45. [PMID: 21953882 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvinorin A (SA) has a potent inhibitory action on mouse gastrointestinal (GI) motility and ion transport, mediated primarily by kappa-opioid receptors (KOR). The aim of the present study was to characterize possible antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of SA in the GI tract of mice. METHODS Colonic damage scores and myeloperoxidase activity were determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.), intracolonic (i.c.), and oral (p.o.) administration of SA using the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) models of colitis in mice. Additionally, KOR, cannabinoid (CB)1, and CB2 western blot analysis of colon samples was performed. The antinociceptive effect of SA was examined based on the number of behavioral responses to i.c. instillation of mustard oil (MO). RESULTS The i.p. (3 mg/kg, twice daily) and p.o. (10 mg/kg, twice daily) administration of SA significantly attenuated TNBS and DSS colitis in mice. The effect of SA was blocked by KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Western blot analysis showed no influence of SA on KOR, CB1, or CB2 levels. SA (3 mg/kg, i.p. and 10 mg/kg, i.c.) significantly decreased the number of pain responses after i.c. instillation of MO in the vehicle- and TNBS-treated mice. The antinociceptive action of SA was blocked by KOR and CB1 antagonists. The analgesic effect of i.c. SA was more potent in TNBS-treated mice compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the drugs based on the structure of SA have the potential to become valuable antiinflammatory or analgesic therapeutics for the treatment of GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fichna
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (III), University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Intramural Research Program/National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Borrelli F, Capasso R, Severino B, Fiorino F, Aviello G, De Rosa G, Mazzella M, Romano B, Capasso F, Fasolino I, Izzo AA. Inhibitory effects of bromelain, a cysteine protease derived from pineapple stem (Ananas comosus), on intestinal motility in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:745-e331. [PMID: 21689210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bromelain (BR) is a cysteine protease with inhibitory effects on intestinal secretion and inflammation. However, its effects on intestinal motility are largely unexplored. Thus, we investigated the effect of this plant-derived compound on intestinal contractility and transit in mice. METHODS Contractility in vitro was evaluated by stimulating the mouse isolated ileum, in an organ bath, with acetylcholine, barium chloride, or electrical field stimulation. Motility in vivo was measured by evaluating the distribution of an orally administered fluorescent marker along the small intestine. Transit was also evaluated in pathophysiologic states induced by the pro-inflammatory compound croton oil or by the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin. KEY RESULTS Bromelain inhibited the contractions induced by different spasmogenic compounds in the mouse ileum with similar potency. The antispasmodic effect was reduced or counteracted by the proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, gabexate (15 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) ), protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) antagonist, N(1) -3-methylbutyryl-N(4) -6-aminohexanoyl-piperazine (10(-4) mol L(-1) ), phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, neomycin (3 × 10(-3) mol L(-1) ), and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, rolipram (10(-6) mol L(-1) ). In vivo, BR preferentially inhibited motility in pathophysiologic states in a PAR-2-antagonist-sensitive manner. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data suggest that BR inhibits intestinal motility - preferentially in pathophysiologic conditions - with a mechanism possibly involving membrane PAR-2 and PLC and PDE4 as intracellular signals. Bromelain could be a lead compound for the development of new drugs, able to normalize the intestinal motility in inflammation and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Borrelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
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Bonito MC, Cicala C, Marcotullio MC, Maione F, Mascolo N. Biological Activity of Bicyclic and Tricyclic Diterpenoids from Salvia Species of Immediate Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Interest. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diterpenoids are a class of compounds that derive from the condensation of four isoprene units that leads to a wide variety of complex chemical structures, including acyclic bi-, tri-and tetra-cyclic compounds; in Salvia species, only bi-, tri-and tetra-cyclic compounds have been found. This review covers a wide range of biological activities and mode of action of diterpenoids isolated from Salvia species that might raise some pharmacological and pharmaceutical interest. We have produced a synoptic table where the biological activities of the main active principles are summarized. Our analysis emphasizes that diterpenoids from Salvia species continue to be a plant defence system since their antimicrobic activity. Experimental studies show that most of diterpenoids considered have cytotoxic and / or antiproliferative activity. Some of them have also cardiovascular and central effects. In a less extended manner, diterpenoids from Salvia species show gastrointestinal, urinary, antinflammatory, antidiabetic, ipolipidemic and antiaggregating effects. In the last decade, several clinical trials have been developed in order to investigate the real value of Salvia extracts treatment; results obtained are promising and confer scientific basis in the use of medicinal plants from folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Bonito
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Marcotullio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Maione
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Mascolo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Fichna J, Dicay M, Hirota SA, Traboulsi D, Macdonald JA, Janecka A, Beck PL, Zjawiony JK, Macnaughton WK, Storr MA. Differential effects of salvinorin A on endotoxin-induced hypermotility and neurogenic ion transport in mouse ileum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:583-e212. [PMID: 21414104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvinorin A (SA) is the principal active ingredient of Salvia divinorum, with an established inhibitory action on gastrointestinal (GI) transit and colonic ion transport in mice. Under normal conditions, the effects of SA are mediated by kappa opioid (KOR) and cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors. However, the role of SA in pathophysiological conditions remains unresolved. The aim of this study was to characterize the in vitro and in vivo effects of SA on mouse ileum after endotoxin challenge. METHODS Changes in GI motility were studied in vitro, using smooth muscle preparations from the mouse ileum. In vivo, the fecal pellet output and small intestinal fluid content were measured. Neurogenic ion transport and intestinal permeability were examined using Ussing chambers. In addition, Western blot analysis of mucosa was performed and plasma nitrite/nitrate levels were determined. KEY RESULTS Salvinorin A inhibited endotoxin-induced ileal hypercontractility via KOR, CB1, and CB2 receptors. Neurogenic ion transport, which was significantly reduced after endotoxin challenge, was normalized by SA through a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent mechanism. Western blot analysis and plasma nitrite/nitrate level quantitation confirmed the involvement of NOS in the regulatory action of SA. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This is the first report showing differential effects of SA on motor and secretory activity in mouse GI during endotoxemia. The outcomes of our study imply possible novel applications of SA and its analogs in the treatment of GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fichna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (III), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Stemming from the centuries-old and well known effects of Cannabis on intestinal motility and secretion, research on the role of the endocannabinoid system in gut function and dysfunction has received ever increasing attention since the discovery of the cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids. In this article, some of the most recent developments in this field are discussed, with particular emphasis on new data, most of which are published in Neurogastroenterology & Motility, on the potential tonic endocannabinoid control of intestinal motility, the function of cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors in gastric function, visceral pain, inflammation and sepsis, the emerging role of cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors in the gut, and the pharmacology of endocannabinoid-related molecules and plant cannabinoids not necessarily acting via cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. These novel data highlight the multi-faceted aspects of endocannabinoid function in the GI tract, support the feasibility of the future therapeutic exploitation of this signaling system for the treatment of GI disorders, and leave space for some intriguing new hypotheses on the role of endocannabinoids in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.
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Ultrapotent effects of salvinorin A, a hallucinogenic compound from Salvia divinorum, on LPS-stimulated murine macrophages and its anti-inflammatory action in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:891-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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