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Siegel SD, Tindle HA, Bergen AW, Tyndale RF, Schnoll R. The Use of Biomarkers to Guide Precision Treatment for Tobacco Use. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 6. [PMID: 37089247 PMCID: PMC10121195 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the evidence to date on the development of biomarkers for personalizing the pharmacological treatment of combustible tobacco use. First, the latest evidence on FDA-approved medications is considered, demonstrating that, while these medications offer real benefits, they do not contribute to smoking cessation in approximately two-thirds of cases. Second, the case for using biomarkers to guide tobacco treatment is made based on the potential to increase medication effectiveness and uptake and reduce side effects. Next, the FDA framework of biomarker development is presented along with the state of science on biomarkers for tobacco treatment, including a review of the nicotine metabolite ratio, electroencephalographic event-related potentials, and other biomarkers utilized for risk feedback. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities for the translation of biomarkers to guide tobacco treatment and propose priorities for future research.
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Nikkholgh A, Ahmad Ebrahimi S, Bakhshi E, Zarrindast MR, Asgari Y, Torkaman-Boutorabi A. New Biomarkers Based on Smoking-Related Phenotypes for Smoking Cessation Outcomes of Nicotine Replacement Therapy: A Prospective Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:639-650. [PMID: 35173918 PMCID: PMC8818114 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1552.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Identifying a potent biomarker for smoking cessation can play a key role in predicting prognosis and improving treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of new biomarkers based on the levels of Cotinine (Cot) and carbon monoxide (CO) to the short- and long-term quit rates of nicotine replacement therapies (Nicotine Patch [NP] and Nicotine Lozenge [NL]). Methods: In this prospective interventional study, 124 smokers under treatment with the 5A’s method were selected from an outpatient smoking cessation center in district 18 of Tehran City, Iran. The study was conducted from April 2016 to December 2018. They were divided into NP (n=56) and NL (n=61) intervention groups. The levels of Cot and CO were measured using ELISA and breath analysis at the beginning of the study. Three markers were calculated: Cot/CO, Cot to cigarette per day ratio (Cot/CPD), and CO/CPD. Binary logistic regression models and generalized estimating equations models were analyzed by SPSS software, version 21 to determine the chances of quitting smoking. Results: Of the NP participants, 30.4% and 19.6% were abstinent after 2 and 6 months, respectively, while NL was found less effective with 19.7% for 2-month follow-up and 13.1% for 6-month follow-up. The 6-month success of quitting attempts was significantly different for the NP participants at the second half of Cot/CO (P=0.029). Of the NL participants, CO/CPD would be a superior predictor for smoking cessation success (P>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested two markers of Cot/CO and CO/CPD in this order for the optimum treatment outcomes of NP and NL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nikkholgh
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soltan Ahmad Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Enayatollah Bakhshi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Torkaman-Boutorabi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Alam A, Ansari MA, Badrealam KF, Pathak S. Molecular approaches to lung cancer prevention. Future Oncol 2021; 17:1793-1810. [PMID: 33653087 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is generally diagnosed at advanced stages when surgical resection is not possible. Late diagnosis, along with development of chemoresistance, results in high mortality. Preventive approaches, including smoking cessation, chemoprevention and early detection are needed to improve survival. Smoking cessation combined with low-dose computed tomography screening has modestly improved survival. Chemoprevention has also shown some promise. Despite these successes, most lung cancer cases remain undetected until advanced stages. Additional early detection strategies may further improve survival and treatment outcome. Molecular alterations taking place during lung carcinogenesis have the potential to be used in early detection via noninvasive methods and may also serve as biomarkers for success of chemopreventive approaches. This review focuses on the utilization of molecular biomarkers to increase the efficacy of various preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Alam
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mohammad A Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute of Research & Medical Consultation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khan F Badrealam
- Cardiovascular & Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Sujata Pathak
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Perez-Paramo YX, Lazarus P. Pharmacogenetics factors influencing smoking cessation success; the importance of nicotine metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:333-349. [PMID: 33322962 PMCID: PMC8049967 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1863948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Smoking remains a worldwide epidemic, and despite an increase in public acceptance of the harms of tobacco use, it remains the leading cause of preventable death. It is estimated that up to 70% of all smokers express a desire to quit, but only 3-5% of them are successful.Areas covered: The goal of this review was to evaluate the current status of smoking cessation treatments and the feasibility of implementing personalized-medicine approaches to these pharmacotherapies. We evaluated the genetics associated with higher levels of nicotine addiction and follow with an analysis of the genetic variants that affect the nicotine metabolic ratio (NMR) and the FDA approved treatments for smoking cessation. We also highlighted the gaps in the process of translating current laboratory understanding into clinical practice, and the benefits of personalized treatment approaches for a successful smoking cessation strategy.Expert opinion: Evidence supports the use of tailored therapies to ensure that the most efficient treatments are utilized in an individual's smoking cessation efforts. An understanding of the genetic effects on the efficacy of individualized smoking cessation pharmacotherapies is key to smoking cessation, ideally utilizing a polygenetic risk score that considers all genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira X. Perez-Paramo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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Higgins GA, Sellers EM. 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors as potential targets for the treatment of nicotine use and dependence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 259:229-263. [PMID: 33541678 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine use and dependence, typically achieved through cigarette smoking, but increasingly through vape products, is the leading cause of preventable death today. Despite a recognition that many current smokers would like to quit, the success rate at doing so is low and indicative of the persistent nature of nicotine dependence and the high urge to relapse. There are currently three main forms of pharmacotherapy approved as aids to treat nicotine dependence: a variety of nicotine replacement products (NRT's), the mixed NA/DA reuptake inhibitor bupropion (Zyban®), and the preferential nicotinic α4β2 receptor agonist drug, varenicline (Chantix®); the latter being generally recognized to be the most effective. However, each of these approaches afford only limited efficacy, and various other pharmacological approaches are being explored. This chapter focusses on approaches targeted to the serotonin (5-HT) system, namely, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) which served a pioneer role in the investigation of serotoninergic modulators in human smoking cessation trials; and secondly drugs selectively interacting with the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor systems. From an efficacy perspective, measured as smoking abstinence, the 5-HT2A agonist psychedelics, namely psilocybin, seem to show the most promise; although as the article highlights, these findings are both preliminary and there are significant challenges to the route to approval, and therapeutic use of this class should they reach approval status. Additional avenues include 5-HT2C receptor agonists, which until recently was pioneered by lorcaserin, and 5-HT2A receptor antagonists represented by pimavanserin. Each of these approaches has distinct profiles across preclinical tests of nicotine dependence, and may have therapeutic potential. It is anticipated as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers emerge, they may provide opportunities for subject stratification and opportunities for personalizing smoking cessation treatment. The clinical assessment of SSRI, 5-HT2A and/or 5-HT2C receptor-based treatments may be best served by this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions Inc, Fergus, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Edward M Sellers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; DL Global Partners Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
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Dos Santos Arcas C, Lin-Wang HT, Umeda IIK, de Sousa MG, Utiyama DMO, de Padua Mansur A, Macchione M, Hirata MH, Nakagawa NK. Smoking load reduction is insufficient to downregulate miR-301b, a lung cancer promoter. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21112. [PMID: 33273694 PMCID: PMC7713348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several circulating miRNAs identified in the plasma of smokers have been implicated as promoters of nasopharyngeal and lung carcinoma. To investigate the plasma profile of miRNAs in subjects who reduces the number of smoked cigarettes and who quit after six months. We accompanied 28 individuals enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Program over 6 months. At Baseline, clinical characteristics, co-morbidities, and smoking history were similar among subjects. After 6 months, two groups were defined: who successfully quitted smoking (named "quitters", n = 18, mean age 57 years, 11 male) and who reduced the number of cigarettes smoked (20-90%) but failed to quit smoking (named "smokers", n = 10, mean age 52 years, 3 male). No significant clinical changes were observed between groups at baseline and after a 6-month period, however, quitters showed significant downregulations in seven miRNAs at baseline: miR-17 (- 2.90-fold, p = 0.029), miR-20a (- 3.80-fold, p = 0.021); miR-20b (- 4.71-fold, p = 0.027); miR-30a (- 3.95-fold, p = 0.024); miR-93 (- 3.63-fold, p = 0.022); miR-125a (- 1.70-fold, p = 0.038); and miR-195 (- 5.37-fold, p = 0.002), and after a 6-month period in 6 miRNAs: miR-17 (- 5.30-fold, p = 0.012), miR-20a (- 2.04-fold, p = 0.017), miR-20b (- 5.44-fold, p = 0.017), miR-93 (- 4.00-fold, p = 0.041), miR-101 (- 4.82-fold, p = 0.047) and miR-125b (- 3.65-fold, p = 0.025). Using time comparisons, only quitters had significant downregulation in miR-301b (- 2.29-fold, p = 0.038) after 6-month. Reductions in the number of smoked cigarettes was insufficient to change the plasma profile of miRNA after 6 months. Only quitting smoking (100% reduction) significantly downregulated miR-301b related to hypoxic conditions, promotion of cell proliferation, decreases in apoptosis, cancer development, and progression as increases in radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Dos Santos Arcas
- Department of Physiotherapy, LIM-54, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 room 1150, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-930, Brazil
| | - Hui Tzu Lin-Wang
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology São Paulo State, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iracema Ioco Kikuchi Umeda
- Department of Physiotherapy, LIM-54, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 room 1150, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-930, Brazil
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology São Paulo State, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio de Padua Mansur
- Department of Cardiopneumology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Macchione
- Department of Pathology, LIM05, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naomi Kondo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiotherapy, LIM-54, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 room 1150, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-930, Brazil.
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Allenby C, Falcone M, Wileyto EP, Cao W, Bernardo L, Ashare RL, Janes A, Loughead J, Lerman C. Neural cue reactivity during acute abstinence predicts short-term smoking relapse. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12733. [PMID: 30806013 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In smokers, neural responses to smoking cues can be sensitive to acute abstinence, but the degree to which abstinence-related cue reactivity contributes to relapse is not fully understood. This study addressed this question in a sample of 75 smokers who were motivated to quit smoking. Participants underwent blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during presentation of visual smoking cues and neutral stimuli on two occasions: once during smoking satiety and once following 24-hour abstinence (order counterbalanced). Following the imaging sessions, participants received brief smoking cessation counseling prior to a short-term (7-day) quit attempt. The primary smoking cessation outcome was biochemically confirmed 7-day relapse. The secondary smoking cessation outcome measure was total number of self-reported days of abstinence. During abstinence (vs satiety), smoking cue reactivity was significantly increased only in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); other regions showing a cue (vs neutral) response did not exhibit an abstinence effect in the stringent whole-brain analysis. Participants who showed greater smoking cue reactivity in the ACC during acute abstinence (compared with smoking satiety) were more likely to relapse (OR = 2.10 per standard deviation increase in percent signal change [abstinence minus smoking satiety], 95% CI: 1.05 to 4.20, P = 0.036). Greater abstinence-induced change in ACC activation also predicted fewer total days abstinent (β = -0.63, 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.66, P < 0.0001). This study provides the first evidence that changes in smoking cue reactivity in the ACC during acute abstinence predict smoking relapse, thereby improving our understanding of the neurobiology of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Allenby
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Mary Falcone
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - E. Paul Wileyto
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and InformaticsUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Wen Cao
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Leah Bernardo
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Rebecca L. Ashare
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Amy Janes
- McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical SchoolMcLean Imaging Center Belmont MA USA
| | - James Loughead
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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8
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Funamoto M, Shimizu K, Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Miyazaki Y, Komiyama M, Yamakage H, Satoh-Asahara N, Takahashi Y, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Serum Cystatin C, a Sensitive Marker of Renal Function and Cardiovascular Disease, Decreases After Smoking Cessation. Circ Rep 2019; 1:623-627. [PMID: 33693109 PMCID: PMC7897701 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-19-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Smoking exerts detrimental effects during the progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Serum cystatin C is useful in the evaluation of early renal dysfunction and serves as a cardiovascular prognostic marker. This study measured changes in serum cystatin C after smoking cessation (SC). Methods and Results: In this study, patients who visited the SC clinic for the first time and succeeded in SC for 1 year were enrolled. In the entire cohort of 86 patients, body mass index (BMI, P<0.001) and waist circumference (WC, P<0.001) increased significantly at 3 months after SC compared with baseline. These values were further increased significantly (BMI, P<0.001; WC, P<0.001) from 3 months to 1 year after SC. Serum cystatin C decreased significantly at 3 months (P=0.045) after SC, and remained unchanged (P=0.482) from 3 months to 1 year after SC. Percent change from baseline to 3 months after SC in serum cystatin C was correlated with the percent change in serum monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (P=0.047). Conclusions: Serum cystatin C, a marker of chronic kidney disease, was significantly reduced at 3 months after SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Kana Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Maki Komiyama
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuko Takahashi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
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Shahab L, Bauld L, McNeill A, Tyndale RF. Does the nicotine metabolite ratio moderate smoking cessation treatment outcomes in real-world settings? A prospective study. Addiction 2019; 114:304-314. [PMID: 30276911 PMCID: PMC6492100 DOI: 10.1111/add.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In smoking treatment trials comparing varenicline with transdermal nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), stratified by nicotine metabolite (3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) ratio (NMR), the relative benefit of varenicline is greater among normal rather than slow metabolizers. This study tested if the relative effectiveness of varenicline and NRT is associated with NMR status in a natural treatment setting. A secondary aim was to test if this relationship is moderated by behavioural support. DESIGN Prospective observational multi-centre study with 4-week and 52-week follow-up. SETTING Nine English Stop Smoking Services (SSS). PARTICIPANTS Data came from 1556 smokers (aged ≥ 16 years) attending SSS between March 2012 and March 2013. INTERVENTIONS Participants received pharmacotherapy together with behavioural support. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was carbon monoxide-verified continuous abstinence at both follow-up times. Main explanatory variables were (1) NMR status [slow (NMR < 0.31, n = 451) versus normal (NMR ≥ 0.31, n = 1105) metabolizers]; (2) pharmacotherapy (varenicline versus NRT) and (3) behavioural support (individual versus group-based treatment). Analyses adjusted for baseline socio-demographic, SSS, mental/physical health and smoking characteristics. FINDINGS Of participants, 44.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 41.7-46.6%] and 8.0% (95% CI = 6.8-9.5%) were continuously abstinent at 4 and 52 weeks. Varenicline was more effective than NRT at 4 weeks (P < 0.001) but only marginally so at 52 weeks (P = 0.061). There was no or inclusive evidence that NMR status moderated relative efficacy of varenicline and NRT at 4- [P = 0.60, Bayes factor (BF) = 0.25] or 52-week follow-ups (P = 0.74, BF = 0.73). However, this relationship was moderated by behavioural support (p = 0.012): the relative benefit of varenicline over NRT at 52-week follow-up was greater in slow, not normal, metabolizers receiving group rather than individual support (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS In a real-world setting, the nicotine metabolite ratio status of treatment-seeking smokers does not appear to contribute substantially to the differential effectiveness of varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy in Stop Smoking Services, when both pharmacotherapy and behavioural support are self-selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesNottinghamUK
| | - Linda Bauld
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesNottinghamUK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and InformaticsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesNottinghamUK
- Addictions DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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10
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Pericot-Valverde I, Secades-Villa R, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J. A randomized clinical trial of cue exposure treatment through virtual reality for smoking cessation. J Subst Abuse Treat 2019; 96:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Clyde M, Pipe A, Els C, Reid R, Fu A, Clark A, Tulloch H. Nicotine metabolite ratio and smoking outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline among smokers with and without psychiatric illness. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:979-985. [PMID: 29788791 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118773532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that the effectiveness of nicotine replacement smoking cessation pharmacotherapy may be enhanced by assessing rates of nicotine metabolism using the nicotine metabolite ratio - which reflects differences in the activity of the CYP2A6 hepatic enzyme - and titrating doses appropriately. To date, supporting evidence is equivocal, with little information regarding the assessment and effectiveness of the nicotine metabolite ratio among smokers with psychiatric conditions. METHODS The nicotine metabolite ratio of 499 smokers from the FLEX trial was determined using urine samples obtained at baseline. They were randomized to receive either: standard transdermal nicotine (nicotine replacement therapy); extended nicotine replacement therapy + adjunct nicotine agent; or varenicline. Primary cessation outcomes were seven-day point prevalence at 5, 10, 22, and 52 weeks post-target quit date, comparing across treatment and psychiatric status. Our principal analysis employed logistic regression (outcome: abstinence), using slow metabolizers as the reference category. RESULTS No differences were observed by nicotine metabolite ratio classification (slow, moderate, fast) with respect to any demographic or smoking-related variables. Nicotine metabolite ratio class did not predict smoking cessation in either the overall sample, or by treatment condition at any time-point (week 52 moderate metabolizers: odds ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval (0.68-2.63), p=0.394; fast metabolizers: odds ratio 1.04 (0.56-1.91), p=0. 906). CONCLUSION Our results did not find any associations between nicotine metabolite ratio and cessation outcomes among smokers using nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline with and without lifetime psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clyde
- 1 University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada.,2 Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Pipe
- 1 University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada.,3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Charl Els
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Robert Reid
- 1 University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada.,3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angel Fu
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexa Clark
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Tulloch
- 1 University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada.,3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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12
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Salloum NC, Buchalter ELF, Chanani S, Espejo G, Ismail MS, Laine RO, Nageeb M, Srivastava AB, Trapp N, Trillo L, Vance E, Wenzinger M, Hartz SM, David SP, Chen LS. From genes to treatments: a systematic review of the pharmacogenetics in smoking cessation. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:861-871. [PMID: 29914292 PMCID: PMC6219447 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking cessation treatment outcomes may be heavily influenced by genetic variations among smokers. Therefore, identifying specific variants that affect response to different pharmacotherapies is of major interest to the field. In the current study, we systematically review all studies published in or after the year 1990 which examined one or more gene-drug interactions for smoking cessation treatment. Out of 644 citations, 46 articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. We summarize evidence on several genetic polymorphisms (CHRNA5-A3-B4, CYP2A6, DBH, CHRNA4, COMT, DRD2, DRD4 and CYP2B6) and their potential moderating pharamacotherarpy effects on patient cessation efficacy rates. These findings are promising and call for further research to demonstrate the effectiveness of genetic testing in personalizing treatment decision-making and improving outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji C Salloum
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erica LF Buchalter
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swati Chanani
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gemma Espejo
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mahjabeen S Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Randy O Laine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maysaa Nageeb
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - A Benjamin Srivastava
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas Trapp
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ludwig Trillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erica Vance
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael Wenzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah M Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Chen X, Wang Y, Leeman RF, Li F, Zhao J, Bruijnzeel AW. Video-assisted topographical measurement of cigarette smoking: Exploration of an objective approach to evaluate nicotine dependence. Tob Prev Cessat 2018; 4:21. [PMID: 32411847 PMCID: PMC7205159 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/90821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Addressing nicotine dependence is key to effective smoking cessation. While self-report measures of nicotine dependence are often challenged for their reliability and validity, there is a lack of non-invasive and inexpensive objective measures of nicotine dependence. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of using video-assisted smoking topography to derive objective measures indicative of nicotine dependence with the guidance of nicotine-receptor-based self-titration theory. METHODS Videotaped topography data were collected for one episode of smoking a whole cigarette the first time of the day from 10 cigarette smokers with diverse racial backgrounds (4 males and 6 females, mean age = 27 years, SD = 7.2). Temporal patterns of individual topographic measures (i.e. puff interval, puff speed, puff duration, inhalation duration, and rest duration) were measured and plotted against time. Levels of nicotine dependence were evaluated using three standard scales, including the 14-item DSM-IV scale, the 6-item ICD-10 scale, and the 6-item Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence. Both linear and non-linear fold catastrophe dynamic models were used to fit the data. RESULTS Compared with a linear model (R2 from 0.003 to 0.74), the non-linear model more adequately captured the temporal pattern of topographic measures (R2 from 0.11 to 0.99), especially puff speed. The indicators derived from the fitted fold catastrophe curve (e.g. average puff speed) were significantly associated with nicotine dependence scores, especially DSM-IV scale scores (r from 0.64 to 0.93). CONCLUSIONS Study findings suggest the potential to objectively and non-invasively measure nicotine dependence using video-assisted smoking topography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Wang
- University of Florida, Florida, United States
| | | | - Fang Li
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
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Chen LS, Horton A, Bierut L. Pathways to precision medicine in smoking cessation treatments. Neurosci Lett 2018; 669:83-92. [PMID: 27208830 PMCID: PMC5115988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is highly addictive and modern genetic research has identified robust genetic influences on nicotine dependence. An important step in translating these genetic findings to clinical practice is identifying the genetic factors affecting smoking cessation in order to enhance current smoking cessation treatments. We reviewed the significant genetic variants that predict nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, and response to cessation pharmacotherapy. These data suggest that genetic risks can predict smoking cessation outcomes and moderate the effect of pharmacological treatments. Some pharmacogenetic findings have been replicated in meta-analyses or in multiple smoking cessation trials. The variation in efficacy between smokers with different genetic markers supports the notion that personalized smoking cessation intervention based upon genotype could maximize the efficiency of such treatment while minimizing side effects, thus influencing the number needed to treat (NNT) and the number needed to harm. In summary, as precision medicine is revolutionizing healthcare, smoking cessation may be one of the first areas where genetic variants may identify individuals at increased risk. Current evidence strongly suggests that genetic variants predict cessation failure and that cessation pharmacotherapy effectiveness is modulated by biomarkers such as nicotinic cholinergic receptor α5 subunit (CHRNA5) genotypes or nicotine metabolism ratio (NMR). These findings strengthen the case for the development and rigorous testing of treatments that target patients with different biological risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shiun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Amy Horton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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15
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Saccone NL, Baurley JW, Bergen AW, David SP, Elliott HR, Foreman MG, Kaprio J, Piasecki TM, Relton CL, Zawertailo L, Bierut LJ, Tyndale RF, Chen LS. The Value of Biosamples in Smoking Cessation Trials: A Review of Genetic, Metabolomic, and Epigenetic Findings. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:403-413. [PMID: 28472521 PMCID: PMC5896536 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Human genetic research has succeeded in definitively identifying multiple genetic variants associated with risk for nicotine dependence and heavy smoking. To build on these advances, and to aid in reducing the prevalence of smoking and its consequent health harms, the next frontier is to identify genetic predictors of successful smoking cessation and also of the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments ("pharmacogenomics"). More broadly, additional biomarkers that can be quantified from biosamples also promise to aid "Precision Medicine" and the personalization of treatment, both pharmacological and behavioral. Aims and Methods To motivate ongoing and future efforts, here we review several compelling genetic and biomarker findings related to smoking cessation and treatment. Results These Key results involve genetic variants in the nicotinic receptor subunit gene CHRNA5, variants in the nicotine metabolism gene CYP2A6, and the nicotine metabolite ratio. We also summarize reports of epigenetic changes related to smoking behavior. Conclusions The results to date demonstrate the value and utility of data generated from biosamples in clinical treatment trial settings. This article cross-references a companion paper in this issue that provides practical guidance on how to incorporate biosample collection into a planned clinical trial and discusses avenues for harmonizing data and fostering consortium-based, collaborative research on the pharmacogenomics of smoking cessation. Implications Evidence is emerging that certain genotypes and biomarkers are associated with smoking cessation success and efficacy of smoking cessation treatments. We review key findings that open potential avenues for personalizing smoking cessation treatment according to an individual's genetic or metabolic profile. These results provide important incentive for smoking cessation researchers to collect biosamples and perform genotyping in research studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Genetics and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marilyn G Foreman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Chen LS, Zawertailo L, Piasecki TM, Kaprio J, Foreman M, Elliott HR, David SP, Bergen AW, Baurley JW, Tyndale RF, Baker TB, Bierut LJ, Saccone NL. Leveraging Genomic Data in Smoking Cessation Trials in the Era of Precision Medicine: Why and How. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:414-424. [PMID: 28498934 PMCID: PMC5896450 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Implications This article outlines a framework for the consistent integration of biological data/samples into smoking cessation pharmacotherapy trials, aligned with the objectives of the recently unveiled Precision Medicine Initiative. Our goal is to encourage and provide support for treatment researchers to consider biosample collection and genotyping their existing samples as well as integrating genetic analyses into their study design in order to realize precision medicine in treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shiun Chen
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marilyn Foreman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy B Baker
- Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI
| | - Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI
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Bergen AW. Biomarkers for Tobacco Exposures, Toxicology, Regulation, and Cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:401-402. [PMID: 29342303 PMCID: PMC7207064 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bergen
- BioRealm, LLC, Culver City, CA.,Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR
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18
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Baurley JW, McMahan CS, Ervin CM, Pardamean B, Bergen AW. Biosignature Discovery for Substance Use Disorders Using Statistical Learning. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:221-235. [PMID: 29409736 PMCID: PMC5836808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are limited biomarkers for substance use disorders (SUDs). Traditional statistical approaches are identifying simple biomarkers in large samples, but clinical use cases are still being established. High-throughput clinical, imaging, and 'omic' technologies are generating data from SUD studies and may lead to more sophisticated and clinically useful models. However, analytic strategies suited for high-dimensional data are not regularly used. We review strategies for identifying biomarkers and biosignatures from high-dimensional data types. Focusing on penalized regression and Bayesian approaches, we address how to leverage evidence from existing studies and knowledge bases, using nicotine metabolism as an example. We posit that big data and machine learning approaches will considerably advance SUD biomarker discovery. However, translation to clinical practice, will require integrated scientific efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Baurley
- BioRealm, Culver City, CA, USA; Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | | | - Bens Pardamean
- BioRealm, Culver City, CA, USA; Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- BioRealm, Culver City, CA, USA; Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
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Shahab L, Mortimer E, Bauld L, McGowan JA, McNeill A, Tyndale RF. Characterising the nicotine metabolite ratio and its association with treatment choice: A cross sectional analysis of Stop Smoking Services in England. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17613. [PMID: 29242560 PMCID: PMC5730579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy provision based on Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR) status (slow/normal metabolism) may improve smoking cessation rates. However, it is unclear whether NMR status is consistent across patient characteristics and current treatment choice. Data come from 1,826 participants attending Stop Smoking Services (SSS) across England in 2012/13. Sociodemographic, mental/physical health, smoking and treatment characteristics (nicotine replacement therapy vs. other pharmacotherapy; group vs. one-to-one behavioural support) were assessed. Salivary nicotine metabolites were measured and NMR (3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) computed, characterising smokers as slow (NMR < 0.31) or normal (NMR ≥ 0.31) metabolisers. Normal metabolisers were older than slow metabolisers (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.32-1.69) but no other characteristics were associated with NMR status. Overall, predictors accounted for only 7.3% of NMR variance. In adjusted analysis, pharmacotherapy type was not associated with NMR status, but normal metabolisers were less likely to use group support (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.51-0.89). NMR status does not vary substantially across sociodemographic characteristics. Given its impact on pharmacotherapy efficacy, the lack of an association with pharmacotherapy choice suggests there is scope to use NMR status to optimise the selection and efficacy of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. The unexpected association of NMR status with behavioural support should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK.
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Emily Mortimer
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nottingham, UK
- School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, Stirling, UK
| | - Jennifer A McGowan
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nottingham, UK
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Kranzler HR, Smith RV, Schnoll R, Moustafa A, Greenstreet-Akman E. Precision medicine and pharmacogenetics: what does oncology have that addiction medicine does not? Addiction 2017; 112:2086-2094. [PMID: 28431457 PMCID: PMC5650957 DOI: 10.1111/add.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Precision, personalized or stratified medicine, which promises to deliver the right treatment to the right patient, is a topic of international interest in both the lay press and the scientific literature. A key aspect of precision medicine is the identification of biomarkers that predict the response to medications (i.e. pharmacogenetics). We examined why, despite the great strides that have been made in biomarker identification in many areas of medicine, only in oncology has there been substantial progress in their clinical implementation. We also considered why progress in this effort has lagged in addiction medicine. METHODS We compared the development of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in oncology, cardiovascular medicine (where developments are also promising) and addictive disorders. RESULTS The first major reason for the success of oncologic pharmacogenetics is ready access to tumor tissue, which allows in-vitro testing and insights into cancer biology. The second major reason is funding, with cancer research receiving, by far, the largest allocation by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the past two decades. The second largest allocation of research funding has gone to cardiovascular disease research. Addictions research received a much smaller NIH funding allocation, despite the major impact that tobacco use, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use have on the public health and healthcare costs. CONCLUSIONS Greater support for research on the personalized treatment of addictive disorders can be expected to yield disproportionately large benefits to the public health and substantial reductions in healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rachel V. Smith
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Afaf Moustafa
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Emma Greenstreet-Akman
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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22
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Allenby CE, Boylan KA, Lerman C, Falcone M. Precision Medicine for Tobacco Dependence: Development and Validation of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:471-83. [PMID: 26872457 PMCID: PMC5479354 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality, yet there is a high rate of relapse amongst smokers who try to quit. Phenotypic biomarkers have the potential to improve smoking cessation outcomes by identifying the best available treatment for an individual smoker. In this review, we introduce the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) as a reliable and stable phenotypic measure of nicotine metabolism that can guide smoking cessation treatment among smokers who wish to quit. We address how the NMR accounts for sources of variation in nicotine metabolism including genotype and other biological and environmental factors such as estrogen levels, alcohol use, body mass index, or menthol exposure. Then, we highlight clinical trials that validate the NMR as a biomarker to predict therapeutic response to different pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation. Current evidence supports the use of nicotine replacement therapy for slow metabolizers, and non-nicotine treatments such as varenicline for normal metabolizers. Finally, we discuss future research directions to elucidate mechanisms underlying NMR associations with treatment response, and facilitate the implementation of the NMR as biomarker in clinical practice to guide smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne E Allenby
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelly A Boylan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mary Falcone
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Baurley JW, Edlund CK, Pardamean CI, Conti DV, Krasnow R, Javitz HS, Hops H, Swan GE, Benowitz NL, Bergen AW. Genome-Wide Association of the Laboratory-Based Nicotine Metabolite Ratio in Three Ancestries. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1837-1844. [PMID: 27113016 PMCID: PMC4978985 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic enzyme variation and other patient and environmental characteristics influence smoking behaviors, treatment success, and risk of related disease. Population-specific variation in metabolic genes contributes to challenges in developing and optimizing pharmacogenetic interventions. We applied a custom genome-wide genotyping array for addiction research (Smokescreen), to three laboratory-based studies of nicotine metabolism with oral or venous administration of labeled nicotine and cotinine, to model nicotine metabolism in multiple populations. The trans-3′-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio, the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), was the nicotine metabolism measure analyzed. Methods: Three hundred twelve individuals of self-identified European, African, and Asian American ancestry were genotyped and included in ancestry-specific genome-wide association scans (GWAS) and a meta-GWAS analysis of the NMR. We modeled natural-log transformed NMR with covariates: principal components of genetic ancestry, age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. Results: African and Asian American NMRs were statistically significantly (P values ≤ 5E-5) lower than European American NMRs. Meta-GWAS analysis identified 36 genome-wide significant variants over a 43 kilobase pair region at CYP2A6 with minimum P = 2.46E-18 at rs12459249, proximal to CYP2A6. Additional minima were located in intron 4 (rs56113850, P = 6.61E-18) and in the CYP2A6-CYP2A7 intergenic region (rs34226463, P = 1.45E-12). Most (34/36) genome-wide significant variants suggested reduced CYP2A6 activity; functional mechanisms were identified and tested in knowledge-bases. Conditional analysis resulted in intergenic variants of possible interest (P values < 5E-5). Conclusions: This meta-GWAS of the NMR identifies CYP2A6 variants, replicates the top-ranked single nucleotide polymorphism from a recent Finnish meta-GWAS of the NMR, identifies functional mechanisms, and provides pan-continental population biomarkers for nicotine metabolism. Implications: This multiple ancestry meta-GWAS of the laboratory study-based NMR provides novel evidence and replication for genome-wide association of CYP2A6 single nucleotide and insertion–deletion polymorphisms. We identify three regions of genome-wide significance: proximal, intronic, and distal to CYP2A6. We replicate the top-ranking single nucleotide polymorphism from a recent GWAS of the NMR in Finnish smokers, identify a functional mechanism for this intronic variant from in silico analyses of RNA-seq data that is consistent with CYP2A6 expression measured in postmortem lung and liver, and provide additional support for the intergenic region between CYP2A6 and CYP2A7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine , San Francisco , CA
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Kaufmann A, Hitsman B, Goelz PM, Veluz-Wilkins A, Blazekovic S, Powers L, Leone FT, Gariti P, Tyndale RF, Schnoll RA. Rate of nicotine metabolism and smoking cessation outcomes in a community-based sample of treatment-seeking smokers. Addict Behav 2015; 51:93-9. [PMID: 26240944 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In samples from controlled randomized clinical trials, a smoker's rate of nicotine metabolism, measured by the 3-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio (NMR), predicts response to transdermal nicotine. Replication of this relationship in community-based samples of treatment-seeking smokers may help guide the implementation of the NMR for personalized treatment for nicotine dependence. METHODS Data from a community-based sample of treatment seeking smokers (N=499) who received 8weeks of transdermal nicotine and 4 behavioral counseling sessions were used to evaluate associations between the NMR and smoking cessation. Secondary outcomes included withdrawal and craving, depression and anxiety, side effects, and treatment adherence. RESULTS The NMR was a significant predictor of abstinence (OR=.56, 95% CI: 0.33-0.95, p=.03), with faster metabolizers showing lower quit rates than slower metabolizers (24% vs. 33%). Faster nicotine metabolizers exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety symptoms over time during treatment, vs. slower metabolizers (NMR x Time interaction: F[3,357]=3.29, p=.02). NMR was not associated with changes in withdrawal, craving, depression, side effects, and treatment adherence (p's>.05). CONCLUSIONS In a community-based sample of treatment-seeking smokers, faster nicotine metabolizers were significantly less likely to quit smoking and showed higher rates of anxiety symptoms during a smoking cessation treatment program, vs. slower nicotine metabolizers. These results provide further evidence that transdermal nicotine is less effective for faster nicotine metabolizers and suggest the need to address cessation-induced anxiety symptoms among these smokers to increase the chances for successful smoking cessation.
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Sutherland MT, Ray KL, Riedel MC, Yanes JA, Stein EA, Laird AR. Neurobiological impact of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of pharmacologic neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:711-20. [PMID: 25662104 PMCID: PMC4494985 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists augment cognition among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers, yet the systems-level neurobiological mechanisms underlying such improvements are not fully understood. Aggregating neuroimaging results regarding nAChR agonists provides a means to identify common functional brain changes that may be related to procognitive drug effects. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of pharmacologic neuroimaging studies within the activation likelihood estimation framework. We identified published studies contrasting a nAChR drug condition versus a baseline and coded each contrast by activity change direction (decrease or increase), participant characteristics (smokers or nonsmokers), and drug manipulation employed (pharmacologic administration or cigarette smoking). RESULTS When considering all studies, nAChR agonist administration was associated with activity decreases in multiple regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), parahippocampus, insula, and the parietal and precentral cortices. Conversely, activity increases were observed in lateral frontoparietal cortices, the anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, and cuneus. Exploratory analyses indicated that both smokers and nonsmokers showed activity decreases in the vmPFC and PCC, and increases in lateral frontoparietal regions. Among smokers, both pharmacologic administration and cigarette smoking were associated with activity decreases in the vmPFC, PCC, and insula and increases in the lateral PFC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, and cuneus. CONCLUSIONS These results provide support for the systems-level perspective that nAChR agonists suppress activity in default-mode network regions and enhance activity in executive control network regions in addition to reducing activation of some task-related regions. We speculate these are potential mechanisms by which nAChR agonists enhance cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL,Correspondence: Matthew T. Sutherland, Ph.D. Florida International University Department of Psychology AHC-4, RM 312 11299 S.W. 8th St Miami, FL 33199
| | - Kimberly L. Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Michael C. Riedel
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Julio A. Yanes
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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Fedota JR, Stein EA. Resting-state functional connectivity and nicotine addiction: prospects for biomarker development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:64-82. [PMID: 26348486 PMCID: PMC4563817 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given conceptual frameworks of addiction as a disease of intercommunicating brain networks, examinations of network interactions may provide a holistic characterization of addiction-related dysfunction. One such methodological approach is the examination of resting-state functional connectivity, which quantifies correlations in low-frequency fluctuations of the blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging signal between disparate brain regions in the absence of task performance. Here, evidence of differentiated effects of chronic nicotine exposure, which reduces the efficiency of network communication across the brain, and acute nicotine exposure, which increases connectivity within specific limbic circuits, is discussed. Several large-scale resting networks, including the salience, default, and executive control networks, have also been implicated in nicotine addiction. The dynamics of connectivity changes among and between these large-scale networks during nicotine withdrawal and satiety provide a heuristic framework with which to characterize the neurobiological mechanism of addiction. The ability to simultaneously quantify effects of both chronic (trait) and acute (state) nicotine exposure provides a platform to develop a neuroimaging-based addiction biomarker. While such development remains in its early stages, evidence of coherent modulations in resting-state functional connectivity at various stages of nicotine addiction suggests potential network interactions on which to focus future addiction biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Fedota
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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De Kesel PMM, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 55:169-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bergen AW, Michel M, Nishita D, Krasnow R, Javitz HS, Conneely KN, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Hops H, Zhu AZX, Baurley JW, McClure JB, Hall SM, Baker TB, Conti DV, Benowitz NL, Lerman C, Tyndale RF, Swan GE. Drug Metabolizing Enzyme and Transporter Gene Variation, Nicotine Metabolism, Prospective Abstinence, and Cigarette Consumption. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126113. [PMID: 26132489 PMCID: PMC4488893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR, ratio of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine and cotinine), has previously been associated with CYP2A6 activity, response to smoking cessation treatments, and cigarette consumption. We searched for drug metabolizing enzyme and transporter (DMET) gene variation associated with the NMR and prospective abstinence in 2,946 participants of laboratory studies of nicotine metabolism and of clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies. Stage I was a meta-analysis of the association of 507 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 173 DMET genes with the NMR in 449 participants of two laboratory studies. Nominally significant associations were identified in ten genes after adjustment for intragenic SNPs; CYP2A6 and two CYP2A6 SNPs attained experiment-wide significance adjusted for correlated SNPs (CYP2A6 PACT=4.1E-7, rs4803381 PACT=4.5E-5, rs1137115, PACT=1.2E-3). Stage II was mega-regression analyses of 10 DMET SNPs with pretreatment NMR and prospective abstinence in up to 2,497 participants from eight trials. rs4803381 and rs1137115 SNPs were associated with pretreatment NMR at genome-wide significance. In post-hoc analyses of CYP2A6 SNPs, we observed nominally significant association with: abstinence in one pharmacotherapy arm; cigarette consumption among all trial participants; and lung cancer in four case:control studies. CYP2A6 minor alleles were associated with reduced NMR, CPD, and lung cancer risk. We confirmed the major role that CYP2A6 plays in nicotine metabolism, and made novel findings with respect to genome-wide significance and associations with CPD, abstinence and lung cancer risk. Additional multivariate analyses with patient variables and genetic modeling will improve prediction of nicotine metabolism, disease risk and smoking cessation treatment prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Martha Michel
- Academic Research Systems, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Denise Nishita
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth Krasnow
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Harold S. Javitz
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Karen N. Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hyman Hops
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andy Z. X. Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer B. McClure
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy B. Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Cambell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Psychiatry, and of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary E. Swan
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
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Chenoweth MJ, Schnoll RA, Novalen M, Hawk LW, George TP, Cinciripini PM, Lerman C, Tyndale RF. The Nicotine Metabolite Ratio is Associated With Early Smoking Abstinence Even After Controlling for Factors That Influence the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:491-5. [PMID: 26069034 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The decrease in smoking rates in North America has plateaued, underscoring the need for new approaches to treat nicotine dependence. Inter-individual differences in smoking behavior result, in part, from variation in the rate of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. A phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 activity is the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), the ratio of 3'hydroxycotinine/cotinine. The NMR is associated with smoking cessation. However, the NMR is also associated with genetic (eg, CYP2A6 genotype) and other (eg, sex and ethnicity) factors. Here we aimed to determine if previously identified non-CYP2A6 sources of variation in the NMR mitigated the association between the NMR and short-term abstinence. METHODS The NMR was determined from blood samples collected at intake from daily smokers aged 18-65. Biochemically-verified point prevalence abstinence (exhaled carbon monoxide level ≤ 8 ppm) was measured at 1 week following the target quit date in participants from a smoking cessation clinical trial (NCT01314001). Analyses were restricted to N = 462 blacks and N = 693 whites in the intent-to-treat sample. RESULTS Lower NMR (<0.31) was associated with a higher likelihood of 1-week abstinence (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.84). NMR was associated with abstinence even after controlling for treatment arm (nicotine patch or varenicline) and factors previously associated with NMR variation including sex, ethnicity, estrogen-containing hormonal therapy, body mass index, alcohol, and cigarette consumption. CONCLUSIONS NMR was associated with 1-week smoking abstinence; NMR may be a useful addition to medication screening approaches evaluating treatments for nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Chenoweth
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Schnoll
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maria Novalen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology and Center for Children and Families, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| | - Tony P George
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Working memory-related neural activity predicts future smoking relapse. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1311-20. [PMID: 25469682 PMCID: PMC4397393 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brief abstinence from smoking impairs cognition, particularly executive function, and this has a role in relapse to smoking. This study examined whether working memory-related brain activity predicts subsequent smoking relapse above and beyond standard clinical and behavioral measures. Eighty treatment-seeking smokers completed two functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions (smoking satiety vs 24 h abstinence challenge) during performance of a visual N-back task. Brief counseling and a short-term quit attempt followed. Relapse during the first 7 days was biochemically confirmed by the presence of the nicotine metabolite cotinine. Mean percent blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal change was extracted from a priori regions of interest: bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), medial frontal/cingulate gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Signal from these brain regions and additional clinical measures were used to model outcome status, which was then validated with resampling techniques. Relapse to smoking was predicted by increased withdrawal symptoms, decreased left DLPFC and increased PCC BOLD percent signal change (abstinence vs smoking satiety). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated 81% area under the curve using these predictors, a significant improvement over the model with clinical variables only. The combination of abstinence-induced decreases in left DLPFC activation and reduced suppression of PCC may be a prognostic marker for poor outcome, specifically early smoking relapse.
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Abstract
For the past 30 years, research examining predictors of successful smoking cessation treatment response has focused primarily on clinical variables, such as levels of tobacco dependence, craving, and self-efficacy. However, recent research has begun to determine biomarkers (such as genotype, nicotine and metabolite levels, and brain imaging findings) that may have utility in predicting smoking cessation. For genotype, genes associated with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and related proteins have been found to predict response to first-line medications (e.g. nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], bupropion, or varenicline) or quitting over time without a controlled treatment trial. For nicotine and metabolite levels, function of the cytochrome P450 2A6 liver enzyme, which can be assessed with the nicotine metabolite ratio or via genotype, has been found to predict response, with slow nicotine metabolizers having less severe nicotine dependence and a greater likelihood of quitting with NRT than normal metabolizers. For brain imaging, decreased activation of brain regions associated with emotion regulation and increased connectivity in emotion regulation networks, increased responsiveness to pleasant cues, and altered activation with the Stroop effect have been found in smokers who quit with the first-line medications listed above or counseling. In addition, our group recently demonstrated that lower pre-treatment brain nAChR density is associated with a greater chance of quitting smoking with NRT or placebo. Several of these studies found that specific biomarkers may provide additional information for predicting response beyond subjective symptom or rating scale measures, thereby giving an initial indication that biomarkers may, in the future, be useful for guiding smoking cessation treatment intensity, duration, and type.
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Hamilton DA, Mahoney MC, Novalen M, Chenoweth MJ, Heitjan DF, Lerman C, Tyndale RF, Hawk LW. Test-Retest Reliability and Stability of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio Among Treatment-Seeking Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1505-9. [PMID: 25732567 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), the ratio of 3-hydroxycotinine to cotinine, is a biomarker used in smoking cessation research, with several retrospective studies suggesting that NMR predicts treatment outcome. To be maximally useful in tailoring treatment, estimates of NMR should be stable over time. The present study is the first to examine the short-term test-retest reliability of NMR among treatment-seeking smokers. METHODS Blood NMR was assessed at two time points, approximately 2-3 weeks apart and prior to intervention, among 72 healthy adult smokers (49% female; 35% non-White) enrolled in a cessation trial (http://ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01314001). RESULTS Mean NMR was stable from Time-1 to Time-2, with no significant change between assessments; test-retest reliability for NMR values was excellent (ICC[2,1] = 0.87). Test-retest reliability remained acceptable to high when NMR was categorized, as in recent clinical trials. Classification of participants as slow (quartile 1, NMR ≤ 0.24) or normal/fast NMR (quartiles 2-4, NMR ≥ 0.25) was consistent from Time-1 to Time-2 for 96% of participants (κ = 0.89). Though classification of participants into NMR quartiles was less consistent from Time-1 to Time-2 (67% agreement; weighted κ = 0.73), all reclassifications occurred between adjacent quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data support the use of a single NMR assessment for association studies with smoking phenotypes and in smokers seeking to quit, and they encourage large-scale efforts to determine optimal NMR cutpoints for tailoring treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| | - Martin C Mahoney
- School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY; Departments of Medicine and Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Maria Novalen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meghan J Chenoweth
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel F Heitjan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY;
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Lerman C, Schnoll RA, Hawk LW, Cinciripini P, George TP, Wileyto EP, Swan GE, Benowitz NL, Heitjan DF, Tyndale RF. Use of the nicotine metabolite ratio as a genetically informed biomarker of response to nicotine patch or varenicline for smoking cessation: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2015; 3:131-138. [PMID: 25588294 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial variability exists in therapeutic response and adverse effects with pharmacotherapies for tobacco dependence. Biomarkers to optimise treatment choice for individual smokers might improve treatment outcomes. We tested whether a genetically informed biomarker of nicotine clearance, the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3'-hydroxycotinine:cotinine), predicts response to nicotine patch or varenicline for smoking cessation. METHODS We undertook NMR-stratified multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial from Nov 16, 2010, to Sept 12, 2014, at four sites. Smokers seeking treatment were randomly assigned by baseline NMR status and study site, in blocks of 12 patients (1:1:1 ratio), to 11 weeks of placebo (placebo pill plus placebo patch), nicotine patch (active patch plus placebo pill), or varenicline (active pill plus placebo patch), plus behavioural counselling. Participants and investigators were masked to group allocation and NMR status. An intention-to-treat analysis was done. Participants were followed up for 12 months after the target quit date. The primary endpoint was biochemically verified 7 day point prevalence abstinence at the end of treatment to estimate the pharmacological effect of treatment by NMR. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01314001. FINDINGS 1246 participants (662 slow metabolisers of nicotine, 584 normal metabolisers of nicotine) were enrolled and randomly assigned to the three interventions (408 placebo, 418 nicotine patch, 420 varenicline). At end of treatment, varenicline was more efficacious than nicotine patch in normal metabolisers (OR 2·17, 95% CI 1·38-3·42; p=0·001), but not in slow metabolisers (OR 1·13, 0·74-1·71; p=0·56). In the longitudinal model including all timepoints, the NMR-by-treatment interaction was significant (ratio of odds ratios [ORR] 1·96, 95% CI 1·11-3·46; p=0·02). An NMR-by-treatment interaction showed that slow (vs normal) metabolisers reported greater overall side-effect severity with varenicline versus placebo (β=-1·06, 95% CI -2·08 to -0·03; p=0·044). INTERPRETATION Treating normal metabolisers with varenicline and slow metabolisers with nicotine patch could optimise quit rates while minimising side-effects. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Abramson Cancer Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation, and Pennsylvania Department of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry, Annenberg School for Communication, and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Robert A Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Paul Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tony P George
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary E Swan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine, and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Heitjan
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Paczesny S, Duncan C, Jacobsohn D, Krance R, Leung K, Carpenter P, Bollard C, Renbarger J, Cooke K. Opportunities and challenges of proteomics in pediatric patients: circulating biomarkers after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a successful example. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:837-50. [PMID: 25196024 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers have the potential to improve diagnosis and prognosis, facilitate-targeted treatment, and reduce health care costs. Thus, there is great hope that biomarkers will be integrated in all clinical decisions in the near future. A decade ago, the biomarker field was launched with great enthusiasm because MS revealed that blood contains a rich library of candidate biomarkers. However, biomarker research has not yet delivered on its promise due to several limitations: (i) improper sample handling and tracking as well as limited sample availability in the pediatric population, (ii) omission of appropriate controls in original study designs, (iii) lability and low abundance of interesting biomarkers in blood, and (iv) the inability to mechanistically tie biomarker presence to disease biology. These limitations as well as successful strategies to overcome them are discussed in this review. Several advances in biomarker discovery and validation have been made in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the current most effective tumor immunotherapy, and these could serve as examples for other conditions. This review provides fresh optimism that biomarkers clinically relevant in pediatrics are closer to being realized based on: (i) a uniform protocol for low-volume blood collection and preservation, (ii) inclusion of well-controlled independent cohorts, (iii) novel technologies and instrumentation with low analytical sensitivity, and (iv) integrated animal models for exploring potential biomarkers and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Interplay of genetic risk (CHRNA5) and environmental risk (partner smoking) on cigarette smoking reduction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 143:36-43. [PMID: 25073833 PMCID: PMC4161618 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tests whether the genetic predictor (CHRNA5 nicotine receptor gene variants) and an environmental risk factor (partner smoking) interact in the prediction of smoking reduction. METHODS Subjects were from a community-based, longitudinal study of women (n=1856) who smoked before pregnancy, and a randomized comparative effectiveness smoking cessation trial (n=1065). Smoking reduction was defined as the trajectory of self-reported smoking quantities over time in the observational study, and as the trajectory of alveolar CO levels in the cessation trial. RESULTS In the pregnancy study, rs16969968 genotype and partner smoking status interacted such that the smoking reduction was lowest for expectant mothers with high genetic risk and partner smoking, and highest for those with high genetic risk but not partner smoking (interaction of genotype×partner smoking on smoking quantity trajectory slope β=0.071, 95%CI=0.013, 0.13, p=0.017). In the clinical trial, a similar interaction was found (interaction β=0.20, 95%CI=0.049, 0.36, p=0.010). Furthermore, these associations were moderated by pharmacotherapy such that the interactive relation of genetic and environmental factors occurred in the placebo group, but not in the active pharmacotherapy group (interaction of genotype×partner smoking×pharmacotherapy on CO trajectory slope β=-0.25, 95%CI=-0.42, -0.091, p=0.0023). CONCLUSIONS The CHRNA5 genetic risk synergized the effect of partner smoking, producing an especially low likelihood of successful smoking reduction in two complementary studies. This suggests that the genetic vulnerability may be mitigated by altering environmental factors. In addition, cessation pharmacotherapy neutralizes the increase in cessation failure associated with combined genetic and environmental risks, which has possible relevance to treatment algorithms.
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Lipkus IM, Schwartz-Bloom R, Kelley MJ, Pan W. A preliminary exploration of college smokers' reactions to nicotine dependence genetic susceptibility feedback. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:337-43. [PMID: 25173776 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many young smokers underestimate their risk for becoming addicted to cigarettes. We explored whether informing light college smokers (i.e., fewer than 5 cigarettes/day) of their genetic predisposition to nicotine dependence influenced their perceived risks and worry about becoming addicted, their ability to quit (i.e., self-efficacy), their desire to quit, and smoking cessation. METHODS College smokers (n = 142) received educational materials on mechanisms and consequences of nicotine addiction and were offered genetic susceptibility testing for nicotine dependence. Participants who accepted testing were randomized to receive feedback or no feedback (i.e., control). Tested participants learned they were above or not above average genetic risk for nicotine dependence. All participants responded to questions about perceived risks and worry about becoming addicted, efficacy to quit, and desire to quit. Cessation was assessed during a 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Efficacy beliefs, worry about becoming addicted, and desire to quit did not differ by study condition or feedback. Perceived risk for becoming addicted was highest among tested participants informed they were above average risk for nicotine dependence. Overall, self-reported 30- but not 7-day quit rate was higher among participants who underwent genetic testing compared with control participants. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study is the first to show that among light college smokers, receipt of genetic susceptibility feedback to nicotine dependence potentially curbs smoking without producing detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Pan
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC
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Dallery J, Kurti A, Erb P. A New Frontier: Integrating Behavioral and Digital Technology to Promote Health Behavior. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2014; 38:19-49. [PMID: 27347477 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-014-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modifiable behavioral risk factors such as cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity contribute to over 40 % of premature deaths in the USA. Advances in digital and information technology are creating unprecedented opportunities for behavior analysts to assess and modify these risk factors. Technological advances include mobile devices, wearable sensors, biomarker detectors, and real-time access to therapeutic support via information technology. Integrating these advances with behavioral technology in the form of conceptually systematic principles and procedures could usher in a new generation of effective and scalable behavioral interventions targeting health behavior. In this selective review of the literature, we discuss how technological tools can assess and modify a range of antecedents and consequences of healthy and unhealthy behavior. We also describe practical, methodological, and conceptual advantages for behavior analysts that stem from the use of technology to assess and treat health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Dallery
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P. O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Allison Kurti
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P. O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Philip Erb
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P. O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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Chenoweth MJ, Novalen M, Hawk LW, Schnoll RA, George TP, Cinciripini PM, Lerman C, Tyndale RF. Known and novel sources of variability in the nicotine metabolite ratio in a large sample of treatment-seeking smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1773-82. [PMID: 25012994 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of 3'hydroxycotinine to cotinine, or nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is strongly associated with CYP2A6 genotype, CYP2A6-mediated nicotine and cotinine metabolism, and nicotine clearance. Higher NMR (faster nicotine clearance) is associated retrospectively with heavier smoking and lower cessation rates. METHODS NMR as a predictive biomarker of cessation outcomes is being investigated (NCT01314001). In addition to strong CYP2A6 genetic influences on NMR, demographic and hormonal factors alter NMR. Here, we analyzed, for the first time together, these sources of variation on NMR in smokers screened for this clinical trial (N = 1,672). RESULTS Participants (mean age = 45.9) were 65.1% Caucasian, 34.9% African American, and 54.8% male. Mean NMR (SD) was higher in Caucasians versus African Americans [0.41 (0.20) vs. 0.33 (0.21); P < 0.001], and in females versus males [0.41 (0.22) vs. 0.37 (0.20); P < 0.001]. Among females, birth control pill use (N = 17) and hormone replacement therapy (N = 14) were associated with 19.5% (P = 0.09) and 29.3% (P = 0.06) higher mean NMR, respectively, albeit nonsignificantly. BMI was negatively associated with NMR (Rho = -0.14; P < 0.001), whereas alcohol use (Rho = 0.11; P < 0.001) and cigarette consumption (Rho = 0.12; P < 0.001) were positively associated with NMR. NMR was 16% lower in mentholated cigarette users (P < 0.001). When analyzed together in a linear regression model, these predictors (each ≤2%) accounted for <8% of total NMR variation. CONCLUSIONS Although these factors significantly affected NMR, they contributed little (together <8%; each ≤2%) to total NMR variation. IMPACT Thus, when using NMR, for example, to prospectively guide smoking cessation therapy, these sources of variation are unlikely to cause NMR misclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Chenoweth
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Novalen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology and Center for Children and Families, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York
| | - Robert A Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tony P George
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Schnoll RA, George TP, Hawk L, Cinciripini P, Wileyto P, Tyndale RF. The relationship between the nicotine metabolite ratio and three self-report measures of nicotine dependence across sex and race. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2515-23. [PMID: 24402139 PMCID: PMC4040302 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Variability in the rate of nicotine metabolism, measured by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is associated with smoking behavior. However, data linking the NMR with nicotine dependence measured by the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) are mixed. Few past studies have examined alternative measures of nicotine dependence and how this relationship may vary by sex and race. OBJECTIVE Using data from smokers undergoing eligibility evaluation for a smoking cessation clinical trial (n = 833), this study examined variability in the relationship between NMR and nicotine dependence across sex and race and using three measures of nicotine dependence: FTND, time-to-first-cigarette (TTFC), and the heaviness of smoking index (HSI). RESULTS Controlling for sex and race, nicotine metabolism was associated with nicotine dependence only when using the HSI (p < 0.05). Male normal metabolizers of nicotine were more likely to have high nicotine dependence based on the FTND and HSI (p < 0.05), but NMR was not related to measures of nicotine dependence in women. For African Americans, the NMR was associated with nicotine dependence only for the TTFC (p < 0.05), but NMR was not associated with nicotine dependence among Caucasians. Post hoc analyses indicated that the NMR was associated with cigarettes per day, overall, and among men and Caucasians (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While there was some variation in the relationship between nicotine metabolism and nicotine dependence across measures and sex and race, the results indicate that this relationship may be more attributable to the association between NMR and cigarettes per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 4th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,
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Lerman C, Gu H, Loughead J, Ruparel K, Yang Y, Stein EA. Large-scale brain network coupling predicts acute nicotine abstinence effects on craving and cognitive function. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:523-30. [PMID: 24622915 PMCID: PMC4097018 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Interactions of large-scale brain networks may underlie cognitive dysfunctions in psychiatric and addictive disorders. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that the strength of coupling among 3 large-scale brain networks--salience, executive control, and default mode--will reflect the state of nicotine withdrawal (vs smoking satiety) and will predict abstinence-induced craving and cognitive deficits and to develop a resource allocation index (RAI) that reflects the combined strength of interactions among the 3 large-scale networks. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A within-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging study in an academic medical center compared resting-state functional connectivity coherence strength after 24 hours of abstinence and after smoking satiety. We examined the relationship of abstinence-induced changes in the RAI with alterations in subjective, behavioral, and neural functions. We included 37 healthy smoking volunteers, aged 19 to 61 years, for analyses. INTERVENTIONS Twenty-four hours of abstinence vs smoking satiety. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Inter-network connectivity strength (primary) and the relationship with subjective, behavioral, and neural measures of nicotine withdrawal during abstinence vs smoking satiety states (secondary). RESULTS The RAI was significantly lower in the abstinent compared with the smoking satiety states (left RAI, P = .002; right RAI, P = .04), suggesting weaker inhibition between the default mode and salience networks. Weaker inter-network connectivity (reduced RAI) predicted abstinence-induced cravings to smoke (r = -0.59; P = .007) and less suppression of default mode activity during performance of a subsequent working memory task (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, r = -0.66, P = .003; posterior cingulate cortex, r = -0.65, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Alterations in coupling of the salience and default mode networks and the inability to disengage from the default mode network may be critical in cognitive/affective alterations that underlie nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Hong Gu
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James Loughead
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Yihong Yang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
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David SP. Commentary on Chen et al. (2014): another step on the road to clinical utility of pharmacogenetics for smoking cessation? Addiction 2014; 109:138-9. [PMID: 24438115 DOI: 10.1111/add.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P David
- Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Perkins KA, Lerman C. An efficient early phase 2 procedure to screen medications for efficacy in smoking cessation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1-11. [PMID: 24297304 PMCID: PMC3910509 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Initial screening of new medications for potential efficacy (i.e., Food and Drug Administration (FDA) early phase 2), such as in aiding smoking cessation, should be efficient in identifying which drugs do, or do not, warrant more extensive (and expensive) clinical testing. OBJECTIVES This focused review outlines our research on development, evaluation, and validation of an efficient crossover procedure for sensitivity in detecting medication efficacy for smoking cessation. First-line FDA-approved medications of nicotine patch, varenicline, and bupropion were tested as model drugs, in three separate placebo-controlled studies. We also tested specificity of our procedure in identifying a drug that lacks efficacy, using modafinil. RESULTS This crossover procedure showed sensitivity (increased days of abstinence) during week-long "practice" quit attempts with each of the active cessation medications (positive controls) versus placebo, but not with modafinil (negative control) versus placebo, as hypothesized. Sensitivity to medication efficacy signal was observed only in smokers high in intrinsic quit motivation (i.e., already preparing to quit soon) and not smokers low in intrinsic quit motivation, even if monetarily reinforced for abstinence (i.e., given extrinsic motivation). CONCLUSIONS A crossover procedure requiring less time and fewer subjects than formal trials may provide an efficient strategy for a go/no-go decision whether to advance to subsequent phase 2 randomized clinical trials with a novel drug. Future research is needed to replicate our results and evaluate this procedure with novel compounds, identify factors that may limit its utility, and evaluate its applicability to testing efficacy of compounds for treating other forms of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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Scott Hall F. What do Differences in Emotional Regulation in Individuals Addicted to Different Substances Tell us About Addiction Treatment? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS AND ADDICTION 2013; 2:92-3. [PMID: 24971282 PMCID: PMC4070148 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIDA-IRP/NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, USA
- Corresponding author: Frank Scott Hall, Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIDA-IRP/NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, USA, Tel.: +1-4437402796, Fax: +1-4437402122, E-mail:
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Higgins GA, Sellers EM, Fletcher PJ. From obesity to substance abuse: therapeutic opportunities for 5-HT2C receptor agonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:560-70. [PMID: 24041919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin for the treatment of obesity represents a new therapeutic drug class available to the clinic. Preclinical evidence supports the potential for this drug class to treat other related conditions such as substance abuse. In the present article we review this evidence and further suggest that overlapping neurobiological systems may contribute to an anti-addictive and anti-obesity profile. The availability of selective 5-HT2C agonists provides an opportunity to evaluate their potential as treatments for nicotine dependence or psychostimulant abuse, conditions for which there is significant medical need but only limited available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc, 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, ON M5A 4K2, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Abstract
More than 5 million deaths a year are attributable to tobacco smoking, but attempts to help people either quit or reduce their smoking often fail, perhaps in part because the intention to quit activates brain networks related to craving. We recruited participants interested in general stress reduction and randomly assigned them to meditation training or a relaxation training control. Among smokers, 2 wk of meditation training (5 h in total) produced a significant reduction in smoking of 60%; no reduction was found in the relaxation control. Resting-state brain scans showed increased activity for the meditation group in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, brain areas related to self-control. These results suggest that brief meditation training improves self-control capacity and reduces smoking.
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Muggironi G, Fois GR, Diana M. Ethanol-derived acetaldehyde: pleasure and pain of alcohol mechanism of action. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:87. [PMID: 23882197 PMCID: PMC3713400 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde (ACD), the first metabolite of ethanol (EtOH), has been implicated in several actions of alcohol, including its reinforcing effects. Previously considered an aversive compound, ACD was useful in alcoholic’s pharmacological treatment aimed at discouraging alcohol drinking. However, it has recently been shown that EtOH-derived ACD is necessary for EtOH-induced place preference and self-administration, thereby suggesting a possible involvement of ACD in EtOH motivational properties. In addition, EtOH-stimulating properties on DA neurons are prevented by pharmacological blockade of local catalase H2O2 system, the main metabolic step for biotransformation of EtOH into ACD within the central nervous system. It was further shown that pretreatment with thiol compounds, like L-Cysteine or D-Penicillamine, reduced EtOH and ACD-induced motivational effects, in fact preventing self-administration of both EtOH and ACD, thus suggesting a possible role for ACD as a biomarker useful in evaluating potential innovative treatments of alcohol abuse. These findings suggest a key role of ACD in the EtOH reinforcing effects. In the present paper we review the role of EtOH-derived ACD in the reinforcing effects of EtOH and the possibility that ACD may serve as a therapeutically targetable biomarker in the search for novel treatments in alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Muggironi
- 'G. Minardi' Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari Sassari, Italy
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