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Rees TA, Russo AF, O’Carroll SJ, Hay DL, Walker CS. CGRP and the Calcitonin Receptor are Co-Expressed in Mouse, Rat and Human Trigeminal Ganglia Neurons. Front Physiol 2022; 13:860037. [PMID: 35620595 PMCID: PMC9128745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.860037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed in the trigeminal ganglia, a key site in craniofacial pain and migraine. CGRP potently activates two receptors: the CGRP receptor and the AMY1 receptor. These receptors are heterodimers consisting of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) with either the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) to form the CGRP receptor or the calcitonin receptor (CTR) to form the AMY1 receptor. The expression of the CGRP receptor in trigeminal ganglia has been described in several studies; however, there is comparatively limited data available describing AMY1 receptor expression and in which cellular subtypes it is found. This research aimed to determine the relative distributions of the AMY1 receptor subunit, CTR, and CGRP in neurons or glia in rat, mouse and human trigeminal ganglia. Antibodies against CTR, CGRP and neuronal/glial cell markers were applied to trigeminal ganglia sections to investigate their distribution. CTR-like and CGRP-like immunoreactivity were observed in both discrete and overlapping populations of neurons. In rats and mice, 30–40% of trigeminal ganglia neurons displayed CTR-like immunoreactivity in their cell bodies, with approximately 78–80% of these also containing CGRP-like immunoreactivity. Although human cases were more variable, a similar overall pattern of CTR-like immunoreactivity to rodents was observed in the human trigeminal ganglia. CTR and CGRP appeared to be primarily colocalized in small to medium sized neurons, suggesting that colocalization of CTR and CGRP may occur in C-fiber neurons. CGRP-like or CTR-like immunoreactivity were not typically observed in glial cells. Western blotting confirmed that CTR was expressed in the trigeminal ganglia of all three species. These results confirm that CTR is expressed in trigeminal ganglia neurons. The identification of populations of neurons that express both CGRP and CTR suggests that CGRP could act in an autocrine manner through a CTR-based receptor, such as the AMY1 receptor. Overall, this suggests that a trigeminal ganglia CTR-based receptor may be activated during migraine and could therefore represent a potential target to develop treatments for craniofacial pain and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla A. Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew F. Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Administration Health Center, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Simon J. O’Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Debbie L. Hay, ; Christopher S. Walker,
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Debbie L. Hay, ; Christopher S. Walker,
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Wookey P, Gupta P, Bittencourt L, Cheung S, Hare D, Furness S. Methods to measure calcitonin receptor activity, up-regulated in cell stress, apoptosis and autophagy. F1000Res 2021; 10:1019. [PMID: 34745567 PMCID: PMC8543166 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.72845.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the calcitonin receptor (CT Receptor) is widespread throughout the life cycle of mammals and in many diseases, and in these contexts the functions of the common isoforms is largely unknown. The relatively recent development of anti-CT Receptor antibodies that bind separate epitopes on the CT
a Receptor and CT
b Receptor isoforms has advanced our knowledge and understanding of these events. CT Receptor at the protein level is upregulated in programmed cell death including apoptosis (as described in a previous publication) and autophagy, which is discussed in our upcoming, unpublished review. Incomplete data sets are cited in this review on the upregulation of CACLR (encoding CT Receptor) mRNA, in particular the insert-positive isoform (CT
b Receptor), in response to cell stress. Cell stress is induced by growth in depleted foetal bovine serum (dFBS) or without FBS, both of which induce degrees of starvation and autophagy, or dFBS plus staurosporine, which induces apoptosis. Details of the methods deployed to generate these data are described here including measurement of the upregulation of CT
b Receptor mRNA with qPCR and nanopore long range sequencing. An anti-CT Receptor antibody also known as CalRexin
TM, which binds an epitope in the N-terminal domain, was conjugated to either fluorophore 568, which is accumulated into apoptotic cells as previously reported, or pHrodo Red, a pH dependent fluorescent dye, which is accumulated into autophagic and apoptotic cells. These conjugates are under development to image programmed cell death. The methods for conjugation and high content imaging on the Operetta platform are described. The high fluorescence intensity at low pH of CalRexin:pHrodo Red in both autophagic and apoptotic cells suggests localisation in autophago-lysosomes and lysosomes respectively. Overall, these observations and the methods that underpin them have contributed to our understanding of the widespread expression of CT Receptor isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wookey
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Pragya Gupta
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Lucas Bittencourt
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Shane Cheung
- BOMP, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - David Hare
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Sebastian Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
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Gupta P, Furness SGB, Bittencourt L, Hare DL, Wookey PJ. Building the case for the calcitonin receptor as a viable target for the treatment of glioblastoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920978110. [PMID: 33425026 PMCID: PMC7758865 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920978110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers are actively seeking novel targeted therapies for the brain tumour glioblastoma (GBM) as the mean survival is less than 15 months. Here we discuss the proposal that the calcitonin receptor (CT Receptor), expressed in 76-86% of patient biopsies, is expressed by both malignant glioma cells and putative glioma stem cells (GSCs), and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target. Forty-two per cent (42%) of high-grade glioma (HGG; representative of GSCs) cell lines express CT Receptor protein. CT Receptors are widely expressed throughout the life cycle of organisms and in some instances promote apoptosis. Which of the common isoforms of the CT Receptor are predominantly expressed is currently unknown, but a functional response to cell stress of the insert-positive isoform is hypothesised. A model for resistant malignancies is one in which chemotherapy plays a direct role in activating quiescent stem cells for replacement of the tumour tissue hierarchy. The putative role that the CT Receptor plays in maintenance of quiescent cancer stem cells is discussed in view of the activation of the Notch-CT Receptor-collagen V axis in quiescent muscle (satellite) stem cells. The pharmacological CT response profiles of four of the HGG cell lines were reported. Both CT responders and non-responders were sensitive to an immunotoxin based on an anti-CT Receptor antibody. The CALCR mRNA exhibits alternative splicing commonly associated with cancer cells, which could result in the atypical pharmacology exhibited by CT non-responders and an explanation of tumour suppression. Due to the inherent instability of CALCR mRNA, analysis of CT Receptor protein in patient samples will lead to improved data for the expression of CT Receptor in GBM and other cancers, and an understanding of the role and activity of the splice variants. This knowledge will aid the effective targeting of this receptor for treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Gupta
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology, Monash University (Parkville), Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucas Bittencourt
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Wookey
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 10, Lance Townsend Building, Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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Ostrovskaya A, Hick C, Hutchinson DS, Stringer BW, Wookey PJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM, Furness SGB. Expression and activity of the calcitonin receptor family in a sample of primary human high-grade gliomas. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:157. [PMID: 30777055 PMCID: PMC6379965 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain cancer. With median survival of less than 15 months, identification and validation of new GBM therapeutic targets is of critical importance. Results In this study we tested expression and performed pharmacological characterization of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) as well as other members of the calcitonin family of receptors in high-grade glioma (HGG) cell lines derived from individual patient tumours, cultured in defined conditions. Previous immunohistochemical data demonstrated CTR expression in GBM biopsies and we were able to confirm CALCR (gene encoding CTR) expression. However, as assessed by cAMP accumulation assay, only one of the studied cell lines expressed functional CTR, while the other cell lines have functional CGRP (CLR/RAMP1) receptors. The only CTR-expressing cell line (SB2b) showed modest coupling to the cAMP pathway and no activation of other known CTR signaling pathways, including ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases, and Ca2+ mobilization, supportive of low cell surface receptor expression. Exome sequencing data failed to account for the discrepancy between functional data and expression on the cell lines that do not respond to calcitonin(s) with no deleterious non-synonymous polymorphisms detected, suggesting that other factors may be at play, such as alternative splicing or rapid constitutive receptor internalisation. Conclusions This study shows that GPCR signaling can display significant variation depending on cellular system used, and effects seen in model recombinant cell lines or tumour cell lines are not always reproduced in a more physiologically relevant system and vice versa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5369-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ostrovskaya
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Caroline Hick
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Brett W Stringer
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter J Wookey
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Lance Townsend Building, Level 10, Austin Campus, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Gingell JJ, Hendrikse ER, Hay DL. New Insights into the Regulation of CGRP-Family Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gilabert-Oriol R, Furness SGB, Stringer BW, Weng A, Fuchs H, Day BW, Kourakis A, Boyd AW, Hare DL, Thakur M, Johns TG, Wookey PJ. Dianthin-30 or gelonin versus monomethyl auristatin E, each configured with an anti-calcitonin receptor antibody, are differentially potent in vitro in high-grade glioma cell lines derived from glioblastoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1217-1228. [PMID: 28501939 PMCID: PMC11029669 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that calcitonin receptor (CTR) is widely expressed in biopsies from the lethal brain tumour glioblastoma by malignant glioma and brain tumour-initiating cells (glioma stem cells) using anti-human CTR antibodies. A monoclonal antibody against an epitope within the extracellular domain of CTR was raised (mAb2C4) and chemically conjugated to either plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) dianthin-30 or gelonin, or the drug monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), and purified. In the high-grade glioma cell line (HGG, representing glioma stem cells) SB2b, in the presence of the triterpene glycoside SO1861, the EC50 for mAb2C4:dianthin was 10.0 pM and for mAb2C4:MMAE [antibody drug conjugate (ADC)] 2.5 nM, 250-fold less potent. With the cell line U87MG, in the presence of SO1861, the EC50 for mAb2C4:dianthin was 20 pM, mAb2C4:gelonin, 20 pM, compared to the ADC (6.3 nM), which is >300 less potent. Several other HGG cell lines that express CTR were tested and the efficacies of mAb2C4:RIP (dianthin or gelonin) were similar. Co-administration of the enhancer SO1861 purified from plants enhances lysosomal escape. Enhancement with SO1861 increased potency of the immunotoxin (>3 log values) compared to the ADC (1 log). The uptake of antibody was demonstrated with the fluorescent conjugate mAb2C4:Alexa Fluor 568, and the release of dianthin-30:Alexa Fluor488 into the cytosol following addition of SO1861 supports our model. These data demonstrate that the immunotoxins are highly potent and that CTR is an effective target expressed by a large proportion of HGG cell lines representative of glioma stem cells and isolated from individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gilabert-Oriol
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Lance Townsend Building, Level 10, Austin Campus, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z IL3, Canada
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University (Parkville), Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett W Stringer
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Angela Kourakis
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Lance Townsend Building, Level 10, Austin Campus, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Lance Townsend Building, Level 10, Austin Campus, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Mayank Thakur
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University (Clayton), Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Wookey
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology (Austin Health, Heidelberg), University of Melbourne, Lance Townsend Building, Level 10, Austin Campus, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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