1
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Petronilho EC, de Andrade GC, de Sousa GDS, Almeida FP, Mota MF, Gomes AVDS, Pinheiro CHS, da Silva MC, Arruda HRS, Marques MA, Vieira TCRG, de Oliveira GAP, Silva JL. Oncogenic p53 triggers amyloid aggregation of p63 and p73 liquid droplets. Commun Chem 2024; 7:207. [PMID: 39284933 PMCID: PMC11405828 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
P53 Phase separation is crucial towards amyloid aggregation and p63 and p73 have enhanced expression in tumors. This study examines the phase behaviors of p53, p63, and p73. Here we show that unlike the DNA-binding domain of p53 (p53C), the p63C and p73C undergo phase separation, but do not form amyloids under physiological temperatures. Wild-type and mutant p53C form droplets at 4°C and aggregates at 37 °C with amyloid properties. Mutant p53C promotes amyloid-like states in p63C and p73C, recruiting them into membraneless organelles. Amyloid conversion is supported by thioflavin T and Congo red binding, increased light scattering, and circular dichroism. Full-length mutant p53 and p63C (or p73C) co-transfection shows reduced fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Heparin inhibits the prion-like aggregation of p63C and p73C induced by p53C. These findings highlight the role of p53 in initiating amyloid aggregation in p63 and p73, opening avenues for targeting prion-like conversion in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Petronilho
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C de Andrade
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gileno Dos S de Sousa
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Almeida
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle F Mota
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Vitória Dos S Gomes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique S Pinheiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mylena C da Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hiam R S Arruda
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mayra A Marques
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Tuane C R G Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme A P de Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jerson L Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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2
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Li Y, Giovannini S, Wang T, Fang J, Li P, Shao C, Wang Y, Shi Y, Candi E, Melino G, Bernassola F. p63: a crucial player in epithelial stemness regulation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3371-3384. [PMID: 37848625 PMCID: PMC10638092 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue homeostasis is closely associated with the self-renewal and differentiation behaviors of epithelial stem cells (ESCs). p63, a well-known marker of ESCs, is an indispensable factor for their biological activities during epithelial development. The diversity of p63 isoforms expressed in distinct tissues allows this transcription factor to have a wide array of effects. p63 coordinates the transcription of genes involved in cell survival, stem cell self-renewal, migration, differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Through the regulation of these biological processes, p63 contributes to, not only normal epithelial development, but also epithelium-derived cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of p63 in epithelial stemness regulation, including self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. We describe the differential expression of TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and their distinct functional activities in normal epithelial tissues and in epithelium-derived tumors. Furthermore, we summarize the signaling cascades modulating the TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms as well as their downstream pathways in stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Silva JL, Foguel D, Ferreira VF, Vieira TCRG, Marques MA, Ferretti GDS, Outeiro TF, Cordeiro Y, de Oliveira GAP. Targeting Biomolecular Condensation and Protein Aggregation against Cancer. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37379327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates, membrane-less entities arising from liquid-liquid phase separation, hold dichotomous roles in health and disease. Alongside their physiological functions, these condensates can transition to a solid phase, producing amyloid-like structures implicated in degenerative diseases and cancer. This review thoroughly examines the dual nature of biomolecular condensates, spotlighting their role in cancer, particularly concerning the p53 tumor suppressor. Given that over half of the malignant tumors possess mutations in the TP53 gene, this topic carries profound implications for future cancer treatment strategies. Notably, p53 not only misfolds but also forms biomolecular condensates and aggregates analogous to other protein-based amyloids, thus significantly influencing cancer progression through loss-of-function, negative dominance, and gain-of-function pathways. The exact molecular mechanisms underpinning the gain-of-function in mutant p53 remain elusive. However, cofactors like nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans are known to be critical players in this intersection between diseases. Importantly, we reveal that molecules capable of inhibiting mutant p53 aggregation can curtail tumor proliferation and migration. Hence, targeting phase transitions to solid-like amorphous and amyloid-like states of mutant p53 offers a promising direction for innovative cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerson L Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Debora Foguel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tuane C R G Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mayra A Marques
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Giulia D S Ferretti
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Scientific employee with an honorary contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A P de Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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4
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Zanotti LC, Malizia F, Cesatti Laluce N, Avila A, Mamberto M, Anselmino LE, Menacho-Márquez M. Synuclein Proteins in Cancer Development and Progression. Biomolecules 2023; 13:980. [PMID: 37371560 PMCID: PMC10296229 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleins are a family of small, soluble proteins mainly expressed in neural tissue and in certain tumors. Since their discovery, tens of thousands of scientific reports have been published about this family of proteins as they are associated with severe human diseases. Although the physiological function of these proteins is still elusive, their relationship with neurodegeneration and cancer has been clearly described over the years. In this review, we summarize data connecting synucleins and cancer, going from the structural description of these molecules to their involvement in tumor-related processes, and discuss the putative use of these proteins as cancer molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía C. Zanotti
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental, CONICET, Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Suipacha 660, Rosario 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario, Red de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario (RICaR), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Florencia Malizia
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental, CONICET, Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Suipacha 660, Rosario 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario, Red de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario (RICaR), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nahuel Cesatti Laluce
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental, CONICET, Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Suipacha 660, Rosario 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario, Red de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario (RICaR), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Aylén Avila
- Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Suipacha 660, Rosario 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario, Red de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario (RICaR), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Macarena Mamberto
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental, CONICET, Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Suipacha 660, Rosario 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario, Red de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario (RICaR), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luciano E. Anselmino
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental, CONICET, Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Suipacha 660, Rosario 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario, Red de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario (RICaR), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mauricio Menacho-Márquez
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental, CONICET, Rosario 3100, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNR), Suipacha 660, Rosario 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario, Red de Investigación del Cáncer de Rosario (RICaR), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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5
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Osterburg C, Ferniani M, Antonini D, Frombach AS, D'Auria L, Osterburg S, Lotz R, Löhr F, Kehrloesser S, Zhou H, Missero C, Dötsch V. Disease-related p63 DBD mutations impair DNA binding by distinct mechanisms and varying degree. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:274. [PMID: 37072394 PMCID: PMC10113246 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 shares a high sequence identity with the tumour suppressor p53 which manifests itself in high structural similarity and preference for DNA sequences. Mutations in the DNA binding domain (DBD) of p53 have been studied in great detail, enabling a general mechanism-based classification. In this study we provide a detailed investigation of all currently known mutations in the p63 DBD, which are associated with developmental syndromes, by measuring their impact on transcriptional activity, DNA binding affinity, zinc binding capacity and thermodynamic stability. Some of the mutations we have further characterized with respect to their ability to convert human dermal fibroblasts into induced keratinocytes. Here we propose a classification of the p63 DBD mutations based on the four different mechanisms of DNA binding impairment which we identified: direct DNA contact, zinc finger region, H2 region, and dimer interface mutations. The data also demonstrate that, in contrast to p53 cancer mutations, no p63 mutation induces global unfolding and subsequent aggregation of the domain. The dimer interface mutations that affect the DNA binding affinity by disturbing the interaction between the individual DBDs retain partial DNA binding capacity which correlates with a milder patient phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Ferniani
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Antonini
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Ann-Sophie Frombach
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ludovica D'Auria
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Susanne Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca Lotz
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Departments of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Departments of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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6
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Xu Y, Yang X, Xiong Q, Han J, Zhu Q. The dual role of p63 in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1116061. [PMID: 37182132 PMCID: PMC10174455 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family is made up of three transcription factors: p53, p63, and p73. These proteins are well-known regulators of cell function and play a crucial role in controlling various processes related to cancer progression, including cell division, proliferation, genomic stability, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. In response to extra- or intracellular stress or oncogenic stimulation, all members of the p53 family are mutated in structure or altered in expression levels to affect the signaling network, coordinating many other pivotal cellular processes. P63 exists as two main isoforms (TAp63 and ΔNp63) that have been contrastingly discovered; the TA and ΔN isoforms exhibit distinguished properties by promoting or inhibiting cancer progression. As such, p63 isoforms comprise a fully mysterious and challenging regulatory pathway. Recent studies have revealed the intricate role of p63 in regulating the DNA damage response (DDR) and its impact on diverse cellular processes. In this review, we will highlight the significance of how p63 isoforms respond to DNA damage and cancer stem cells, as well as the dual role of TAp63 and ΔNp63 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Xu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qunli Xiong
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Zhu, ; Junhong Han,
| | - Qing Zhu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Zhu, ; Junhong Han,
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7
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Paz MM, Ferretti GDS, Martins-Dinis MMC, Ferreira BIS, Faier-Pereira A, Barnoud T, Moreira OC, Silva JL, Cordeiro Y, Rangel LP. PRIMA-1 inhibits Y220C p53 amyloid aggregation and synergizes with cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1165132. [PMID: 37101558 PMCID: PMC10123287 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1165132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although many therapeutic options are available, several factors, including the presence of p53 mutations, impact tumor development and therapeutic resistance. TP53 is the second most frequently mutated gene in HCC, comprising more than 30% of cases. Mutations in p53 result in the formation of amyloid aggregates that promote tumor progression. The use of PRIMA-1, a small molecule capable of restoring p53, is a therapeutic strategy to pharmacologically target the amyloid state mutant p53. In this study, we characterize an HCC mutant p53 model for the study of p53 amyloid aggregation in HCC cell lines, from in silico analysis of p53 mutants to a 3D-cell culture model and demonstrate the unprecedented inhibition of Y220C mutant p53 aggregation by PRIMA-1. In addition, our data show beneficial effects of PRIMA-1 in several "gain of function" properties of mutant-p53 cancer cells, including migration, adhesion, proliferation, and drug resistance. We also demonstrate that the combination of PRIMA-1 and cisplatin is a promising approach for HCC therapy. Taken together, our data support the premise that targeting the amyloid-state of mutant p53 may be an attractive therapeutic approach for HCC, and highlight PRIMA-1 as a new candidate for combination therapy with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Paz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giulia D. S. Ferretti
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mafalda M. C. Martins-Dinis
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz I. S. Ferreira
- Real Time PCR Platform RPT09A, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Faier-Pereira
- Real Time PCR Platform RPT09A, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Real Time PCR Platform RPT09A, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson L. Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana P. Rangel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luciana P. Rangel,
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8
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Konstantoulea K, Guerreiro P, Ramakers M, Louros N, Aubrey LD, Houben B, Michiels E, De Vleeschouwer M, Lampi Y, Ribeiro LF, de Wit J, Xue W, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F. Heterotypic Amyloid β interactions facilitate amyloid assembly and modify amyloid structure. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108591. [PMID: 34842295 PMCID: PMC8762568 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still unclear why pathological amyloid deposition initiates in specific brain regions or why some cells or tissues are more susceptible than others. Amyloid deposition is determined by the self-assembly of short protein segments called aggregation-prone regions (APRs) that favour cross-β structure. Here, we investigated whether Aβ amyloid assembly can be modified by heterotypic interactions between Aβ APRs and short homologous segments in otherwise unrelated human proteins. Mining existing proteomics data of Aβ plaques from AD patients revealed an enrichment in proteins that harbour such homologous sequences to the Aβ APRs, suggesting heterotypic amyloid interactions may occur in patients. We identified homologous APRs from such proteins and show that they can modify Aβ assembly kinetics, fibril morphology and deposition pattern in vitro. Moreover, we found three of these proteins upon transient expression in an Aβ reporter cell line promote Aβ amyloid aggregation. Strikingly, we did not find a bias towards heterotypic interactions in plaques from AD mouse models where Aβ self-aggregation is observed. Based on these data, we propose that heterotypic APR interactions may play a hitherto unrealized role in amyloid-deposition diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Konstantoulea
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Patricia Guerreiro
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Meine Ramakers
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Nikolaos Louros
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Bert Houben
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Emiel Michiels
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Matthias De Vleeschouwer
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Yulia Lampi
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of NeurosciencesLeuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Wei‐Feng Xue
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch LaboratoryVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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9
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Ozdemir ES, Gomes MM, Fischer JM. Computational Modeling of TP63-TP53 Interaction and Rational Design of Inhibitors: Implications for Therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1846-1856. [PMID: 36190964 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor protein p63 (TP63) is a member of the TP53 protein family that are important for development and in tumor suppression. Unlike TP53, TP63 is rarely mutated in cancer, but instead different TP63 isoforms regulate its activity. TA isoforms (TAp63) act as tumor suppressors, whereas ΔN isoforms are strong drivers of squamous or squamous-like cancers. Many of these tumors become addicted to ΔN isoforms and removal of ΔN isoforms result in cancer cell death. Furthermore, some TP53 conformational mutants (TP53CM) gain the ability to interact with TAp63 isoforms and inhibit their antitumorigenic function, while indirectly promoting tumorigenic function of ΔN isoforms, but the exact mechanism of TP63-TP53CM interaction is unclear. The changes in the balance of TP63 isoform activity are crucial to understanding the transition between normal and tumor cells. Here, we modeled TP63-TP53CM complex using computational approaches. We then used our models to design peptides to disrupt the TP63-TP53CM interaction and restore antitumorigenic TAp63 function. In addition, we studied ΔN isoform oligomerization and designed peptides to inhibit its oligomerization and reduce their tumorigenic activity. We show that some of our peptides promoted cell death in a TP63 highly expressed cancer cell line, but not in a TP63 lowly expressed cancer cell line. Furthermore, we performed kinetic-binding assays to validate binding of our peptides to their targets. Our computational and experimental analyses present a detailed model for the TP63-TP53CM interaction and provide a framework for potential therapeutic peptides for the elimination of TP53CM cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sila Ozdemir
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michelle M Gomes
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jared M Fischer
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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10
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Strubel A, Münick P, Chaikuad A, Dreier B, Schaefer J, Gebel J, Osterburg C, Tuppi M, Schäfer B, Knapp S, Plückthun A, Dötsch V. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as a tool box for analyzing p63. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2445-2458. [PMID: 35717504 PMCID: PMC9751120 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the p53 transcription factor family is dependent on several folded domains. In addition to a DNA-binding domain, members of this family contain an oligomerization domain. p63 and p73 also contain a C-terminal Sterile α-motif domain. Inhibition of most transcription factors is difficult as most of them lack deep pockets that can be targeted by small organic molecules. Genetic knock-out procedures are powerful in identifying the overall function of a protein, but they do not easily allow one to investigate roles of individual domains. Here we describe the characterization of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) that were selected as tight binders against all folded domains of p63. We determine binding affinities as well as specificities within the p53 protein family and show that DARPins can be used as intracellular inhibitors for the modulation of transcriptional activity. By selectively inhibiting DNA binding of the ΔNp63α isoform that competes with p53 for the same promoter sites, we show that p53 can be reactivated. We further show that inhibiting the DNA binding activity stabilizes p63, thus providing evidence for a transcriptionally regulated negative feedback loop. Furthermore, the ability of DARPins to bind to the DNA-binding domain and the Sterile α-motif domain within the dimeric-only and DNA-binding incompetent conformation of TAp63α suggests a high structural plasticity within this special conformation. In addition, the developed DARPins can also be used to specifically detect p63 in cell culture and in primary tissue and thus constitute a very versatile research tool for studying the function of p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strubel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Münick
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Schaefer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Gebel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Osterburg
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Dötsch
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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11
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Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Marquardt S, Takan I, Georgakilas AG, Stiewe T. p73 isoforms meet evolution of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:853-869. [PMID: 35948758 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer largely adheres to Darwinian selection. Evolutionary forces are prominent during metastasis, the final and incurable disease stage, where cells acquire combinations of advantageous phenotypic features and interact with a dynamically changing microenvironment, in order to overcome the metastatic bottlenecks, while therapy exerts additional selective pressures. As a strategy to increase their fitness, tumors often co-opt developmental and tissue-homeostasis programs. Herein, 25 years after its discovery, we review TP73, a sibling of the cardinal tumor-suppressor TP53, through the lens of cancer evolution. The TP73 gene regulates a wide range of processes in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and cancer via an overwhelming number of functionally divergent isoforms. We suggest that TP73 neither merely mimics TP53 via its p53-like tumor-suppressive functions, nor has black-or-white-type effects, as inferred by the antagonism between several of its isoforms in processes like apoptosis and DNA damage response. Rather, under dynamic conditions of selective pressure, the various p73 isoforms which are often co-expressed within the same cancer cells may work towards a common goal by simultaneously activating isoform-specific transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Combinatorial co-option of these programs offers selective advantages that overall increase the likelihood for successfully surpassing the barriers of the metastatic cascade. The p73 functional pleiotropy-based capabilities might be present in subclonal populations and expressed dynamically under changing microenvironmental conditions, thereby supporting clonal expansion and propelling evolution of metastasis. Deciphering the critical p73 isoform patterns along the spatiotemporal axes of tumor evolution could identify strategies to target TP73 for prevention and therapy of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780, Zografou, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Translational Medicine for Health Care Systems, Medical School Berlin, Hochschule Für Gesundheit Und Medizin, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Işıl Takan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Lung Health, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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12
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P63 and P73 Activation in Cancers with p53 Mutation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071490. [PMID: 35884795 PMCID: PMC9313412 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the p53 family comprise p53, p63, and p73, and full-length isoforms of the p53 family have a tumor suppressor function. However, p53, but not p63 or p73, has a high mutation rate in cancers causing it to lose its tumor suppressor function. The top and second-most prevalent p53 mutations are missense and nonsense mutations, respectively. In this review, we discuss possible drug therapies for nonsense mutation and a missense mutation in p53. p63 and p73 activators may be able to replace mutant p53 and act as anti-cancer drugs. Herein, these p63 and p73 activators are summarized and how to improve these activator responses, particularly focusing on p53 gain-of-function mutants, is discussed.
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13
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Osterburg C, Dötsch V. Structural diversity of p63 and p73 isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:921-937. [PMID: 35314772 PMCID: PMC9091270 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 protein family is the most studied protein family of all. Sequence analysis and structure determination have revealed a high similarity of crucial domains between p53, p63 and p73. Functional studies, however, have shown a wide variety of different tasks in tumor suppression, quality control and development. Here we review the structure and organization of the individual domains of p63 and p73, the interaction of these domains in the context of full-length proteins and discuss the evolutionary origin of this protein family.
Facts
Distinct physiological roles/functions are performed by specific isoforms.
The non-divided transactivation domain of p63 has a constitutively high activity while the transactivation domains of p53/p73 are divided into two subdomains that are regulated by phosphorylation.
Mdm2 binds to all three family members but ubiquitinates only p53.
TAp63α forms an autoinhibited dimeric state while all other vertebrate p53 family isoforms are constitutively tetrameric.
The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 contain an additional helix that is necessary for stabilizing the tetrameric states. During evolution this helix got lost independently in different phylogenetic branches, while the DNA binding domain became destabilized and the transactivation domain split into two subdomains.
Open questions
Is the autoinhibitory mechanism of mammalian TAp63α conserved in p53 proteins of invertebrates that have the same function of genomic quality control in germ cells?
What is the physiological function of the p63/p73 SAM domains?
Do the short isoforms of p63 and p73 have physiological functions?
What are the roles of the N-terminal elongated TAp63 isoforms, TA* and GTA?
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14
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Cai BH, Bai ZY, Lien CF, Yu SJ, Lu RY, Wu MH, Wu WC, Chen CC, Hsu YC. NAMPT Inhibitor and P73 Activator Represses P53 R175H Mutated HNSCC Cell Proliferation in a Synergistic Manner. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030438. [PMID: 35327630 PMCID: PMC8946684 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family has the following three members: p53, p63 and p73. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that frequently exhibits mutation in head and neck cancer. Most p53 mutants are loss-of-function (LoF) mutants, but some acquire some oncogenic function, such as gain of function (GoF). It is known that the aggregation of mutant p53 can induce p53 GoF. The p73 activators RETRA and NSC59984 have an anti-cancer effect in p53 mutation cells, but we found that p73 activators were not effective in all head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, with different p53 mutants. A comparison of the gene expression profiles of several regulator(s) in mutant HNSCC cells with or without aggregation of p53 revealed that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key regulator of mutant p53 aggregation. An NAMPT inhibitor, to reduce abnormal aggregation of mutant p53, used in combination with a p73 activator, was able to effectively repress growth in HNSCC cells with p53 GoF mutants. This study, therefore, suggests a potential combination therapy approach for HNSCC with a p53 GoF mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Zhi-Yu Bai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.B.); (S.-J.Y.); (R.-Y.L.)
| | - Ching-Feng Lien
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Si-Jie Yu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.B.); (S.-J.Y.); (R.-Y.L.)
| | - Rui-Yu Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.B.); (S.-J.Y.); (R.-Y.L.)
| | - Ming-Han Wu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Wei-Chen Wu
- Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chi Chen
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Chiang Hsu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
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15
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Zavileyskiy L, Bunik V. Regulation of p53 Function by Formation of Non-Nuclear Heterologous Protein Complexes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020327. [PMID: 35204825 PMCID: PMC8869670 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A transcription factor p53 is activated upon cellular exposure to endogenous and exogenous stresses, triggering either homeostatic correction or cell death. Depending on the stress level, often measurable as DNA damage, the dual outcome is supported by p53 binding to a number of regulatory and metabolic proteins. Apart from the nucleus, p53 localizes to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. We consider non-nuclear heterologous protein complexes of p53, their structural determinants, regulatory post-translational modifications and the role in intricate p53 functions. The p53 heterologous complexes regulate the folding, trafficking and/or action of interacting partners in cellular compartments. Some of them mainly sequester p53 (HSP proteins, G6PD, LONP1) or its partners (RRM2B, PRKN) in specific locations. Formation of other complexes (with ATP2A2, ATP5PO, BAX, BCL2L1, CHCHD4, PPIF, POLG, SOD2, SSBP1, TFAM) depends on p53 upregulation according to the stress level. The p53 complexes with SIRT2, MUL1, USP7, TXN, PIN1 and PPIF control regulation of p53 function through post-translational modifications, such as lysine acetylation or ubiquitination, cysteine/cystine redox transformation and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization. Redox sensitivity of p53 functions is supported by (i) thioredoxin-dependent reduction of p53 disulfides, (ii) inhibition of the thioredoxin-dependent deoxyribonucleotide synthesis by p53 binding to RRM2B and (iii) changed intracellular distribution of p53 through its oxidation by CHCHD4 in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Increasing knowledge on the structure, function and (patho)physiological significance of the p53 heterologous complexes will enable a fine tuning of the settings-dependent p53 programs, using small molecule regulators of specific protein–protein interactions of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Zavileyskiy
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria Bunik
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Biokinetics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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16
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Konstantoulea K, Louros N, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. Heterotypic interactions in amyloid function and disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:2025-2046. [PMID: 33460517 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation results from the self-assembly of identical aggregation-prone sequences into cross-beta-sheet structures. The process is best known for its association with a wide range of human pathologies but also as a functional mechanism in all kingdoms of life. Less well elucidated is the role of heterotypic interactions between amyloids and other proteins and macromolecules and how this contributes to disease. We here review current data with a focus on neurodegenerative amyloid-associated diseases. Evidence indicates that heterotypic interactions occur in a wide range of amyloid processes and that these interactions modify fundamental aspects of amyloid aggregation including seeding, aggregation rates and toxicity. More work is required to understand the mechanistic origin of these interactions, but current understanding suggests that both supersaturation and sequence-specific binding can contribute to heterotypic amyloid interactions. Further unravelling these mechanisms may help to answer outstanding questions in the field including the selective vulnerability of cells types and tissues and the stereotypical spreading patterns of amyloids in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Konstantoulea
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Louros
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33225-33234. [PMID: 33318190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009931117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS) are heteropolysaccharides implicated in the pathology of protein aggregation diseases including localized and systemic forms of amyloidosis. Among subdomains of sulfated GAGs, highly sulfated domains of HS, called HS S-domains, have been highlighted as being critical for HS function in amyloidoses. Recent studies suggest that the tumor suppressor p53 aggregates to form amyloid fibrils and propagates in a prion-like manner; however, molecules and mechanisms that are involved in the prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates have not been addressed. Here, we identified sulfated GAGs as molecules that mediate prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates. Sulfated GAGs at the cell surface were required for cellular uptake of recombinant and cancer cell-derived p53 aggregates and extracellular release of p53 from cancer cells. We further showed that HS S-domains accumulated within p53 deposits in human ovarian cancer tissues, and enzymatic remodeling of HS S-domains by Sulf-2 extracellular sulfatase down-regulated cellular uptake of p53 aggregates. Finally, sulfated GAG-dependent cellular uptake of p53 aggregates was critical for subsequent extracellular release of the aggregates and gain of oncogenic function in recipient cells. Our work provides a mechanism of prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates and will shed light on sulfated GAGs as a common mediator of prions.
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18
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Zhu G, Pan C, Bei JX, Li B, Liang C, Xu Y, Fu X. Mutant p53 in Cancer Progression and Targeted Therapies. Front Oncol 2020; 10:595187. [PMID: 33240819 PMCID: PMC7677253 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.595187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in human cancer. The majority of mutations of p53 are missense mutations, leading to the expression of the full length p53 mutant proteins. Mutant p53 (Mutp53) proteins not only lose wild-type p53-dependent tumor suppressive functions, but also frequently acquire oncogenic gain-of-functions (GOF) that promote tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the oncogenic GOF of mutp53 and the potential therapies targeting mutp53 in human cancers. In particular, we discuss the promising drugs that are currently under clinical trials as well as the emerging therapeutic strategies, including CRISPR/Cas9 based genome edition of mutant TP53 allele, small peptide mediated restoration of wild-type p53 function, and immunotherapies that directly eliminate mutp53 expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Zhu
- Postdoctoral Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Chaoyun Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Xin Bei
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xuemei Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Lemos C, Schulze L, Weiske J, Meyer H, Braeuer N, Barak N, Eberspächer U, Werbeck N, Stresemann C, Lange M, Lesche R, Zablowsky N, Juenemann K, Kamburov A, Luh LM, Leissing TM, Mortier J, Steckel M, Steuber H, Eis K, Eheim A, Steigemann P. Identification of Small Molecules that Modulate Mutant p53 Condensation. iScience 2020; 23:101517. [PMID: 32927263 PMCID: PMC7495113 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural mutants of p53 induce global p53 protein destabilization and misfolding, followed by p53 protein aggregation. First evidence indicates that p53 can be part of protein condensates and that p53 aggregation potentially transitions through a condensate-like state. We show condensate-like states of fluorescently labeled structural mutant p53 in the nucleus of living cancer cells. We furthermore identified small molecule compounds that interact with the p53 protein and lead to dissolution of p53 structural mutant condensates. The same compounds lead to condensation of a fluorescently tagged p53 DNA-binding mutant, indicating that the identified compounds differentially alter p53 condensation behavior depending on the type of p53 mutation. In contrast to p53 aggregation inhibitors, these compounds are active on p53 condensates and do not lead to mutant p53 reactivation. Taken together our study provides evidence for structural mutant p53 condensation in living cells and tools to modulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lemos
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Schulze
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Weiske
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Meyer
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Braeuer
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naomi Barak
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Eberspächer
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Werbeck
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Stresemann
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lange
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Zablowsky
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Juenemann
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Atanas Kamburov
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Martina Luh
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Markus Leissing
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremie Mortier
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Steckel
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Steuber
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Eis
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashley Eheim
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Steigemann
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
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20
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A structure-guided molecular chaperone approach for restoring the transcriptional activity of the p53 cancer mutant Y220C. Future Med Chem 2020; 11:2491-2504. [PMID: 31633398 PMCID: PMC6803818 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The p53 cancer mutation Y220C creates a conformationally unstable protein with a unique elongated surface crevice that can be targeted by molecular chaperones. We report the structure-guided optimization of the carbazole-based stabilizer PK083. Materials & methods: Biophysical, cellular and x-ray crystallographic techniques have been employed to elucidate the mode of action of the carbazole scaffolds. Results: Targeting an unoccupied subsite of the surface crevice with heterocycle-substituted PK083 analogs resulted in a 70-fold affinity increase to single-digit micromolar levels, increased thermal stability and decreased rate of aggregation of the mutant protein. PK9318, one of the most potent binders, restored p53 signaling in the liver cancer cell line HUH-7 with homozygous Y220C mutation. Conclusion: The p53-Y220C mutant is an excellent paradigm for the development of mutant p53 rescue drugs via protein stabilization. Similar rescue strategies may be applicable to other cavity-creating p53 cancer mutations.
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21
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Miller JJ, Blanchet A, Orvain C, Nouchikian L, Reviriot Y, Clarke RM, Martelino D, Wilson D, Gaiddon C, Storr T. Bifunctional ligand design for modulating mutant p53 aggregation in cancer. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10802-10814. [PMID: 32055386 PMCID: PMC7006507 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04151f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation contributes to the development of a wide range of diseases. In cancer, over 50% of diagnoses are attributed to p53 malfunction due to missense mutations, many of which result in protein misfolding and accelerated aggregation. p53 mutations also frequently result in alteration or loss of zinc at the DNA-binding site, which increases aggregation via nucleation with zinc-bound p53. Herein, we designed two novel bifunctional ligands, LI and LH , to modulate mutant p53 aggregation and restore zinc binding using a metallochaperone approach. Interestingly, only the incorporation of iodine function in LI resulted in modulation of mutant p53 aggregation, both in recombinant and cellular environments. Native mass spectrometry shows a protein-ligand interaction for LI , as opposed to LH , which is hypothesized to lead to the distinct difference in the p53 aggregation profile for the two ligands. Incorporation of a di-2-picolylamine binding unit into the ligand design provided efficient intracellular zinc uptake, resulting in metallochaperone capability for both LI and LH . The ability of LI to reduce mutant p53 aggregation results in increased restoration of p53 transcriptional function and mediates both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways. We further demonstrate that LI exhibits minimal toxicity in non-cancerous organoids, and that it is well tolerated in mice. These results demonstrate that iodination of our ligand framework restores p53 function by interacting with and inhibiting mutant p53 aggregation and highlights LI as a suitable candidate for comprehensive in vivo anticancer preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Miller
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - Anaïs Blanchet
- Inserm UMR_S 1113 , Université de Strasbourg , Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies , Strasbourg , France .
| | - Christophe Orvain
- Inserm UMR_S 1113 , Université de Strasbourg , Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies , Strasbourg , France .
| | - Lucienne Nouchikian
- Chemistry Department , York University , 6 Thompson Road , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1L3 , Canada
| | - Yasmin Reviriot
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - Ryan M Clarke
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - Diego Martelino
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - Derek Wilson
- Chemistry Department , York University , 6 Thompson Road , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1L3 , Canada
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Inserm UMR_S 1113 , Université de Strasbourg , Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies , Strasbourg , France .
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
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22
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Pitolli C, Wang Y, Mancini M, Shi Y, Melino G, Amelio I. Do Mutations Turn p53 into an Oncogene? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6241. [PMID: 31835684 PMCID: PMC6940991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The key role of p53 as a tumor suppressor became clear when it was realized that this gene is mutated in 50% of human sporadic cancers, and germline mutations expose carriers to cancer risk throughout their lifespan. Mutations in this gene not only abolish the tumor suppressive functions of p53, but also equip the protein with new pro-oncogenic functions. Here, we review the mechanisms by which these new functions gained by p53 mutants promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Pitolli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.)
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Pathology Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PQ, UK
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 100012, China; (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mara Mancini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.)
- IDI-IRCCS, Biochemistry Laboratory, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 100012, China; (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.)
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Pathology Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PQ, UK
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.)
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Pathology Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PQ, UK
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23
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Hall C, Muller PA. The Diverse Functions of Mutant 53, Its Family Members and Isoforms in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246188. [PMID: 31817935 PMCID: PMC6941067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family of proteins has grown substantially over the last 40 years. It started with p53, then p63, p73, isoforms and mutants of these proteins. The function of p53 as a tumour suppressor has been thoroughly investigated, but the functions of all isoforms and mutants and the interplay between them are still poorly understood. Mutant p53 proteins lose p53 function, display dominant-negative (DN) activity and display gain-of-function (GOF) to varying degrees. GOF was originally attributed to mutant p53′s inhibitory function over the p53 family members p63 and p73. It has become apparent that this is not the only way in which mutant p53 operates as a large number of transcription factors that are not related to p53 are activated on mutant p53 binding. This raises the question to what extent mutant p53 binding to p63 and p73 plays a role in mutant p53 GOF. In this review, we discuss the literature around the interaction between mutant p53 and family members, including other binding partners, the functional consequences and potential therapeutics.
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24
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Lopriore P, Capitanio N, Panatta E, Di Daniele N, Gambacurta A, Melino G, Amelio I. TAp73 regulates ATP7A: possible implications for ageing-related diseases. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3745-3760. [PMID: 30530920 PMCID: PMC6326685 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family member p73 controls a wide range of cellular function. Deletion of p73 in mice results in increased tumorigenesis, infertility, neurological defects and altered immune system. Despite the extensive effort directed to define the molecular underlying mechanism of p73 function a clear definition of its transcriptional signature and the extent of overlap with the other p53 family members is still missing. Here we describe a novel TAp73 target, ATP7A a member of a large family of P-type ATPases implicated in human neurogenerative conditions and cancer chemoresistance. Modulation of TAp73 expression influences basal expression level of ATP7A in different cellular models and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed a physical direct binding of TAp73 on ATP7A genomic regions. Bioinformatic analysis of expression profile datasets of human lung cancer patients suggests a possible implication of TAp73/ATP7A axis in human cancer. These data provide a novel TAp73-dependent target which might have implications in ageing-related diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piervito Lopriore
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panatta
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gambacurta
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
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25
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Modulation of p53 and prion protein aggregation by RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:933-940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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TA*p63 and GTAp63 achieve tighter transcriptional regulation in quality control by converting an inhibitory element into an additional transactivation domain. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:686. [PMID: 31527723 PMCID: PMC6746776 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The p53 homolog p63 plays important roles in development of epithelial tissues and quality control in germ cells. These two functions are executed by two distinct isoforms of p63. They are created by different promotors resulting in isoforms having either an N-terminal transactivation domain (TAp63) or a truncated form (ΔNp63). In addition to these two N-terminal isoforms a third one with an even longer N-terminus, named TA*p63, has been found. A fourth N-terminal isoform, GTAp63, that closely resembles TA*p63 was discovered in male germ cells where it is involved in genetic quality control. Here, we characterize TA*p63α and GTAp63α and show that their N-terminal extensions stabilize the closed and only dimeric conformation adopted by the shorter TAp63α protein. Both proteins can be activated by the two kinases Chk2 and CK1 resulting in the open tetrameric state. In this conformation, the N-terminal extension acts as an additional transactivation domain enhancing transcriptional activity. Through this mechanism, the difference in transcriptional activity between the repressed and the active state of the protein gets enhanced relative to TAp63α. Finally, we show by mass spectrometry that TA*p63α is expressed in the breast cancer cell line Sum159 at the protein level together with mutant p53. Upon doxorubicin treatment, TA*p63α gets activated, providing a potential new tool to fight cancer.
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27
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Abstract
Despite the sequence similarity, the p53 family members are involved in different biological processes due to distinct expression patterns and transcriptional programs. In this issue of Structure,Krauskopf et al. (2018) reveal a different structural organization in the transactivation domains of these transcriptional factors, helping in defining a structural-functional correlation.
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28
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Katoh I, Maehata Y, Moriishi K, Hata RI, Kurata SI. C-terminal α Domain of p63 Binds to p300 to Coactivate β-Catenin. Neoplasia 2019; 21:494-503. [PMID: 30986748 PMCID: PMC6462804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TP63 (p63), a member of the tumor suppressor TP53 (p53) gene family, is essential for ectodermal tissue development and suppresses malignant progression of carcinomas. The most abundant isoform, ΔNp63α (referred to as p63), lacks the N-terminal transactivation (TA) domain, and was originally characterized as a dominant-negative type suppressor against p53 family proteins. It also binds to TCF/LEF to inhibit β-catenin. Nevertheless, transcriptional activation by p63 has also been observed in varied systems. To understand the puzzling results, we analyzed the structure–function relationship of p63 in the control of β-catenin-dependent transcription. p63 acted as a suppressor of moderately induced β-catenin. However, when nuclear targeted S33Y β-catenin was applied to cause the maximum enhancer activation, p63 displayed a β-catenin-coactivating function. The DNA-binding domain of p63 and the target sequence facilitated it. Importantly, we newly found that, despite the absence of TA domain, p63 was associated with p300, a general adaptor protein and chromatin modifier causing transcriptional activation. C-terminal α domain of p63 was essential for p300-binding and for the coactivator function. These results were related to endogenous p63-p300 complex formation and Wnt/β-catenin-responsive gene regulation by p63 in squamous cell carcinoma lines. The novel p63-p300 interaction may be involved in positive regulation of gene expression in tissue development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyoko Katoh
- Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 408-3898, Japan; Oral Health Science Research Center, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Yojiro Maehata
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 408-3898, Japan
| | - Ryu-Ichiro Hata
- Oral Health Science Research Center, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Kurata
- Oral Health Science Research Center, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
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29
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Rangel LP, Ferretti GDS, Costa CL, Andrade SMMV, Carvalho RS, Costa DCF, Silva JL. p53 reactivation with induction of massive apoptosis-1 (PRIMA-1) inhibits amyloid aggregation of mutant p53 in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3670-3682. [PMID: 30602570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 mutants can form amyloid-like structures that accumulate in cells. p53 reactivation with induction of massive apoptosis-1 (PRIMA-1) and its primary active metabolite, 2-methylene-3-quinuclidinone (MQ), can restore unfolded p53 mutants to a native conformation that induces apoptosis and activates several p53 target genes. However, whether PRIMA-1 can clear p53 aggregates is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether PRIMA-1 can restore aggregated mutant p53 to a native form. We observed that the p53 mutant protein is more sensitive to both PRIMA-1 and MQ aggregation inhibition than WT p53. The results of anti-amyloid oligomer antibody assays revealed that PRIMA-1 reverses mutant p53 aggregate accumulation in cancer cells. Size-exclusion chromatography of the lysates from mutant p53-containing breast cancer and ovarian cell lines confirmed that PRIMA-1 substantially decreases p53 aggregates. We also show that MDA-MB-231 cell lysates can "seed" aggregation of the central core domain of recombinant WT p53, corroborating the prion-like behavior of mutant p53. We also noted that this aggregation effect was inhibited by MQ and PRIMA-1. This study provides the first demonstration that PRIMA-1 can rescue amyloid-state p53 mutants, a strategy that could be further explored as a cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Rangel
- From the Faculdade de Farmácia, .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, and
| | - Giulia D S Ferretti
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, and.,Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and
| | - Caroline L Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, and.,Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and
| | | | | | - Danielly C F Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, and.,the Departamento de Nutrição Básica e Experimental, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson L Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, and .,Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and
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30
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Pentimalli F, Grelli S, Di Daniele N, Melino G, Amelio I. Cell death pathologies: targeting death pathways and the immune system for cancer therapy. Genes Immun 2018; 20:539-554. [PMID: 30563970 PMCID: PMC6451632 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the molecular mechanisms of cell death are a common feature of cancer. These alterations enable malignant cells to survive intrinsic death signalling leading to accumulation of genetic aberrations and helping them to cope with adverse conditions. Regulated cell death has historically been exclusively associated with classical apoptosis; however, increasing evidence indicates that several alternative mechanisms orchestrate multiple death pathways, such as ferroptosis, entosis, necroptosis and immunogenic cell death, each with distinct underlying molecular mechanisms. Although pharmacological targeting of cell death pathways has been the subject of intensive efforts in recent decades with a dominant focus on targeting apoptosis, the identification of these novel death pathways has opened additional venues for intervention in cancer cells and the immune system. In this mini-review, we cover some recent progress on major recently emerged cell death modalities, emphasizing their potential clinical and therapeutic implications. We also discuss the interplay between cell death and immune response, highlighting the potential of the combination of traditional anticancer therapy and immunocheckpoint blockade. While attempting to stimulate discussion and draw attention to the possible clinical impact of these more recently emerged cell death modalities, we also cover the major progress achieved in translating strategies for manipulation of apoptotic pathways into the clinic, focusing on the attempts to target the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 and the tumour suppressor p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pentimalli
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS -Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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31
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Rotblat B, Agostini M, Niklison-Chirou MV, Amelio I, Willis AE, Melino G. Sustained protein synthesis and reduced eEF2K levels in TAp73 -\- mice brain: a possible compensatory mechanism. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2637-2643. [PMID: 30507330 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1553341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p73 is a member of the p53 family, of which the transactivation domain containing isoform (TAp73) plays key roles in brain development and neuronal stem cells. TAp73 also facilitates homoeostasis and prevents oxidative damage in vivo by inducing the expression of its target genes. Recently, we found that in addition to its role in regulation of transcription, TAp73 also affects mRNA translation. In cultured cells, acute TAp73 depletion activates eEF2K, which phosphorylates eEF2 reducing mRNA translation elongation. As a consequence, there is a reduction in global proteins synthesis rates and reprogramming of the translatome, leading to a selective decrease in the translation of rRNA processing factors. Given the dramatic effects of Tap73 depletion in vitro it was important to determine whether similar effects were observed in vivo. Here, we report the surprising finding that in brains of TAp73 KO mice there is a reduced level of eEF2K, which allows protein synthesis rates to be maintained suggesting a compensation model. These data provide new insights to the role of TAp73 in translation regulation and the eEF2K pathway in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Rotblat
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,b Department of Life Sciences , Ben Gurion University in the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,c Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, IDI-IRCCS , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,d Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Ivano Amelio
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,c Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, IDI-IRCCS , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
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32
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Carbone M, Amelio I, Affar EB, Brugarolas J, Cannon-Albright LA, Cantley LC, Cavenee WK, Chen Z, Croce CM, Andrea AD, Gandara D, Giorgi C, Jia W, Lan Q, Mak TW, Manley JL, Mikoshiba K, Onuchic JN, Pass HI, Pinton P, Prives C, Rothman N, Sebti SM, Turkson J, Wu X, Yang H, Yu H, Melino G. Consensus report of the 8 and 9th Weinman Symposia on Gene x Environment Interaction in carcinogenesis: novel opportunities for precision medicine. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1885-1904. [PMID: 30323273 PMCID: PMC6219489 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of intrinsic genetic factors and extrinsic environmental ones to cancer aetiology and natural history is a lengthy and debated issue. Gene-environment interactions (G x E) arise when the combined presence of both a germline genetic variant and a known environmental factor modulates the risk of disease more than either one alone. A panel of experts discussed our current understanding of cancer aetiology, known examples of G × E interactions in cancer, and the expanded concept of G × E interactions to include somatic cancer mutations and iatrogenic environmental factors such as anti-cancer treatment. Specific genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations increase susceptibility to certain carcinogens and may be targeted in the near future for prevention and treatment of cancer patients with novel molecularly based therapies. There was general consensus that a better understanding of the complexity and numerosity of G × E interactions, supported by adequate technological, epidemiological, modelling and statistical resources, will further promote our understanding of cancer and lead to novel preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - El Bachir Affar
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 E. 69(th) Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alan D' Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David Gandara
- Thoracic Oncology, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 96817, USA
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Wei Jia
- Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational & Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jose N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Harvey I Pass
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational & Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Said M Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | | | - Xifeng Wu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK.
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Krauskopf K, Gebel J, Kazemi S, Tuppi M, Löhr F, Schäfer B, Koch J, Güntert P, Dötsch V, Kehrloesser S. Regulation of the Activity in the p53 Family Depends on the Organization of the Transactivation Domain. Structure 2018; 26:1091-1100.e4. [PMID: 30099987 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite high sequence homology among the p53 family members, the regulation of their transactivation potential is based on strikingly different mechanisms. Previous studies revealed that the activity of TAp63α is regulated via an autoinhibitory mechanism that keeps inactive TAp63α in a dimeric conformation. While all p73 isoforms are constitutive tetramers, their basal activity is much lower compared with tetrameric TAp63. We show that the dimeric state of TAp63α not only reduces DNA binding affinity, but also suppresses interaction with the acetyltransferase p300. Exchange of the transactivation domains is sufficient to transfer the regulatory characteristics between p63 and p73. Structure determination of the transactivation domains of p63 and p73 in complex with the p300 Taz2 domain further revealed that, in contrast to p53 and p73, p63 has a single transactivation domain. Sequences essential for stabilizing the closed dimer of TAp63α have evolved into a second transactivation domain in p73 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Krauskopf
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sina Kazemi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Peter Güntert
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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34
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Stiewe T, Haran TE. How mutations shape p53 interactions with the genome to promote tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 38:27-43. [PMID: 29857816 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressive transcription factor p53 regulates a wide array of cellular processes that confer upon cells an essential protection against cancer development. Wild-type p53 regulates gene expression by directly binding to DNA in a sequence-specific manner. p53 missense mutations are the most common mutations in malignant cells and can be regarded as synonymous with anticancer drug resistance and poor prognosis. The current review provides an overview of how the extraordinary variety of more than 2000 different mutant p53 proteins, known as the p53 mutome, affect the interaction of p53 with DNA. We discuss how the classification of p53 mutations to loss of function (LOF), gain of function (GOF), and dominant-negative (DN) inhibition of a remaining wild-type allele, hides a complex p53 mutation spectrum that depends on the distinctive nature of each mutant protein, requiring different therapeutic strategies for each mutant p53 protein. We propose to regard the different mutant p53 categories as continuous variables, that may not be independent of each other. In particular, we suggest here to consider GOF mutations as a special subset of LOF mutations, especially when mutant p53 binds to DNA through cooperation with other transcription factors, and we present a model for GOF mechanism that consolidates many observations on the GOF phenomenon. We review how novel mutant p53 targeting approaches aim to restore a wild-type-like DNA interaction and to overcome resistance to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Tali E Haran
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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35
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Vikhreva P, Melino G, Amelio I. p73 Alternative Splicing: Exploring a Biological Role for the C-Terminal Isoforms. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1829-1838. [PMID: 29733853 PMCID: PMC5995411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
p73 (encoded by TP73 gene) is a p53 related protein that functions as a transcriptional factor. Similarly to p53, following DNA damage, p73 is stabilized and activated and controls expression of target genes that are involved in the regulation of cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, great complexity to the function of this gene is given by the wide range of its non-tumor-related roles, which include neurological development, ciliogenesis and fertility. From the structural point of view, p73 displays an intricate range of regulations because it can be expressed both as an N-terminally deleted dominant-negative isoforms and as multiple alternatively spliced C-terminal isoforms, which can include or not a sterile alpha motif domain. More is known about the functions of the N-terminal isoforms of p73 (TAp73 and ΔNp73) and their opposing pro- and anti-apoptotic roles, whereas the functional differences of the distinct C-terminal splice forms of p73 are very far away from been defined. Here we summarize the current available literature regarding p73 C-terminal isoforms and the contribution of the sterile alpha motif domain to p73 function, trying to provide an unified view in this complex and sometime controversial field. Current data indicate that the full-length, TAp73α, is the major, if not the exclusive, isoform detected in physiological systems, indicating that detailed spatio-temporal expression analysis and functional studies are highly demanded to support a physiological role for the p73 alternative splicing. With this article, we also aim to emphasize the need to further investigation on the topic, refocusing the attention on what we believe are the most relevant unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Vikhreva
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, IDI-IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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36
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Wolf ER, McAtarsney CP, Bredhold KE, Kline AM, Mayo LD. Mutant and wild-type p53 form complexes with p73 upon phosphorylation by the kinase JNK. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/524/eaao4170. [PMID: 29615516 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors p53 and p73 are critical to the induction of apoptotic cell death, particularly in response to cell stress that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Mutations in the DNA-binding domain of p53, which are commonly seen in cancers, result in conformational changes that enable p53 to interact with and inhibit p73, thereby suppressing apoptosis. In contrast, wild-type p53 reportedly does not interact with p73. We found that JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Thr81 in the proline-rich domain (PRD) of p53 enabled wild-type p53, as well as mutant p53, to form a complex with p73. Structural algorithms predicted that phosphorylation of Thr81 exposes the DNA-binding domain in p53 to enable its binding to p73. The dimerization of wild-type p53 with p73 facilitated the expression of apoptotic target genes [such as those encoding p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)] and, subsequently, the induction of apoptosis in response to JNK activation by cell stress in various cells. Thus, JNK phosphorylation of mutant and wild-type p53 promotes the formation of a p53/p73 complex that determines cell fate: apoptosis in the context of wild-type p53 or cell survival in the context of the mutant. These findings refine our current understanding of both the mechanistic links between p53 and p73 and the functional role for Thr81 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Wolf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ciarán P McAtarsney
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kristin E Bredhold
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amber M Kline
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lindsey D Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. .,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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37
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Xie N, Vikhreva P, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Amelio I, Barlev N, Knight RA, Melino G. Integrin-β4 is a novel transcriptional target of TAp73. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:589-594. [PMID: 29233040 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1403684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of p53 family, p73 has attracted intense investigations due to its structural and functional similarities to p53. Among more than ten p73 variants, the transactivation (TA) domain-containing isoform TAp73 is the one that imitates the p53's behavior most. TAp73 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, which endows it the capacity of tumour suppression. Also, it can exert diverse biological influences on cells through activating a complex and context dependent transcriptional programme. The transcriptional activities further broaden its roles in more intricate biological processes. In this article, we report that p73 is a positive regulator of a cell adhesion related gene named integrin β4 (ITGB4). This finding may have implications for the dissection of the biological mechanisms underlining p73 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxia Xie
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom.,b Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome 00133 , Italy
| | - Polina Vikhreva
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivano Amelio
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom
| | - Nicolai Barlev
- d Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences , Saint-Petersburg , 194064 , Russia
| | - Richard A Knight
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Melino
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom.,b Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome 00133 , Italy.,d Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences , Saint-Petersburg , 194064 , Russia
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38
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Protein aggregation of the p63 transcription factor underlies severe skin fragility in AEC syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E906-E915. [PMID: 29339502 PMCID: PMC5798343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713773115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal development and function. Specific mutations in p63 are causative of a life-threatening disorder mainly characterized by severe skin erosions and cleft palate. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying disease pathology and possible treatments. Based on biochemical studies, genetic mouse models, and functional assays, we demonstrate that these mutations cause p63 protein misfolding and aggregation. Protein aggregation lead to reduced DNA binding and impaired transcriptional activity. Importantly, genetic modifications of p63 that abolish aggregation of the mutant proteins rescue its function, revealing that ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome is a protein aggregation disorder and opening avenues for therapeutic intervention. The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the C-terminal domain of the p63 gene can cause ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility and severe, long-lasting skin erosions. Despite deep knowledge of p63 functions, little is known about mechanisms underlying disease pathology and possible treatments. Here, we show that multiple AEC-associated p63 mutations, but not those causative of other diseases, lead to thermodynamic protein destabilization, misfolding, and aggregation, similar to the known p53 gain-of-function mutants found in cancer. AEC mutant proteins exhibit impaired DNA binding and transcriptional activity, leading to dominant negative effects due to coaggregation with wild-type p63 and p73. Importantly, p63 aggregation occurs also in a conditional knock-in mouse model for the disorder, in which the misfolded p63 mutant protein leads to severe epidermal defects. Variants of p63 that abolish aggregation of the mutant proteins are able to rescue p63’s transcriptional function in reporter assays as well as in a human fibroblast-to-keratinocyte conversion assay. Our studies reveal that AEC syndrome is a protein aggregation disorder and opens avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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39
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Silva JL, Cino EA, Soares IN, Ferreira VF, A. P. de Oliveira G. Targeting the Prion-like Aggregation of Mutant p53 to Combat Cancer. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:181-190. [PMID: 29260852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prion-like behavior of several amyloidogenic proteins has been demonstrated in recent years. Despite having functional roles in some cases, irregular aggregation can have devastating consequences. The most commonly known amyloid diseases are Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). The pathophysiology of prion-like diseases involves the structural transformation of wild-type (wt) proteins to transmissible forms that can convert healthy proteins, generating aggregates. The mutant form of tumor suppressor protein, p53, has recently been shown to exhibit prion-like properties. Within the context of p53 aggregation and the search for ways to avert it, this review emphasizes discoveries, approaches, and research from our laboratory and others. Although its standard functions are strongly connected to tumor suppression, p53 mutants and aggregates are involved in cancer progression. p53 aggregates are heterogeneous assemblies composed of amorphous aggregates, oligomers, and amyloid-like fibrils. Evidence of these structures in tumor tissues, the in vitro capability for p53 mutants to coaggregate with wt protein, and the detection of cell-to-cell transmission indicate that cancer has the basic characteristics of prion and prion-like diseases. Various approaches aim to restore p53 functions in cancer. Methods include the use of small-molecule and peptide stabilizers of mutant p53, zinc administration, gene therapy, alkylating and DNA intercalators, and blockage of p53-MDM2 interaction. A primary challenge in developing small-molecule inhibitors of p53 aggregation is the large number of p53 mutations. Another issue is the inability to recover p53 function by dissociating mature fibrils. Consequently, efforts have emerged to target the intermediate species of the aggregation reaction. Φ-value analysis has been used to characterize the kinetics of the early phases of p53 aggregation. Our experiments using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and chemical denaturants have helped to clarify excited conformers of p53 that are prone to aggregation. Molecular dynamics (MD) and phasor analysis of single Trp fluorescence signals point toward the presence of preamyloidogenic conformations of p53, which are not observed for p63 or p73. Exploring the features of competent preamyloidogenic states of wt and different p53 mutants may provide a framework for designing personalized drugs for the restoration of p53 function. Protection of backbone hydrogen bonds (BHBs) has been shown to be an important factor for the stability of amyloidogenic proteins and was employed to identify and stabilize the structural defect resulting from the p53 Y220C mutation. Using MD simulations, we compared BHB protection factors between p53 family members to determine the donor-acceptor pairs in p53 that exhibit lower protection. The identification of structurally vulnerable sites in p53 should provide new insights into rational designs that can rapidly be screened using our experimental methodology. Through continued and combined efforts, the outlook is positive for the development of strategies for regulating p53 amyloid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerson L. Silva
- Instituto
de Bioquı́mica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Elio A. Cino
- Departamento
de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo
Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Iaci N. Soares
- Instituto
de Bioquı́mica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Departamento
de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24220-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A. P. de Oliveira
- Instituto
de Bioquı́mica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0733, United States
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40
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Moscetti I, Cannistraro S, Bizzarri AR. Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing of Biorecognition Interactions within the Tumor Suppressor p53 Network. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112680. [PMID: 29156626 PMCID: PMC5713020 DOI: 10.3390/s17112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a powerful technique to study the kinetics of biomolecules undergoing biorecognition processes, particularly suited for protein-protein interactions of biomedical interest. The potentiality of SPR was exploited to sense the interactions occurring within the network of the tumor suppressor p53, which is crucial for maintaining genome integrity and whose function is inactivated, mainly by down regulation or by mutation, in the majority of human tumors. This study includes p53 down-regulators, p53 mutants and also the p53 family members, p63 and p73, which could vicariate p53 protective function. Furthermore, the application of SPR was extended to sense the interaction of p53 with anti-cancer drugs, which might restore p53 function. An extended review of previous published work and unpublished kinetic data is provided, dealing with the interaction between the p53 family members, or their mutants and two anticancer molecules, Azurin and its cell-penetrating peptide, p28. All the kinetic results are discussed in connection with those obtained by a complementary approach operating at the single molecule level, namely Atomic Force Spectroscopy and the related literature data. The overview of the SPR kinetic results may significantly contribute to a deeper understanding of the interactions within p53 network, also in the perspective of designing suitable anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Moscetti
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cannistraro
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Bizzarri
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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41
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Moscetti I, Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Binding kinetics of mutant p53R175H with wild type p53 and p63: A Surface Plasmon Resonance and Atomic Force Spectroscopy study. Biophys Chem 2017; 228:55-61. [PMID: 28697449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic mutant p53R175H, one of the most frequently occurring in human cancers and usually associated with poor prognosis and chemo resistance, can exert a dominant negative effect over p53 family members, namely wild type p53, p63 and p73, inhibiting their oncosuppressive function. Novel anticancer strategies based on drugs able to prevent the formation of complexes between p53R175H and the p53 family members call for a deeper knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of their interaction. To this aim, p53R175H/p63 and p53R175H/p53 complexes were investigated in vitro by using Surface Plasmon Resonance and Atomic Force Spectroscopy, two emerging and complementary techniques able to provide interaction kinetic information, in near physiological conditions and without any labelling. Both approaches show that p53R175H forms a very specific and highly stable bimolecular complex with both p63 and p53; with these interactions being characterized by a very high affinity with equilibrium dissociation constant, KD, of about 10-9M. These kinetics results, discussed also in connection with those previously reported for the interaction of p53R175H with p73, could inspire the design of suitable anticancer drugs able to antagonize the interaction of p53R175H with the p53 family members, by restoring then their anti-tumour function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Moscetti
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bizzarri
- Biophysics & Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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42
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Agostini M, Niklison-Chirou MV, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli MM, Grelli S, Di Daniele N, Pestlikis I, Knight RA, Melino G, Rufini A. p73 Regulates Primary Cortical Neuron Metabolism: a Global Metabolic Profile. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3237-3250. [PMID: 28478509 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor p73 has been demonstrated to play a significant role in survival and differentiation of neuronal stem cells. In this report, by employing comprehensive metabolic profile and mitochondrial bioenergetics analysis, we have explored the metabolic alterations in cortical neurons isolated from p73 N-terminal isoform specific knockout animals. We found that loss of the TAp73 or ΔNp73 triggers selective biochemical changes. In particular, p73 isoforms regulate sphingolipid and phospholipid biochemical pathway signaling. Indeed, sphinganine and sphingosine levels were reduced in p73-depleted cortical neurons, and decreased levels of several membrane phospholipids were also observed. Moreover, in line with the complexity associated with p73 functions, loss of the TAp73 seems to increase glycolysis, whereas on the contrary, loss of ΔNp73 isoform reduces glucose metabolism, indicating an isoform-specific differential effect on glycolysis. These changes in glycolytic flux were not reflected by parallel alterations of mitochondrial respiration, as only a slight increase of mitochondrial maximal respiration was observed in p73-depleted cortical neurons. Overall, our findings reinforce the key role of p73 in regulating cellular metabolism and point out that p73 exerts its functions in neuronal biology at least partially through the regulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilias Pestlikis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard A Knight
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK. .,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
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Abstract
Protein aggregation is involved in many diseases. Often, a unique aggregation-prone sequence polymerizes to form regular fibrils. Many oncogenic mutants of the tumor suppressor p53 rapidly aggregate but form amorphous fibrils. A peptide surrounding Ile254 is proposed to be the aggregation-driving sequence in cells. We identified several different aggregating sites from limited proteolysis of harvested aggregates and effects of mutations on kinetics and products of aggregation. We present a model whereby the amorphous nature of the aggregates results from multisite branching of polymerization after slow unfolding of the protein, which may be a common feature of aggregation of large proteins. Greatly lowering the aggregation propensity of any one single site, including the site of Ile254, by mutation did not inhibit aggregation in vitro because aggregation could still occur via the other sites. Inhibition of an individual site is, accordingly, potentially unable to prevent aggregation in vivo. However, cancer cells are specifically killed by peptides designed to inhibit the Ile254 sequence and further aggregation-driving sequences that we have found. Consistent with our proposed mechanism of aggregation, we found that such peptides did not inhibit aggregation of mutant p53 in vitro. The cytotoxicity was not eliminated by knockdown of p53 in 2D cancer cell cultures. The peptides caused rapid cell death, much faster than usually expected for p53-mediated transcription-dependent apoptosis. There may also be non-p53 targets for those peptides in cancer cells, such as p63, or the peptides may alter other interactions of partly denatured p53 with receptors.
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